This Day in Goodlove History, February 14

• This Day in Goodlove History, February 14

• By Jeffery Lee Goodlove

• jefferygoodlove@aol.com

•

• Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove

•

• The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany) etc., and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), and Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with -George Rogers Clarke, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson.

•

• The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:

• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx

•

• This project is now a daily blog at:

• http://thisdayingoodlovehistory.blogspot.com/

• Goodlove Family History Project Website:

• http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/

•

• Books written about our unique DNA include:

• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.

•

• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.

•

• My thanks to Mr. Levin for his outstanding research and website that I use to help us understand the history of our ancestry. Go to http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/ for more information. “For more information about the Weekly Torah Portion or the History of Jewish Civilization go to the Temple Judah Website http://www.templejudah.org/ and open the Adult Education Tab "This Day...In Jewish History " is part of the study program for the Jewish History Study Group in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

•

A point of clarification. If anybody wants to get to the Torah site, they do not have to go thru Temple Judah. They can use http://DownhomeDavarTorah.blogspot.com and that will take them right to it.



The Goodlove Reunion 2011 will be held Sunday, June 12 at Horseshoe Falls Lodge at Pinicon Ridge Park, Central City, Iowa. This is the same lodge we used for the previous reunions. Contact Linda at pedersen37@mchsi.com



I Get Email!



In a message dated 1/31/2011 10:08:18 A.M. Central Standard Time,

Hi Jeff,

Could you please remove …from this daily email? You can add …or I can refer to your blogs.

Jane, No problem. Hope you enjoyed the Titanic in Vegas! Jeff



This Day…

• February 14, 278: On February 14 around the year 278 A.D., Valentine, a holy priest in Rome in the days of Emperor Claudius II, was executed.

• Under the rule of Claudius the Cruel, Rome was involved in many unpopular and bloody campaigns. The emperor had to maintain a strong army, but was having a difficult time getting soldiers to join his military leagues. Claudius believed that Roman men were unwilling to join the army because of their strong attachment to their wives and families.

• To get rid of the problem, Claudius banned all marriages and engagements in Rome. Valentine, realizing the injustice of the decree, defied Claudius and continued to perform marriages for young lovers in secret.

• When Valentine's actions were discovered, Claudius ordered that he be put to death. Valentine was arrested and dragged before the Prefect of Rome, who condemned him to be beaten to death with clubs and to have his head cut off. The sentence was carried out on February 14, on or about the year 270.

• Legend also has it that while in jail, St. Valentine left a farewell note for the jailer's daughter, who had become his friend, and signed it "From Your Valentine."

• For his great service, Valentine was named a saint after his death.

• In truth, the exact origins and identity of St. Valentine are unclear. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, "At least three different Saint Valentines, all of them martyrs, are mentioned in the early martyrologies under the date of 14 February." One was a priest in Rome, the second one was a bishop of Interamna (now Terni, Italy) and the third St. Valentine was a martyr in the Roman province of Africa.

• Legends vary on how the martyr's name became connected with romance. The date of his death may have become mingled with the Feast of Lupercalia, a pagan festival of love. On these occasions, the names of young women were placed in a box, from which they were drawn by the men as chance directed. In 496 AD, Pope Gelasius decided to put an end to the Feast of Lupercalia, and he declared that February 14 be celebrated as St Valentine's Day.

• Gradually, February 14 became a date for exchanging love messages, poems and simple gifts such as flowers.[1]

•

• 280 A.D.

• Radio Carbon dating shows that the “Gospel of Judas” dates to 280 A.D., plus or minus 50 years. [2]

285: Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler. This was part of an attempt to shore up the imperial authority. In another such step, Diocletian “ordered all the people …to accept his divinity and offer sacrifices to him. Fortunately for the Jewish people, they were excluded from this decree…” According to at least one source, “Diocletian’s regime was comparatively favorable to the Jewish people” which may not be saying all that much when you consider the behavior of most Roman rulers.[3]

By 300, the number had of Christians had exploded to more than 6 million. The attitude of the Romans toward Christianity inexorably evolved from persecution, to disdain, to tolerance, and ultimately to conversion.[4]

February 14, 1076: Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. This dispute between Pope and Royal Ruler was one of many struggles that ranged between Princes of the Church and Temporal Princes for political power. This one did not involve the Jews but it did affect them. For his time, Henry treated his Jewish subjects well. He challenged the anti-Semitism of the many church officials by claiming his Jewish subjects as “belonging to our Chamber.” In other words they came under his jurisdiction and protection. Seeing the economic benefit of allowing the Jews to play an active role in his realm, Henry exempted the Jews from “custom duties in imperial towns and they enjoyed trade and travel privileges throughout his empire.” History may remember the penitent Henry shivering in the snows outside the Papal Palace. For the Jews, he was a bright beacon in world growing ever darker under the menace of crusader mobs.[5]



1076: The Fatimids recovered Jerusalem, and Atsiz called in a Seldjuk prince, Tutush, the brother of Malik Shah, to help him. [6]



1349

All the promises proved to be illusory when on Europe the terrible plague of the Black Death fell down. Strasbourg had not been reached yet by the epidemic at the beginning of the year 1349. But the new parvenus on all sides created a climate of panic among the population of the city. One showed the Jews to have poisoned the wells, and the people required their expulsion or their extermination. [7]

Saturday, February 14, 1349

In Strasbourg, a riot ensued in the town after corn prices fell. The Jews were accused (despite the protests of the city council) of a conspiracy. [8]

Day of the St. Valentine’s Day, the Jewish district was encircled.[9] All its inhabitants were taken by crowd to the cemetery of the community, where one piled up them on immense to rough-hewq. Two thousand Jews were burned to death. Only a certain number of children and some adults escaped who abjured their faith (accepted Christianity.) [10] The goods of the torture victims were shared between the middle class men, the bishop and the municipality. The amounts receivable were destroyed and certain pledges returned to their owners who lived out of Strasbourg. [11]

The Emperor Charles IV, after having threatened the city of reprisals to have dared to massacre his Jews, granted to him, a few months later, his forgiveness. A closure was taken by the Magistrate, who prohibits for two hundred years any admission of Jews in the city, and the possessions of Strasbourg. [12]

The destruction of the Jewish population of Strasbourg did not preserve the city of the epidemic of Black Death. It fell down on it a few weeks after the massacre. [13]

The majority of the historians and chroniclers, by bringing back the episode of the “Judenbrand”, do not hesitate to allot for it the responsibility yto cupitity for the middle class men of Strasbourg, eager to adapt the goods of the jews, or to be released from the debts which they had contracted towards the members of the community.[14]

Twenty years later, the Jews were readmitted.[15]



February 1349

The work of Master Guleben in the southwest of the Reich area did not remain unnoticed among historians of medicine and researchers of Judaism. These writers repeatedly saw themselves confronted with the question of whether the Strassburg Jewish physician was identical with the professional colleagues of the same name in Basel and Colmar and in Freiburg [in Breisgau]. In examing this problem, which has so fare not been satisfactorily solved, a basic knowledge in the area of Jewish names is essential. Thus the best scholar of the Jewish history, of Alsace in his time, Moses Ginsburger, has already pointed out that during the first half of the century, with the name Gutleben we are dealing with a variant of the German translation of the Hebraic name Chajjim, corresponding to the commonly used “Vivelin” or “Vivus” in use in medieval French speaking Switzerland. To reinforce this point let us mention here a Jew named Gottlieb who lived before the February 1349 pogrom, the medieval sources do not allow a strong differention from Gutleben, who was also named “Koge” and whose sons are listed in the sources as Chajjim and Vivelin, whereas Gottlieb’s father apparently was called David “Walch” among the Christians because of his French origin. Recently these considerations have also led the above mentioned Strassburg researcher Robert Weyl to the conclusion to evaluate the news about the Jew “Vivelin” as evidence of the residency of the Jewish physician Gutleben at Colmar as well. [16]

1349-1360

Jews move from Hungary to Termopol, Russia, in 1349-1360.[17]

1350 Jews move from Crimea near the Black Sea to Kiev, Russia in 1350.[18]

1350 Jews expelled from Crimea [to Poland].[19]



1350

Lachlan, Called Sa’gartach, or Fogarach-Supposed to be the same who was concealed in MacKinnon’s Cave in Mull when pursued by the MacLeans.[20]

1350

It could appear that, on the death of John of the Isles, (circa. 1350) MacKinnon, with what object it is impossible now to ascertain, stirred up John's second son, John Mor, to rebel against his eldest brother, apparently with a view to the chiefship, and his faction was joined by the MacLeans and MacLeods. But Donald, the elder brother, was supported by so great a proportion of the tribe, that he drove John Mor and his party out of the isles, pursuing him to Galloway, and from thence to Ireland. The rebellion being thus put down, John Mor threw himself upon his brother's mercy and received his pardon, but MacKinnon was taken and hanged, as being the instigator of the disturbance.

On February 14, 1642, by a writ under the Great Seal, John McLean of Coll is appointed Tutor Dative to his nephew, Lauchlan McFingon of Strathordill, eldest son and heir apparent of the deceased John MacFingon of Strathordell, being a pupil.[21]



February 14, 1667: The end of the practice known as “Black Monday.” Prior to this date, the Jews of Rome had been subjected to a humiliating medieval practice of running a race in the Roman carnivals, scantily clad, amid insults and blows. This practice of "Black Monday" named for the day of the week during the Carnival Season on which it took place was not practiced after 1667.[22]



February 14, 1670: Leopold I ordered Jews to be expelled from Vienna within a few months. Although Leopold was reluctant to lose the large amount of taxes (50,000 Florins) paid by the Jews, he was persuaded to do so by his wife Margaret, the daughter of the Phillip IV Spanish Regent, and a strong follower of the Jesuits Margaret blamed the death of her firstborn on the tolerance shown to the Jews.[23]



February 14, 1674: Barbados passed a law granting the Jewish community the permission they requested concerning the taking of oaths. In the 1660's the Jewish community of Barbados became established and of considerable importance. The Jewish community, however, had a decided disadvantage in that their testimony was not admissible in court cases due to their refusal to take an oath on a Christian Bible. In October 1669 the Jewish community presented the king a petition requesting permission to take be able to take oaths on the Five Books of Moses, the Jewish Bible’[24]



1674

The next most prominent representative of the name, in the annals of ‘Ye Ancient Dominion ‘ is Major Lawrence Smith, (compilers 9th great grandfather) who was designated by the Assembly in 1674, as the’ Chiefe Commander of a fort’ to be built near the falls of the Rappahannock River, and to be garrisoned by ‘one hundred and eleven men out of Gloucester County.[25]





February 14, 1727: Benedict XIII issuesd Emanavit nuper, a Papal Bull, dealing with “the necessary conditions for imposing baptism on a Jew.”[26]



1727 Jews expelled from Russia.[27]



1727

The section of

Essex County in which Andrew2 Harrison (compilers 7th great grandfather) lived and died, became in

1727, a part of the newly-erected County of Caroline.[28]



1727
In 1727, a colorful comment that tells us something about the man, and about the time in which he lived, was entered in Essex County Order Book 7, "Andrew2 Harrison (compilers 7th great grandfather) being arrested at the suit of James Gillison in debt and he having rescued himself by a superior force out of the sheriff's custody, order is granted to the said plaintiff against the said defendant for what shall appear due at next Court unless the defendant then appear and answer the said suit." [29]



February 14, 1743: Henry Pelham, a member of the Whigs, became British Prime Minister. In 1753 Pelham “brought in the Jew Bill of 1753, which allowed Jews to become naturalized by application to Parliament.” The House of Lords approved the bill. But the Tories in the House of Commons tried to defeat it claiming it was “an abandonment of Christianity.” However Pelham and the Whigs prevailed and the bill passed and then was approved by the crown.[30]

1743: David Vance, (often written Vaunce by the first co. elk.) The first of the name was one of the Hite party—settled South of where Winchester now stands; reared a large family, who intermarried with many prominent families: Glass, Hoge, White and others. Their descendants are found in Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, N. Carolina, and several Western States—some becoming prominent in affairs of State and church. David was one of the justices forming the first court, 1743.

Old county records show numerous transactions in land—in the old county office fully one hundred entries made from the arrival of the emigrant to 1840. Several of the descendants left wills: Andrew Vance in 1743, David, 1745; Elizabeth, James, John, James (2), Robert and William—all of which are recorded in county clerk's office, and show names of children, etc., and much that can be learned of the location of many of them. In 1753 Samuel son of Andrew "sold his land and settled in Ky." Joseph C, son of David, settled on 450 acres of land in Hampshire Co., devised to him by his father. David and John inherited the home farm, which embraced part of the farm near Hillman's Toll Gate on the Valley Pike. The old stone mansion stood on the East side, a few hundred yards South of the gate, and was in good condition prior to the Civil War, when it was destroyed by Federal Soldiers in 1863, to avenge the killing of a number of a scouting party, in a skirmish with the writer's Company of Cavalry. A score of dismounted Confederates used the house as an impromptu fort, and wrought havoc on the advancing cavalry, while the main body of Confederates engaged the Federals on their flank. The old house was regarded as an historical landmark,—it being held as one of the numerous places where the youthful Washington frequently visited his friend James Vance, who in 1778 enlisted in Company No. 7 under Daniel Morgan; and later held a commission. James married Eliza, second daughter of Samuel Glass the emigrant. We have some evidence that three brothers came with Hite: Samuel, James and Andrew, though it has been considered by many of the descendants that James and Andrew were the sons of David. Andrew died in 1753, and owned land as early as 1742. James also had settled on his land in 1742.

Hon. Zebulon Vance, the distinguished North Carolinian, was a descendant of the emigrant; likewise two prominent Presbyterian divines, now in active service in their church.[31]

February 14, 1771: Colonel Washington acquired a measure of title to the Fort Necessity plantation at Great Meadows on October 17, when he purchased the interest of William Brooks in a survey dated February 14, 1771, based on an earlier application to the land Office of Pennsylvania, June 13, 1769. He did not perfect this title until after the Revolution, when on February 28, 1782 he secured a patent for tract called “Mt Washington, situate on the east side of Laurel Hill where Braddock’s Road crosses the Great Meadows, formerly Bedford County, now in the county of Westmoreland, containing 234 ½ acres.” This patent is recorded in Fayette County Pennsylvania, in “Deed book 507,” page 458 and shows a consideration of ₤33 15s. 6d. He purchased the right fo William Athel on February 12, 1782, in an application filed by Athel on April 3, 1769, and had this title perfected by a patent from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, February 8, 1782. For a consideration of ₤48 3s. 5d., Pennsylvania granted to him called “Spring Run.” On the south side of Youghiogheny, on the waters of said river, formerly in Cumberland, now in Westmoreland County, containing three hundred thirty-one acres, one hundred forty-seven perches, and bounded bye lands of Thomas Jones John Patty, John Pearsall, and Washington’s other lands. These other lands were those which Washinton had personally applied for on April 3, 1769, when the land office was opened, and which the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania granted to him February 8, 1782, for a consideration of ₤48 7d., and described as the “Meadow,” situate on the south side of “Youghogeni” on the waters of said river, formerly in Cumberland County, now in Westmorelamnd County, bounded by John Darsall’s (Pearsall’s, William Athel’s, John Patty’s and John Bishop’s. The deeds for these two tracts are recorded in Fayette County in “Deed Book 180,” pages 294, 296, respectively.



George Washington owned the Great Meadows tract at the time of his death on December 14, 1799, and under the authority contained in his will, William A. Washington, George S. Washington, Samuel Washington, and George W. P. Custis, his executors, by Bushrod Washington and Lawrence Lewis, their attorneys, conveyed the Great Meadows to Andrew Parks of the town of Baltimore. By later conveyances this historic shrine has come under the control of the Pennsyvania Department of Forests and Waters, with the actual fort site deeded to the United States of America.[1] [32]







February 14, 1776 Fifth Regiment General Stevens Brigade, William Crawford was promoted to lieutenant-colonel. He served until August 14, 1776. He was promoted to colonel at Trenton, NJ, December 26, 1776, of the Seventh Regiment which he headed 1776-1778. It was raised largely by William Crawford in the district of West Augusta. It was accepted by Congress February 29, 1776 and was taken on the Continental Establishment June 17, 1776. It seems to have been attached to General Woodford’s Brigade during its entire term of service. The Regiment was nearly cut to pieces in the defeat at Brandywine. Evidently it was largely recruited after that date, as the rearrangement in September 1776. The Seventh Regiment alone of the first nine regiments maintained its separate existence, not being combined with any other. It was renumbered the Fifth Regiment under the following commands. Colonel William Dangerfleld, February 19, 1776 - August 13, 1776, resigned. Colonel William Crawford, August 14, 1776 - March 4, 1777, resigned. Colonel Alexander McClenhan, October 7, 1776 - May 13, 1778, resigned. Thirteenth Regiment 1776-1778. This was the fourth of the six regiments of October 1776. It was raised in West Augusta District, largely through the efforts of Colonel William Crawford of the Seventh Regiment. It formed part of Muhlenberg’s Brigade in September 1778, it was renumbered the Ninth Regiment.[33]



February 14, 1859: Oregon joins the Union as the thirty-third state.[34]





February 14, 1862

Some distance from the first two markers:

Infant, February 15, 1865, February 28, 1865

Infant, February 14, 1862, February 20, 1862.

Sons of C. and M. Taylor. [35]



Sun. February 14[36], 1864

At soldiers home yet

Saw a gun boat[37] come in – 70[38] on board with small pox walked down to river coming back saw two iresh women quarrel[39]



February 14, 1864: Union General William T. Sherman enters Meridian, Mississippi, during a winter campaign that served as a precursor to Sherman's "March to the Sea." This often-overlooked campaign was the first attempt by the Union at total warfare, a strike aimed not just at military objectives but also at the will of the southern people.

Sherman launched the campaign from Vicksburg, Mississippi, with the goal of destroying the rail center at Meridian and clearing central Mississippi of Confederate resistance. Sherman believed this would free additional Federal troops that he hoped to use on his planned campaign against Atlanta, Georgia, in the following months.

Sherman led 25,000 troops east from Vicksburg and ordered another 7,000 under General William Sooy Smith to march southeast from Memphis, Tennessee. They planned to meet at Meridian in eastern Mississippi. The Confederates had few troops with which to stop Sherman. General Leonidas Polk had less than 10,000 men to defend the state. Polk retreated from the capital at Jackson as Sherman approached, and some scattered cavalry units could not impede the Yankees' progress. Polk tried to block the roads to Meridian so the Confederates could move as many supplies as possible from the city's warehouses, but Sherman pushed into the city on February 14 in the middle of a torrential rain.

After capturing Meridian, Sherman began to destroy the railroad and storage facilities while he waited for the arrival of Smith. Sherman later wrote: "For five days, 10,000 men worked hard and with a will in that work of destruction...Meridian, with its depots, storehouses, arsenals, hospitals, offices, hotels, and cantonments no longer exists." Sherman waited until February 20 for Smith to arrive, but Smith never reached Meridian. On February 21, Confederate troops under General Nathan Bedford Forrest waylaid Smith at West Point, Mississippi, and dealt the Federals a resounding defeat. Smith returned to Memphis, and Sherman turned back towards Vicksburg.

Ultimately, Sherman failed to clear Mississippi of Rebels, and the Confederates repaired the rail lines within a month. Sherman did learn how to live off the land, however, and took notes on how to strike a blow against the civilian population of the South. He used that knowledge with devastating results in Georgia later that year.







• February 14, 1874: Paula Gottliebova nee Fuchsova was born in Czechoslovakia on February 14, 1874 to Abraham and Rosa nee Kohn. She was a housewife and married to Daniel. Prior to WWII whe lived in Pardubice, Czechoslovakia. Deported on transport Bw arrived at Terezin (Theresienstadt) from the Czech Republic on transport Bw1968 on October 19, 1942. According to this source she survived to be liberated.[40] According to testimony given by an extended family member in Yad Vashem she died in 1942 at Treblinka.



The extermination process in Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka (located in the far east of Poland near the borders with Byelorussia and Ukraine) was similar to the “well tried” method used in the six euthanasia killing centers in Germany and Austria”. As a guise the victims were told that they were being transported east for resettlement and work. Upon arrival at the centers the following procedures were used;



Deception (“You must get a shower in the bathroom!”).

Handing over the valuables (enrichment for the German Reichsbank).

Undressing (realization of the clothings and finding of hidden jewelry).

Cooping up the victims in the gas chamber (as narrow as possible to minimize the air volume).

Use of carbon monoxide gas (CO) (dischards through the gaspipes.)[41]





On August 31, Berlin gave its agreement to Brunner for the September 2 departure of a convoy of 1,000 Jews (XLIX-28). The routine telex (XLIX-30a) was composed by Brunner and signed by Rothke. It indicated that the conbvoyu left at 10 AM from Paris /Bobigny with 1,000 Jews. Lieutenant SS Wannewacher escorted the convoy to the bgorder.



There were 551 males, 441 females, and 8 undetermeined in the convoy, with 130 of the total under 18. There were many families and children.



February 14, 1878:

When they arrived in Auschwitz on September 4, 232 men were selected for work (numbers 145796 through 146027) and 106 women (numbers 58300 through 58405.



Of the 388 selected, there 21 survivors in 1945. Four were women.



Dr. Robert Levy, arrested on May 12, 1943, in Limoges and deported from Drancy on September 2, 1943, gave the following account:



“We expected to work very hard in the factories, in the coal mines in the quarries, but we did not think our annihilation had been decided upon and was going to be perpetrated for the most part, in cold blood… After a 60 hour horrible trip, our convoy, which left Drancy September 2, 1943, came to a halt. Shouting, the SS opened the padlocked cars filled with their pitiful. Cargo of frightened old men, women scared to death, crying children and exhausted men. But all those people were glad to arrive at their destination, to breathe the pure air after the contaminated stench of the freight cars, to stretch their legs and arms which had been bent by the atrocious and uncomfortable trip. This is the selection: women, children, those ovber 50, the sick, are placed on the right. The women who do not want to be separated from their husbands weep. The mothers accompanied by little children are happy, for they are not separated…”[42]



On board Convoy 59, on September 2, 1943 was Chila Gotlib, born January 1, 1883 from Seidlitz, and Malka Gotlib, born February 14, 1878 from Varsovie. (Warsaw, Poland.)[43]



February 14, 1912: Arizona is admitted to the Union becoming the 48th and last contiguous state to become the United States.[44]





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[1] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history

[2] The Gospel of Judas, NTGEO, 4/9/2006

[3]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[4] Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity and the DNA of the Chosen People, by Jon Entine. Page 125.

[5] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[6] The First Crusade by Steven Runciman, page 40.

[7] History of the Jews of Strasbourg by Chief rabbi Max Warschawski.

[8] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[9]

[10] History of the Jews of Strasbourg by Chief rabbi Max Warschawski.

[11] History of the Jews of Strasbourg by Chief rabbi Max Warschawski.

[12] History of the Jews of Strasbourg by Chief rabbi Max Warschawski.

[13] History of the Jews of Strasbourg by Chief rabbi Max Warschawski.

[14] History of the Jews of Strasbourg by Chief rabbi Max Warschawski.

[15] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[16] The Gutleben Family of Physicians in Medieval Times, by Gerd Mentgen, page 1.

[17] http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/eng_captions/18-4.html

[18] http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/eng_captions/18-4.html

[19] http://christianparty.net/jewsexpelled.htm

[20] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacKinnon

[21] M E M O I R S OF C LAN F I N G O N BY REV. DONALD D. MACKINNON, M.A. Circa 1888

[22]

[23] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[24] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[25] .H. H. Hardesty’s Historical and Genealogical Encyclopedia, Virginia Edition, p. 357Torrence and Allied Families, Robert M. Torrence, pg 299.

[26] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[27] http://christianparty.net/jewsexpelled.htm

[28] "Bill and Kris Battaile"battaile@mindspring.com

[29] [James Edward Harrison, A comment of the family of ANDREW HARRISON who died in ESSEX COUNTY, VIRGINIA in 1718 (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: privately printed, no date), 51-52.] Chronological Listing of Events In the Lives of Andrew Harrison, Sr. of Essex County, Virginia, Andrew Harrison, Jr. of Essex and Orange Counties, Virginia, Lawrence Harrison, Sr. of Virginia and Pennsylvania Compiled from Secondary Sources Covering the time period of 1640 through 1772 by Daniel Robert Harrison, Milford, Ohio, November, 1998.

[30] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[31] Shenandoah valley pioneers and their descendants: A history of Frederick ... By Thomas Kemp Cartmell

[32] [1] Diaries of George Washington, University Press of Virginia, 1978

[33] The Brothers Crawford

[34] On This Day in America by John Wagman.

[35] (Ancestors of Forrest Roger Garnett pge. 454.21)

[36] Valentine cards became popular in the United States during the Civil War. Elabortate cards trimmed with satin ribbons, mother of pearl ornaments and spun glass were sold. Valentines for the soldiers and their sweethearts often depicted lovers parting or a tent with flaps thast opened to reveal a soldier. Another Civil War valentine novelty was for the card to have a place for the sender to place a lock of hair. 2010 Civil Var Calendar.

[37] John Ericsson, a Swedish born inventor and engineer, responded to the U.S. government’s call for ironclacd designs with a concept for a turreted warship that was so advanced, it was rejected by the three naval officers charged with reviewing the missionsons. Only Ericsson’s spirited personal presentation reversed the review board’s decision. 2010 Civil War Calendar.

[38] …about 70 more recruits arrived here this morning and we were much crowded at breakfast. (Rollins Diary) http://ipserv2.aea14.k12.ia.us/iacivilwar/Resources/rollins diary.htm

[39] William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary by Jeff Goodlove

[40] Terezinska Pametni Kniha, Zidovske Obeti Nacistickych Deportaci Z Cech A Moravy 1941-1945 Dil Druhy

[41] Deathcamps.org

[42] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 448.

[43] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 450.

[44] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/