Jeff Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), and Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clarke, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,and ancestors Andrew Jackson, and William Henry Harrison.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
• • Books written about our unique DNA include:
• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.
“Jacob’s Legacy, A Genetic View of Jewish History” by David B. Goldstein, 2008.
Birthday’s: Mark L. Armstrong 51, Massey W. Harrison Farrar 149, Fay V. Holder 89
December 31, 535: Byzantine General Belisarius took the city of Syracuse which marks the completion of the conquest of Sicily. In 536 he would march into Rome itself. This military action was part of Emperor Justinian’s plan to take back what had been the Western Roman Empire and recreate the Roman Empire of the Caesar’s with the capital at Constantinople. Belisarius’ victory probably did not over-joy the Jews living in the "Giudecche" or Jewish Quarters of Sicily since it brought with it Justinian’s Code. Amongst other things the code “prohibited Jews from building synagogues, reading the Bible in Hebrew, assemble in public, celebrate Passover before Easter, and testify against Christians in court.”[1]
538 CE: The Third Council of Orleans, Gaul forbids Jews to employ Christian servants or possess Christian slaves. Jews are prohibited from appearing in the streets during Easter: “their appearance is an insult to Christianity”. A Merovinian king Childebert approves the measure.[2]
540 A.D.: Rabaul Caldera
Bismarck Volcanic Arc
VEI: 6
540 AD[3]
540 A.D.: An outbreak of Plague occurs at Pelusium, Egypt[4]
541-542
25,000,000 Die in Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire
00541-01-01
Plague of Justinian
bubonic plague
[5][5]
Plague of Justinian
541 – 542
The Plague of Justinian was a pandemic that afflicted the Byzantine Empire, including its capital Constantinople, in the years 541–542 AD. The most commonly accepted cause of the pandemic is bubonic plague, which later became infamous for either causing or contributing to the Black Death of the 14th century. Its social and cultural impact is comparable to that of the Black Death. In the views of 6th century Western historians, it was nearly worldwide in scope, striking central and south Asia, North Africa and Arabia, and Europe as far north as Denmark and as far west as Ireland. The plague would return with each generation throughout the Mediterranean basin until about 750. The plague would also have a major impact on the future course of European history. Modern historians named it after the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I, who was in power at the time and himself contracted the disease. Modern scholars believe that the plague killed up to 5,000 people per day in Constantinople at the peak of the pandemic. It ultimately killed perhaps 40% of the city’s inhabitants. The initial plague went on to destroy up to a quarter of the human population of the eastern Mediterranean.[6]
542 A.D. Justinians Empire covered more territory than any others in more than two centuries encompassing Italy, North Africa, Egypt, Turkey, Greece and Palastine. The Meditteranian was once again a Roman Lake.[7]
542 CE: Justinian builds a new cathedral in Constantinople, built over the ashes of his chard capital. The Hia Sophia Church is imitated by all the Mosques in Constantinople, Venice, St. Marks, and the Vatican.[8]
December 31, 1229: James I of Aragon the Conqueror enters Medina Mayurqa (now known as Palma, Spain) thus consummating the Christian conquest of the island of Majorca. Following his victory, James “gave the Jews a quarter in the neighborhood of his palace for their dwellings, granted protection to all Hebrews who wished to settle on the island, guaranteed them the rights of citizens, permitted them to adjudicate their own civil disputes, to kill cattle according to their ritual, and to draw up their wills and marriage contracts in Hebrew. Christians and Moors were forbidden, under severe penalties, to insult the Jews or to take earth and stones from their cemeteries; and the Jews were ordered to complain directly to the king of any act of injustice toward them on the part of the royal officials. They were allowed to charge 20 per cent interest on loans, but the amount of interest was not to exceed the capital. In case a Jew practiced usury, the community was not held responsible. The penalty for lending money on the wages of slaves hired out by their masters was loss of the capital. Jews could buy and hold houses, vineyards, and other property in Majorca as well as in any other part of the kingdom. They could not be compelled to lodge Christians in their homes: in fact, Christians were forbidden to dwell with Jews; and Jewish convicts were given separate cells in the prisons. If the slave of a Jew or Moor adopted Judaism or Mohammedanism, he had to be set free and was required to leave the island.”[9]
1230: Hafsid monarchy takes over from Almohads in Tunisia and acquires Saharan trade, German minnesinger Walther von der Vogelweide dies, death of Ottokar I King of Bohemia, Peace of San Germano between emperor and pope – Frederick II being absolved from excommunication, Wenceslas I becomes King of Bohemia, Leprosy imported to Europe by Crusaders, Founding of Berlin on site of former Slav settlements, Death of Ottakar I King of Bohemia, Genghis Kahn's son retires, Union of the kingdoms of Castile and León, Lübeck and Hamburg form alliance, beginning of the Hanseatic league, Hafsid monarchy takes over from Almohads in Tunisia and acquires Saharan trade. [10]
December 31, 1378: Birthdate of Callixtus III the Pope who issued “Si ad reprimendos” the Bull that confirmed “Dudum ad nostram audientiam” which forbade Jews to live with Christians or to hold public office.[11]
1379: Treaty of Neuberg – Albert III and Leopold III divide Hapsburg territories between them, William of Wyleham founds New College at Oxford, Scottish earl Henry Sinclair takes control of Orkney on behalf of Norwegian King Hakon VI Magnusson, Halley's Comet. [12]
Early 1380: By the beginning of 1380 Wheatcliff had begun organizing the translation from Latin of the first English Bible. The work took place in Oxford, with a number of translators. Once the translation was done the new bible was reproduced. Hundreds were copied in scriptaria, production lines producing handwritten copies. 170 of these bibles survive. [13] Wheatcliff had begun to organize and train what had become a new religious order of itinerant preachers who he dispatched around England. Their purpose was to spread the word, literally, in English. In the highway, byways, inns and taverns and village greens, they preached against church corruption and proclaimed Wheatcliffs anti-clerical ideas. They read from Wheatcliffs bible and they became known as Lolards. They were hated by the Catholic establishment. They went straight to the source of God’s teaching, and cut out the preasts.[14]
• The first English translation of the Bible:
• Blessed be poor men in spirit, for the kingdom of heaven is theirs.
• Blessed be mild men for they shall wield the earth.
• Blessed be they that mourn for they shall be comforted.
• Blessed be they that hunger and thirst, rightwise for they shall be fullfilled.
• Blessed by merciful men, for they shall get mercy.
• Blessed by they that be of clean heart for they shall see God.
• Wheatcliff’s Bible.
So far, with respect to the 1380’s, no sources regarding Gutleben have become known from any other city or region. We may assume that he remained active in Strassburg until the end of his contract. A correspondence record from from the Strassburg City Archive, undated, unfortuanatelyt, undoubtedly stems from this time and shows the Jewish physician Gutleben resideng in the cathedral city, in correspondence with his co-religionist Ismael, a former member of the Strassburg Jewish community, who was obviously staing in Augsburg and had fallen into trouble. [15] 1380 to1383 Vivelin/Gutleben in Colmar.[16] Foundation of Kongo kingdom in Congo river mouth region of Zaire, Death of Charles V of France and Charles VI the Mad rules, Dimitri IV of Mosc ow defeats Mongols at Kulikov, Timur begins campaigns to Persia, Georgia, Russia, Egypt etc., death of Catherine of Siena, Mongol Tamerlane conquers Persia, begins expansion, death of Catherine of Siena, John Wyclif translates Bible into English, Geoffrey Chaucer begins Canterbury tales, Death of Charles V the Wise of France, Charles VI named to 1422, John Wycliffe begins translation of New Testament from Greek to English 1300s, John Wycliffe condems Pope as Anti-Christ, Muscovites inflict major defeat on Golden Horde at Kulikovo, Hans Fugger founds banking concern at Augsburg - becomes largest financial house by 1500, Death of Charles V of France, death of Bertrand du Guesclin of France - chief soldier. [17]
1381: Master Gutleben worked only a few years in the position of Basel’s city physician and received at the end of the year 24 fl. at the most. Starting in 1381, he at first is not mentioned any more in the Basel records; he seems to have left the city at that time.[18] Peasants’ Revolt in England led by Wat Tyler, Anglo-French truce for six eyars, Venice wins “Hundred Years War” against Genoa – start of flourishing of commerce, arts and sciences, Chaucer writes “House of Fame”, - Emergence of John Wycliffe and Lollards. [19]
December 31, 1403
On the 31st of December 1403 the mayor and city council of Basel are asking for the city physician Master Heinrich.[20]
1404: Glyndwr sets up Welsh parliament at Machynlleth Wales, Death of Pope Boniface IX – Pope Innocent VII rules (disputed papacy still), important Chinese play “Pi Pa Ki” or Story of the Lute created, Innocent VII Pope at Rome to 1406, Glyndwr sets up Welsh parliament at Machynlleth Wales, Glyndwr treaty with France, Pope Boniface IX dies October 1, Pope Innocent VII elected October 17 (Cosimo Gebtuke Migliorati Abruzzi) [21]
1405: The medieval part of the overview article about the history of the Alsatian Jews, written by the accomplished team of authors Freddy Raphael and Robert Weyl, which appeared in 1984 in the very useful Encyclopedie de l’Alsace [Encyclopedia of Alsace], discusses certain Jewish personalities from the time of the Middlwe Ages, other than Josel von Rosheim and the Rabbi Samuel Schlettstadt, essentially only a certain Gutleben who worked as a physician in Strassburg in the eighties of the 14th century. In the Middle Ages many Jewish physicians, who were at times even masters of their art, were known and sought after by kings, sultans and popes; a topic rich in aspecs which historians have already worked with relatively intensively. In order to mention here at least one of the more well known exsamples of such Jewish specialists we shall introduce only Elijah ben Schabbetai Be’er, who was raised into the state of nobility because ofr his successes in healing and received the right of citizenship in the city of Rome in the year 1405. Followqing that he served the popes Martin V and Eugen IV as personal physician but also was available to the Duke of Ferrara. He lectured at the university of Pavia.[22] Chinese Muslim Zheng He makes seven voyages westward to collect tribute for Ming leaders, End of Timor as king of Samarkand – succeeded by Shah Rokh, death of French poet Eustache Deschamps, erection of Bath abbey, Konrad Kyeser writes “Bellifortis” or book of military technology, Yung Lo orders China’s first sea expedition, Death of Tamerlane (Timur the Lame) the Tatar ruler, French soldiers land in Wales to support Glendower with initial successe, Second Percy rebellion, Duchy of Burgundy, Florence captures Pisa (sea outlet), Chinese Muslim Zheng He makes seven voyages westward to collect tribute for Ming leaders. [23]
1406: The series of sources of the bishop city on the upper Rhine indicated that Gutleben carried out his employmen in Basel until 1406, possibly at the end with the help of his wife, who likewise was knowledgable in healing arts and he died in the same year. He lived in the Winhartzgasse house (later the Hutgasse) Nr. 7. This building, according to Theodor Nordmann, belonged earlier to a Basel Jew named Eberlin. Here one would naturally think of Eberlin of Colmar; but according to Nordmann we are dealing in this case with Eberlin from Gebweiler, thus another immigrant from Upper Alsace.[24] Death of Robert III of Scotland, James I rules Scotland but is imprisoned in England, death of Pope Innocent VII – Pope Gregory XII elected – disputed – abdicates later, Venice acquires Padua and Florence subdues Pisa, mausoleum of Timur created in Samarkand, Forbidden City of China started, End of Pope Innocent VII - Gregory XII Pope to 1415, James I King of Scotland – captive in England to 1423 – rules to 1437, Henry Prince of Wales defeats Welsh, Death of Robert III of Scotland, James I rules Scotland, Henry gets leprosy (like illness), James, son of Robert III of Scotland taken prisoner by pirates on way to France, taken to London, Henry IV confines him for 18 years, James' father dies of the shock, in Jame's absence, Uncle Duke of Albany rule, November 6, Pope Innocent VII dies, Pope Gregory XII appointed November 30, (Angelo Correr). [25]
December 31, 1403
On the 31st of December 1403 the mayor and city council of Basel are asking for the city physician Master Heinrich.[26]
1404: Glyndwr sets up Welsh parliament at Machynlleth Wales, Death of Pope Boniface IX – Pope Innocent VII rules (disputed papacy still), important Chinese play “Pi Pa Ki” or Story of the Lute created, Innocent VII Pope at Rome to 1406, Glyndwr sets up Welsh parliament at Machynlleth Wales, Glyndwr treaty with France, Pope Boniface IX dies October 1, Pope Innocent VII elected October 17 (Cosimo Gebtuke Migliorati Abruzzi) [27]
1405: The medieval part of the overview article about the history of the Alsatian Jews, written by the accomplished team of authors Freddy Raphael and Robert Weyl, which appeared in 1984 in the very useful Encyclopedie de l’Alsace [Encyclopedia of Alsace], discusses certain Jewish personalities from the time of the Middlwe Ages, other than Josel von Rosheim and the Rabbi Samuel Schlettstadt, essentially only a certain Gutleben who worked as a physician in Strassburg in the eighties of the 14th century. In the Middle Ages many Jewish physicians, who were at times even masters of their art, were known and sought after by kings, sultans and popes; a topic rich in aspecs which historians have already worked with relatively intensively. In order to mention here at least one of the more well known exsamples of such Jewish specialists we shall introduce only Elijah ben Schabbetai Be’er, who was raised into the state of nobility because ofr his successes in healing and received the right of citizenship in the city of Rome in the year 1405. Followqing that he served the popes Martin V and Eugen IV as personal physician but also was available to the Duke of Ferrara. He lectured at the university of Pavia.[28] Chinese Muslim Zheng He makes seven voyages westward to collect tribute for Ming leaders, End of Timor as king of Samarkand – succeeded by Shah Rokh, death of French poet Eustache Deschamps, erection of Bath abbey, Konrad Kyeser writes “Bellifortis” or book of military technology, Yung Lo orders China’s first sea expedition, Death of Tamerlane (Timur the Lame) the Tatar ruler, French soldiers land in Wales to support Glendower with initial successe, Second Percy rebellion, Duchy of Burgundy, Florence captures Pisa (sea outlet), Chinese Muslim Zheng He makes seven voyages westward to collect tribute for Ming leaders. [29]
1406: The series of sources of the bishop city on the upper Rhine indicated that Gutleben carried out his employmen in Basel until 1406, possibly at the end with the help of his wife, who likewise was knowledgable in healing arts and he died in the same year. He lived in the Winhartzgasse house (later the Hutgasse) Nr. 7. This building, according to Theodor Nordmann, belonged earlier to a Basel Jew named Eberlin. Here one would naturally think of Eberlin of Colmar; but according to Nordmann we are dealing in this case with Eberlin from Gebweiler, thus another immigrant from Upper Alsace.[30] Death of Robert III of Scotland, James I rules Scotland but is imprisoned in England, death of Pope Innocent VII – Pope Gregory XII elected – disputed – abdicates later, Venice acquires Padua and Florence subdues Pisa, mausoleum of Timur created in Samarkand, Forbidden City of China started, End of Pope Innocent VII - Gregory XII Pope to 1415, James I King of Scotland – captive in England to 1423 – rules to 1437, Henry Prince of Wales defeats Welsh, Death of Robert III of Scotland, James I rules Scotland, Henry gets leprosy (like illness), James, son of Robert III of Scotland taken prisoner by pirates on way to France, taken to London, Henry IV confines him for 18 years, James' father dies of the shock, in Jame's absence, Uncle Duke of Albany rule, November 6, Pope Innocent VII dies, Pope Gregory XII appointed November 30, (Angelo Correr). [31]
December 31, 1438: Albert II of Habsburg is crowned King of Hungary. Albert confirmed the privilegium of Béla IV. In 1251 Béla had granted a privilgium to his Jewish subjects which was essentially the same as that granted by Duke Frederick II the Quarrelsome to the Austrian Jews in 1244, but which Béla modified to suit the conditions of Hungary.[32]
1439 Jews expelled from Augsburg.[33] Heirs to the French throne receive title Conte du Dauphine, Henry the Navigator of Portugal opens sailing school at Sagres, Florence becomes Renaissance center, Prince Henry the Navigator retires to Sagre POR and founds college of navigation, Council of Basle deposes Pope Eugene IV – Felix V the antipope to 1449, Great Church Council at Florence. [34]
1440s: The Janissary corps of the Ottoman army was using matchlock arms.[35] Incas build great fortress at Cuzco, Reign of Aztec emperor Moctezuma I and warriors begin to conquer E Mexico, Frederick of Styria and Catinthia elected German King, Platonic Academy in Florence founded, Montezuma I expands Aztec power, Kirtticasa's Ramayana written in India, Frederick III HRE to 1493, Johannes Gutenberg invents printing from moveable metal type, Gutenberg creates printing press, Incas build great fortress at Cuzco, Reign of Aztec emperor Moctezuma I and warriors begin to conquer E Mexico, death of Gilles de Rais – French occultist and serial killer of 80-200 children. [36]
December 31, 1492: One hundred thousand Jews were expelled from Sicily,[37] many going to Tunisia.[38]
gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg[39]
On the forfeiture of the last Lord of the Isles, A.D. 1493, already referred to, the name of the then chief is uncertain, but he became independent, though his clan was so small, that he never attained any great power in consequence.[40]
The name of the Mackinnon chief in 1493 is uncertain.[41]
1493: During the government of the Lords of the Isles, which commenced on the abandonment of their conquests by the Norwegians to the King of Scotland, A.D. 1266 and terminated at the forfeiture of the last lord, A.D. 1493 (temp. James III.), but little can be gathered concerning the deeds of the clan, as, in consequence of their connection with the MacDonalds, many a bold enterprise was doubtless attributed to that powerful tribe which held sway over the lesser tribes, and which would naturally include their actions amongst their own. In one event, forever, of considerable importance, we find the MacKinnons taking a share.[42]On the forfeiture of the last Lord of the Isles, A.D. 1493, already referred to, the name of the then chief is uncertain, but he became independent, though his clan was so small, that he never attained any great power in consequence. In the disturbances in the Isles, which continued during the 16th century, the name of Sir Lauchlan MacKinnon occurs very frequently and he appears, notwithstanding the comparatively small extent of his possessions, to have been a man of consideration in his time. From this time forth the clan took a part in all the political events in which the Highlanders of Scotland were engaged.[43]
In the late 15th century Clan Mackinnon moved from their earlier base at Dun Ringill, near Elgol, to the castle at Kyleakin. At that time the castle was known as Dun Acainn.[44]According to tradition, the castle was built by a Norse princess called "Saucy Mary", married to a MacKinnon chief. It was known as Dunakin in medieval times and was a stronghold of the MacKinnons. After Flodden, a great meeting of chiefs was held here in a failed attempt to restore the Lordship of the Isles.[45]
1493: On a second voyage, Columbus lands on Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and other islands in the West Indies.[46] Columbus brings cattle, sugar cane, wheat, nd other European animals and plants to the West Indies.[47]1493: Columbus returns and delivers a report to Queen Isabella. In a few pages Columbus describes the paradise he has discovered in her name. Land, Converts, and riches including gold. Columbus’s crew brings back corn, chili peppers, pumpkins, tomatoes, and potatoes. News travels fast. Columbus’ letters become a best seller. Many Europeans are aching for their share of the treasures. Men from all over Spain arrive at the ports to become Conquistadors. Anyone can join. [48] The natives also send back an unintentional guest. and an unwelcome one as well. It will lead to death in Europe. It will spread in the brothels, ports and cities of the old world. It will be painful. It drives its victims mad. It can take a long long time to kill. This the French Pox, or Spanish sickness, Syphillis. Europeans have no idea that this disease came from America.[49] 17 ships from arrive from Spain in an Island in the Carribean sea carrying 1200 Spaniards. It is the beginning of a stampede of Spanish exploration and conquest. Some will go south, some to the Andes, some to the Mississippi. It is the conquest of the Americas. Driven by greed, carrying weapons and bringing an animal that didn’t exist on this continent. With the horse Spain is able to annialate entire empires in only a few decades. Within 40 years the Incas fall to Pissarro, and the Aztecs in Central America to Cortez. Where there were towns and cities inhabited by millions of people the Spaniards leave only ruins and no one to manage the land. [50] As early as 1493, Spanish authorities in New Spain had passed decrees barring the entry of New Christians. Only those with purity of blood certificates, which certified they were descendants of four generations of Old Catholics, were licensed to migrate to the new world. But these statues were only sporadically enforced in the new frontiers. Because ship crews did not require the certificates, there were several conversos among the early conquistadors of Brazil, Nueva Granada in Latin America, and Nueva Espana, the mammoth territory that included the Philippines, Central America, Mexico, and what is now the American Southwest and California.[51] In 1493 the royal court moved east into Ferdinand’s domain of Catalonia and settled down in Barcelona. Now, as the monarchs arrived and took up residence in the Great Royal Palace, the city presented a woeful face. Once the Venice of Spain and the rival of Constantinople, with its thriving trade and bustling commerce, Barcelona suddenly was stagnant. For the Jews of Barcelona had provided the intellectual energy and the financial backbone of the city, and they had left en masse. “Today no trade at all is practiced,” lamented a local dignitary, “not a bolt of cloth is seen. Clothmakers are unemployed, and other workers the same.” The Jewish quarter had graced the city with its finest schools, its best doctors, its poets and philosophers, and in the blink of an eye, they were all gone. [52] Maximilian I becomes Holy Roman Emperor, succeeding his father Frederick III.[53] The Nuremberg Chronicle, and illustrated world history, is published in Bavaria.[54] End of reign of Emperor Topa Inca in Peru, Death of Frederick of Styria and Carinthia as German King and HRE – Maximilian I reigns as HRE, Pope Alexander VI publishes Papal bull “Inter cetera divina” dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal, Statute of Piotrkow grants Polish aristocracy privileges at expense of burghers and peasants, First Bundschuh (peasant’s revolt) in Alsace and southwest Germany, Turks invade Dalmatia and Croatia, Macimilian I invests Lodovico (Il Moro) Sforza with the duchy of Milan, Charles VIII of France prepares to invade Italy, Maximilian I marries Biance Maria Sforza, Lucretia Borgia daughter of Pope Alexander VI marries Giovanni Sforza, but marriage annulled 1497, Nuremburg chronicle – history from creation to present time published in Latin and German, Richard Pynson prints first dated book Henry Parker’s “Dialogue of Dives and Pauper”, Pope Alexander VI appoints son Cesare Borgia a cardinal, Jacques Lefevre d’Etaples publishes “Paraphrasis in Aristotelis octo physicos libros”, Tilman RIemenschneider the German sculptor carves “Madonna”, Maximilian I appoints court organist and composer, Columbus returns to Palos and leaves Spain on second voyage where he discovers Puerto Rico, Dominica and Jamaica, horse reintroduced into N America, Newly discovered lands divided between Spain and Portugal by Pope Alexander VI, height of Songhai Empire under Askia Mohammed who takes over much of the Mandingo Empire, Maximilian I HRE to 1519, Maximilian I elected HRE, Mar 4 Columbus leaves the New World, Columbus leaves New World, Pope establishes line of Demarcation, End of reign of Emperor Topa Inca in Peru. [55]
December 31, 1599: The British East India Company is chartered. [56]
Late 1500s early 1600s: The First Settlers of Hardy County, West Virginia
The first native settlers in West Virginia's Potomac Highlands (Grant, Hampshire, Hardy, Mineral, Pendleton, Pocahontas, Randolph, and Tucker counties) were the Mound Builders, also known as the Adena people. Remnants of the Mound Builder's civilization have been found throughout West Virginia, with many artifacts found in the Northern Panhandle, especially in Marshall County.
• Several thousand Hurons occupied present-day West Virginia during the late 1500s and early 1600s.
• During the 1600s, the Iroquois Confederacy (then consisting of the Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga, Oneida, and Seneca tribes) drove the Hurons from the state and used it primarily as a hunting ground.[57]
1600 CE
Example of regional variations in surface air temperature for the last 1000 years, estimated from a variety of sources, including temperature-sensitive tree growth indices and written records of various kinds, largely from western Europe and eastern North America. Shown are changes in regional temperature in ° C, from the baseline value for 1900. Compiled by R. S. Bradley and J. A. Eddy based on J. T. Houghton et al., Climate Change: The IPCC Assessment, Cambridge UniversityPress, Cambridge, 1990 and published in EarthQuest, vol 5, no 1, 1991. Courtesy of Thomas Crowley, Remembrance of Things Past: Greenhouse Lessons from the Geologic Record[58]
1600
By 1600 the Ashkenazim were numerically and culturally the most significant Jewish community in the world. An independent Jewish “Council of the Four Lands: served the semi-autonomous Kehilla (community).[59]
1600 CE: HaRav Shabtai bar Meir HaKohen (the Shach), commentary on the Shulchan Aruch.[60]
Circa 1600
Europeans arrive in the area of Cahokia, Illinois but it has been abandoned for nearly 400 years.[61]
1600: Introduced into Spain the potato slowly spreads into Italy and to Northern and Eastern Europe. By 1600 the potatoe has entered Austria, Holland, France, Switzerland, England and Germany. Frederich the Great urges its cultivation in Prussia. The Irish embrace the potatoe with open arms and in 100 years the population doubles.[62]
1600: The dog lock, which featured a safety to secure the half cock position, was developed.
[63]
1600s: The blunderbus was introduced. [64]
December 31, 1728
“December 31, 1728, Andrew Harrison, of Spotsylvania County,
Virginia, to Richard Fitz William, Esq., in trust for himself, the Honble Win. Gooch, His Majesties Lieut. Governor, Captain Vincent Pearse, Dr. Geo. Nicholas & Charles Chlswill, £70 currency; 600 acres in Spotsylvania County and sd land purchased by the sd Harrison, of Harry”Beverley, the sd land having been granted by patent to the sd Beverley.”
Witnesses: William Wombwell Cliff, Thos. Jarman, Augustine Graham. Recorded July 4, 1728.29.[65]
1729
In 1729, Andrew2 Harrison became an officer of Spotsylvania County militia, under Capt. William Johnson. [66]
December 31, 1775: After Benedict Arnold retreated in May 1776 from his six-month long siege of Quebec, which included the disastrous attack Quebec on December 31, 1775, the Continental Army gave up its hope that Canada would join the rebellion. Still, Governor Legge received orders to return to London in February 1776 and departed Halifax in May.
Although Canada ceased to be a direct military target, it continued to play an important role as a haven for Loyalists and slaves fleeing from Patriots less concerned with other peoples' liberties than their own. On December 18, 1778, a force of New Jersey and New York Loyalists, The King's Orange Rangers, traveled to Liverpool, Nova Scotia, to help in its defense against Patriot privateers, privately owned ships that used pirate tactics to disrupt British shipping. The Rangers remained until August 23, 1783. Nova Scotia ultimately attracted 30,000 American Loyalists, one-tenth of which were fleeing African slaves. Of the slaves, one third eventually resettled in Sierra Leone. White Loyalists moved to Canada to flee the abuse of Patriot neighbors, African slaves came to British Canada in order to gain freedom from their Patriot owners.[67]
December 31, 1781
Congress establishes the Bank of North America, with a capitalization of $400,000.[68]
1782
Among the number of residents of FayetteCounty who registered slaves under the requirement of the law of 1780.[69]
Isaac Meason, 8; John Stevenson, 5; Each of the following name 3 slaves each. Margaret Vance, William Harrison, Dennis Springer, Thomas Moore, Robert Harrison, Richard Stevenson.
1782
George Cutlip is on this list with 4 horses and 8 cows. No extra tithables.[70]
1782
I am sure, but I need to double check, that George Cutlip is on the 1782 Augusta County taxlist. This same George Cutlip was on the Pendleton County taxlists when that county was formed from Augusta in 1787, then in Bath in 1791 when that county is formed. This George Cutlip disappeared from the taxlists in 1795. These taxlists indicate and would definitely mean there are two George Cutlips, more than likely a Jr. and a Sr., in Virginia in 1782 - Greenbrier County and Augusta County. [71]
1782
Quite different was the style in which the liberals of Europe spoke of the war and of the mercenaries. The principles which were to bring about the French Revolution were at work, and some of the actors of that great drama were already stepping upon the stage. Mirabeau, then a fugitive in Holland, published a pamphlet addressed "To the Hessians and other nations of Germany, sold by their Princes to England." It is an eloquent protest against the rapacity of the princes, a splendid tribute to the patriotism of the Americans. The genius of Mirabeau could look far enough into the future to recognize in the North American continent an asylum for the oppressed of all nations. His blow at the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel struck home. Not only did the latter attempt to buy up the edition of the pamphlet, but he caused an answer to be published, which only had the effect of calling forth a rejoinder, in which the future tribune maintains that an offense against the freedom of nations is the greatest of crimes. In the same spirit wrote Abbe Raynal and others, some of them better known in Europe, at that time, than Mirabeau, and against them a paper warfare was kept up in the Dutch journals, then the most influential, because the freest, on the Continent. In the public library at Cassel is an interesting little pamphlet published in 1782 in French, and also in German. This pamphlet is attributed by Kapp to Schlieffen, the Minister of Landgrave Frederick II; but I do not know on what authority. The writer pointed out such novel facts as that men had in all ages slaughtered each other, that the Swiss had long been in the habit of fighting as mercenaries, that the ten thousand Greeks under Xenophon did the same, and he considered it unjust to blame his contemporaries for what seemed to be a natural instinct of mankind. He noticed that the present letting-out of troops by Hesse was perhaps the tenth occasion of the sort since the beginning of the century. He showed the benefits which the Landgrave had bestowed on his country, and the affection in which he was held by his people. He drew attention - and this was, perhaps, his best argument - to the fact that the Landgrave of Hesse and the Duke of Brunswick were so nearly connected with the English royal family that their descendants might be one day called to the throne of Great Britain (This argument was not mentioned in the British Parliament, where it might, perhaps, have been received with derision.) As for the boasted Liberty of the Americans, she was but a deceitful siren, for all history proved that republican governments were as tyrannical and cruel as monarchies. [72]
1782 - Benjamin Harrison was Lieutenant Colonel of the 4th Battalion of the Militia of Westmoreland County, Penn.; number of men., 123. [73]
1782: Fort Cumberland was located where Wills Creek joins the Potomac River, at the present-day location of Cumberland, Maryland. That general area was called ―Wills Creek‖ in many colonial documents, evidently because the mouth of Wills Creek was an arrival and departure point. Up to the mouth of Wills Creek, the Potomac River was useable for water transportation. For example, in 1782 Thomas Jefferson wrote ―…Fort Cumberland, the head of the navigation on the Patowmac…‖.[74]
This Day in Goodlove History, December 31
Jeff Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), and Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clarke, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,and ancestors Andrew Jackson, and William Henry Harrison.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
• • Books written about our unique DNA include:
• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.
“Jacob’s Legacy, A Genetic View of Jewish History” by David B. Goldstein, 2008.
Birthday’s: Mark L. Armstrong 51, Massey W. Harrison Farrar 149, Fay V. Holder 89
December 31, 535: Byzantine General Belisarius took the city of Syracuse which marks the completion of the conquest of Sicily. In 536 he would march into Rome itself. This military action was part of Emperor Justinian’s plan to take back what had been the Western Roman Empire and recreate the Roman Empire of the Caesar’s with the capital at Constantinople. Belisarius’ victory probably did not over-joy the Jews living in the "Giudecche" or Jewish Quarters of Sicily since it brought with it Justinian’s Code. Amongst other things the code “prohibited Jews from building synagogues, reading the Bible in Hebrew, assemble in public, celebrate Passover before Easter, and testify against Christians in court.”[1]
538 CE: The Third Council of Orleans, Gaul forbids Jews to employ Christian servants or possess Christian slaves. Jews are prohibited from appearing in the streets during Easter: “their appearance is an insult to Christianity”. A Merovinian king Childebert approves the measure.[2]
540 A.D.: Rabaul Caldera
Bismarck Volcanic Arc
VEI: 6
540 AD[3]
.
540 A.D.: An outbreak of Plague occurs at Pelusium, Egypt[4]
541-542
25,000,000 Die in Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire
00541-01-01
Plague of Justinian
bubonic plague
[5][5]
Plague of Justinian
541 – 542
The Plague of Justinian was a pandemic that afflicted the Byzantine Empire, including its capital Constantinople, in the years 541–542 AD. The most commonly accepted cause of the pandemic is bubonic plague, which later became infamous for either causing or contributing to the Black Death of the 14th century. Its social and cultural impact is comparable to that of the Black Death. In the views of 6th century Western historians, it was nearly worldwide in scope, striking central and south Asia, North Africa and Arabia, and Europe as far north as Denmark and as far west as Ireland. The plague would return with each generation throughout the Mediterranean basin until about 750. The plague would also have a major impact on the future course of European history. Modern historians named it after the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I, who was in power at the time and himself contracted the disease. Modern scholars believe that the plague killed up to 5,000 people per day in Constantinople at the peak of the pandemic. It ultimately killed perhaps 40% of the city’s inhabitants. The initial plague went on to destroy up to a quarter of the human population of the eastern Mediterranean.[6]
542 A.D. Justinians Empire covered more territory than any others in more than two centuries encompassing Italy, North Africa, Egypt, Turkey, Greece and Palastine. The Meditteranian was once again a Roman Lake.[7]
542 CE: Justinian builds a new cathedral in Constantinople, built over the ashes of his chard capital. The Hia Sophia Church is imitated by all the Mosques in Constantinople, Venice, St. Marks, and the Vatican.[8]
December 31, 1229: James I of Aragon the Conqueror enters Medina Mayurqa (now known as Palma, Spain) thus consummating the Christian conquest of the island of Majorca. Following his victory, James “gave the Jews a quarter in the neighborhood of his palace for their dwellings, granted protection to all Hebrews who wished to settle on the island, guaranteed them the rights of citizens, permitted them to adjudicate their own civil disputes, to kill cattle according to their ritual, and to draw up their wills and marriage contracts in Hebrew. Christians and Moors were forbidden, under severe penalties, to insult the Jews or to take earth and stones from their cemeteries; and the Jews were ordered to complain directly to the king of any act of injustice toward them on the part of the royal officials. They were allowed to charge 20 per cent interest on loans, but the amount of interest was not to exceed the capital. In case a Jew practiced usury, the community was not held responsible. The penalty for lending money on the wages of slaves hired out by their masters was loss of the capital. Jews could buy and hold houses, vineyards, and other property in Majorca as well as in any other part of the kingdom. They could not be compelled to lodge Christians in their homes: in fact, Christians were forbidden to dwell with Jews; and Jewish convicts were given separate cells in the prisons. If the slave of a Jew or Moor adopted Judaism or Mohammedanism, he had to be set free and was required to leave the island.”[9]
1230: Hafsid monarchy takes over from Almohads in Tunisia and acquires Saharan trade, German minnesinger Walther von der Vogelweide dies, death of Ottokar I King of Bohemia, Peace of San Germano between emperor and pope – Frederick II being absolved from excommunication, Wenceslas I becomes King of Bohemia, Leprosy imported to Europe by Crusaders, Founding of Berlin on site of former Slav settlements, Death of Ottakar I King of Bohemia, Genghis Kahn's son retires, Union of the kingdoms of Castile and León, Lübeck and Hamburg form alliance, beginning of the Hanseatic league, Hafsid monarchy takes over from Almohads in Tunisia and acquires Saharan trade. [10]
December 31, 1378: Birthdate of Callixtus III the Pope who issued “Si ad reprimendos” the Bull that confirmed “Dudum ad nostram audientiam” which forbade Jews to live with Christians or to hold public office.[11]
1379: Treaty of Neuberg – Albert III and Leopold III divide Hapsburg territories between them, William of Wyleham founds New College at Oxford, Scottish earl Henry Sinclair takes control of Orkney on behalf of Norwegian King Hakon VI Magnusson, Halley's Comet. [12]
Early 1380: By the beginning of 1380 Wheatcliff had begun organizing the translation from Latin of the first English Bible. The work took place in Oxford, with a number of translators. Once the translation was done the new bible was reproduced. Hundreds were copied in scriptaria, production lines producing handwritten copies. 170 of these bibles survive. [13] Wheatcliff had begun to organize and train what had become a new religious order of itinerant preachers who he dispatched around England. Their purpose was to spread the word, literally, in English. In the highway, byways, inns and taverns and village greens, they preached against church corruption and proclaimed Wheatcliffs anti-clerical ideas. They read from Wheatcliffs bible and they became known as Lolards. They were hated by the Catholic establishment. They went straight to the source of God’s teaching, and cut out the preasts.[14]
• The first English translation of the Bible:
• Blessed be poor men in spirit, for the kingdom of heaven is theirs.
• Blessed be mild men for they shall wield the earth.
• Blessed be they that mourn for they shall be comforted.
• Blessed be they that hunger and thirst, rightwise for they shall be fullfilled.
• Blessed by merciful men, for they shall get mercy.
• Blessed by they that be of clean heart for they shall see God.
• Wheatcliff’s Bible.
So far, with respect to the 1380’s, no sources regarding Gutleben have become known from any other city or region. We may assume that he remained active in Strassburg until the end of his contract. A correspondence record from from the Strassburg City Archive, undated, unfortuanatelyt, undoubtedly stems from this time and shows the Jewish physician Gutleben resideng in the cathedral city, in correspondence with his co-religionist Ismael, a former member of the Strassburg Jewish community, who was obviously staing in Augsburg and had fallen into trouble. [15] 1380 to1383 Vivelin/Gutleben in Colmar.[16] Foundation of Kongo kingdom in Congo river mouth region of Zaire, Death of Charles V of France and Charles VI the Mad rules, Dimitri IV of Mosc ow defeats Mongols at Kulikov, Timur begins campaigns to Persia, Georgia, Russia, Egypt etc., death of Catherine of Siena, Mongol Tamerlane conquers Persia, begins expansion, death of Catherine of Siena, John Wyclif translates Bible into English, Geoffrey Chaucer begins Canterbury tales, Death of Charles V the Wise of France, Charles VI named to 1422, John Wycliffe begins translation of New Testament from Greek to English 1300s, John Wycliffe condems Pope as Anti-Christ, Muscovites inflict major defeat on Golden Horde at Kulikovo, Hans Fugger founds banking concern at Augsburg - becomes largest financial house by 1500, Death of Charles V of France, death of Bertrand du Guesclin of France - chief soldier. [17]
1381: Master Gutleben worked only a few years in the position of Basel’s city physician and received at the end of the year 24 fl. at the most. Starting in 1381, he at first is not mentioned any more in the Basel records; he seems to have left the city at that time.[18] Peasants’ Revolt in England led by Wat Tyler, Anglo-French truce for six eyars, Venice wins “Hundred Years War” against Genoa – start of flourishing of commerce, arts and sciences, Chaucer writes “House of Fame”, - Emergence of John Wycliffe and Lollards. [19]
December 31, 1403
On the 31st of December 1403 the mayor and city council of Basel are asking for the city physician Master Heinrich.[20]
1404: Glyndwr sets up Welsh parliament at Machynlleth Wales, Death of Pope Boniface IX – Pope Innocent VII rules (disputed papacy still), important Chinese play “Pi Pa Ki” or Story of the Lute created, Innocent VII Pope at Rome to 1406, Glyndwr sets up Welsh parliament at Machynlleth Wales, Glyndwr treaty with France, Pope Boniface IX dies October 1, Pope Innocent VII elected October 17 (Cosimo Gebtuke Migliorati Abruzzi) [21]
1405: The medieval part of the overview article about the history of the Alsatian Jews, written by the accomplished team of authors Freddy Raphael and Robert Weyl, which appeared in 1984 in the very useful Encyclopedie de l’Alsace [Encyclopedia of Alsace], discusses certain Jewish personalities from the time of the Middlwe Ages, other than Josel von Rosheim and the Rabbi Samuel Schlettstadt, essentially only a certain Gutleben who worked as a physician in Strassburg in the eighties of the 14th century. In the Middle Ages many Jewish physicians, who were at times even masters of their art, were known and sought after by kings, sultans and popes; a topic rich in aspecs which historians have already worked with relatively intensively. In order to mention here at least one of the more well known exsamples of such Jewish specialists we shall introduce only Elijah ben Schabbetai Be’er, who was raised into the state of nobility because ofr his successes in healing and received the right of citizenship in the city of Rome in the year 1405. Followqing that he served the popes Martin V and Eugen IV as personal physician but also was available to the Duke of Ferrara. He lectured at the university of Pavia.[22] Chinese Muslim Zheng He makes seven voyages westward to collect tribute for Ming leaders, End of Timor as king of Samarkand – succeeded by Shah Rokh, death of French poet Eustache Deschamps, erection of Bath abbey, Konrad Kyeser writes “Bellifortis” or book of military technology, Yung Lo orders China’s first sea expedition, Death of Tamerlane (Timur the Lame) the Tatar ruler, French soldiers land in Wales to support Glendower with initial successe, Second Percy rebellion, Duchy of Burgundy, Florence captures Pisa (sea outlet), Chinese Muslim Zheng He makes seven voyages westward to collect tribute for Ming leaders. [23]
1406: The series of sources of the bishop city on the upper Rhine indicated that Gutleben carried out his employmen in Basel until 1406, possibly at the end with the help of his wife, who likewise was knowledgable in healing arts and he died in the same year. He lived in the Winhartzgasse house (later the Hutgasse) Nr. 7. This building, according to Theodor Nordmann, belonged earlier to a Basel Jew named Eberlin. Here one would naturally think of Eberlin of Colmar; but according to Nordmann we are dealing in this case with Eberlin from Gebweiler, thus another immigrant from Upper Alsace.[24] Death of Robert III of Scotland, James I rules Scotland but is imprisoned in England, death of Pope Innocent VII – Pope Gregory XII elected – disputed – abdicates later, Venice acquires Padua and Florence subdues Pisa, mausoleum of Timur created in Samarkand, Forbidden City of China started, End of Pope Innocent VII - Gregory XII Pope to 1415, James I King of Scotland – captive in England to 1423 – rules to 1437, Henry Prince of Wales defeats Welsh, Death of Robert III of Scotland, James I rules Scotland, Henry gets leprosy (like illness), James, son of Robert III of Scotland taken prisoner by pirates on way to France, taken to London, Henry IV confines him for 18 years, James' father dies of the shock, in Jame's absence, Uncle Duke of Albany rule, November 6, Pope Innocent VII dies, Pope Gregory XII appointed November 30, (Angelo Correr). [25]
December 31, 1403
On the 31st of December 1403 the mayor and city council of Basel are asking for the city physician Master Heinrich.[26]
1404: Glyndwr sets up Welsh parliament at Machynlleth Wales, Death of Pope Boniface IX – Pope Innocent VII rules (disputed papacy still), important Chinese play “Pi Pa Ki” or Story of the Lute created, Innocent VII Pope at Rome to 1406, Glyndwr sets up Welsh parliament at Machynlleth Wales, Glyndwr treaty with France, Pope Boniface IX dies October 1, Pope Innocent VII elected October 17 (Cosimo Gebtuke Migliorati Abruzzi) [27]
1405: The medieval part of the overview article about the history of the Alsatian Jews, written by the accomplished team of authors Freddy Raphael and Robert Weyl, which appeared in 1984 in the very useful Encyclopedie de l’Alsace [Encyclopedia of Alsace], discusses certain Jewish personalities from the time of the Middlwe Ages, other than Josel von Rosheim and the Rabbi Samuel Schlettstadt, essentially only a certain Gutleben who worked as a physician in Strassburg in the eighties of the 14th century. In the Middle Ages many Jewish physicians, who were at times even masters of their art, were known and sought after by kings, sultans and popes; a topic rich in aspecs which historians have already worked with relatively intensively. In order to mention here at least one of the more well known exsamples of such Jewish specialists we shall introduce only Elijah ben Schabbetai Be’er, who was raised into the state of nobility because ofr his successes in healing and received the right of citizenship in the city of Rome in the year 1405. Followqing that he served the popes Martin V and Eugen IV as personal physician but also was available to the Duke of Ferrara. He lectured at the university of Pavia.[28] Chinese Muslim Zheng He makes seven voyages westward to collect tribute for Ming leaders, End of Timor as king of Samarkand – succeeded by Shah Rokh, death of French poet Eustache Deschamps, erection of Bath abbey, Konrad Kyeser writes “Bellifortis” or book of military technology, Yung Lo orders China’s first sea expedition, Death of Tamerlane (Timur the Lame) the Tatar ruler, French soldiers land in Wales to support Glendower with initial successe, Second Percy rebellion, Duchy of Burgundy, Florence captures Pisa (sea outlet), Chinese Muslim Zheng He makes seven voyages westward to collect tribute for Ming leaders. [29]
1406: The series of sources of the bishop city on the upper Rhine indicated that Gutleben carried out his employmen in Basel until 1406, possibly at the end with the help of his wife, who likewise was knowledgable in healing arts and he died in the same year. He lived in the Winhartzgasse house (later the Hutgasse) Nr. 7. This building, according to Theodor Nordmann, belonged earlier to a Basel Jew named Eberlin. Here one would naturally think of Eberlin of Colmar; but according to Nordmann we are dealing in this case with Eberlin from Gebweiler, thus another immigrant from Upper Alsace.[30] Death of Robert III of Scotland, James I rules Scotland but is imprisoned in England, death of Pope Innocent VII – Pope Gregory XII elected – disputed – abdicates later, Venice acquires Padua and Florence subdues Pisa, mausoleum of Timur created in Samarkand, Forbidden City of China started, End of Pope Innocent VII - Gregory XII Pope to 1415, James I King of Scotland – captive in England to 1423 – rules to 1437, Henry Prince of Wales defeats Welsh, Death of Robert III of Scotland, James I rules Scotland, Henry gets leprosy (like illness), James, son of Robert III of Scotland taken prisoner by pirates on way to France, taken to London, Henry IV confines him for 18 years, James' father dies of the shock, in Jame's absence, Uncle Duke of Albany rule, November 6, Pope Innocent VII dies, Pope Gregory XII appointed November 30, (Angelo Correr). [31]
December 31, 1438: Albert II of Habsburg is crowned King of Hungary. Albert confirmed the privilegium of Béla IV. In 1251 Béla had granted a privilgium to his Jewish subjects which was essentially the same as that granted by Duke Frederick II the Quarrelsome to the Austrian Jews in 1244, but which Béla modified to suit the conditions of Hungary.[32]
1439 Jews expelled from Augsburg.[33] Heirs to the French throne receive title Conte du Dauphine, Henry the Navigator of Portugal opens sailing school at Sagres, Florence becomes Renaissance center, Prince Henry the Navigator retires to Sagre POR and founds college of navigation, Council of Basle deposes Pope Eugene IV – Felix V the antipope to 1449, Great Church Council at Florence. [34]
1440s: The Janissary corps of the Ottoman army was using matchlock arms.[35] Incas build great fortress at Cuzco, Reign of Aztec emperor Moctezuma I and warriors begin to conquer E Mexico, Frederick of Styria and Catinthia elected German King, Platonic Academy in Florence founded, Montezuma I expands Aztec power, Kirtticasa's Ramayana written in India, Frederick III HRE to 1493, Johannes Gutenberg invents printing from moveable metal type, Gutenberg creates printing press, Incas build great fortress at Cuzco, Reign of Aztec emperor Moctezuma I and warriors begin to conquer E Mexico, death of Gilles de Rais – French occultist and serial killer of 80-200 children. [36]
December 31, 1492: One hundred thousand Jews were expelled from Sicily,[37] many going to Tunisia.[38]
gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg[39]
On the forfeiture of the last Lord of the Isles, A.D. 1493, already referred to, the name of the then chief is uncertain, but he became independent, though his clan was so small, that he never attained any great power in consequence.[40]
The name of the Mackinnon chief in 1493 is uncertain.[41]
1493: During the government of the Lords of the Isles, which commenced on the abandonment of their conquests by the Norwegians to the King of Scotland, A.D. 1266 and terminated at the forfeiture of the last lord, A.D. 1493 (temp. James III.), but little can be gathered concerning the deeds of the clan, as, in consequence of their connection with the MacDonalds, many a bold enterprise was doubtless attributed to that powerful tribe which held sway over the lesser tribes, and which would naturally include their actions amongst their own. In one event, forever, of considerable importance, we find the MacKinnons taking a share.[42]On the forfeiture of the last Lord of the Isles, A.D. 1493, already referred to, the name of the then chief is uncertain, but he became independent, though his clan was so small, that he never attained any great power in consequence. In the disturbances in the Isles, which continued during the 16th century, the name of Sir Lauchlan MacKinnon occurs very frequently and he appears, notwithstanding the comparatively small extent of his possessions, to have been a man of consideration in his time. From this time forth the clan took a part in all the political events in which the Highlanders of Scotland were engaged.[43]
In the late 15th century Clan Mackinnon moved from their earlier base at Dun Ringill, near Elgol, to the castle at Kyleakin. At that time the castle was known as Dun Acainn.[44]According to tradition, the castle was built by a Norse princess called "Saucy Mary", married to a MacKinnon chief. It was known as Dunakin in medieval times and was a stronghold of the MacKinnons. After Flodden, a great meeting of chiefs was held here in a failed attempt to restore the Lordship of the Isles.[45]
1493: On a second voyage, Columbus lands on Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and other islands in the West Indies.[46] Columbus brings cattle, sugar cane, wheat, nd other European animals and plants to the West Indies.[47]1493: Columbus returns and delivers a report to Queen Isabella. In a few pages Columbus describes the paradise he has discovered in her name. Land, Converts, and riches including gold. Columbus’s crew brings back corn, chili peppers, pumpkins, tomatoes, and potatoes. News travels fast. Columbus’ letters become a best seller. Many Europeans are aching for their share of the treasures. Men from all over Spain arrive at the ports to become Conquistadors. Anyone can join. [48] The natives also send back an unintentional guest. and an unwelcome one as well. It will lead to death in Europe. It will spread in the brothels, ports and cities of the old world. It will be painful. It drives its victims mad. It can take a long long time to kill. This the French Pox, or Spanish sickness, Syphillis. Europeans have no idea that this disease came from America.[49] 17 ships from arrive from Spain in an Island in the Carribean sea carrying 1200 Spaniards. It is the beginning of a stampede of Spanish exploration and conquest. Some will go south, some to the Andes, some to the Mississippi. It is the conquest of the Americas. Driven by greed, carrying weapons and bringing an animal that didn’t exist on this continent. With the horse Spain is able to annialate entire empires in only a few decades. Within 40 years the Incas fall to Pissarro, and the Aztecs in Central America to Cortez. Where there were towns and cities inhabited by millions of people the Spaniards leave only ruins and no one to manage the land. [50] As early as 1493, Spanish authorities in New Spain had passed decrees barring the entry of New Christians. Only those with purity of blood certificates, which certified they were descendants of four generations of Old Catholics, were licensed to migrate to the new world. But these statues were only sporadically enforced in the new frontiers. Because ship crews did not require the certificates, there were several conversos among the early conquistadors of Brazil, Nueva Granada in Latin America, and Nueva Espana, the mammoth territory that included the Philippines, Central America, Mexico, and what is now the American Southwest and California.[51] In 1493 the royal court moved east into Ferdinand’s domain of Catalonia and settled down in Barcelona. Now, as the monarchs arrived and took up residence in the Great Royal Palace, the city presented a woeful face. Once the Venice of Spain and the rival of Constantinople, with its thriving trade and bustling commerce, Barcelona suddenly was stagnant. For the Jews of Barcelona had provided the intellectual energy and the financial backbone of the city, and they had left en masse. “Today no trade at all is practiced,” lamented a local dignitary, “not a bolt of cloth is seen. Clothmakers are unemployed, and other workers the same.” The Jewish quarter had graced the city with its finest schools, its best doctors, its poets and philosophers, and in the blink of an eye, they were all gone. [52] Maximilian I becomes Holy Roman Emperor, succeeding his father Frederick III.[53] The Nuremberg Chronicle, and illustrated world history, is published in Bavaria.[54] End of reign of Emperor Topa Inca in Peru, Death of Frederick of Styria and Carinthia as German King and HRE – Maximilian I reigns as HRE, Pope Alexander VI publishes Papal bull “Inter cetera divina” dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal, Statute of Piotrkow grants Polish aristocracy privileges at expense of burghers and peasants, First Bundschuh (peasant’s revolt) in Alsace and southwest Germany, Turks invade Dalmatia and Croatia, Macimilian I invests Lodovico (Il Moro) Sforza with the duchy of Milan, Charles VIII of France prepares to invade Italy, Maximilian I marries Biance Maria Sforza, Lucretia Borgia daughter of Pope Alexander VI marries Giovanni Sforza, but marriage annulled 1497, Nuremburg chronicle – history from creation to present time published in Latin and German, Richard Pynson prints first dated book Henry Parker’s “Dialogue of Dives and Pauper”, Pope Alexander VI appoints son Cesare Borgia a cardinal, Jacques Lefevre d’Etaples publishes “Paraphrasis in Aristotelis octo physicos libros”, Tilman RIemenschneider the German sculptor carves “Madonna”, Maximilian I appoints court organist and composer, Columbus returns to Palos and leaves Spain on second voyage where he discovers Puerto Rico, Dominica and Jamaica, horse reintroduced into N America, Newly discovered lands divided between Spain and Portugal by Pope Alexander VI, height of Songhai Empire under Askia Mohammed who takes over much of the Mandingo Empire, Maximilian I HRE to 1519, Maximilian I elected HRE, Mar 4 Columbus leaves the New World, Columbus leaves New World, Pope establishes line of Demarcation, End of reign of Emperor Topa Inca in Peru. [55]
December 31, 1599: The British East India Company is chartered. [56]
Late 1500s early 1600s: The First Settlers of Hardy County, West Virginia
The first native settlers in West Virginia's Potomac Highlands (Grant, Hampshire, Hardy, Mineral, Pendleton, Pocahontas, Randolph, and Tucker counties) were the Mound Builders, also known as the Adena people. Remnants of the Mound Builder's civilization have been found throughout West Virginia, with many artifacts found in the Northern Panhandle, especially in Marshall County.
• Several thousand Hurons occupied present-day West Virginia during the late 1500s and early 1600s.
• During the 1600s, the Iroquois Confederacy (then consisting of the Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga, Oneida, and Seneca tribes) drove the Hurons from the state and used it primarily as a hunting ground.[57]
1600 CE
Example of regional variations in surface air temperature for the last 1000 years, estimated from a variety of sources, including temperature-sensitive tree growth indices and written records of various kinds, largely from western Europe and eastern North America. Shown are changes in regional temperature in ° C, from the baseline value for 1900. Compiled by R. S. Bradley and J. A. Eddy based on J. T. Houghton et al., Climate Change: The IPCC Assessment, Cambridge UniversityPress, Cambridge, 1990 and published in EarthQuest, vol 5, no 1, 1991. Courtesy of Thomas Crowley, Remembrance of Things Past: Greenhouse Lessons from the Geologic Record[58]
1600
By 1600 the Ashkenazim were numerically and culturally the most significant Jewish community in the world. An independent Jewish “Council of the Four Lands: served the semi-autonomous Kehilla (community).[59]
1600 CE: HaRav Shabtai bar Meir HaKohen (the Shach), commentary on the Shulchan Aruch.[60]
Circa 1600
Europeans arrive in the area of Cahokia, Illinois but it has been abandoned for nearly 400 years.[61]
1600: Introduced into Spain the potato slowly spreads into Italy and to Northern and Eastern Europe. By 1600 the potatoe has entered Austria, Holland, France, Switzerland, England and Germany. Frederich the Great urges its cultivation in Prussia. The Irish embrace the potatoe with open arms and in 100 years the population doubles.[62]
1600: The dog lock, which featured a safety to secure the half cock position, was developed.
[63]
1600s: The blunderbus was introduced. [64]
December 31, 1728
“December 31, 1728, Andrew Harrison, of Spotsylvania County,
Virginia, to Richard Fitz William, Esq., in trust for himself, the Honble Win. Gooch, His Majesties Lieut. Governor, Captain Vincent Pearse, Dr. Geo. Nicholas & Charles Chlswill, £70 currency; 600 acres in Spotsylvania County and sd land purchased by the sd Harrison, of Harry”Beverley, the sd land having been granted by patent to the sd Beverley.”
Witnesses: William Wombwell Cliff, Thos. Jarman, Augustine Graham. Recorded July 4, 1728.29.[65]
1729
In 1729, Andrew2 Harrison became an officer of Spotsylvania County militia, under Capt. William Johnson. [66]
December 31, 1775: After Benedict Arnold retreated in May 1776 from his six-month long siege of Quebec, which included the disastrous attack Quebec on December 31, 1775, the Continental Army gave up its hope that Canada would join the rebellion. Still, Governor Legge received orders to return to London in February 1776 and departed Halifax in May.
Although Canada ceased to be a direct military target, it continued to play an important role as a haven for Loyalists and slaves fleeing from Patriots less concerned with other peoples' liberties than their own. On December 18, 1778, a force of New Jersey and New York Loyalists, The King's Orange Rangers, traveled to Liverpool, Nova Scotia, to help in its defense against Patriot privateers, privately owned ships that used pirate tactics to disrupt British shipping. The Rangers remained until August 23, 1783. Nova Scotia ultimately attracted 30,000 American Loyalists, one-tenth of which were fleeing African slaves. Of the slaves, one third eventually resettled in Sierra Leone. White Loyalists moved to Canada to flee the abuse of Patriot neighbors, African slaves came to British Canada in order to gain freedom from their Patriot owners.[67]
December 31, 1781
Congress establishes the Bank of North America, with a capitalization of $400,000.[68]
1782
Among the number of residents of FayetteCounty who registered slaves under the requirement of the law of 1780.[69]
Isaac Meason, 8; John Stevenson, 5; Each of the following name 3 slaves each. Margaret Vance, William Harrison, Dennis Springer, Thomas Moore, Robert Harrison, Richard Stevenson.
1782
George Cutlip is on this list with 4 horses and 8 cows. No extra tithables.[70]
1782
I am sure, but I need to double check, that George Cutlip is on the 1782 Augusta County taxlist. This same George Cutlip was on the Pendleton County taxlists when that county was formed from Augusta in 1787, then in Bath in 1791 when that county is formed. This George Cutlip disappeared from the taxlists in 1795. These taxlists indicate and would definitely mean there are two George Cutlips, more than likely a Jr. and a Sr., in Virginia in 1782 - Greenbrier County and Augusta County. [71]
1782
Quite different was the style in which the liberals of Europe spoke of the war and of the mercenaries. The principles which were to bring about the French Revolution were at work, and some of the actors of that great drama were already stepping upon the stage. Mirabeau, then a fugitive in Holland, published a pamphlet addressed "To the Hessians and other nations of Germany, sold by their Princes to England." It is an eloquent protest against the rapacity of the princes, a splendid tribute to the patriotism of the Americans. The genius of Mirabeau could look far enough into the future to recognize in the North American continent an asylum for the oppressed of all nations. His blow at the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel struck home. Not only did the latter attempt to buy up the edition of the pamphlet, but he caused an answer to be published, which only had the effect of calling forth a rejoinder, in which the future tribune maintains that an offense against the freedom of nations is the greatest of crimes. In the same spirit wrote Abbe Raynal and others, some of them better known in Europe, at that time, than Mirabeau, and against them a paper warfare was kept up in the Dutch journals, then the most influential, because the freest, on the Continent. In the public library at Cassel is an interesting little pamphlet published in 1782 in French, and also in German. This pamphlet is attributed by Kapp to Schlieffen, the Minister of Landgrave Frederick II; but I do not know on what authority. The writer pointed out such novel facts as that men had in all ages slaughtered each other, that the Swiss had long been in the habit of fighting as mercenaries, that the ten thousand Greeks under Xenophon did the same, and he considered it unjust to blame his contemporaries for what seemed to be a natural instinct of mankind. He noticed that the present letting-out of troops by Hesse was perhaps the tenth occasion of the sort since the beginning of the century. He showed the benefits which the Landgrave had bestowed on his country, and the affection in which he was held by his people. He drew attention - and this was, perhaps, his best argument - to the fact that the Landgrave of Hesse and the Duke of Brunswick were so nearly connected with the English royal family that their descendants might be one day called to the throne of Great Britain (This argument was not mentioned in the British Parliament, where it might, perhaps, have been received with derision.) As for the boasted Liberty of the Americans, she was but a deceitful siren, for all history proved that republican governments were as tyrannical and cruel as monarchies. [72]
1782 - Benjamin Harrison was Lieutenant Colonel of the 4th Battalion of the Militia of Westmoreland County, Penn.; number of men., 123. [73]
1782: Fort Cumberland was located where Wills Creek joins the Potomac River, at the present-day location of Cumberland, Maryland. That general area was called ―Wills Creek‖ in many colonial documents, evidently because the mouth of Wills Creek was an arrival and departure point. Up to the mouth of Wills Creek, the Potomac River was useable for water transportation. For example, in 1782 Thomas Jefferson wrote ―…Fort Cumberland, the head of the navigation on the Patowmac…‖.[74]
The Narrows, [75]and the valleys of Braddocks Run, Wills Creek, and Jennings Run provided natural passages to the west. Because of these simple geographical influences, the present-day Cumberland area became an important gateway to the west.[76]
1782-1787: Dr. Moses Hoge, a Presbyterian minister, may have been the first teacher in Hardy County. He taught school in Moorefield from 1782 to 1787.[77]
1782 – A group of Cherokee under Kunagadoga, or Standing Turkey, receives permission to emigrate west of the Mississippi from the governor of Spanish Louisiana, into what is later Southeast Missouri. • Dragging Canoe leads his people further westward and southwestward into what becomes known as the Five Lower Towns area, eventually penetrating Northeast Alabama as more Cherokee refugees migrate to the area.[78]
1782: Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II abolishes most of persecution practices in ‘Toleranzpatent’ on condition that Yiddish and Hebrew are eliminated from public records and judicial autonomy is annulled. Judaism is branded “quintessence of foolishness and nonsense”. Moses Mendelssohn writes: “Such a tolerance… is even more dangerous play in tolerance than open persecution”.
December 31, 1862: President Abraham Lincoln signed an act admitting West Virginia to the Union.[79]
1863
How much money did the Civil War cost the U.S. government each day? According to a report released by the U.S. Congress in 1863, the financial cost of fighting the war was $2.5 million a day.[80]
1863:
The Virginia claim to the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers (the "Forks of the Ohio River") was the Third Charter granted by King James I in 1612, plus the 1744 Treaty of Lancaster with the Iroquois. During the treaty negotiations, the Iroquois claimed ownership of the lands west of the Allegheny Mountains by right of conquest:
"as to what lies beyond the Mountains, we conquered the Nations residing there, and that Land, if the Virginians ever get a good Right to it, it must be by us."6
The Virginians claimed to have purchased those Iroquois rights in 1744, so the officials in Williamsburg were willing to assert ownership through right of conquest, though initial settlement, and through a royal grant. The French, of course, did not feel obliged to honor any English claims. French military expansion into the Ohio River Valley would block any English colony's claim to the land, and ensure continued French control over trade with the Native Americans.
The pacifist Quakers in the Pennsylvania legislature were unwilling to raise taxes to confront and potentially fight the French... but the Virginians were willing to assert their land claims. In late 1753, Governor Dinwiddie sent an emissary (an ambitious young man named George Washington...) to tell the French to abandon their plans to build a string of new forts from Lake Erie down into the Ohio River valley. Washington carried a specific message from the English governor of the Virginia colony to the French:7
The Lands upon the River Ohio, in the Western Parts of the Colony of Virginia, are so notoriously known to be the Property of the Crown of Great Britain, that it is a Matter of equal Concern & Surprize to me, to hear that a Body of French Forces are erecting Fortresses, & making Settlements upon that River within His Majesty's Dominions.
The many & repeated Complaints I have receiv'd of these Acts of Hostilities, lay me under the Necessity of sending, in the Name of the King my Master, the Bearer hereof, George Washington Esqr. one of the Adjutants General of the Forces of this Dominion; to complain to you of the Encroachments thus made, & of the Injuries done to the Subjects of Great Britain, in open Violation to the Laws of Nations, & the Treaties now subsisting between the two Crowns.
If these Facts are true, & You still think fit to justify Your Proceedings; I must desire You to acquaint me by whose Authority & Instructions, You have lately marcht from Canada with an arm'd Force, & invaded the King of Great Britain's Territories, in the Manner complain'd of; That according to the Purport & Resolution of Your Answer, I may act agreeable to the Commission I am honour'd with from the King my Master.
However Sir, in Obedience to my Instructions it becomes my Duty to require Your peacable Departure, & that You wou'd forbear prosecuting a Purpose so interruptive of the Harmony & good Understanding which His Majesty is desirous to continue & cultivate with the most Christian King.
I perswade myself You will receive & entertain Major Washington with the Candour & Politeness natural to Your Nation; & it will give me the greatest Satisfaction, if You return him with an Answer suitable to my Wishes, for a very long & lasting Peace between Us
George Washington's path across the Potomac-Ohio watershed divide to Fort Le Boeuf
Source: Library of Congress, George Washington's map, accompanying his "journal to the Ohio", 1754
George Washington's map showing Fort Le Boeuf, near Lake Erie
Source: Library of Congress, George Washington's map, accompanying his "journal to the Ohio", 1754
Washington reached Fort Le Boeuf, in the Ohio River watershed near Lake Erie, and was well treated by the French officers led by Legardeur de St. Pierre. The French officials in the middle of nowhere must have been entertained by the company of a young, well-spoken representative from Jamestown in the middle of winter - but they rejected all English claims to the Ohio River. In 1754, the French continued to march downstream. At the Forks of the Ohio they ejected the Virginia settlers trying to build Fort Prince George and instead established the French Fort Duquesne.
Fort Le Boeuf, 15 miles from Lake Erie, across the watershed boundary on a tributary of Allegheny River (near modern-day Waterford, PA)
Later in 1754, Joshua Fry led the Virginia Regiment on a military expedition to the forks to protect the Virginians and establish an English presence at that strategic location. However, Fry died after falling off his horse, and young George Washington assumed command of the Virginia Regiment. He led the colonial military expedition into major failure, both militarily and diplomatically.
Washington attacked a French unit encamped in a Pennsylvania valley (now called Jumonville Glen), away from Fort Duquesne. After the attack, in which the Virginians were successful at killing nearly all the French, including their leader Joseph Coulon de Villiers de Jumonville, Washington retreated to Great Meadows. There he stopped, and erected his own defensive "Fort Necessity." It was a poor tactical decision to stop rather than to keep retreating. After the French and their Indian allies attacked the fort, Washington had to surrender it. As part of the surrender, he signed a document in French (a language he did not read...) that said he had assassinated de Jumonville.
This incident helped to trigger the French and Indian War (or the Seven Years War, as it was known in Europe). The war was an imperial conflict that stretched from India to the Caribbean - and north to Canada. In 1755, the English sent two regiments across the Atlantic Ocean, led by General Braddock. His expedition was defeated by the French and Indians on the outskirts of Fort Duquesne, in a battle in which both Braddock and the opportunity for Virginia to control the Forks of the Ohio both died.
In 1758, the British under John Forbes finally captured Fort Duquesne, renaming it Fort Pitt. Much to the frustration of the Ohio Company and other land speculators in Virginia, Forbes' army in 1758 had been organized in Pennsylvania. His march westward across the colony established good roads that connected Philadelphia to the Ohio River with a shorter, better road than the route from Virginia that General Braddock used. As Forbes reported back to London:8
I am in hopes of finding a better way over the Alleganey Mountains, than that from Fort Cumberland which Gen. Braddock took, if so I shall shorten both my March, and my labour of cutting the road about 40 miles, which is a great consideration. For were I to pursue Mr. Braddocks route, I should save but little labour, as that road is now a brushwood, by the sprouts from the old stumps, which must be cut down and made proper for Carriages, as well as any other Passage that we must attempt.
Trade between Philadellphia and Pittsburgh undercut the Virginia colony's economic links up the Potomac River to the Ohio, and ultimately led to Virginia accepting the Pennsylvania claim to much of the Allegheny and Monogahela river valleys.
In the 1763 Treaty of Paris, the French surrendered their claims to land along the Ohio River. Virginia officials continued to assert their land claims, and even included southeastern Pennsylvania within the boundaries of three Virginia counties in 1776, but in 1763-7 a survey by two Englishmen would become the basis for locating the line that we recognize today as the southern boundary of Pennsylvania.
Lewis Evans map showing Mason-Dixon line extended as the western Virginia/Pennsylvania border,
"A general map of the middle British colonies in America, viz. Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pensilvania, New-Jersey, New York, Connecticut & Rhode-Island: Of Aquanishuonigy the country of the confederate Indians comprehending Aquanishuonigy proper, their places of residence, Ohio & Thuchsochruntie their deer hunting countries, Couchsachrage & Skaniadarade their beaver hunting countries, of the Lakes Erie, Ontario and Champlain. Wherein is also shewn the antient & present seats of the Indian nations."
Source: Library of Congress
Ever since the proprietary grant to William Penn in 1681, the border between Virginia and Pennsylvania had depended upon defining the eastern edge of Pennsylvania. Once that eastern edge of Pennsylvania was resolved, surveyors could locate a north-south line "five degrees in longitude, to bee computed from the said Easterne Bounds..." to mark the western edge of Pennslvania. Until then, land speculators in Pennsylvania chartered the Indiana Company, while Maryland speculators formed the Illinois and Wabash companies, and sought rights to the same lands being claimed by the Virginia-based Ohio Company.
The confusion was created because the colonial charters for Pennsylvania and Maryland granted the same land around the 40th degree of latitude to both colonies. Finally, the Calverts of Maryland and the Penns of Pennsylvania hired Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon ("neutral" surveyors from England) to survey the southern boundary of Pennsylvania/northern boundary of Maryland. Mason and Dixon spent four years (1763-1767) marking the location of the colonial boundaries with monuments on the ground. They started by marking a spot 15 miles south of Philadelphia, a "point of beginning" previously accepted by Penns and Calverts as the appropriate dividing line. From that marker, Mason and Dixon surveyed east to Delaware and then south to define the Delaware/Pennsylvania border.
portion of Mason-Dixon line, delineating Maryland from Pennsylvania
Source: Library of Congress - Charles Mason, 1768,
A plan of the west line or parallel of latitude, which is the boundary between the provinces of Maryland and Pensylvania
After Mason and Dixon started surveying west of the marker defined as the point of beginning, they finally reached a point due north of the headwaters of the Potomac River. At that point, the surveyors began defining the boundary between Virginia-Pennsylvania. Maryland's western border was the "headspring" of the Potomac, so its western boundary was defined by a line between that natural feature (marked by the Fairfax Stone in 1746) and the Mason-Dixon line. West of the headspring and south of the Mason-Dixon line was the colony of Virginia.
However, due to hostility of the Native Americans in the mountains, Mason and Dixon were unable to complete their east-west line and determine the southwestern corner of Pennsylvania. Their survey stopped on October 9, 1767, 233 miles west of the point of beginning, 30 miles west (and north...) of the "head spring" of the Potomac River, and 36 miles east of the line that would be "five degrees in longitude... computed from the said Easterne Bounds." That left enough confusion for pushy, land-savvy Virginans to sell property that may, or may not, be located in Virginia.
where Mason and Dixon quit surveying
Source: Library of Congress - Charles Mason, 1768,
A plan of the west line or parallel of latitude, which is the boundary between the provinces of Maryland and Pensylvania
where Mason and Dixon quit surveying, on modern topo map
Source: Microsoft Research Maps
Pennsylvania claimed the same area as Virginia, and created Westmoreland County in the southwestern corner of Pennsylvania. Beginning in 1771, settlers loyal to Pennsylvania dealt with local officials appointed by the Pennsylvania General Assembly, or elected locally in Pennsylvania-sponsored elections, for legal and political decisions. Beginjing in 1775, settlers loyal to Virginia living in the area had the opyion of relying upon a separate, parallel system of local officials for taxes, elections, and lawsuits.
In early 1775 Dunmore issued a proclamation affirming the Virginia claim to the territory, which the General Assembly designated as the District of West Augusta. Dunmore appointed Dr. John Connolly as local captain of the Virginia militia in Pittsburg. Connolly was agressive in asserting his authority (and later, when the American Revolution started, his support for King George III...). Westmoreland County (PA) officials arrested Connolly, and in turn he arrested Pennsylvania officials who exercised their authority. In 1776, Virginia formally created three separate counties from the District of West Augusta - Yohogania, Monongalia, and Ohio.
trespass of Yohogania, Monongalia, and Ohio counties into Pennsylvania
Source: Newman Library - Atlas of Historical County Boundaries
As a result:
there were, west of the Alleghanies, not only two different sets of magistrates, with their subordinate officers, constables, assessors, and organized companies of militia, over the same people in the Monongahela valley, but within a few miles of each other had been established two different courts regularly (or irregularly) administering justice under the laws of two different governments. These conditions, with these Virginia Courts exercising judicial powers in the same territory with the courts of Pennsylvania, continued until August 2S, 1780...9
Overlapping jurisdiction meant that property rights were very, very confused. One option proposed for resolving the territorial dispute was to create a new state of Westsylvania. The continuing conflict among states supposedly united to fight the British during the Revolutionary War was a concern to the Continental Congress, as was the difficulty created in managing relations with Native American tribes on the frontier. In 1780, the Congress convinced both Virginia and Pennsylvania to settle their dispute by completing the surveys of Pennsylvania's southwestern and western boundary lines. The states agreed that the line would start at the Delaware River and go 5 degrees west from that point.
Commissioners were appointed by the legislatures of Virginia and Pennsylvania to define the boundary between Virginia and Pennsylvania, and the last miles of the Mason-Dixon line were surveyed initially by Alexander McClean of Pennsylvania and Joseph Neville of Virginia in 1782. The boundaries of Monongalia and Ohio counties were changed, excluding those portions that were inside Pennsylvania. Yohogania County, Virginia, was completely eliminated, with the small portion outside of Pennsylvania being transferred to Ohio County - and its court records transferred to Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania.10
A permanent survey was finalized in 1784-86, extending the line north from Pennsylvania's southwestern corner to the Ohio River. By the time the western edge of Pennsylvania, "five degrees in longitude... from the said Easterne Bounds" was finally surveyed, the Continental Congress had passed the Land Ordinance of 1785, which defined how the lands across the Ohio would be surveyed and sold to settlers in an orderly process where boundary surveys would be completed before the government's land would be sold.
The Pennsylvania-Virginia border lasted until 1863, when the western counties of Virginia became the separate state of West Virginia.
how the District of West Augusta, created in 1775, was carved up into three counties in 1776:
Yohogania County (in red), Monongalia County (in green), and Ohio County (in blue)
Source: The Boundary Controversy between Pennsylvania and Virginia, 1748-1785, by Boyd Crumrine
in Annals of the Carnegie Museum, Vol. 1 (1901), opposite p.518
December 31, 1864
Have fortified the position and built cabins for winter quarters. Health of the regiment excellent, supply of clothing moderate, ordnance and ordnance stores of good quality and in excellent condition. Arms, Springfield muskets, been in use five months. Distance marched, since last muster, 100 miles.[81]
At 4 o’clock p.m. after writing the above remarks, the regiment was ordered to Winchester, Virginia[82] and have just been mustered near that place in the midst of a snowstorm. [83]
December 31, 1867: Sarah was born in Pennsylvania in 1813 and died in Washington County, Iowa, on 31 December (December 31) 1867, age 54 years 7 months 8 days. Sarah may have been a widow when she married John (Godlove)[84]
December 31, 1903:
Convoy 19, August 14, 1942
We found a total of 1,015 deportees in Convoy 19. The men were in a slight majority. The largest age grouop for the men is between 43 and 64; for the women, between 39 and 64. There were more than 100 children under. 16.
Adolph Gottlieb born December 2, 1919 from Austria and Sidonie Gottlieb, born December 31, 1903 also of Austria were on board Convoy 19.[85]
The list is almost impossible to decipher. All the family names are blurred. They are followed bgy first name, date and place of birth, profession and nationality. The listing is not alphabetical, and is composed of five sublists, four from camps in the unoccupied zone and one from Drancy.
1. Les Milles, 236 ).
2. Recebedou, 63 names.
3. Noe, 56 names.
4. Rivesaltes, 395 names. The places of birth are not indicated. There were no children. From this camp there were (among a few others) 279 Germans, 76 Poles, and 24 Austrians. They came from the convoy which had left Rivesalotes on August 11 for Drancy, carrying 400 internees: 163 women, 229 men, and 8 children.
5. Drancy, 238 names. Many were families from Paris.
Among the 991 persons listed according to nationality were 571 Germans; 219 POoles; 83 Austrians; 71 French; 11 Russians; 6 Czechs; and 29 undetermined.
On August 14, SS Heinrichsohn composed the usual telex to Eichmann in Berlin, the Inspector of Concentration Camps at Oranienburg, and the Commandant of Auschwitz. He informed the addressees that on that day, at 8:55 AM, train #901/14 left with 1,000 Jews from the station at Drancy for Auschwitz, under the supervision of Feldwebel Kropp. A very important detail is indicated: Heinrichsohn states that “…for the first time, there are children (under 12)…”, (“darunter erstmalig kinder”).
Documents related to this convoy are XXVb-120 (of August 7), and XXVb-121 (of August 10.
Upon their arrival in Auschwitz, 115 men were selected for work (there were exactly 115 men between ages 18 and 42. All the others—at least 875 people, were immediately gassed. Neither woman nor child entered the camp. The 115 received numbers 59229 through 59343.
To the best of our knowledge, there was only one survivor from this convoy in 1945, Nathan Seroka.[86]
December 31, 1935: Jews are dismissed from the civil service in Germany.[87]\
August 1855 - 1936
John Goodlove
Birth: August 1855
Iowa, USA
Death: 1936
Iowa, USA
Burial:
Ainsworth Cemetery
Ainsworth
Washington County
Iowa, USA
Created by: GAS
Record added: Oct 13, 2011
Find A Grave Memorial# 78306033
Cemetery Photo
Added by: Paul Mack
[88]
1936: U.S Population is at 127 million.[89]
1936: Hoover Dam completed creating Lake Mead, the world’s largest reservoir.[90]
1936: Arab Revolt led or coopted by the Al-Husseini family and Fawzi al-Kaukji and apparently financed by Axis powers. Over 5,000 Arabs were killed according to some sources; most were killed by other Arabs and by British. Eleven Arab clans were wiped out by Hajj Amin El Husseini and his men. Several hundred Jews were killed by Arabs. Husseini fled to Iraq and then to Nazi Germany.[91]
Chinese Famine of 1936
Hitting China over a few months in 1936, the Asian country lost an estimated five million people during the Chinese Famine of 1936. This incident was one of several to affect China during the first part of the 20th century.[92]
From 1936-1939, there was an Arab uprising in which 10,000 people were killed. The British showed leniency in the beginning, which resulted in a disaster, 1,000 British were killed, 500 Jews, and 8,500 Arabs (most of the Arabs were killed by other Arabs vying for control).IN the end, the British had to use the iron fist policy to stop the uprising. This event put greater fear into the British, who put further limits on Jewish immigration.[93]
December 31, 1942: Himmler orders that the extermination of the Jews of the General-gouvernment be completed by the end of the year. [1][94] Himmler sent a directive to SS Lieutenant-General Wilhelm Kruger, head of the German police forces in the General Government. The directive ordered "the resettlement of the entire Jewish population of the General Government be carried out and completed by December 31.The General Government was the term for the Nazi administration in occupied Poland. The order was issued "in the name of the New Order, security and cleanliness of the German Reich."
Deportations to the Auschwitz death camp begin for Parisian Jews who have been held at Drancy, France, since July 16. [2][95]
On December 31, Knochen cabled Eichmann (XXVI-69) to the effect that the deportations wopuld be resumed again in mid-February, without knowing the exact number of Jews to bwe affected by this measure. December 31, 1942: … on January 21, 1943, Knochen cabled Eichmann once more (XXVc-195). He asked him what the possibilities were for the transport of 1,200 Jews eligible for deportation. He indicated that 3,911 Jews were interned in Drancy, among them 2,159 Frenchmen. Finallly he asked; are French Jews eligible for deportation? [96]
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[1] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[2] www.wikipedia.org
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timetable_of_major_worldwide_volcanic_eruptions
[4] http://www.twoop.com/medicine/archives/2005/10/bubonic_plague.html
[5] ^ William Rosen (8 May 2007). Justinian's flea: plague, empire, and the birth of Europe. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-03855-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=2oA2Lbiv4xAC. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
[6] http://listverse.com/2009/01/18/top-10-worst-plagues-in-history/
[7] The Dark Ages, HISTI, 3/4/2007
[8] The Dark Ages, History International, 3-4-2007
[9] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[10] mike@abcomputers.com
[11] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[12] mike@abcomputers.com
[13] The Reformation, The Adventure of English. 12/10/2003, HISTI
[14] The Reformation, The Adventure of English. 12/10/2003, HISTI
[15] The Gutleben Family of Physicians in Medieval Times, by Gerd Mentgen, page 4.
[16] Die mittelalterliche Arzte-Familie,, Gutleben” page 93.
[17] mike@abcomputers.com
[18] The Gutleben Family of Physicians in Medieval Times, by Gerd Mentgen, page 3.
[19] mike@abcomputers.com
[20] The Gutleben Family of Physicians in Medieval Times, by Gerd Mentgen, page 6.
[21] mike@abcomputers.com
[22] The Gutleben Family of Physicians in Medieval Times, by Gerd Mentgen, page 1.
[23] mike@abcomputers.com
[24] The Gutleben Family of Physicians in Medieval Times, by Gerd Mentgen, page 5.
[25] mike@abcomputers.com
[26] The Gutleben Family of Physicians in Medieval Times, by Gerd Mentgen, page 6.
[27] mike@abcomputers.com
[28] The Gutleben Family of Physicians in Medieval Times, by Gerd Mentgen, page 1.
[29] mike@abcomputers.com
[30] The Gutleben Family of Physicians in Medieval Times, by Gerd Mentgen, page 5.
[31] mike@abcomputers.com
[32] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[33] http://christianparty.net/jewsexpelled.htm
[34] mike@abcomputers.com
[35] http://www.talonsite.com/tlineframe.htm
[36] mike@abcomputers.com
[37] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[37] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[38] http://christianparty.net/jewsexpelled.htm
[39] http://www.ukattraction.com/western-isles/castle-moil.htm
[40] M E M O I R S OF C LAN F I N G O N BY REV. DONALD D. MACKINNON, M.A. Circa 1888
[41] Torrence, page 477.
[42] M E M O I R S OF C LAN F I N G O N BY REV. DONALD D. MACKINNON, M.A. Circa 1888
[43] M E M O I R S OF C LAN F I N G O N BY REV. DONALD D. MACKINNON, M.A. Circa 1888
[44] http://www.ealaghol.co.uk/pictures/castlemoil/
[45] http://www.serenery.com/430CastleMoil.html
[46] Timetables of American History, Laurence Urdang.
[47] Timetables of American History, Laurence Urdang.
[48] America before Columbus, NTGEO, 11/22/2009
[49] America before Columbus, NTGEO, 11/22/2009
[50] America before Columbus, NTGEO, 11/22/2009
[51] Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People, page 181
[52] Dogs of God, Columbus, the Inquisition, and the Defeat of the Moors, by James Reston, Jr., pg. 293.
[53] Timetables of American History, Laurence Urdang.
[54] Timetables of American History, Laurence Urdang.
[55] mike@abcomputers.com
[56] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[57] http://www.polsci.wvu.edu/wv/Hardy/harhistory.html
[58] http://www.geocraft.com/WVFossils/ice_ages.html
[59] DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews, by Rabbi Yaakov Kleinman, 2004, pg 91.
[60] www.cohen-levi.org
[61] The Field Museum
[62] America Before Columbus, NTGEO, 11/22/2009.
[63] http://www.talonsite.com/tlineframe.htm
[64] http://www.talonsite.com/tlineframe.htm
[65] County Records Spottsylvania County 1721-1800 vol 1) pp 2 3 Will Book A, 172248, p. 104. Torrence and Allied Families, Robert M. Torrence, pg 316.
[66] [James Edward Harrison, A comment of the family of ANDREW HARRISON who died in ESSEX COUNTY, VIRGINIA in 1718 (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: privately printed, no date), 52.] Chronological Listing of Events In the Lives of Andrew Harrison, Sr. of Essex County, Virginia, Andrew Harrison, Jr. of Essex and Orange Counties, Virginia, Lawrence Harrison, Sr. of Virginia and Pennsylvania Compiled from Secondary Sources Covering the time period of 1640 through 1772 by Daniel Robert Harrison, Milford, Ohio, November, 1998.
[67] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/nova-scotia-governor-sends-word-of-potential-american-invasion
[68] ON This Day in America by John Wagman.
[69] History of Fayette County, Pennsylvania by Franklin Ellis, 1882.
[70] http://www.ls.net/~newriver/va/grnb1782.htm (1782 Greenbrier Co., Va. taxlist)
http://listsearches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/ifetch2?/u1/textindices/C/CUTLIP+1998+1837576+F
William Cutlip> WC711@IBM.NET
[71] EHB http://listsearches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/ifetch2?/u1/textindices/C/CUTLIP+1998+1837576+F
[72] The Hessians by Edward Lowell
[73] (Pennsylvania Archives, 2nd Series, v. 14, p. 695)
[74] In Search of Turkey Foot Road, page 6.
[75] This December 10, 2006 aerial photo was taken looking northeast at the Cumberland Narrows. The Narrows provides a natural passage to the west from the Cumberland area. The mountain ridge runs north-northeast into Pennsylvania, and south-southwest to Cresaptown. The Narrows is defined by the south end of Wills Mountain and the north end of Haystack Mountain. (Photo by Geologist James L. Stuby, who donated it to the public domain.)
[76] In Search of Turkey Foot Road, page 6.
[77] http://www.polsci.wvu.edu/wv/Hardy/harhistory.html
[78] Timetable of Cherokee removal.
[79] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[80] The Civil War 2010 Calendar.
[81] (Supplement to the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Part II Record of Events Volume 20 Serial no. 32. Broadfoot Publishing Company Wilmington, NC 1995.)
[82] Below will be found a list of the officers and men in Company I, Eighteenth Virginia Cavalry, in the confederate service. Nearly all the men were from Hampshire county: …Joseph Godlove, second sergeant: Levy Crawford, third sergeant: …David Godlove, Isaac Godlove, John A. Godlove, Abraham Didawic, John Didawic, Benjamin Didawic, George Swisher, Benjamin Swisher, Simon Swisher, … Noah Funkhouser, James H. Funkhouser, … Jacob Orndorff
History of Hampshire County West Virginia, From its Earliest Settlement to the Present by Hu Maxwell and H. L. Swisher 1897
[83] (Supplement to the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Part II Record of Events Volume 20 Serial no. 32. Broadfoot Publishing Company Wilmington, NC 1995.)
[84] Jim Funkhouser
[85] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld. Page 156.
[86] Memorial to the Jews Deported From France 1942-1944, by Serge Klarsfeld, page 156.
[87] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page1760.
[88] http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Goodlove&GSbyrel=in&GSdyrel=in&GSob=n&GRid=78306033&
[89] Nature Center, Crabtree Forest Preserve, Barrington, IL March 11, 2012
[90] Nature Center, Crabtree Forest Preserve, Barrington, IL March 11, 2012
[91] http://www.zionism-israel.com/his/Israel_and_Jews_before_the_state_timeline.htm
[92] http://www.timelinesdb.com/listevents.php?subjid=521&title=Drought
[93] 365 Fascinating Facts about the Holy Land by Clarence H. Wagner Jr.
[94] [1] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1772.
[95] [2] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[96] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 377.
