This Day in Goodlove History, February 28 and February 29

Jim, I enjoyed your report on your recent trip to Israel. I would like to share my daily blog with you as it brings up some important points that I would like to make. One is that today is the anniversary of the first Methodist Church in the United States. My family has been a part of the Methodist Church since about 1802, in Ohio. It is also the anniversary of the discovery DNA. A few years ago during a DNA test we discovered that we carry the unique Cohen Modal Haplotype. Since then I have been researching our Jewish Ancestry. Also you will see an article today about the Buck Creek Methodist Church which my family attended. During the twenties the church Minister thought that bringing in the KKK and having all the men in the congregation join it would be a good idea to solve the problem of school consolidation. That was obviously not a good idea but it must have seemed like it at the time. I just wanted to point out that I was not aware that the Methodist Church was supporting the Palestinians. This I believe is something that must be looked at again because I don’t believe that going down this road is where Baker Methodist Church wants to go. Jeffery Lee Goodlove

•

• This Day in Goodlove History, February 28 and 29

• By Jeffery Lee Goodlove

• jefferygoodlove@aol.com

•

• Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove

•

• The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany) etc., and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), and Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with -George Rogers Clarke, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson.

•

• The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:

• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx

•

• This project is now a daily blog at:

• http://thisdayingoodlovehistory.blogspot.com/

• Goodlove Family History Project Website:

• http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/

•

• Books written about our unique DNA include:

• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.

•

• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.

•

• My thanks to Mr. Levin for his outstanding research and website that I use to help us understand the history of our ancestry. Go to http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/ for more information. “For more information about the Weekly Torah Portion or the History of Jewish Civilization go to the Temple Judah Website http://www.templejudah.org/ and open the Adult Education Tab "This Day...In Jewish History " is part of the study program for the Jewish History Study Group in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

•

A point of clarification. If anybody wants to get to the Torah site, they do not have to go thru Temple Judah. They can use http://DownhomeDavarTorah.blogspot.com and that will take them right to it.



The Goodlove Reunion 2011 will be held Sunday, June 12 at Horseshoe Falls Lodge at Pinicon Ridge Park, Central City, Iowa. This is the same lodge we used for the previous reunions. Contact Linda at pedersen37@mchsi.com



Birthdays on this date; Nathan Winch, Thomas G. Short, John Morris, Addison T. McKinnon, Louis H. Godlove, John C. Godlove, Margaret G. Grant and Earl W. Durham, Daisy R. Dunlap, Mary D> Connell, Hannah Close, Layce E. Baird, Bartha Bacon, James Allen, Jane McKinnon, Floyd B. Holliday, Mildred L. Goodlove



Weddings on this date; Sarah Crawford and William Rowland, Catherine Foley and William H. McKinnon, Mary A. Bishop and Daniel H. McKinnon, Clara A. Taylor and Walter S. Godlove, Mary Crawford and Thomas L. Cummins, Viola J. Holcom and Harold W. Burnett, February 29, Kristina L. Repstein and Mathew Peters, February 29, Ann M. Perrius and Thomas Parker, February 29, Charlotte Hanford and Benjamin F. McKinnon, February 29, Mary S. Frisch and Joseph L. Goodlove



February 28, 1348: At the Cortes of Alcala de Hebares King Alfonso XI issued a "startling" decree which forbad Jews and Moors from lending money “at interet.”[1]

•

• Spring, 1348

• The black death travels up the mouth of the Ronge river to Avignon, France. [2]



1348

Jews move from Germany to Ternopol, Russia in 1348.[3]



1348-1349

Even the Black Death, or bubonic plague (1348-1349), which carried off a third of Europe’s population, was put into the service of killing Jews. Before the Black Death swept Europe, it had hit Mongolia and the Islamic Empire. Mongols, Mohammedans, and Jews had all died together without anyone having thought of blaming the Jews. But to medieval man it did occur. [4]

1348 Jews expelled from Switzerland.[5]

1348 Jews expelled from Germany, resettled in Czech.[6]

February 28, 1574: The first official Auto da Fe in the New World was held in Mexico after the establishment of the Inquisition 5 years earlier. The first unofficial Auto da Fe was actually held in 1528 when the conquistador Hernando Alonso was executed.[7]

February 28, 1592: Clement VIII issued Cum saepe accidere, a Papal Bull that forbade the Jews of Avignon from selling new goods.[8]

February 28, 1593: Clement VIII issued Cum Haebraeorum militia, a Papal Bull that outlaws the reading of the Talmud.[9]

1593 Jews expelled from Brandenburg, Austria.[10]

1594

In the very ancient description of the western isles, by Donald Monro, Dean of the Isles (1594) he records that the MacKinnon possessions in Skye are as follows:—"The Castill of Dunnakyne, perteining to M'Kynnoun; the Castill Dunringill, perteining to the said M'Kynnoun; the country of Strayts nardill, perteining to M'Kynnoun. At the shore of Skye aforesaid, Iyes ane iyle callit Pabay, neyre ane myle in lenthe, full of woodes, guid for fishing, and a main shelter for thieves and cut throats. It perteins to M'Kynnoun."[11]

February 29, 1621: On July 19th, 1619, Sir Lauchlan (McKinnon) exhibited before the council Lauchlan, his father’s Tearlach son of Tearlach Skeanach, and ancestor of the Corry family, and on February 29th, 1621, he appeared again with the same Lauchlan. [12]

February 29, 1704: Abenaki Indians attack the frontier settlement of Deerfield, Massachusetts, killing over 50 colonists.[13]

February 28, 1747: Benedict XIV issued Postremomens, a Papal Bull that deals with the baptism of Jews.[14]



February 28, 1774: George Washington *To WILLIAM PRESTON[15]



Mount Vernon, February 28, 1774.

Sir: I took the liberty before I left Williamsburg (at least the nighbourhood of it, about the 1st. of December last) to adhess a pretty long Letter to Col. Andw. Lewis respecting my claims under the Proclamation of 1763. I also Inclos’d him a survey made by Captn. Crawford upon the Great Kanhawa t the Mouth of Cole River, as a Location for the returnd the Warrant and Survey (Inclosed) [ ] me; which for want )f oppy., I have never [ ] in my power of sending till now, hat it goes by Express in hopes of obtaining such a Certificate or the Secretarys Office, as will enable me to procure my Patent rorn thence immediately.

The Reason’s for my Inclining to take this Land (which I am old is far from being of the first quality) are candidly these. .t lyes in the [ ] (that is Col. Lewis) as I had only heard, )Ut was upon no certainty of your being at the Oyer Court, (if ie thought there was no impropriety in it, and I saw none) to ~et the favour of you to give me a Certificate of this Survey, hat I might, for the Reasons I then gave him, and shall mentIon to you,obtain a Patent for it immediately; The Colo.wrote ~e that you were obliging enough to promise that but, as the .MUncil came to a Resolution to permit the Officers to Survey

heir Lands in thousand Acre [ ] might alter my Plan; and

Ilerefore [ ] in the desird dispatch [ I by being con~gUously [?]undirected, in order [ ] latitude this [ ] Otfles in like [ ]to you; which you [will] please to direct

executed, and not be [ ] In order to explain the

fteason of this [ ] (now Inclos’d to you) appearing as

-1200,000 Acres, I must observe, that some [part] of the Work being done by Captn. Crawford [him] self, and some by his Deputy, they did not [ ] that they had, between them:

over run their quantity till after this Survey, and one other opposite to it, on the Kanhawa (which I am now applying for in Botetourt) were made. In short the mistake would not, I believe, have been discover’d at all; if it had not been for me, when I came to compare the different Tracts, in order to the allotment of them. this other Tract, in Botetourt, contains i8 Acres less than 3000; and it is very unlucky for me (as I obtain’d my Warrants before the Indulgence of Surveying in 1000 Acre Lots) that I am obliged to send my own Warrant for ~ooo to that County, in order to secure that Tract, as I do not know where any more Land in that district is to be had; and want to shift the remaining 2000 into Fincastle; which I must yet do, as Captn. Bullett has off er’d me a Tract Surveyed by him about twenty odd Miles from the Falls of Ohio, and of[f] from it upon Salt River Including a Salt Pond. this Tract, thus Circumstanced; I beg the favour of you to [enter] in my name; as I will contrive to have [ ] Warrant for Bot[etourt] [

[Captn.] Bullett has either neglected to furnish me with a minute description of the spot, with a Plot agreeable to his promise; or, his Letter has [mis]carried; as he agreed before his Brother [to let me] have the Land upon certain conditions [ ] were then concluded upon; to the best [ ] collection, the above, is the substance of [ ] [16] than the Fabls,as well as [a] little wide of it, upon the River above mention’d. I shall add no more than my hopes of having my business done agreeably to the requests herein contain’d, and to wish you an agreeable Season for the accomplishment of your business, being with very great esteem, etc.[17]



February 28, 1782: Washington did not, secure a patent for the Great Meadows tract of two hundred thirty-four acres until February 28, 1782, when he paid the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ₤33 15s. and 8d. for it. William Brooks had applied for the tract June 13, 1769, after the Penns opened their land office and Washington bought his interest in the application on October 17, 1771. [18]



February 29, 1776

Fifth Regiment General Stevens Brigade, William Crawford was promoted to lieutenant-colonel. He served until August 14, 1776. He was promoted to colonel at Trenton, NJ, December 26, 1776, of the Seventh Regiment which he headed 1776-1778. It was raised largely by William Crawford in the district of West Augusta. It was accepted by Congress February 29, 1776 and was taken on the Continental Establishment June 17, 1776. It seems to have been attached to General Woodford’s Brigade during its entire term of service.[19]

On February 29, 1776, Lord North moved that the treaties entered into between His Majesty and the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, the Duke of Brunswick, and the hereditary Prince of Hesse-Cassel, be referred to the Committee of Supply ("Parliamentary Register," 1st series, vol. iii. pp. 341-360.) He said that the troops were wanted as the best and most speedy means of reducing America to a proper constitutional state of obedience, because men could be readier had and upon much cheaper terms in this way than they could possibly be recruited at home; that the troops hired would cost less than could have been expected, referring to former times and taking all the circumstances together; and, lastly, that the force which this measure would enable them to send to America would be such as, in all human probability, must compel that country to agree to terms of submission, perhaps without further effusion of blood.[20]

February 28, 1782

Colonel Washington acquired a measure of title to the Fort Necessity plantinat Great Meadows on October 17, when he purchased the interest of William Brooks in a survey dated February 14, 1771, based on an earlier application to the land Office of Pennsylvania, June 13, 1769. He did not perfect this title until after the Revolution, when on February 28, 1782 he secured a patent for tract called “Mt Washington, situate on the east side of Laurel Hill where Braddock’s Road crosses the Great Meadows, formerly Bedford County, now in the county of Westmoreland, containing 234 ½ acres.” This patent is recorded in Fayette County Pennsylvania, in “Deed book 507,” page 458 and shows a consideration of ₤33 15s. 6d. He purchased the right fo William Athel on February 12, 1782, in an application filed by Athel on April 3, 1769, and had this title perfected by a patent from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, February 8, 1782. For a consideration of ₤48 3s. 5d., Pennsylvania granted to him called “Spring Run.” On the south side of Youghiogheny, on the waters of said river, formerly in Cumberland, now in Westmoreland County, containing three hundred thirty-one acres, one hundred forty-seven perches, and bounded bye lands of Thomas Jones John Patty, John Pearsall, and Washington’s other lands. These other lands were those which Washinton had personally applied for on April 3, 1769, when the land office was opened, and which the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania granted to him February 8, 1782, for a consideration of ₤48 7d., and described as the “Meadow,” situate on the south side of “Youghogeni” on the waters of said river, formerly in Cumberland County, now in Westmorelamnd County, bounded by John Darsall’s (Pearsall’s, William Athel’s, John Patty’s and John Bishop’s. The deeds for these two tracts are recorded in Fayette County in “Deed Book 180,” pages 294, 296, respectively.

George Washington owned the Great Meadows tract at the time of his death on December 14, 1799, and under the authority containede in his will, William A. Washington, George S. Washington, Samuel Washington, and George W. P. Custis, his executors, by Bushrod Washington and Lawrence Lewis, their attorneys, conveyed the Great Meadows to Andrew Parks of the town of Baltimore. By later conveyances this historic shrine has come under the control of the Pennsyvania Department of Forests and Waters, with the actual fort site deeded to the United States of America.[1] [13][21]

February 28, 1782

Washington did not, secure a patent for the Great Meadows tract of two hundred thirty-four acres until February 28, 1782, when he paid the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ₤33 15s. and 8d. for it. William Brooks had applied for the tract June 13, 1769, after the Penns opened their land office and Washington bought his interest in the application on October 17, 1771. [14][22]

February 28, 1784: On this day in 1784, John Wesley charters the first Methodist Church in the United States. Despite the fact that he was an Anglican, Wesley saw the need to provide church structure for his followers after the Anglican Church abandoned its American believers during the American Revolution.

Wesley first brought his evangelical brand of methodical Anglicanism to colonial Georgia from 1735 to 1737 in the company of his brother Charles, with whom he had founded the ascetic Holy Club at Oxford University. This first venture onto American soil was not a great success. Wesley became embittered from a failed love affair and was unable to win adherents to his studious practices. However, while in Georgia, he became acquainted with the German Moravians, who hoped to establish a settlement in the colony. The meeting proved momentous, as it was at a Moravian meeting upon his return to London that Wesley felt he had a true experience of God's grace.

While closely allied to the Moravians, Wesley began taking the advice of fellow Oxford graduate George Whitfield and preaching in the open air when banned from Anglican churches for his unorthodox evangelical methods. By 1739, Wesley had separated himself from the Moravians and attracted his own group of adherents, known as Methodists, who were held in disdain by the orthodox Anglican clerical and civic hierarchy. By 1744, the Methodists had become a large enough group to require their own conference of ministers, which expanded to create an internal hierarchy, replicating some of the Anglican Church's ecclesiastical order.

Wesley, however, remained within the Anglican fold and insisted that only ministers who had received the apostolic succession--the laying on of hands by an Anglican bishop to consecrate a new priest--could administer the sacraments. The refusal of the Anglican church to ordain Dr. Thomas Coke to preach to Americans newly independent from the British State Church, finally forced Wesley to ordain within his own Methodist conference in the absence of a proper Anglican bishop. He performed the laying on of hands and not only ordained Coke as the superintendent of the Methodist Episcopal Church in America but also commissioned him to ordain Francis Asbury as his co-superintendent.[23]

February 29, 1784



William Crawford then made application to the proper authorities for a survey of land in western Pennsylvania. This application, for some reason unknown to the public at this time, was made in his son’s name. No warrants were issued in William’s name. All land in which he had an interest was surveyed and the survey registered in the name of someone else.

The three hundred acres that he purchased with Ann Connell was not registered until the 29th day of February 1784, when his estate was being settled. This course of action, in not claiming title to the lands in which he had an interest, leaves one to wonder if a judgment may not have been placed on him in Virginia.[24]



February 28, 1786: Great Britain informed John Adams that it would not vacate its occupancy of the forts on American territory until the Americans had compiled with the provisions of the Peace Treaty that the Loyalists be treated fairly and that impediments to the collection of debts owed to British subjects be removed.[25]



February 28, 1787: The state legislature of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania granted Hugh Henry Breckenridge a charter for a school that is now known as the University of Pittsburgh.[26]



February 28, 1799: Napoleon, the first European leader to meet with Jewish leaders in Palestine, led his army out of Gaza and headed for Ramallah.[27] It is said that Joseph Lefevre in one of Napoleon’s body guards.



February 28, 1819, BENJAMIN WELLS TO JAMES M. VARMAN, JUSTICE,

WASHINGTON, D.C.



City of Washington, DC Benj. Wells being duly sworn dportanl and saith that he became acquainted with Col. Wm. Crafford in the year 1767 and this deponant deporth that William Crafford (aforesaid) was then a Indian and then called Captain Crafford and this deponant deposith that he thinks sometime in the year of 1776 the aforesaid William Crafford was appointed a Col. in the army of the U.S. and that Colonel William Craftord was very active in raising the 13th Virginia Rgt which Regt. was sometimes afterwards commanded by Col. Wm. Crafford and this deponant was an issue in Commesary in the U.S. Srvice, in the year 1779; and that Col. Wm. Craffors was at that time in the service of the United States and this deponant deporeth that same time before Col. Crafford was ordered against the ndians. He Cal Crafford was called Gen. Crafford and he further deporeth that he always considered Cal Crafford in the Services of the U.S. from the year 1776 until the year 1782 & 83 when this deponant understood that the aforesaid Cal. Crafford was killed by the ndians and this isponent deporeth that he was appointed the attorney ~o settle the estate of Cal. Crafford (by this Col. Crafford Exeses and ~bat had his House burned at the time of the Western and that same Cal. Crafford papers was burned and this deponent deporeth ~at he is acquainted with Sarah Springer and ________ McCormick ~m and dark and not readable).

next page) and further this deponant sayeth not and __________

.van before me one of the Justices of the City aforesaid given under

—~ hand this 28 day of Feb 1819.



Benj Wells[28]

February 28, 1819

James M. Varman

I do certify that I have been acquainted Benj. W. Wells for a number

years and consider him a reliable Witness given under my hand this 28th day of Feb. 1819.[29]





Sun. February 28, 1864 (William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary)

Took a walk in algears with D. Hale

Heard a niger preach had a good time.

Saw a brittish flag. Wrote a letter home

Felt sick[30] in evening. Took a wash a river in the morning



Mon. February 29[31], 1864

A blue day had the diarea very bad



February 28, 1921: Within a week of the court decision, reports began circulating in Hopkinton that the proponents of consolidation in Buck Creek would begin the consolidation process all over again. This time every step in the procedure would be “scanned carefully to avoid any legal technicalities.” The directors of the now defunct Buck Creek consolidated district had initially intended to appeal the decision. However, they abandoned the idea once their lawyer advised then that the errors in the original proceedings were so great as to doom any chance of success. They set to work immediately, first in providing the legal description of the district’s boundaries and then with obtaining signatures on the consolidation petition. Despite the dramatic changes for the worse in the farm economy, proponents had surprisingly little difficulty in obtaining the requisite number of signatures. The explanation for this lies in the remarkable growth of the Klan among Protestant, especially Methodist, families in the area. The more spectacular cross burnings occurred in conjunction with the drive to obtain signatures on the petition to form a consolidated district in Buck Creek, but there were others. Several crosses, for example, were set ablaze in or near Catholic neighborhoods, especially in Upper Buck Creek, near the Castle Grove Church, and in the Wilson neighborhood. While the aim of these may have been to intimidate Catholic families in the area, they had quite the opposite effect.[32]



February 28, 1940: The British adopted the MacDonald White Paper that included restriction of sale of Arab land to Jews in Eretz Yisrael. This document nearly voided the Balfour Declaration[33]



February 28, 1943: Norwegian soldiers sabotage the Norsk Hydro Power Station, being used by the Germans to make “heavy water,” vital to atomic research.[34]



February 29, 1943, The Kolomyia ghetto is liquidated and 2,000 Jews are killed.[35]



February 29, 1944: The Allies conduct heavy bombing raids over Berlin, Germany.[36]



Between 1947 and 1956





February 28, 1947: British naval forces seized 1,398 “illegal” Jewish immigrants today.[37]



Between 1947 and 1956 another momentuous discovery occurred. Manuscripts now known to the world as the Dead Sea Scrolls were unearthed over a number of years from caves near the ruins of Khirbet Qumran, a tiny hamlet on the shores of the Dead Sea. Around 900 items were recovered, including virtually the only surviving copies of biblical documents written before 100 C.E. Most importantly, shey showed that Christian sects remained essentially Jewish long after the death of Jesus. As a result, in the past 40 years, there has been a new area of study concerning exactly how Jewish the early Christians, and Jesus really were.[38]



• February 28, 1953 : “We’ve discovered the secret of life.”

Francis Crick on possibly the greatest scientific discovery of all time, the structure of DNA.[39] On this day in 1953, Cambridge University scientists James D. Watson and Frances H.C. Crick announce that they have determined the double-helix structure of DNA, the molecule containing human genes.

February 28, 1953: Though DNA--short for deoxyribonucleic acid--was discovered in 1869, its crucial role in determining genetic inheritance wasn't demonstrated until 1943. In the early 1950s, Watson and Crick were only two of many scientists working on figuring out the structure of DNA. California chemist Linus Pauling suggested an incorrect model at the beginning of 1953, prompting Watson and Crick to try and beat Pauling at his own game. On the morning of February 28, they determined that the structure of DNA was a double-helix polymer, or a spiral of two DNA strands, each containing a long chain of monomer nucleotides, wound around each other. According to their findings, DNA replicated itself by separating into individual strands, each of which became the template for a new double helix. In his best-selling book, The Double Helix (1968), Watson later claimed that Crick announced the discovery by walking into the nearby Eagle Pub and blurting out that "we had found the secret of life." The truth wasn’t that far off, as Watson and Crick had solved a fundamental mystery of science--how it was possible for genetic instructions to be held inside organisms and passed from generation to generation.

Watson and Crick's solution was formally announced on April 25, 1953, following its publication in that month’s issue of Nature magazine. The article revolutionized the study of biology and medicine. Among the developments that followed directly from it were pre-natal screening for disease genes; genetically engineered foods; the ability to identify human remains; the rational design of treatments for diseases such as AIDS; and the accurate testing of physical evidence in order to convict or exonerate criminals.

Crick and Watson later had a falling-out over Watson's book, which Crick felt misrepresented their collaboration and betrayed their friendship. A larger controversy arose over the use Watson and Crick made of research done by another DNA researcher, Rosalind Franklin, whose colleague Maurice Wilkins showed her X-ray photographic work to Watson just before he and Crick made their famous discovery. When Crick and Watson won the Nobel Prize in 1962, they shared it with Wilkins. Franklin, who died in 1958 of ovarian cancer and was thus ineligible for the award, never learned of the role her photos played in the historic scientific breakthrough.

February 28, 1991: Kuwait is liberated and a cease fire is declared February 28. Peace terms require Iraq to rid itself of weapons of mass destruction, a failure to do so is cited as the reason for a U.S. led invasion in March 2003.[40]





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[1] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[2] The Plague, HISTI, 10-30-05

[3] http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/eng_captions/18-4.html

[4] Jews, God and History by Max I. Dimont, 1962 pg. 137.

[5] http://christianparty.net/jewsexpelled.htm

[6] http://christianparty.net/jewsexpelled.htm

[7] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[8] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[9] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[10] http://christianparty.net/jewsexpelled.htm

[11] M E M O I R S OF C LAN F I N G O N BY REV. DONALD D. MACKINNON, M.A. Circa 1888

[12] M E M O I R S OF C LAN F I N G O N BY REV. DONALD D. MACKINNON, M.A. Circa 1888

[13] On This Day in America by John Wagman.

[14] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[15] Where blanks occur between brackets manuscript is mutilated and indecipherable.



[16] From a greatly mutilated original in the possession of Miss Nelly Campbell Preston, of Seven Mile Ford, Va., in 1930.

[17] The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources 1745-1799, John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor, Volume 3.



[18] Annals of Southwesten Pennsylvania by Lewis Clark Walkinshaw, Vol. I pg. 355.

[19]The Brothers Crawford

[20] The Hessians by Edward Lowell

[21] [13] [13] Diaries of George Washington, University Press of Virginia, 1978

[22] Annals of Southwesten Pennsylvania by Lewis Clark Walkinshaw, Vol. I pg. 355.

[23] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/john-wesley-charters-first-methodist-church-in-us

[24] The Brothers Crawford, Scholl, 1995 p. 38

[25] The Northern Light, Vol 17, No. 1 January 1986, “1786-Prelude to Nationhood by Alphonse Cerza, page 4.

[26] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[27] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[28] The Brothers Crawford, Scholl

[29] The Brothers Crawford, Allen W. Scholl

[30] There were 6 million cases of disease in the Federal armies, which meant that, on an average, every man was sick at least twice. Civil War 2010 Calendar

[31] The Regiment was mustered at Algiers Louisiana.

(Supplement to the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Part II Record of Events Volume 20 Serial no. 32. Broadfoot Publishing Company Wilmington, NC 1995.)

[32] There Goes the Neighborhood, Rural School Consolidation at the Grass Roots in Twentieth Century Iowa, by David R. Reynolds, page 201-202.

[33] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[34] On This Day in America by John Wagman.

• [35] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1775

[36] On This Day in America by John Wagman.

[37] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[38] US New and World Report, Secrets of Christianity, April 2010. Page 7.

[39] Genome, The Autobiography of a species in 23 Chapters by Matt Ridley, page 49.

[40] Smithsonian, January 2011, page 12.