This Day in Goodlove History, November 21, 2014
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Jeffery Lee Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), Jefferson, LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, and including ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, John Quincy Adams and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Martin Van Buren, Theodore Roosevelt, U.S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison “The Signer”, Benjamin Harrison, Jimmy Carter, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, William Taft, John Tyler (10th President), James Polk (11th President)Zachary Taylor, and Abraham Lincoln.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! https://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/
• • Books written about our unique DNA include:
• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004
Relatives with Birthdays on November 21…
James C. Adams
Richard H. Finne
Martha E. Godlove
Thornton M. Goodlove
Elias Gutleben
Charles Harrison
Mary Hitchell Bateson
John H. Kemp
Richard W. Kruse
James M. Nix Jr
Louis S. Plum
Silas J. Winch
November 21, 1562: Mary, returning from her tour, arrives at Edinburgh, and falls sick of the influenza: her youth and vigorous constitution soon get the better of the malady. [1]
November 21, 1586: M. Pomponne de Bellièvre, Chancellor of France, arrives in London, sent by Henry III to remonstrate with the Queen of England upon the sentence of death pronounced against Mary. He immediately demands an audience ; but the ministers of EHzabeth, fearing the efiect of his representations, used every sort of means to retard the first interview^ of M. de Bellièvre with their sovereign. [2]
November 21, 1673: Mary arrived in England and Nathaniel Crew, Bishop of Oxford, performed a brief Anglican service that did little more than recognize the Catholic marriage.[41] Many of the British people, distrustful of Catholicism, regarded the new Duchess of York as an agent of the Pope.[42]
Exclusion Crisis
In 1677, James reluctantly consented to his daughter Mary's marriage to the Protestant William of Orange (who was also James's nephew, the son of his sister Mary, Princess Royal), acquiescing after his brother Charles and William had agreed upon the marriage.[43] Despite the Protestant marriage, fears of a potential Catholic monarch persisted, intensified by the failure of Charles II and his wife, Catherine of Braganza, to produce any children. A defrocked Anglican clergyman, Titus Oates, spoke of a "Popish Plot" to kill Charles and to put the Duke of York on the throne.[44] The fabricated plot caused a wave of anti-Catholic hysteria to sweep across the nation.
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The Duke of Monmouth was involved in plots against James
In England, the Earl of Shaftesbury, a former government minister and now a leading opponent of Catholicism, attempted to have James excluded from the line of succession.[45] Some members of Parliament even proposed that the crown go to Charles's illegitimate son, James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth.[46] In 1679, with the Exclusion Bill in danger of passing, Charles II dissolved Parliament.[47] Two further Parliaments were elected in 1680 and 1681, but were dissolved for the same reason.[48] The Exclusion Crisis contributed to the development of the English two-party system: the Whigs were those who supported the Bill, while the Tories were those who opposed it. Ultimately, the succession was not altered, but James was convinced to withdraw from all policy-making bodies and to accept a lesser role in his brother's government.[49]
On the orders of the King, James left England for Brussels.[50] In 1680, he was appointed Lord High Commissioner of Scotland and took up residence at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh in order to suppress an uprising and oversee royal government.[51] James returned to England for a time when Charles was stricken ill and appeared to be near death.[52] The hysteria of the accusations eventually faded, but James's relations with many in the English Parliament, including the Earl of Danby, a former ally, were forever strained and a solid segment turned against him.[53]
Return to favour
In 1683, a plot was uncovered to assassinate Charles and James and spark a republican revolution to re-establish a government of the Cromwellian style.[54] The conspiracy, known as the Rye House Plot, backfired upon its conspirators and provoked a wave of sympathy for the King and James.[55] Several notable Whigs, including the Earl of Essex and the King's illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth, were implicated.[54] Monmouth initially confessed to complicity in the plot, implicating fellow-plotters, but later recanted.[54] Essex committed suicide and Monmouth, along with several others, was obliged to flee into Continental exile.[56] Charles reacted to the plot by increasing repression of Whigs and dissenters.[54] Taking advantage of James's rebounding popularity, Charles invited him back onto the privy council in 1684.[57] While some in the English Parliament remained wary of the possibility of a Catholic king, the threat of excluding James from the throne had passed.
Reign
Accession to the throne
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Coronation procession of King James II and Queen Mary of Modena, 1685
Charles died in 1685 after converting to Catholicism on his deathbed.[58] Having no legitimate children, Charles was succeeded by his brother James, who reigned in England and Ireland as James II, and in Scotland as James VII. [3]
November 21, 1728: Elias GUTLEBEN was born on November 21, 1728 in Metzeral,Munster,Colmar,Haut-Rhin,Alsace.[4]
November 21, 1770: (GW) Reachd Fort Pitt in the Afternoon & lodged at Samples.
November 2lst, 1770: (GW)—Reached Fort Pitt in the afternoon; distance from our last encampment, about twenty-five miles, and as near as can guess, thirty-five from the Mingo town. ‘The land between the Mingo town and Pittsburgh, is of different kinds. For four or five atiles after leaving the first mentioned place, we passed over steep, hilly ground, covered with white oak, and a thin shallow soil. This was sttceeeded by a lively white oak land, less broken; and this again by rich land, the growth of which was chiefly white and red oak, mixed; which lasted with some interval of different ridges, all the way to Pittsbttrg. It was very observable, that as we left the river, the land grew better, which is a confirmation of the accounts I had before received, that the good bodies of land lie upon time heads of the runs and creeks ; but in all my travels through this country, I have seen no large body of level land.—. On the branches of Raccoon creek, there appear to be good meadow ground; and on Sharter’s creek, over both of which we passed, the land looks well. ‘The country between the Mingo town and Fort Pitt, appears to be well supplied with springs.
November 21, 1772: (GW) Left Col. Bassetts on my return home.
November 21, 1775: At a Court held for Augusta County at Pittsburg, Nov'r 21st, 1775, According to an Ordinance of the Convention held at
Richmond :
Pres't Geo Croghan, Edward Ward, Thos Smallman, John
Cannon, Geo Vallandigham.
Samuel Hinch is appointed Surveyor of the Highway in the
room of David Steel.
The persons App'd to Veiw a road from Capn Fromans to
the Mouth of Yough, made their report : It is Ord that the s'd
road be Established and that John Malony and Thos. Lapsley
and Edward Sharp be Survey and that Tithables with 3 miles on
Each side work thereon
John Bears is App'd a Consta, and It is Ord that he be
Sum'd to be Sworn.
It Appearing to this Court by Wm. Wilson that John Collins
had paid £7. 10s. for takeing up his Serv't Wm. Freeman, who
run away, It is Ord that he Serve Acc'd to Law for the same.
The Complt of Wm Freeman ag'st his Master, John Collins,
for abuseing and beating him and, It App'g to the Court to be
2d Complt, It is Ord the Sheriff sell him Acc'd to Law.
Ord that the Court be adjoined until the Court in Course
Geo : Croghan.
At a Court held for the Examination of Mr. Devereux Smith,
at His House, by His Petition to the Justices, this 21st No-
ember, 1775, for the Murder of Capn Geo Aston :
Pres't Geo Croghan, Thos. Smallman, John Cannon, Geo
Vallandigham, Edward Ward.
{66) The above Devereux Smith was Examined, denied the fact
wherewith he stands Charged, whereupon several Witnesses
were sworn and Examined ; on Consideration of which the
Court are of Opinion that after hearing Smith by his Atto,
that he is Guilty of the s'd fact wherewith he stands Charged,
that he ought to be tried for the said fact at the General Court
in April, on the 6th day thereof, and in Order thereto he is re-
manded to the Goal of this County and thence to be removed.
Be it Remembered that John Nevill, Thos. Herbert, James
Nowlan, Simon Morgan, all of this County, came before our
Justices and Acknowledged themselves Indebted to ours'd
Lord the King in the Sum of ioo Pounds Each, to be Levied
of Each of their respective Goods and Chattels, Lands and
Tenements, and to ours'd Lord the King rendered upon Con-
dition they do appear at the General Court in April next and
there testify and Evidence ag'st Devereux Smith for the Murder
of Geo Aston, and shall not depart with out leave of the s'd
General Court
The Prisoner moved the Court that he might be admitted to
Bail and It is Ordered that the Court be adjorned until to Mor-
row Morning at 7 o'clock, Geo : Croghan. [5]
[Hackensack] November 21, 1776:
The unhappy affair of the 16th. has been succeeded by further Misfortunes.
Yesterday Morning a large body of the Enemy landed between Dobb’s Ferry and Fort Lee. Their object was evidently to inclose the whole of our Troops and stores that lay between the North and Hackensack Rivers, which form a narrow neck of Land. For this purpose they formed and Marched, as soon as they had ascended the Heights towards the Fort. Upon the first information of their movements, our men were ordered to meet them, but finding their numbers greatly superior and that they were extending themselves It was thought proper to withdraw our Men, which was effected and their retreat secured over Hackensack Bridge. We lost the whole of the Cannon that was at the Fort except two twelve pounders, and a great deal of Baggage, between two & three hundred Tents, about a thousand Barrels of Flour and other stores in the Quarter Master’s Department. This loss was inevitable. As many of the stores had been removed, as circumstances & time would admit of. The Ammunition had been happily got away. Our present situation between Hackensack & Passaick Rivers, being exactly similar to our late one, and our force here by no means adequate to an Opposition, that will promise the smallest probability of Success, we are taking measures to retire over the Waters of the latter, when the best dispositions will be formed, that Circumstances will admit of.[6]
November 21, 1777: REGIMENT VON MIRBACH
(MIR plus company number)
The Regiment V. Mirbach departed on March 1, 1776 from Melsungen. It embarked from Breznerlehe on May 12, 1776 and reached New York on August 14, 1776. The regiment was part of the Hessian First Division and took part in the following major engagements:
-- Long Island (NY, August 27, 1776)
-- Fort Washington (upper Manhattan, NY, November 16 1776)
-- Brandywine (PA, September 11, 1777)
-- Redbank (Gloucester County, NJ, also known as Fort Mercer, October 22-November 21, 1777)
The regiment departed from New York on November 21, 1783 and arrived at Breznerlehe on April, 20, 1784.
They returned to their quarters in Melsungen on May 30, 1784.
1777, November 21 Oliver Pollock
Letters of Delegates to Congress: Volume 8 September 19, 1777 - January 31, 1778 --Committee of Commerce to Oliver Pollock PREVIOUS SECTION .. NEXT SECTION .. NAVIGATOR
Letters of Delegates to Congress: Volume 8 September 19, 1777 - January 31, 1778
Committee of Commerce to Oliver Pollock
Sir, November 21st. 1777 We transmit herewith Copies of a Letter from the Secret Committee dated 12th June & one from this Committee dated 24th. Ult. The latter with a Duplicate of the former was sent by Capt Pickles via Charles Town So Carolina and we hope may in due time arrive safe. The present is dispatched by Capt. James Willing by the way of Fort Pitt (1) and will serve to inform you that Congress have determined that part of the Stores arrived or to arrive from Spain at New Orleans for the use of these States shall if possible be brought up the Mississippi & Ohio to Fort Pitt, and we are now to request that you will immediately set about carrying this their Determination into Execution. On Receipt hereof you are to engage five or six Boats such as have been usually employed in carrying Goods up the River, ship on board them Cargoes of the Stores assorted of all the different Articles. Take proper Receipts or Bills of lading and dispatch them as soon as possible. These Boats should not be deep laden. Moderate Cargoes to have them pretty buoyant will do best, they must all be well manned with careful resolute Men well attached to the American Cause & Interest, particularly the Patrons or Masters. They must also be well armed with Swivels or Cohorns and Muskets and found with sufficient Provisions. Mr. James Willing
Page 298 NOVEMBER 21, 1777
October 22 to November 21, 1777
Franz Gotlop’s regiment was at Redbank.[7]
November 21, 1777: We broke camp early, and Lord Cornwallis, with the entire army, marched eight miles to Kothtown. [8][9]
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November 21, 1778:
Head Quarters Camp N° 12 November 21st 1778
Field Officer of the Day Col° Morrow
A General Court Martial whereof Major Vernon is Apointed president
for the Trial of Capt Cook 41[10] of the Eight Pennsylvania Reg*
and Willm Eliot42[11] Director Or Superintendant of Pack horses And
such Other Prisoners As may be Brought Before them.
As the weather Begins Already to Set in Very Severe And we
have Experienced the pack horses to be Exceeding Sorry which
willmake Our Suplies Uncertain the General is Sorry he is Obligd
To Curtail the Rations to One pound Of flour per man pr Day untill
A suply Arives here. And hopes the Brave men of his Army will
Content themselves with it for A short Time And see the Necessity
and Propriety of, to make up for the Dificency Each man
is to be Serv.d with 1-1/2 lb of Beef per Day which the Commisary
must Strictly Observe Untill farther Orders —
After Orders
As the General is Anxious to have the Fort Finished and Try if
we Can Do any thing AGainst the Enemy this Season he Desires
Each Reg* to take there Share Of it in proportion to there number
of men off Duty Imeadatly as the pickets are Now Cut and he hopes
they willExert themselves to Shew who willbe Done first[12]
November 21, 1788: Charles Harrison Born on November 21, 1788 in Bourbon County, Kentucky.[13]
November 21, 1840: Albert became an important political adviser as well as the Queen's companion, replacing Lord Melbourne as the dominant, influential figure in the first half of her life.[57] Victoria's mother was evicted from the palace, to Ingestre House in Belgrave Square. After the death of Princess Augusta in 1840, Victoria's mother was given both Clarence and Frogmore Houses.[58] Through Albert's mediation, relations between mother and daughter slowly improved.[59]
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Contemporary lithograph of Edward Oxford's attempt to assassinate Victoria, 1840
During Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-old Edward Oxford attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother. Oxford fired twice, but either both bullets missed or, as he later claimed, the guns had no shot.[60] He was tried for high treason and found guilty, but was acquitted on the grounds of insanity.[61] In the immediate aftermath of the attack, Victoria's popularity soared, mitigating residual discontent over the Hastings affair and the bedchamber crisis.[62] Her daughter, also named Victoria, was born on November 21, 1840. The Queen hated being pregnant,[63] viewed breast-feeding with disgust,[64] and thought newborn babies were ugly.[65] Nevertheless, she and Albert had a further eight children.
Victoria's household was largely run by her childhood governess, Baroness Louise Lehzen from Hanover. Lehzen had been a formative influence on Victoria,[66] and had supported her against the Kensington System.[67] Albert, however, thought Lehzen was incompetent, and that her mismanagement threatened the health of his daughter. After a furious row between Victoria and Albert over the issue, Lehzen was pensioned off, and Victoria's close relationship with her ended.[68]
Victoria cuddling a child next to her
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Earliest known photograph of Victoria, here with her eldest daughter, c. 1844[69] [14]
November 21, 1840:
The Princess Victoria, Princess Royal
November 21 1840
August 5, 1901
married 1858, Frederick III, German Emperor; had issue
[15]
November 21, 1843: MARY ANN CRAWFORD, b. Abt. 1820; m. WILLIAM DRENNEN, November 21, 1843. [16]
November 21, 1848: Orlando S. Harman was born on November 21, 1848, in Richmond County, Ohio. As a youth he came to Iowa, locating in Johnson County,k and in January 1864, enlisted in Company H, Twenty-fourth Iowa Infantry.
After the war Mr. Harman resided for a time in Des Moines, but because of impaired helth, in September 1878, he took up residence at the Soldier’ Home at Mashalltown. While there he was a member and for a time Commander of Phil Sheridan Post of the Grand Army of the Rupublic.
At the Fiftieth Annual State Encampment held at Davenport in June, 1924, W. H. Needham was elected Department Commander; D. B. Cowles, Senior Vice Commander; and O. S. Harman, Junior Vice Commander. Upon the death of Mr. Needham and the subsequent death of Mr. Cowles, Mr. Harman, in May, 1925, succeeded to the office of Department Commander. He was the only Junior Vice Commander in the history of the Iowa Department who succeed to the office of Department Commander through the death of two of his comrades.
His term of office was of brief duration, as the annueal meetin and the election of officers occurred within a month after he took office. Brief as his term of office was, however, his work was effectively done. Mr. HARMAN DIED AT THE Iowa Soldier’s Home, in Marshalltown, on May 28, 1927. [17]
November 21, 1855: Charles Dow was shot and killed by Franklin Coleman in Hickory Point about fourteen miles south of Lawrence. Shortly after, a small army of Missourians led by Douglas County Sheriff Samuel L. Jones entered Kansas to attack Lawrence. John Brown and James Lane had hustled Lawrence citizens into an army and erected barricades but no attack happened. A treaty was signed and the Missouri army reluctantly left.[16]
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Ruins of Free State Hotel after the attack in 1856.
Harassment by Sheriff Jones and other Southern sympathizers continued unabated. The Herald of Freedom, the Kansas Free State and the Free State Hotel were indicted as being “nuisances.”[15] [18]
November 21, 1862: State of NC yadkin county, nov the 21, 1862
"Dear sir [Governor Zebulon B. Vance] it is with a troubled heart a distressed mind and afflicted body that I now attimpt to write to you and I hope that you will not turn a deaf ear to my request Sir my husband has been forced from me to the army while he is deseased in different ways and I have understood that he was not allowed to stop to be examined but was sent right to the army and has to stay there diseased and afflicted and has not been well since he has been there and was not well when he left but he was taken away while others well and sound was let off and I am left here desolate and weekly I have neither father nor brother to assist me and I a poor woman and one child to take care of and my request to you that you will let my husband off so that he can come to my assistance that me and child may not suffer and die deny me not I come as a beging lazerous and as a weeping mary I come pleading for my husband my self and my child that we may not perish and die hear me in behalf of my husband and I hope that god will reward you for it my husband's name is L L chamberlain." -- From Elizabeth chamberlain "....I had forgotten to state where he was 13th regiment NC troops company G care of captain Hyman answer my letter if you please but don't put your name on the back for fear that I never git it Hamptonville." [19]
Mon. November 21[20], 1864
Detailed on fatigue to build breast works
or a battery
(William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary)[21]
November 21-23, 1864: Dr. William McKinnon Goodlove (1st cousin, 3 times removed) and the 57th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, Clinton. [22]
November 21, 1876: James Milton Nix, Jr. (b. November 21, 1876 / d. April 2, 1935 in AL).[23] James Milton Nix, Jr.14 [John Nix13, John A. Nix12, Grace Louisa Francis Smith11, Gabriel Smith10, John “LR” Smith9, Ambrose J. Smith8, Christopher Smith7, Christopher Smith6, Thomas Smythe5, Thomas Smythe4, John Smythe3, Richard2, William1] (b. November 21, 1876 / d. April 2, 1935 in Wedowee, Randolph Co. AL) married Reva Jane Young (b. June 21, 1882 / d. October 6, 1946 in Randolph Co. AL). [24]
November 21, 1916: Franz Joseph I
Franz Joseph in c. 1898
Emperor of Austria (more...)
Reign
December 2, 1848 – 21 November 21, 1916
Predecessor
Ferdinand I
Successor
Charles I
Apostolic King of Hungary (more...)
Reign
December 2, 1848 – November 21, 1916
Predecessor
Ferdinand I
Successor
Charles I
Spouse
Elisabeth of Bavaria
Issue
Archduchess Sophie
Archduchess Gisela
Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria
Archduchess Marie Valerie
House
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Father
Archduke Franz Karl of Austria
Mother
Princess Sophie of Bavaria
Born
(1830-08-18)August 18,1830
Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna
Died
November 21, 1916(1916-11-21) (aged 86)
Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna
Burial
Imperial Crypt
Signature
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Franz_joseph_signature.png/125px-Franz_joseph_signature.png
Religion
Roman Catholic
Franz Joseph I or Francis Joseph I (German: Franz Joseph I., Hungarian: I. Ferenc József, August 18, 1830 – November 21, 1916) was Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary from 1848 until his death in 1916.
Franz Joseph died on November 21 1916, after ruling his domains for almost 68 years. He was succeeded by his grandnephew Charles I (the "Blessed Charles of Austria").
Contents
Early life
.jpg)
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Archduke Franz Joseph in 1840 (by Moritz Daffinger)
.jpg)
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Franz Joseph I in 1851 (by Johann Ranzi)
Franz Joseph was born in the Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna, the oldest son of Archduke Franz Karl (the younger son of Holy Roman Emperor Francis II), and his wife Princess Sophie of Bavaria. Because his uncle, from 1835 the Emperor Ferdinand, was weak-minded, and his father unambitious and retiring, the young Archduke "Franzl" was brought up by his mother as a future Emperor with emphasis on devotion, responsibility and diligence. Franzl came to idolise his grandfather, der Gute Kaiser Franz, who had died shortly before the former's fifth birthday, as the ideal monarch. At the age of 13, young Archduke Franz started a career as a colonel in the Austrian army. From that point onward, his fashion was dictated by army style and for the rest of his life he normally wore the uniform of a military officer.[3]
Franz Joseph was soon joined by three younger brothers: Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian (born 1832, the future Emperor Maximilian of Mexico); Archduke Karl Ludwig (born 1833, and the father of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria), and Archduke Ludwig Viktor (born 1842), and a sister, Maria Anna (born 1835), who died at the age of four.[4]
Franz Joseph I of Austria
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Born: August 18, 1830 Died: November 21, 1916
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Ferdinand I & V
Emperor of Austria
King of Hungary
1848–1916
Succeeded by
Charles I & IV
Political offices
Preceded by
Ferdinand I of Austria
President of
the German Confederation
1849–1866
Succeeded by
William I of Prussia
(President of the North German Confederation)
German Confederations 1806–1871
[25]
November 21, 1922: Clarence Earnest Hogeland (b. November 21, 1922).[26]
November 21, 1924: Shirley Jones: Born on November 21, 1924 in Chicago, Illinois. Shirley died in Chicago, Illinois on May 12, 1926; she was 1.[27]
November 21, 1924: Lila Jane Hamilton b August 3, 1920 at Sioux City, Ia. md September 5, 1950 Richard Howland Finne b November 21, 1924 at Onawa, Ia. d January 2, 1965 at Torrance, Calif. [28]
November 21, 1934
Dears:
[. . .] It was quite an innovation for the [Woman's Music] club to have unsophisticated talent from Scotts Run - but the negro children were received wonderfully and certainly with appreciation. Most of the club members realized for the first time, Im sure, that such places as Scotts Run do have their cultural sides that need only to be encouraged. In fact I think the women were surprised at the wealth of talent displayed. The children ate their refreshments there in the club rooms. Imagine that for below the "Mason-Dixon"! It was real thrilling and the whole thing made a "sure `nuff hit"[. . . .]13[29]
November 20 – November 21, 1943: At midnight, November 20 – November 21, Nautilus lay 3,000 yards (2,700 m) off an island in the Abemama Atoll, Kenna to discharge her passengers. By 15:00, all were safely ashore.[30]
November 21, 2000: Minoan eruption
Minoan eruption
Santorini Landsat.jpg
Satellite image of Thera, November 21, 2000
Volcano
Thera
Date
2nd millennium BCE
Type
Plinian
Location
Santorini, Greece
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png36°25′N 25°26′E / 36.417°N 25.433°E / 36.417; 25.433Coordinates: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png36°25′N 25°26′E / 36.417°N 25.433°E / 36.417; 25.433
VEI
6 or 7
Impact
Devastated the Minoan settlements of Akrotiri and the island of Thera as well as communities and agricultural areas on nearby islands and on the coast of Crete.
Thera is located in Greece
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Thera
Thera (Greece)
The Minoan eruption of Thera, also referred to as the Thera eruption or Santorini eruption, was a major catastrophic volcanic eruption with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 6 or 7 and a Dense-rock equivalent (DRE) of 60 cubic kilometres (14 cu mi),[1] which is estimated to have occurred in the mid second millennium BCE.[2] The eruption was one of the largest volcanic events on Earth in recorded history.[3][4][5] The eruption devastated the island of Thera (also called Santorini), including the Minoan settlement at Akrotiri, as well as communities and agricultural areas on nearby islands and on the coast of Crete.
There are no clear ancient records of the eruption; the eruption seems to have inspired certain Greek myths[6], may have caused turmoil in Egypt[7][8], and may be alluded to in a Chinese chronicle. Additionally, it has been speculated that the Minoan eruption and the destruction of the city at Akrotiri provided the basis for or otherwise inspired Plato's story of Atlantis.[9][10]
Eruption
Small figures of people can be seen at the top looking into craters strewn with grey rocks.
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Volcanic craters on Santorini today
Background
Geological evidence shows the Thera volcano erupted numerous times over several hundred thousand years before the Minoan eruption. In a repeating process, the volcano would violently erupt, then eventually collapse into a roughly circular seawater-filled caldera, with numerous small islands forming the circle. The caldera would slowly refill with magma, building a new volcano, which erupted and then collapsed in an ongoing cyclical process.[11]
Immediately prior to the Minoan eruption, the walls of the caldera formed a nearly continuous ring of islands with the only entrance lying between Thera and the tiny island of Aspronisi.[11] This cataclysmic eruption was centered on a small island just north of the existing island of Nea Kameni in the centre of the then-existing caldera. The northern part of the caldera was refilled by the volcanic ash and lava, then collapsed again.
Magnitude
Recent research, by a team of international scientists in 2006, revealed that the Santorini event was much larger than the original estimate of 39 km3 (9.4 cu mi) of Dense-Rock Equivalent (DRE), or total volume of material erupted from the volcano, that was published in 1991.[1] With an estimated DRE in excess of 60 km3 (14 cu mi),[1][5] the volume of ejecta was approximately 100 km3 (24 cu mi),[12] placing the Volcanic Explosivity Index of the Thera eruption at 6 or 7. This was up to four times what was thrown into the stratosphere by Krakatoa in 1883, a well-recorded event. The Thera volcanic events and subsequent ashfall probably sterilized the island, as occurred on Krakatoa. Only the Mount Tambora volcanic eruption of 1815, Lake Taupo's Hatepe eruption around 180 CE, and perhaps the Baekdu Mountain eruption around 970 CE released more material into the atmosphere during historic times.[3][4]
Sequence
On Santorini, there is a 60 m (200 ft) thick layer of white tephra that overlies the soil clearly delineating the ground level prior to the eruption. This layer has three distinct bands that indicate the different phases of the eruption.[13] Studies have identified four major eruption phases, and one minor precursory tephra fall. The thinness of the first ash layer, along with the lack of noticeable erosion of that layer by winter rains before the next layer was deposited, indicate that the volcano gave the local population a few months' warning. Since no human remains have been found at the Akrotiri site, this preliminary volcanic activity probably caused the island's population to flee. It is also suggested that several months before the eruption, Santorini experienced one or more earthquakes, which damaged the local settlements.[14][15]
Intense magmatic activity of the first major phase (B01/Minoan A) of the eruption deposited up to 7 m (23 ft) of pumice and ash, with a minor lithic component, southeast and east. Archaeological evidence indicated burial of man-made structures with limited damage. The second (B02/Minoan B) and third (B03/Minoan C) eruption phases involved pyroclastic flow activity and the possible generation of tsunamis. Man-made structures not buried during Minoan A were completely destroyed. The third phase was also characterized by the initiation of caldera collapse. The fourth, and last, major phase (B04/Minoan D) was marked by varied activity: lithic-rich base surge deposits, lahars, debris flows, and co-ignimbrite ash-fall deposits. This phase was characterized by the completion of caldera collapse, which produced tsunami.[16]
[edit] Geomorphology
Enclave of structures built into the side of a steep cliff. Swimming pools are visible.
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Mansions and hotels on the steep cliffs
Although the fracturing process is not yet known, the altitudinal statistical analysis indicates that the caldera had formed just before the eruption. During this period the area of the island was smaller and the southern and eastern coastlines appeared regressed. During the eruption period the landscape was covered by the pumice sediments. In some places, the coastline vanished under thick tuff depositions, and in others recent coastlines were extended towards the sea. After the eruption, the geomorphology of the island was characterized by an intense erosional phase, during which the pumice was progressively removed from the higher altitudes towards the lower ones.[17]
Volcanology
This Plinian eruption resulted in an estimated 30 to 35 km (19 to 22 mi) high ash plume which extended into the stratosphere. In addition, the magma underlying the volcano came into contact with the shallow marine embayment, resulting in a violent steam eruption.
The eruption also generated a 35 to 150 m (115 to 490 ft) high tsunami that devastated the north coast of Crete, 110 km (68 mi) away. The tsunami had an impact on coastal towns such as Amnisos, where building walls were knocked out of alignment. On the island of Anafi, 27 km (17 mi) to the east, ash layers 3 m (10 ft) deep have been found, as well as pumice layers on slopes 250 m (820 ft) above sea level.
Elsewhere in the Mediterranean there are pumice deposits which could have been caused by the Thera eruption. Ash layers in cores drilled from the seabed and from lakes in Turkey, however, show that the heaviest ashfall was towards the east and northeast of Santorini. The ash found on Crete is now known to have been from a precursory phase of the eruption, some weeks or months before the main eruptive phases, and would have had little impact on the island.[18] Santorini ash deposits were at one time claimed to have been found in the Nile delta,[19] but this is now known to be a misidentification.[20][21]
Eruption dating
The radiocarbon dates have significant implications for the accepted chronology of Eastern Mediterranean cultures.[22][23] The Minoan eruption is a key marker for the Bronze Age archaeology of the Eastern Mediterranean world. It provides a fixed point for aligning the entire chronology of the second millennium BCE in the Aegean, because evidence of the eruption is found throughout the region. Despite this evidence, the exact date of the eruption has been difficult to determine. For most of the twentieth century, archaeologists placed it at approximately 1500 BCE,[15] but this date appeared to be too young as radiocarbon dating analysis of an olive tree buried beneath a lava flow from the volcano indicate that the eruption occurred between 1627 BCE and 1600 BCE with a 95% degree of probability.[24][25][26]
Relative chronology
Archaeologists developed the Late Bronze Age chronologies of eastern Mediterranean cultures by analyzing the origin of artifacts (for example, items from Crete, mainland Greece, Cyprus or Canaan) found in each archaeological layer.[27] If an artifact's origin can be accurately dated, then it gives a reference date for the layer in which it is found. If the Thera eruption could be associated with a given layer of Cretan (or other) culture, chronologists could use the date of that layer to date the eruption itself. Since Thera's culture at the time of destruction was similar to the Late IA (LMIA) culture on Crete, LMIA is the baseline to establish chronology elsewhere. The eruption also aligns with Late Cycladic I (LCI) and Late Helladic I (LHI) cultures, but predates Peloponnesian LHI.[28] Archeological digs on Akrotiri have also yielded fragments of nine Syro-Palestinian Middle Bronze II (MBII) gypsum vessels.[27]
The Aegean prehistorians felt so confident about their calculations that they rejected early radiocarbon dates in the 1970s for LMI/LCI Thera, because radiocarbon suggested a date about a century earlier than the "traditional" dates.[29]
At Tell el Dab'a in Egypt pumice found at this location which has been dated to 1540 BCE closer to the traditionally accepted date of Thera's eruption, has been found that matches the composition of the Thera eruption.[30] This pumice has been contentious since the 1990s as it represents the most prominent supported date that differs from the old chronology. However, Felix Hoeflmayer argued that the current gap between scientific analysis of the dating of the eruption and the archaeological evidence in the mid-second millennium BCE has been reduced. The radiocarbon data from the olive branch allows an eruption date as late as 1600 BCE, whereas for the New Kingdom a start of the reign of Ahmose of as early as 1570 BCE could be possible. Also, a longer reign of Thutmose IV could further reduce the gap between radiocarbon and archaeology in the mid-second millennium BCE.[31]
Ice cores
At one time, data from Greenland ice cores seemed to support the radiocarbon dates. A large eruption identified in ice cores and dated to 1644 ± 20 BCE was suspected to be Santorini. However, volcanic ash retrieved from an ice core demonstrated that this was not from Santorini, leading to the conclusion that the eruption may have occurred on another date.[18] The late Holocene eruption of the Mount Aniakchak, a volcano in Alaska, is proposed as the most likely source of the minute shards of volcanic glass in the Greenland ice core.[32]
Tree rings
Another method used to establish the date of eruption is tree-ring dating. Tree-ring data has shown that a large event interfering with normal tree growth in North America occurred during 1629–1628 BCE.[33] Evidence of a climatic event around 1628 BCE has been found in studies of growth depression of European oaks in Ireland and of Scotch pines in Sweden.[34] Bristlecone pine frost rings also indicate a date of 1627 BCE, supporting the late 1600s BCE dating.[35][36] Procedural changes in how ice cores are interpreted would bring that data more in line with the dendrochronological numbers.[37]
Dissent
Although radiocarbon consistently indicates a 1600 BCE eruption dating, some archeologists still believe that the date is contradicted by findings in Egyptian and Theran excavations. For example, buried Egyptian and Cypriot pottery found on Thera were dated to a later period than the radiometric dates for the eruption, and, since the conventional Egyptian chronology has been established by numerous archaeological studies, the exact date of the eruption remains controversial.[38][39][40]
Climatic effects
Hydrogeologist Philip LaMoreaux asserted in 1995 that the eruption caused significant climatic changes in the eastern Mediterranean region, Aegean Sea and much of the Northern Hemisphere,[41] but this was forcefully rebutted by volcanologist David Pyle a year later.[42]
Around the time of the radiocarbon-indicated date of the eruption, there is evidence for a significant climatic event in the Northern Hemisphere. The evidence includes failure of crops in China (see below), as well as evidence from tree rings, cited above: bristlecone pines of California; bog oaks of Ireland, England, and Germany; and other trees in Sweden. The tree rings precisely date the event to 1628 BCE.[33][34]
Historical impact
Minoan civilization
Excavation into rock showing doors and windows among the rubble.
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Excavation of Akrotiri on Thera
A simple golden figure, displayed.
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The only gold object found at the excavation of Akrotiri, a small sculpture of an ibex that was hidden under a floor; a thorough evacuation in advance of the catastrophe must have occurred since few artifacts and no corpses were buried in the ash
The eruption devastated the nearby Minoan settlement at Akrotiri on Santorini, which was entombed in a layer of pumice.[10] It is believed that the eruption also severely affected the Minoan population on Crete, although the extent of the impact is debated. Early theories proposed that ashfall from Thera on the eastern half of Crete choked off plant life, causing starvation of the local population.[43] However, after more thorough field examinations, this theory has lost credibility, as it has been determined that no more than 5 mm (0.20 in) of ash fell anywhere on Crete.[44] Other theories have been proposed based on archeological evidence found on Crete indicating that a tsunami, likely associated with the eruption, impacted the coastal areas of Crete and may have severely devastated the Minoan coastal settlements.[45][46][47] A more recent theory is that much of the damage done to Minoan sites resulted from a large earthquake that preceded the Thera Eruption.[48]
Significant Minoan remains have been found above the Late Minoan I era Thera ash layer, implying that the Thera eruption did not cause the immediate downfall of the Minoans. As the Minoans were a sea power and depended on their naval and merchant ships for their livelihood, the Thera eruption likely caused significant economic hardship to the Minoans, and the loss of empire in the long run.[citation needed]
Whether these effects were enough to trigger the downfall of the Minoan civilization is under intense debate. The Mycenaean conquest of the Minoans occurred in Late Minoan II period, not many years after the eruption, and many archaeologists speculate that the eruption induced a crisis in Minoan civilization, which allowed the Mycenaeans to conquer them easily.[46]
Chinese records
A volcanic winter from an eruption in the late 17th century BCE has been claimed by some researchers to correlate with entries in Chinese records documenting the collapse of the Xia dynasty in China. According to the Bamboo Annals, the collapse of the dynasty and the rise of the Shang dynasty, approximately dated to 1618 BCE, were accompanied by "'yellow fog, a dim sun, then three suns, frost in July, famine, and the withering of all five cereals".[7]
Impact on Egyptian history
There are no surviving Egyptian records of the eruption, and the absence of such records is sometimes attributed to the general disorder in Egypt around the Second Intermediate Period. However, there are connections between the Thera eruption and the calamities of the Admonitions of Ipuwer, a text from Lower Egypt during the Middle Kingdom or Second Intermediate Period.[49]
Heavy rainstorms which devastated much of Egypt, and were described on the Tempest Stele of Ahmose I, have been attributed to short-term climatic changes caused by the Theran eruption.[7][8][50]
While it has been argued that the damage from this storm may have been caused by an earthquake following the Thera Eruption, it has also been suggested that it was caused during a war with the Hyksos, and the storm reference is merely a metaphor for chaos, upon which the Pharaoh was attempting to impose order.[51]
There is a consensus that Egypt, being far away from areas of significant seismic activity, would not be significantly affected by an earthquake in the Aegean. Furthermore, other documents, such as Hatshepsut's Speos Artemidos, depict similar storms, but are clearly speaking figuratively, not literally. Research indicates that this particular stele is just another reference to the Pharaoh's overcoming the powers of chaos and darkness.[51]
Greek traditions
The eruption of Thera and volcanic fallout may have inspired the myths of the Titanomachy in Hesiod's Theogony.[6] The Titanomachy could have picked up elements of western Anatolian folk memory as the tale spread westward. Hesiod's lines have been compared with volcanic activity, citing Zeus's thunderbolts as volcanic lightning, the boiling earth and sea as a breach of the magma chamber, immense flame and heat as evidence of phreatic explosions, among many other descriptions.[52]
[edit] Atlantis
Main article: Location hypotheses of Atlantis
There is some archaeological, seismological, and vulcanological evidence that the myth of Atlantis, described by Plato, is based upon the Santorini eruption.[10][[31]
After the monument (1600 BC on)
The last known construction at Stonehenge was about 1600 BC (see 'Y and Z Holes'), and the last usage of it was probably during the Iron Age. Roman coins and medieval artefacts have all been found in or around the monument but it is unknown if the monument was in continuous use throughout British prehistory and beyond, or exactly how it would have been used. Notable is the massive Iron Age hillfort Vespasian's Camp built alongside the Avenue near the Avon. A decapitated 7th century Saxon man was excavated from Stonehenge in 1923.[16] The site was known to scholars during the Middle Ages and since then it has been studied and adopted by numerous groups. [32]
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[1] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[2] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England
[4] Descendants of Elias Gutleben, Alice Email
[5] http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924017918735/cu31924017918735_djvu.txt
[6][6][6] The Commander in Chief’s spare words did not tell the entire dramatic story. He himself had galloped to warn the garrison of Fort Lee (across the Hudson from Fort Washington) that the British were coming and had hurried the men out so fast that those preparing a meal could not wait for kettles to cool enough to pack. Even so, they barely won a race with the enemy to a bridge over the Hackensack River and escape. Washington now wrote to General Charles Lee, who had been left in cornmand of a force north of Manhattan, directing him to rejoin the main army in New Jersey. Unknown to the commander, another letter had been inserted with his by Joseph Reed, his former secretary and confidant and now Adjutant General. “I do not mean to flatter or praise you at the expense of any other,” Reed wrote in part to Lee, “but I confess I do think it is entirely owing to you that this army, and the liberties of America, so far as they are dependent on it, are not totally cut off.” Reed heaped more praise on Lee, whose self-esteem as a professional soldier was already monumental, blamed Washington for the loss of Fort Washington, and declared, “Oh! General, an indecisive mind is one of the greatest misfortunes that can befall an army; how often have I lamented it in this campaign.” Washington sent several urgent messages to Lee, all in the same vein.
George Washington, A Bioagraphy in His Own Words, Ed. By Ralph K. Andrist, 1972
[7] JG
[8] http://jerseyman-historynowandthen.blogspot.com/2011_02_01_archive.html
[9] The Battle for Fort Mercer: The Americans Abandon the Fort and the Crown’s Forces March In
Text below extracted from A Hessian Diary of the American Revolution, Döhla, 1990:56, 59-61.
[10] 41 Thomas Cook took the oath of Captain in the Militia,May 26, 1776. "Minutes
of the court of Yohogania County," ACM, III(1903), 85. The military
record of Thomas Cook thenceforward, according to Heitman, 169, stands
thus: 1st Lieutenant, 8th Pennsylvania, Aug. 9, 1776; Captain, July 26, 1777;
retired as supernumerary, Jan. 31, 1779. He died in Guernsey County, not
far from Cambridge, Ohio, November 5, 1831. Pennsylvania Archives, Sth
ser., Ill, 314.
[11] 42 William Elliott was a partizan of Pennsylvania in the jurisdictional disputes
between that colony and Virginia. At the first term of the Virginia Court at
Pittsburgh, he was committed to jail (''goal") until he paid a bond of jEIOO
to keep the peace and refrain from taking an account of individuals' property
for the purpose of taxation on the part of Pennsylvania. "Minutes of the
Court at Fort Dunmore." ACM, I, 526. On May 20, 1775, Robert Elliott
conveyed to William Elliott 900 acres on the "Old Forbes Road," 12 miles
from Pittsburgh, adjacent to land of Ephriam Douglas. Ibid., 301, 302.
His name appears several times in the Account Book of Casper Reel at
Pittsburgh in 1775, for dressing deer skins and making breeches. WPHS, MS.
He also appears on the tax lists of Pitt Township, Westmoreland County, for
1772. Veech, Monongahela of Old, 199.
[12] AN ORDERLY BOOK OF MCINTOSH's EXPEDITION, 1778 11Robert McCready's Journal
[13] Harrisonj
[14] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom
[15] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort
[16] Crawford Coat of Arms.
[17] (The Iowa Department of the Grand Army of the Republic, Compiled by Jacob A. Swisher, Published at Iowa City Iowa in 1936 by the State Historical Society of Iowa.)
[18] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_%28Kansas%29
[19] http://thomaslegion.net/zebulon_baird_vance.html
[20] Washington, November 21, 1864.
To Mrs. Bixby, Boston, Massachusetts.
Dear Madam,
I have been shown in the files of the War Department a statement of the Adjutant General of Massachusetts, that you are the mother of five sons who have died gloriously on the field of battle.
I feel how weak and fruitless must be any word of mine which should attempt to beguile you from the grief of a loss so overwhelming. But I cannot refrain from tendering to you the consolation that may be found in the thanks of the Republic they died to save.
I pray that our Heavenly Father may assuage the anguish of your bereavement, and leave you only the cherished memory of the loved and lost, and the solemn pride that must be yours, to have laid so costly a sacrifice upon the altar of Freedom.
Yours, very sincerely and respectfully,
ourworld.compuserve.com/.../ dear_mrs_bixby.htm
[21] Annotated by Jeffery Lee Goodlove
[22] History of Logan County and Ohio, O.L. Basking & Co., Chicago, 1880. page 692.
[23] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe.
[24] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe.
[25] Wikipedia
[26] Proposed Descendants of William smythe.
[27] Harrisonj
[28] http://cwcfamily.org/egy3.htm
[29] The Steppin' Stones (Alice Sowell, Ida Boyd, Sarah Boyd, Fannie Roebuck, Mary Spencer, Ida Miller, and Gladys Woods) and the Invincible Four (Florence Brown, Ora Miller, Willa Sowell, and Willa Boyd), two groups of black girls, often performed at local club meetings and events. See, for example, Diaries, November 21, 1934.
[30] wikipedia
[31] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thera_eruption
[32] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge
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