This Day in Goodlove History, February 6

This Day in Goodlove History, February 6

• By Jeffery Lee Goodlove

• jefferygoodlove@aol.com

•

• Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove

•

• The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany) etc., and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), and Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with -George Rogers Clarke, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson.

•

• The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:

• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx

•

• This project is now a daily blog at:

• http://thisdayingoodlovehistory.blogspot.com/

• Goodlove Family History Project Website:

• http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/

•

• Books written about our unique DNA include:

• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.

•

• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.

•

• My thanks to Mr. Levin for his outstanding research and website that I use to help us understand the history of our ancestry. Go to http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/ for more information. “For more information about the Weekly Torah Portion or the History of Jewish Civilization go to the Temple Judah Website http://www.templejudah.org/ and open the Adult Education Tab "This Day...In Jewish History " is part of the study program for the Jewish History Study Group in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

•

A point of clarification. If anybody wants to get to the Torah site, they do not have to go thru Temple Judah. They can use http://DownhomeDavarTorah.blogspot.com and that will take them right to it.



The Goodlove Reunion 2011 will be held Sunday, June 12 at Horseshoe Falls Lodge at Pinicon Ridge Park, Central City, Iowa. This is the same lodge we used for the previous reunions. Contact Linda at pedersen37@mchsi.com.



I Get Email!





In a message dated 1/26/2011 9:43:52 A.M. Central Standard Time, melech3@mchsi.com writes:

Saw the announcemnt about your family re-union. Would there be time for us to meet? It just would be nice to put a face to the name and information.

Mitchell A. Levin



Mitchell, It would be great if you could join us at the reunion. There would absolutely be enough time to chat and it would be great to finally meet you. Last night at a going away party for one of our fellow masons, Hugh Cole, who was a historian for the Grand lodge of Illinois, he told me he had recently donated four boxes of archives to the Masonic Museum in Cedar Rapids. Apparently Cedar Rapids has an incredible collection, including Joseph Smiths Bible and a Bible from the 12th century. Also, last night I was invited to visit the Skokie Lodge which is near where I used to live when I moved from Cedar Rapids to Skokie. Small world. I look forward to meeting you. Thanks for all of your work in putting together This Day in Jewish History. It really helps to get a better understanding of our Jewish and Cohen ancestry. I hope everything is well in Cedar Rapids. Jeff Goodlove



This Day…

February 638 A.D.

On a February day in the year 638 the Caliph Omar entered Jerusalem, riding upon a white camel. He was dressed in worn filthy robes, and the army that followed him was rough and unkempt; but its discipline was perfect. At his side was the Patriarch Sophronius, as the chief magistrate of the surrendered city. Omar rode straight to the site of the Temple of Solomon, whence his friend Mahomet had ascended into heaven. Watching him stand there, the Patriarch remembered the words of Christ and murmured through his tears: ‘Behold the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet.’[1]

639 A.D. Caesarea held out against the Arabs until 639.[2]

February 6, 1095: Henry IV of Germany who issued a charter to the Jews and a decree against forced baptism. He desired to protect the Jews even during the Crusades and granted favorable conditions wherever possible. He also permitted forcibly baptized Jews to return to Judaism. He did this partly because he viewed the Jews as valuable property. The Church criticized his actions.[3]



1095: By 1095 Alexious Comnenus was ready to contemplate action against the Turks. For the moment his European lands were quiet; and in Asia the Seldjuk power was declining. Malik Shah died in 1092, Tutush in 1095; and Tutush’s sons, Ridwan of Aleppo and Duqaq of Damascus, were fighting aghianst each other or against the atabeg of Mosul, Kerbogha, the most formidable of the younger Turkish chieftains. In Palestine the Fatimids were advancing against the sons of Orgoq. The Anbatolian Turks would get little support from their kinsmen in Syria. But Alexious was short of manpower. He needed recruits for his army. His finances were in better order; he could afford to hire mercenaries, and the best mercenaries came from the West. [4]

February 6, 1190: Following an attack in Lynn[5], all the Jews of Norwich, England found in their houses were slaughtered, except a few who found refuge in the castle.[6]

February 6, 1481: The first auto-da-fe by the Spanish Inquisition took place in Seville, Spain. The term "auto-de-fe" means "act of faith." It was a ceremony that culminated in burning at the stake heretics discovered by the Inquisition. There heretics were Jews who had been forced to convert and were guilty of practicing their Judaism in secret.[7]

February 6, 1508: Maximilian I was crowned Holy Roman Emperor. In the first decade of his reign, Maximilian would put an end to the attempts by some German nobles to banish the Jews from their realms. Maximilian did this, not so much because he loved Jews, but because he saw these attempts at banishment as an encroachment on his imperial authority. Wherever they lived in the empire, the Jews were the subjects of the emperor and not of any local lord. Therefore only he could banish Jews. Maximilian feared that if he gave way on his control over the Jews, who knew what power the nobles might try and take from him next.[8]

1509

The first of the Tudor monarchs, Henry VII, died in 1509 after a reign of twenty-four years. His flamboyant eighteen year old son succeeded him, and would thereafter be known as Henry VIII.[9]

February 6, 1546

On Feb. 6th 1546, Ewin, the MacKinnon chief, as one of the special friends of Hector MacLean of Dowart, receives a respite of nineteen years for the treasonable assistance given by him to the Earl of Lennox and the English in 1545.[10]



On February 6, 1609, the said Lachlan is charged to appear on this day by virtue of his former obligation.[11]



February 6, 1664: Birthdate of Sultan Mustafa II. During his reign Ottoman forces conquered Belgrade again in 1690 and Jews were allowed to return to the city.[12]



February 6, 1685

The Duke of York, proprietor of New York, becomes King James II of England.[13] James II of England and VII of Scotland becomes King upon the death of his brother Charles II. For once, a change in monarchs turned out to be a “win-win” situation for the Jewish people. While still in the Netherlands, prior to regaining the throne, the Anglican “Charles had assured Amsterdam Jews that their coreligionists had no reason to fear his reemergence in England.” How much of this was promise was due to personal beliefs and how much was the product of the substantial financial support the soon to be crowned monarch received from Dutch Jews is immaterial. The fact is, he kept his word. A group of London merchants who wanted to limit their competition petitioned the king to keep the Jews out of the country to protect the religion and welfare of his subjects. “The targeted Jews” sought the King’s protection which he granted. In 1673, 13 years after Charles II’s coronation, “a grand jury…responded to anti-Semitic rabble rousing by indicting Jewish communal leaders for worshipping in public. When Jews threatened to leave England rather than endure loss of religious freedom, Charles had an order in council issued to halt the legal proceedings. And to make sure it did not happen again, King Charles gave orders “not to cause any more anxieties to Jews.” During the first year of his reign King James II put an end to the custom of requiring the Jews to pay “the mandatory tax imposed on those who failed to attend the established church.” The King declared that he did not want the Jews to be troubled about this ever again and only wanted them be able to “quietly enjoy the free exercise of their religion.” What makes this all the more remarkable is that it took place against a backdrop of religious wars fought between English Catholics, Anglicans and Protestants. While the Jews became victims of the religious wars on the Continent, in England they were able to survive and thrive. This may account for the affection which Jews came to hold England and its later iteration as Great Britain.[14]



February 6, 1693: Royal charter granted College of William & Mary, at Williamsburg VA.[15]



Tuesday, February 6th, 1776.

Went with Mr. Crawford to Captn. Douglas’s, but returned to town in the evening.[16]



February 6, 1778

France recognizes the independence of the United States and signs a Treaty of Alliance.[17] During the American War for Independence, representatives from the United States and France sign the Treaty of Amity and Commerce and the Treaty of Alliance in Paris.

The Treaty of Amity and Commerce recognized the United States as an independent nation and encouraged trade between France and the America, while the Treaty of Alliance provided for a military alliance against Great Britain, stipulating that the absolute independence of the United States be recognized as a condition for peace and that France would be permitted to conquer the British West Indies.

With the treaties, the first entered into by the U.S. government, the Bourbon monarchy of France formalized its commitment to assist the American colonies in their struggle against France's old rival, Great Britain. The eagerness of the French to help the United States was motivated both by an appreciation of the American revolutionaries' democratic ideals and by bitterness at having lost most of their American empire to the British at the conclusion of the French and Indian Wars in 1763.

In 1776, the Continental Congress appointed Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee to a diplomatic commission to secure a formal alliance with France. Covert French aid began filtering into the colonies soon after the outbreak of hostilities in 1775, but it was not until the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga in October 1777 that the French became convinced that the Americans were worth backing in a formal treaty.

On February 6, 1778, the treaties of Amity and Commerce and Alliance were signed, and in May 1778 the Continental Congress ratified them. One month later, war between Britain and France formally began when a British squadron fired on two French ships. During the American Revolution, French naval fleets proved critical in the defeat of the British, which culminated in the Battle of Yorktown in October 1781.[18]

February 6, 1788

Massachusetts becomes the sixth state to ratify the Constitution.[19]

February 6, 1802

Congress empowers President Jefferson to arm United States ships in order to protect themselves against Tripolitan pirates.[20]

February 6, 1820: The first organized immigration of freed slaves to Africa from the United States departs New York harbor on a journey to Freetown, Sierra Leone, in West Africa. The immigration was largely the work of the American Colonization Society, a U.S. organization founded in 1816 by Robert Finley to return freed American slaves to Africa. However, the expedition was also partially funded by the U.S. Congress, which in 1819 had appropriated $100,000 to be used in returning displaced Africans, illegally brought to the United States after the abolishment of the slave trade in 1808, to Africa.

The program was modeled after British's efforts to resettle freed slaves in Africa following England's abolishment of the slave trade in 1772. In 1787, the British government settled 300 former slaves and 70 white prostitutes on the Sierra Leone peninsula in West Africa. Within two years, most members of this settlement had died from disease or warfare with the local Temne people. However, in 1792, a second attempt was made when 1,100 freed slaves, mostly individuals who had supported Britain during the American Revolution and were unhappy with their postwar resettlement in Canada, established Freetown under the leadership of British abolitionist Thomas Clarkson.

During the next few decades, thousands of freed slaves came from Canada, the West Indies, and other parts of West Africa to the Sierra Leone Colony, and in 1820 the first freed slaves from the United States arrived at Sierra Leone. In 1821, the American Colonization Society founded the colony of Liberia south of Sierra Leone as a homeland for freed U.S. slaves outside of British jurisdiction.

Most Americans of African descent were not enthusiastic to abandon their homes in the United States for the West African coast. The American Colonization Society also came under attack from American abolitionists, who charged that the removal of freed slaves from the United States strengthened the institution of slavery. However, between 1822 and the American Civil War, some 15,000 African Americans settled in Liberia, which was granted independence by the United States in 1847 under pressure from Great Britain. Liberia was granted official U.S. diplomatic recognition in 1862. It was the first independent democratic republic in African history.[21]



February 6, 1837

The House of Representatives rules that slaves do not have the right of petition that American citizens have under the Constitution.[22]



Sat. February 6, 1864

No towns but few farms 2 plantations heavy timber arrived at Memphis at 8 pm a nice large town – stayed on boat all night[23][24]



February 6, 1865

General Robert E. Lee becomes the commander of all Confederate armies.[25]





February 6, 1880: Emmy Gottlieb born April 17, 1914 from Altenhamberg, Germany, and Ida Gottlieb born February 6, 1880 from Hagenback, Germany, were on board Convoy 17.[26]



On August 10, SS Heinrichsohn composed the usual telex for the departure of each train. He addressed it to Eichmann in Berlin, the Inspectore of the KZ at Oranienburg, and the Commandant at Auschwitz. The telex was signed by SS Ahnert of the same anti-Jewish section of the Gestapo. He indicated to the recipients that on that day, at 8:55 AM, the convoy D 901/12 had left the station at Le Bourget-Drancy for Auschwitz, carrying 1,000 Jews under the supervision of Feldwebel Kruger.



This convoy was composed almost entirely (997 on the list by nationality) of German Jews. There were 525 women and 475 men, many of them in their 50’s: 290 women were between ages 46 and 60; 309 men were between ages 45 and 51. There were many couples.



The list is very difficult to read. The family name, first name, dat and place of birth, profession , and nationality are given.



This was the first convoy of Jews from the unoccupied zone who had been handed over by the Vichy authorities to the Nazis. The convoy came from the camp at Gurs, where numerous German Jews had been interned since 1940. It left Gurs for Drancy on August 6 with 1,000 Jews.



On the day the convoy was scheduled to depart, the German Military Command refused to lend further assistance or escorts to the deportation of Jews (XXVb-134). A second document relating to this convoy is XXVb-120 of August 7.



Upon their arrival in Auschwitz, 140 men were left alive and received numbers 58086 through 58225. The women received numbers 16637 through 16736. Seven hundred sixty people were immediately gassed.



To the best of our knowledge, one man, Herbert Fuchs, was the only survivor from this convoy in 1945.[27]



February 6, 1901: Anna Gottlieb, born February 6, 1901, By October 26, 1942 Auschwitz, Ba Transport – Prague. Terezin • August 10, 1942 .. 1287 perished, 165 liberated. , 8 destiny request failure[28] Czech to English translation:

February 6, 1943: On February 6, Rothke sent a telex to Berlin and the SiPo-SD in Metz (XXVc-203 and 204) to the effect that there would be a third convoy in February, on the 13th, that it would leave at 10:15 AM and carry 1,000 Jews. The deportation of French Jews imprisoned for offenses was scheduled as part of this convoy (see Convoys 46 and 47.



This convoy was composed exclusively of French Jews who had resided in the Paris region. In fact, the title is “list of a thousand French.” There were 466 males, 519 females, and 15 undetermined. Almost 300 were under 21: 150 were under 18. This list is in very poor condition. Perforations by the file container meant that some names had to be reconstructed. The list is divided into three sublists.



1. Drancy/Stairway 2—388 names. There were many families.

2. Drancy/Stairway 1—340 names.

3. Drancy Stairway 3—263 names.



On board Convoy 48 was Fernande Gottlieb born June 25, 1909 from Paris, France, Meyer Gottlieb born April 15, 1881 from Paris, France, and Rosa Gottlieb, born April 20, 1881, from Paris, France. [29]



February 6, 1943: Upon arriving in “liberated” Algiers, Churchill discovered that the Vichy laws restricting the rights of the Jews of Algeria were still in force and insisted that they be repealed at once.[30]



February 6, 1943: Himmler received a report on the quantity of garments collected from Birkenau. The list included: 97,000 sets of men's clothing, 76,000 sets of women's clothing, 132,000 men's shirts, 155,000 women's coats and 3,000 kilograms of women's hair. The hair filled an entire railroad car. Children's items included 15,000 overcoats, 11,000 boys' jackets, 9,000 dresses and 22,000 pairs of shoes. The clothing filled 825 freight cars. Included in this inventory was also close to a half of million in American currency and $116,420 dollars in gold.[31]

February 6, 1943: Fifteen trains of deportees reached Birkenau from Holland, Drancy (Paris) and from Berlin. Five thousand on board were gassed.[32]

February 6, 1943: Rutka Laskier, a fourteen year old living in Bedzin, Poland writes in her diary: “Something has broken in Me. When I pass by a German, everything shrinks in me. I don't know whether it is out of fear or hatred. I would like to torture them, their women and children, who set their doggies on us, to beat and strangle them vigorously, more and more. When will this day arrive which Nica talked about ... that's one matter. And now another matter. I think my womanhood has awoken in me. That means, yesterday when I was taking a bath and the water stroked my body, I longed for someone's hands to stroke me ... I didn't know what it was, I have never had such sensations until now ...I met Micka today. I don't know with what these "dubious" lovers attract her, to the point that she refuses to get into a quarrel with them. They are so dazzled by her and think that every boy should be in love with her. Of course, I ascribe this to Janek, but Janek finds her disgusting (I don't know why). I think Janek likes me very much. But it doesn't matter to me, either way. Today, I recalled in detail the day of Aug. 12, 1942. I'll try to describe that day so that in a few years, of course if I'm not deported, I'll be able to remember it. We got up at 4 o'clock in the morning. We had a great breakfast (considering it was wartime): eggs, salad, real butter, coffee with milk. When we were ... ready, it was already half past 5, and then we left. There were thousands of people on the road. Every once in a while we had to stop, in order to let the crowd in front of us proceed. At half past 6, we were in place. We managed to get quite good seats on a bench. We were in a pretty good mood until 9 o'clock. Then I looked beyond the fence and I saw soldiers with machine guns aimed at the square in case someone tried to escape (how could you possibly escape from here?). People fainted, children cried. In short--Judgment Day. People were thirsty, and there was not a single drop of water around ... Then ... it started pouring. The rain didn't stop. At 3 o'clock Kuczynsky arrived and the selection started. "1" meant returning home, "1a" meant going to labor, which was even worse than deportation, "2" meant going for further inspection, and "3" meant deportation, in other words, death. Then I saw what disaster meant. We reported for selection at 4 o'clock. Mom, Dad and my little brother were sent to group 1, and I was sent to 1a. I walked as if I were stunned ... The weirdest thing was that we didn't cry at all, AT ALL ... Later on, I saw many more disasters. I can't put it in words. Little children were lying on the wet grass, the storm raging above our heads. The policemen beat them ferociously and also shot them. I sat there until 1 o'clock at night. Then I ran away. My heart pounded. I jumped out of a window from the first floor of a small building, and nothing happened to me. Only my lips were bitten so bad that they bled ... When I was already on the street, I ran into someone "in uniform," and I felt that I couldn't take it anymore. My head was spinning. I was pretty sure he was going to beat me ... but apparently he was drunk and didn't see the "yellow star," and he let me go.
Around me it was dark like in a closed cabin. From time to time flashes of lightning lightened the sky ... and it thundered. The journey that normally takes me half an hour I did in 10 minutes. Everybody was at home except Grandma, whom Dad released and brought home the next day ...
Oh, I forgot the most important thing. I saw how a soldier tore a baby, who was only a few months old, out of its mother's hands and bashed his head against an electric pylon. The baby's brain splashed on the wood. The mother went crazy. I am writing this as if nothing has happened. As if I were in an army experienced in cruelty. But I'm young, I'm 14, and I haven't seen much in my life, and I'm already so indifferent. Now I am terrified when I see "uniforms." I'm turning into an animal waiting to die ...Now to everyday matters: Janek came by this afternoon. We had to sit in the kitchen ... I told him that I had given away all my photographs. He got very upset. We were joking around; we spoke about "Nica and the gang." While we were talking he suddenly blurted out he'd like it very much if he could kiss me. I said "maybe" and continued the conversation. He was a bit confused; he thought I was Tusia or Hala Zelinger. I would have allowed [myself] to be kissed only by the person I loved, and I feel indifferent towards him. Then Dad sent me to deal with something. I had to leave. Janek accompanied me. While going downstairs I asked him, is kissing such a pleasant thing? And then I told him that I had already kissed before, what a taste it has (that's completely true). He burst out laughing. (He has a nice laugh, I must admit.) He said he was curious too. Maybe, but I won't let him kiss me. I'm afraid it would destroy something beautiful, pure ... I'm also afraid that I'll be very disappointed.” For more about a young Jewess who has been compared to Anne Frank, another diary writer see:
http://judicial-inc.biz/6_5_rutka_laskier.htm[33]



February 6, 1943: Wary of his growing antiwar attitude, Benito Mussolini removes Count Galeazzo Ciano, his son-in-law, as head of Italy's foreign ministry and takes over the duty himself.

Ciano had been loyal to the fascist cause since its inception, having taking part in the march on Rome in 1922, which marked the Black Shirts' rise to power in Italy. He graduated from the University of Rome with a degree in law, and then went to work as a journalist. Soon thereafter he began a career in Italy's diplomatic corps, working as consul general in China. He married Mussolini's daughter, Edda, in 1930; from there it was a swift climb up the political ladder: from chief of the press bureau to member of the Fascist Grand Council, Mussolini's inner circle of advisers.

Ciano flew a bombing raid against Ethiopia in 1935-36 and was made foreign minister upon his return to Rome. Both because of his experience in foreign affairs and personal relationship to the Duce, Ciano became Mussolini's right-hand man and likely successor. It was Ciano who promoted an Italian alliance with Germany, despite Mussolini's virtual contempt for Hitler. Ciano began to suspect the Fuhrer's loyalty to the "Pact of Steel"--a term Mussolini used to describe the alliance between Germany and Italy--when Germany invaded Poland without consulting its Axis partner, despite an agreement to the contrary Ciano made with his German counterpart, Joachim von Ribbentrop. Despite his concern about Germany's loyalty, he felt that Italy stood to profit nicely from an alliance with the "winning side," so when France fell to the Germans, Ciano advocated Italian participation in the war against the Allies.

After humiliating defeats in Greece and North Africa, Ciano began arguing for a peace agreement with the Allies. Mussolini considered this defeatist--and dismissed him as foreign minister, taking control of that office himself. Ciano became ambassador to the Vatican until he and other members of the Grand Council finally pushed Mussolini out of power in July 1943. Mussolini never forgave his son-in-law for what he later considered a betrayal. Ciano soon fled Rome for the north when the new provisional government began preparing charges of embezzlement against him. Ciano unwittingly fled into the arms of pro-fascist forces in northern Italy and was charged with treason. He was executed on January 11, 1944 on his father-in-law's orders--Mussolini was installed in a puppet government that had been set up by the Germans. Ciano's diaries, which contained brutally frank and sardonic commentaries on the personalities of the war era, are considered an invaluable part of the historical record.[34]





February 6, 2010



Gary, Mary, Jeff Goodlove and Sherri Maxon visit Florida Holocaust Museum January 17, 2010. It was Gary and Mary Goodlove’s second visit to the Museum.



A significant discovery was made while I visited the museums research library. I learned that Jews had left countries all over Europe trying to escape the persecution of the Germans and gone to France. After France was occupied by Germany those people were trapped and eventually sent to the death camps. The records of those people were in the following three books entitled: “Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld”, “French Children of the Holocaust, A Memorial” by Serge Klarsfeld, and “Les 11,400 Enfants Juifs Deportes De France” by Serge Klarsfeld. These books are extremely rare and are only of a few found in the United States. As days go in family history research, it was a very good day and a very sad one. Attached is what I learned about Emmy and Ida Gottlieb from Germany. Also from my visit to the National Holocaust Museum research library in Washington D.C. is the information of Anna Gottliebova, from Czechoslovakia.



Jeff Goodlove





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[1] The First Crusade by Steven Runciman, page 8.

[2] The First Crusade by Steven Runciman, page 16

[3] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[4] The First Crusade by Steven Runciman, page 45.

[5] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

• [6] www.wikipedia.org

[7] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[8] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[9] Trial by Fire, by Harold Rawlings, page 85.

[10] M E M O I R S OF C LAN F I N G O N BY REV. DONALD D. MACKINNON, M.A. Circa 1888

[11] M E M O I R S OF C LAN F I N G O N BY REV. DONALD D. MACKINNON, M.A. Circa 1888

[12] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[13] On This Day in America by John Wagman.

[14] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[15] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[16] The Journal of Nicholas Cresswell 1774-1777 pg 137

[17] On This Day in America by John Wagman.

[18] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/franco-american-alliances-signed

[19] On This Day in America by John Wagman.

[20] On This Day in America by John Wagman.

[21] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/freed-us-slaves-depart-on-journey-to-africa

[22] On This Day in America by John Wagman.



[23] Weather cloudy and cold stoped twice today and got wood the boys got off the boat and had a big time and one boy fooling with a pistol shot himself and another boy through their hands. (Rollins Diary) http://ipserv2.aea14.k12.ia.us/iacivilwar/Resources/rollins diary.htm

[24] William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary

[25] On This Day in America by John Wagman.

[26] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld. Page 142.

[27] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld. Page 140.

[28] • Terezín Memorial book, the Jewish victims of Nazi Deportations from Bohemia and Moravia 1941-1945 part of the second

[29] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 377.

[30] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[31] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[32] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[33] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[34] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mussolini-fires-his-son-in-law