This Day in Goodlove History, November 18, 2014
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Jeffery Lee Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), Jefferson, LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, and including ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, John Quincy Adams and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Martin Van Buren, Theodore Roosevelt, U.S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison “The Signer”, Benjamin Harrison, Jimmy Carter, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, William Taft, John Tyler (10th President), James Polk (11th President)Zachary Taylor, and Abraham Lincoln.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! https://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/
• • Books written about our unique DNA include:
• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004
Relatives with Birthdays on November 18…
Leora Bach Kruse
Martin J. Behel
Eli Crawford
Mary O. Franks
Marguerite Ulysses Grant Rolland
Medford Harrison
THOMAS MEASON
Ellen P. Murtha
Uriah Springer
Clara Taylor
Silence Winch Foss
November 18, 215: Clement, a bishop of Alexandria (d. ca. 215 CE), thought Jesus was born on November 18.[1]
November 18th: 794 - Japanese emperor Kammu deallocates residence of Nara to Kioto[2]
795 - Vikings raid the monastery on Iona in Scotland.[3]
796 - Offa's dyke is completed. The death of Offa marks the end of Mercian supremacy in England. His son Ecgfrith reigns for less than 6 months. [4]
796: In 796 a synod of Western bishops had met at Frejus in Southern France and had inserted an extra clause into the Nicene Creed. This stated that the Holy Spirit proceeded not only from the Father but also from the Son (filioque). [5]
796” Ya'qub Ibn Tariq
Probably of Persian origin, flourished in Baghdad, c.767-778 died c. 796. One of the greatest astronomers of his time. He probably met, c. 767, at the court of al-Mansur, the Hindu Kankah (or Mankah?), who had brought there the Siddhanta. He wrote memoirs on the sphere (c. 777), on the division of the kardaja; on the tables derived from the Siddhanta. H. Suter: Die Mathematiker und Astronomer der Araber (p. 4, 1900)[6]
796:
Death of Hisham in Spain; accession of al Hakam.[7]
799:
Suppression of the revolt of the Khazars. Ninth century. [8]
100-800 A.D.
Ceramic Vessal of a man with a goatee and ear ornaments.
Moche (AD 100-800) Ancash Region, Peru.
800 CE: The earliest evidence for permanent camps is consistent with the Hopewellian occupation of the Ohio valley. Five groups of mounds have been documented in the dunes area. These mounds would be consistent with the period of 200 BCE (Goodall Focus) to 800 CE (early Mississippian).[1] The advent of European exploration and trade introduced more changes to the human environment. Tribal animosities and traditional European competition affected tribal relations. Entire populations began moving westward, while others sought to dominate large geographic trading areas. Once again the dunes became a middle point on a journey from the east or the west. It continued to remain a key hunting ground for villages over a wide area.[12]
800 A.D.: A Chinese alchemist in search of an elixir for long life combines carbon, sulfer, and
salt peter and instead discovers gunpowder.[13]
800 c. JEWS MOVE INTO THE RHINE AREA, RETURNING TO NORTHERN EUROPE: About the turn of the ninth century we start to see Jews reappearing in Northern Europe. There had been Jews there under the Roman Empire but with the defeat of the Empire they disappear from view and only now do we start to find Jews in the area again. The focal points of the new activity were the trading towns along the Rhine river. In this area trade and economic life was developing fast, especially because of the initiative of Charlemagne, King of the Franks, who tried hard to develop his kingdom economically. There were clearly opportunities for enterprising traders and the Jews were among the first to seize the opportunities. There are even traditions that tell of Charlemagne making overtures to the Jews of Southern Europe to attract them to his new areas.[14]
800 A.D., Volcano, Dakataua
Bismarck Volcanic Arc
VEI=6
800 AD[15]
800 A.D.: By 800 A.D. With limited technology the Mayans built great temples and mastered the mapping of the stars and by 800 the population had grown to one million people in 6,000 cities. They were known for their advanced writing system and their meticulous record keeping. [16]
800:
The Aghlabid rule is established in North Africa.[17]
AD 800 - “Epistle of Jesus” arrives in Ireland - warns against desecration of Sunday
The "Epistle of Jesus" is a letter that Roman church authorities claim was written from Jesus and delivered to them from heaven in support of their effort to abolish Sabbitarianism.
The Letter itself claims to have been written by Jesus. Catholics expressed that it appeared on the altar of St. Peter in Rome; and that the priest, who was saying Mass, discovered it there and was obviously quite scared by it.
A letter from heaven! Think about it! Who wouldn't’t want one of those to support their opinions? That would be a pretty convincing weapon of persuasion, especially to the uneducated and superstitious people of medieval times.
"Whatsoever plague and trouble has come into the world, it is through the transgression of Sunday that it has come.” “There are, moreover, in certain eastern parts beasts which were sent to men; and it is to avenge the transgression of Sunday they have been sent.”35 locusts are simply waiting to avenge the transgression of Sunday. There’ll be massive rainstorms with thunder and lightning, hailstones. There’ll be flying serpents in the sky. (The “Epistle of Jesus”)"
This “letter from Jesus” shows how determined medieval Roman Church leaders were to replace the biblical Sabbath with Sunday. Similar schemes involving messages from heaven were used in other places, in other centuries.[21] [18]
800 - Around this time the Book of Kells is written in Ireland.[19]
November 18, 1584: The Archbishop of Glasgow obtained an audience of Henry III, and besought him to send some person of distinction to England, in order to give a signal proof of the interest which he took in the affairs of the Scottish queen ; but the king w^ould not accede to the request, and contented himself with recommending to M. De Mauvissière to interpose as often as he could in all matters that
might be negotiated in London. [20]
November 18, 1703: George Smythe (b. 1672 / d. November 18, 1703).[21]
November 18, 1718: Ancestry fairly well documented in Cripplegate circumstantial evidence of neighbors and friends in VA compared to Cripplegate ENG were used to conclude that Andrew who died 1718 in Essex Co., VA was in fact the son of Andrew and Margaret Barber of Cripplegate. This is in conflict with Worth S. Ray but seems quite plausible.
Andrew had patents on Golden Vale Creek, St. Mary's Parish, Essex Co. VA as early as 1684. He supposedly was the brother of Judge James Harrison of Old Rappahannock Co. In 1704 he was granted land southwest of Golden Vale on the Mattaponi River in King and Queen Co. VA. He died testate in 1718 and named four children in his will.
Will April 1718, St.Mary's Parish, Essex Co. VA.
My beloved wife Eleanor my executrix.
My son Andrew and my son in law Gabriel Long as trustees. Children; William, Andrew and Elizabeth already settled on lands on which they now live;
My dau Margaret Long and three youngest sons viz. Richard and Gabril and William.
Wit: Jno. Ellitts, Wiliam Davison, Mary Davison, November 18, 1718. [22]
November 18, 1718. John Ellitts declared on oath that the said Andrew Harrison was in perfect sence and memory at the time of making his will. [23]
The Will OF ANDREW HARRISON of St Mary ‘a Parish, Essex County,
Virginia, was dated April 28, 1718; proved in Essex’ County Court,
November 18, 1718, December 16, 1718 and March 17, 1718 (1718-19).
“Being grown very aged. & at this time, sick & weak in body, but in perfect sense and memory—” After the usual expressions of Christian faith in the atonement and resurrection, and the committal of his body to the ground at the discretion of his executors, provision? for the payment of. debts and funeral charges, he disposed of his estate as follows: Wife, Eleanor Harrison is named as executrix; son Andrew Harrison, and son-in-law. Gabriel Long are named as trustees and overseers to assist her in carrying out the provisions of the will; he ratifies former gifts of land to three of his children, viz, son William Harrison, 270. acres; son Andrew Harrison. 200 acres, and daughter Elizabetli, 200 acres, “all of which
lands, they are now possessed, and which I now give to them & theirs forever.’? * lie refers to having put into the hands Of William Stanard, bills of exchange for Sixty five pounds, twelve shillings and Six pence, sterling, with which said Stanard is to buy two negroes for said Harrison; the use of these two negroes,. or that money, to testator’s wife~ during life or widowhood, and after her decease, the negroes or the money to daughter Margaret Long ‘a three youngest sons, viz: Richard; Gabriel, and: William (Long), to be given and equally divided between them and their heirs as soon as they are 21 years old. * If wife dies before either of the three mentioned Long children come of age, then testator’s son in law, Gabriel Long, to have use thereof, until that ~specified time, and for the use’’. thereof, he is to give the said three Long children ‘schooling, that is to teach them to read & write & cast aecount4’~ daughter
Margaret Long, after the death of testator’s wife, a servant boy named
Richard Bradley, “till he comes of age of one & twenty years”; also to
Margaret, at the time specified, a “featherbed, bolster, pillow, rug and blankets”; son William, after decease of testator’s wife, a “ feather bed, bedstead, and all furniture belonging thereto, my own chest and all my wearing apparel and the cloth which I have to make ~my clothing, and my riding saddle”; “to my son William” after the decease of the testator ‘s wife, an “oval table”, a “large iron pot”; to son Andrew, after the decease of testator’s wife, “a feather bed, bolster, pillows, and furniture belonging thereto; a large iron pot;” residue of estate, personal & movable, after wife’s death, to be equally divided among testator ‘s four children, Viz: “William, Andrew, Elizabeth, and Margaret “.
- His
Witnesses: (Signed) Andrew A. II. Harrison
Mark
John Ellitt
William-X-Davison
Mary-X~Davison[24]
1718
An Andrew1 Harison's will, made April 28, 1718, was proved in Essex County, VA, on November 18, 1718 by one witness, proved again on December 16, 1718 by two other witnesses, and finally on March 17 by Andrew's widow, Eleanor. [Abner Harrison, Andrew Harrison and other early Harrisons, Harrison Genealogy Repository, online, data downloaded 18 August 1997]
1718
King and Queen County: Records Concerning 18th Century Persons. Will of Andrew1 Harrison. 1718. Essex county, Virginia. W. B. 3. p. 84. Dated April 28, 1718. Pro. November 18, 1718. Being grown very aged and at this time very sick and week. Wife Eleanor ex'trx. Son Andrew2 and son-in-law Gabriel Long my trustees and overseers. Have already settled three of my children viz William2, Andrew2 and Elizabeth2 on lands on which they now live, viz. son William2 270 acres, son Andrew2 200 acres and dau.l Elizabeth2 200 acres. Have put in the hands of Wm. Stanard L 65, 12, 06 to buy negroes for the use of my wife during her lifetime and at her decease to dau. Margaret2 Long's three youngest sons, viz. Gabriel3, Richard3 and William3 as soon as they shall attain to the age of 21 yrs. Certain personality after wife's death to my four children, William2, Andrew2, Elizabeth2 and Margaret2. Wit: John Ellits, Wm Davison and Mary x Davison. [Beverley Fleet, Virginia Colonial Abstracts, The Original 34 Volumes Reprinted in 3, (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1988) 2: 326.]
Sunday November 18, 1753” .—And at night got to my house in the new settlement, about twenty-one miles;snow about ancle deep.[25]
November 18, 1762: Page 109: "Samuel, son of Andrew and Jane, apparently came to Frederick Co., Va. with his father as he is reported in Frederick Co. by 1743. Samuel Vance took part in the French and Indian Wars. The Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, Vol. 10, p. 98, 1761-1765, states: "Thrusday, the 18th of November (November 18) 1762-- Also an account of Samuel Vance, for Powder and Ball purchased by him of Alexander Sayers, for the use of the mILITIA UNDER HIS COMMAND AT FORT LIGONIES, IN 1758."[26]
November 18, 1770: (GW) At this place all day waiting for Horses which did not arrive. [27]
November 18th, 1770: (GW)—Agreed with two Delaware Indians to take up our canoe to Fort Pitt, for the doing of which I was to pay six dollars, and give them a quart tin can. [28]
https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn9yPXkb4ij39xg1N6DDX9QresW4aI8xIt8Ss6nig7NCr2O_VkVeYa4gdNv_BMJsOedIZplJj5ZF863kVjcq5q5r0pkmzp1mCJdA0pTiT-GcIm51iKViFFTSh6Px8fkvqg5aQfE1H_iRuT/s640/Redoubt+at+Billingsport.jpg
November 18, 1778:
18th The Army march.d about twelve OClock and Arriv.d at
the banks of Tuskarawas by two hours of up Sun. as soon as Our
Stock and Baggage had passed the River24[31] the Army was formd in
their usual Order of marching and continued passing through an
Extensive plain into a Scattering wood where Ordred to halt for
the Reception of the Indians &c who were fully apprised of Our
Coming and held themselves in Readiness to receive us in great
taste, they Formed themselves with great regularity. And when
Our front Advanced near theirs they began the Salute with Three
Indian Cheirs. from thence A Regular fire which was Returned By
A hasty Running Fire round Our whole lines which being done
we Encamped round our Brethren and Included the place where
Col° Boqueat had Formerly erected a Block house 25[32][33]
November 18, 1778:
Head Quarters Camp N 11th Novr 18 th 1778
Field Officers of the Day Col° Evins and Major Springer
The General is informd that some Enemy Indians have Been seen
near Our Camp, therefore Cautions All Officers
Be Verey Carefull that none of their men Stragle or Go Out side
of their lines by Night or Day unless they are Ordred upon some
Duty and Call there Roles Often as the Repeted [orders] issued
Against firing Guns wantonly is Shamefuly Neglected . Any Soldier
who Detacks [detects] Another Shooting A Gun hereafter without
leave Shall upon Conviction of the Offender Intitled to One months
pay Extraordanry And Any who Shall not Detackt or inform A
276 EDWARD G. WILLIAMS SEPTEMBER
Gainst any Such Ofender Or Ofenders shall be Confin.d as Guilty
of the Crime himself And forefit One Months pay And Such other
punishment as A Court Martial may Inflict Or if any
Officer Commanding a party next where A shot is heard Does not
Immeiadly rush unto the place AGreeable to the Order of the 9th
Is* To see if it is an Enemy he Shall be put under an Areast for
Breach Of Orders. This the Field officers of The Day are
to see inforced in there Respective Departments. And also that
The Centinels have No fires At Night, all Officers and Soldiers
Are desired to Colect and save all the Deers Tails they Can Get
and wear them in their hats which may Induce our friend Indians
to do the same &Distinguish Ourselves and them from Our Enemies.
A return of Powder Horns wanted in each Regiment to be made
out this morning[34]
November 18, 1781
The faithful services of the unfortunate Delaware captain just mentioned, had long been appreciated at Fort Pitt, as shown by the following certificate:
“FORT PITT, November 18, 1781.
“I certify that,in consequence of the faithful service of Captain Wilson (an Indian), as well as to encourage him to be active in future expeditions and detachments, I did, last spring, make him a present of a small black horse, belonging to the. United States.
“DANIEL BRODHEAD, Col. 1st P. Reg.”[35]
November 18, 1791: Descendants of Jacob Dietwig
Generation No. 1
1. Jacob2 Dietwig (Stephan1) was born 1766 in Shenandoah County, Virginia, and died 1842. He married (1)
Elizabeth Louder November 18, 1791. She died 1800. He married (2) Catherine Speigler September 07, 1801.
Notes for Jacob Dietwig:
Jacob's father named Jacob in a deed in which he deeds his land to his son on the condition that he pay money to his sister. [36]
November 18, 1801: George Washington Parke Custis Peter (November 18, 1801 – December 10, 1877, married Jane Boyce[5] [37]
November 1812: By the beginning of November 1812, William Henry Harrison’s Army had reached Delaware, then the site of Harrison’s headquarters, where they were joined by the Pennsylvania brigade on the same mission. By that time, Harrison had traced a route for American forces across northern Ohio, marked sites for outposts and storehouses, and ordered roads built across Black Swamp to connect Upper and Lower Sandusky Rivers with the Rapids. The militiamen, as stated in this letter, would come through Wooster. [38]
November 18, 1813: MARY "POLLY" CRAWFORD, b. November 18, 1813, Haywood County, North Carolina; d. November 06, 1888, Union Gap, Georgia; m. JOHN FLEMMING, Abt. 1848. [39]
November 1814: Defense of Fort McHenry
“Oh say can you see, by the dawn’s early light..
What so proudly we hailed…
At the twilight’s last gleaming…
Whose broad stripes and bright stars…
Through the perilous fight…
O’er the ramparts we watched…
Were so gallantly streaming?
The poem is put to “Anacreon in Heaven”, a popular English drinking song from the late 1700s.
And the rockets red glare…
The bombs bursting in air…
Gave proof through the night…
That our flag was still there…
By November 1814 the song is published as the “Star Spangled Banner. “[40]
“O! say does that star spangled Banner yet wave….
The song is approved as the national anthem in 1931.
“Oer the land of the free…
And the home of the brave.[41]
Actually, this is the complete version that was written by Francis Scott Key…
The Defence of Fort McHenry
(“The Star-Spangled Banner”)
by Francis Scott Key (1779-1843)
O! say can you see by the dawn’s early light
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last gleaming?
Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight,
O’er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming?
And the rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there.
O! say does that star-spangled banner yet wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave?
On the shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep,
Where the foe’s haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, o’er the towering steep,
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?
Now it catches the gleam of the morning’s first beam,
In full glory reflected now shines in the stream:
’Tis the star-spangled banner! Oh long may it wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
And where is that band who so vauntingly swore
That the havoc of war and the battle’s confusion,
A home and a country should leave us no more!
Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps’ pollution.
No refuge could save the hireling and slave
From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave:
And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
O! thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand
Between their loved home and the war’s desolation!
Blest with victory and peace, may the heav’n rescued land
Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation.
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,
And this be our motto: ’In God is our trust.’
And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave
O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave![42]
November 1817:
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.24wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, Commander-in-Chief, North America, 1791-1802
November 1817: Following the death in November 1817 of the only legitimate grandchild of George III, Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales, the royal succession began to look uncertain. The Prince Regent and his younger brother Frederick, the Duke of York, though married, were estranged from their wives and had no surviving legitimate children. King George's surviving daughters were all past likely childbearing age. The unmarried sons of King George III, the Duke of Clarence (later King William IV), the Duke of Kent, and the Duke of Cambridge, all rushed to contract lawful marriages and provide an heir to the throne. (The fifth son of King George III, the Duke of Cumberland, was already married but had no living children at that time, whilst the marriage of the sixth son, the Duke of Sussex, was void because he had married in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act 1772.)[citation needed]
Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
For his part the Duke of Kent, aged 50, already considering marriage and encouraged into this particular match with her sister-in-law by his now-deceased niece Princess Charlotte, became engaged to Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld[7] [43]
November 18, 1822: Henry Clay nominated for president by caucus of Kentucky legislature. [44]
November 1833 – The Cherokee who had enrolled for emigration, including most of the Treaty Party, met at the Cherokee Agency at Calhoun, Tennessee, where they elected William Hicks as principal chief of their faction and John McIntosh as his assistant. They send a delegation to Washington City to represent their interests which includes Andrew Ross.[45]
November 1834: The Leader of the House of Commons and Chancellor of the Exchequer, John Charles Spencer, Viscount Althorp, inherited a peerage, thus removing him from the House of Commons to the Lords. Melbourne had to appoint a new Commons leader and a new Chancellor (who by long custom, must be drawn from the Commons), but the only candidate that Melbourne felt suitable to replace Althorp as Commons leader was Lord John Russell, whom William (and many others) found unacceptable due to his Radical politics. William claimed that the ministry had been weakened beyond repair and used the removal of Lord Althorp—who had previously indicated that he would retire from politics upon becoming a peer[97]—as the pretext for the dismissal of the entire ministry. With Lord Melbourne gone, William chose to entrust power to a Tory, Sir Robert Peel. Since Peel was then in Italy, the Duke of Wellington was provisionally appointed Prime Minister.[98] When Peel returned and assumed leadership of the ministry for himself, he saw the impossibility of governing because of the Whig majority in the House of Commons. Consequently, Parliament was dissolved to force fresh elections. Although the Tories won more seats than in the previous election, they were still in the minority. Peel remained in office for a few months, but resigned after a series of parliamentary defeats. Lord Melbourne was restored to the Prime Minister's office, remaining there for the rest of William's reign, and the King was forced to accept Russell as Commons leader.[99]
The King had a mixed relationship with Lord Melbourne. Melbourne's government mooted more ideas to introduce greater democracy, such as the devolution of powers to the Legislative Council of Lower Canada, which greatly alarmed the King, who feared it would eventually lead to the loss of the colony.[100] At first, the King bitterly opposed these proposals. William exclaimed to Lord Gosford, Governor General-designate of Canada: "Mind what you are about in Canada ... mind me, my Lord, the Cabinet is not my Cabinet; they had better take care or by God, I will have them impeached."[101] When William's son Augustus FitzClarence enquired of his father whether the King would be entertaining during Ascot week, William gloomily replied, "I cannot give any dinners without inviting the ministers, and I would rather see the devil than any one of them in my house."[102] Nevertheless, William approved the Cabinet's recommendations for reform.[103] Despite his disagreements with Lord Melbourne, the King wrote warmly to congratulate the Prime Minister when he triumphed in the adultery case brought against him concerning Lady Caroline Norton—he had refused to permit Melbourne to resign when the case was first brought.[104] The King and Prime Minister eventually found a modus vivendi; Melbourne applying tact and firmness when called for; while William realised that his First Minister was far less radical in his politics than the King had feared.[102]
Both the King and Queen were fond of their niece, Princess Victoria of Kent. Their attempts to forge a close relationship with the girl were frustrated by the conflict between the King and the Duchess of Kent, the young princess's widowed mother.[46]
November 1835: Notes on Benjamin Harrison Schooler: [3]
In the History of Logan Co., Ohio pg 359,365,375, & 520. It tells the story of a John Gutridge, an early preacher who used the barn belonging to Benjamin Schooler to preach in. It states that Benjamin was by no means a devout man. Indeed it is related of him that he prided himself somewhat upon his skill in profanity, but he courted popularity, and opened up his barn to the minister as a part of his plan to secure the applause of his neighbors, because he wanted to run for Justice of the Peace, which he was finally elected to. The canidates promoted the election by offering drinks of whiskey out of their jugs, to everyone who voted for them. It also says that Benjamin came to the area in 1808 with the Makenson brothers, who had been his neighbors in Lexington Lexington, Kentucky. I am not really sure when he would have been living there. Benjamin and Margaret moved from Harrison Co., Kentucky to Champaign Co., Ohio abt 1804. CENSUS:1820 Logan Co., Ohio, Miami pg 67A CENSUS:1830 Logan Co., Ohio, Miami pg 62 two houses away from their son John. MARRIAGE:Harrison Co., Kentucky Rec. for 1st marriage. Bondsman Evan Jones. MARRIAGE:Champaign Co., Ohio Marriage Rec. for 2nd marriage. MARRIAGE:Logan Co., Ohio Marriage Rec. for 3rd marriage. MILITARY:War of 1812 as per Affidavit of Widows claim. He was a Captain in an independent Rifle Company of the 3rd Ohio Militia commissioned by Governor Meigs. He served until March 21, 1813. These records are also found in the "Torrance and Allied Families" Military records. LAND:Benjamin received a Land Patent Certificate #891 from John Quincy Adams on October 6 1827, of 119 and 72/100ths of an acre. Section 24, township 3 of Range 13, between the Miami Rivers. FHC#545363 DEATH:Estate was administered November 1835 in Logan Co., Ohio and sold to Lewis Schooler. It mentions Benjamin's widow Margaret and his children John, Charles H., Evan J., Lewis, Harrison, Eliza, Margaret, Benjamin Jr., Jane, and Sally Schooler and son William Schooler as Administrator. #545336 In the Court of Common Pleas pg 139-41 Margaret Schooler relinquished her right to administer the Estate of her Deceased husband and then in the same court on pg 98-99, 22 Jan 1834, they listed his estate.[47]
November 1836: The Prophet died in November 1836. While the Prophet once was the catalyst for one of the greatest Indian alliances in history, he died a virtually forgotten figure. [48]
November 1836: - Santa Anna is released by the Texians and travels to Washington to meet with United States officials.[49]
1837: Ancestor and former President Andrew Jackson remained influential in both national and state politics after retiring to The Hermitage in 1837. Though a slave-holder, Jackson was a firm advocate of the federal union of the states, and declined to give any support to talk of secession.[50]
1837: While still quite young, Gottlober gained prominence as a central figure in early circles promoting the Haskalah in the Russian Empire. He associated with a network of maskilim through his many travels. But because of Gottlober’s difficult and contentious personality, his relationships with many of his colleagues, such as Perets Smolenskin and Re’uven Asher Braudes, were difficult and complicated. Gottlober fought for his opinions and positions and had no compunctions about using harsh words in debates with his rivals.
Gottlober expressed his views as a maskil in a wide variety of literary genres, in both Hebrew and Yiddish, the most prominent being poetry. His poems were published in the collections Pirḥe ha-aviv (1837)[51]
1837
November 1840: Ernest Augustus is supposed to have asked the advice of the Duke of Wellington as to what course he should take after Victoria's accession, with Wellington supposedly saying "Go before you are pelted out."[96] However, Bird dismisses this story as unlikely, given Wellington's customary respect to royalty and the fact that Ernest had little choice in what to do—he had to repair to his kingdom as quickly as possible.[97] One decision the new King did have to make was whether, in his capacity as Duke of Cumberland, to swear allegiance to Victoria in the House of Lords. Shortly after William's death, Ernest heard from Lord Lyndhurst that Lord Cottenham, the Lord Chancellor, had stated that he would refuse to administer the Oath of Allegiance to the King, as a foreign Sovereign. The King hurriedly appeared in the House of Lords, before his departure for Hanover, and subscribed to the Oath before the Chief Clerk as a matter of routine.[98] Ernest was heir presumptive to his niece until the birth of Queen Victoria's daughter, also named Victoria, in November 1840. The Lord Privy Seal, Lord Clarendon, wrote, "What the country cares about is to have a life more, whether male or female, between the succession and the King of Hanover."[99] [53]
November 18, 1845: Milton R. Hunter followed farming all his life; came into possession of the old homestead, and continued to live in the same section until his death, November 18, 1845.[54]
November 18, 1851: Ernest Augustus I
Ernest Augustus I of Hanover.PNG
Portrait by George Dawe, 1828
King of Hanover
Reign
June 20, 1837 – November 18, 1851
Predecessor
William IV
Successor
George V
Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale
Tenure
April 23, 1799 – November 18, 1851
Successor
George V of Hanover
Spouse
Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Issue
George V of Hanover
House
House of Hanover
Father
George III
Mother
Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Born
(1771-06-05)June 5, 1771
Buckingham House, London
Died
November 18, 1851(1851-11-18) (aged 80)
Hanover
Burial
Herrenhausen Gardens, Hanover
Signature
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ernest_Augustus_I_of_Hanover_Signature.svg/125px-Ernest_Augustus_I_of_Hanover_Signature.svg.png
Ernest Augustus I (June 5, 1771 – November 18, 1851) was King of Hanover from June 20, 1837 until his death. He was the fifth son and eighth child of George III, who reigned in both the United Kingdom and Hanover. As a fifth son, initially Ernest seemed unlikely to become a monarch, but Salic Law, which barred women from the succession, applied in Hanover and none of his older brothers had legitimate male issue. Therefore, he became King of Hanover when his niece, Victoria, became Queen of the United Kingdom, ending the personal union between Britain and Hanover that had existed since 1714.
Ernest was born in England, but was sent to Hanover in his adolescence for his education and military training. While serving with Hanoverian forces in Wallonia against Revolutionary France, he received a disfiguring facial wound. In 1799, he was created Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale. Although his 1815 marriage to the twice-widowed Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz met with the disapproval of his mother, Queen Charlotte, it proved a happy relationship. By 1817, King George III had only one legitimate grandchild, Princess Charlotte of Wales, and when she died in childbirth, Ernest was the senior son to be both married and not estranged from his wife. This gave him some prospect of succeeding to the British throne. However, both of his unmarried older brothers quickly married, and King George's fourth son, Edward, Duke of Kent, fathered the eventual British heir, Princess Victoria of Kent (later Queen Victoria).
Ernest was active in the House of Lords, where he maintained an extremely conservative record. There were persistent allegations (reportedly spread by his political foes) that he had murdered his valet and had fathered a son by his sister, Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom. Before Victoria succeeded to the British Throne, it was rumoured that Ernest intended to murder her and take the Throne himself.
The King died on November 18, 1851 after an illness of about a month. He was mourned greatly in Hanover; less so in England where The Times omitted the customary black border to its front page and claimed "the good that can be said of the Royal dead is little or none."[112] Both he and Queen Frederica rest in a mausoleum in the Herrenhausen Gardens.[113]
A large equestrian statue of King Ernest Augustus may be found in a square named after him in front of Hanover Central Station, inscribed with his name and the words (in German) "To the father of the nation from his loyal people." It is a popular meeting place; in the local phrase, people arrange to meet unterm Schwanz or "under the tail" (that is, of the horse which the King rides).[114]
Although The Times denigrated Ernest's career as Duke of Cumberland, it did speak well of his time as King of Hanover, and of his success in keeping Hanover stable in 1848:
Above all, he possessed a resolute decision of character, which, however unfortunately it may have operated under different conditions, appeared to extraordinary advantage at the crisis of continental thrones. Bewildered by the revolutionary din, and oscillating ignominiously between fear and rage, resistance and concession, the clique of crowned heads suffered greatly by contrast with a Sovereign who at least knew his own mind, and was prepared to abide by his opinions. In the European convulsions, therefore, King Ernest maintained the stability of his throne and the tranquillity of his people without damage from revolution or reaction. As Kings, indeed, are computed on the continent, he was an able and even a popular Monarch, and his memory may find, perhaps, in his ancestral dominions a sympathy which it would be vain to bespeak for it in the scenes of his manhood or the land of his birth.[115]
Ernest Augustus I of Hanover
House of Hanover
Cadet branch of the House of Welf
Born: June 5, 1771 Died: November 18, 1851
Regnal titles
Preceded by
William IV of the United Kingdom
King of Hanover
1837–1851
Succeeded by
George V
Peerage of Great Britain
New creation
Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale
1799–1851
Succeeded by
George V of Hanover
Peerage of Ireland
New creation
Earl of Armagh
1799–1851
Succeeded by
George V of Hanover
Military offices
Preceded by
The Lord Dorchester
Colonel of the 15th (King's Own) Light Dragoons
1801–1827
Succeeded by
Sir Colquhoun Grant
Preceded by
The Duke of Wellington
Colonel of the Royal Regiment of Horse Guards (The Blues)
1827–1830
Succeeded by
The Lord Hill
Non-profit organization positions
Preceded by
The Earl O'Neill
Grand Master of the Orange Institution of Ireland
1828–1836
Succeeded by
The Earl of Roden
[55]
November 1860: The history of the five Hebrew inscriptions found in and near Newark, Ohio between 1860 and 1867 by David Wyrick and others has been recounted with extraordinary thoroughness by Prof. Robert W. Alrutz of Denison University (1980). Joseph Schenck (1982) has compiled the complete text of many of the early documents discussing these finds, and has added some additional observations.
The first two of these stones, found in June and November 1860 by Wyrick himself, now reside in the Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum in Roscoe Village, Coshocton, Ohio. The first, or "Keystone," contains four brief Hebrew religious formulas, written in a readily identifiable, yet distinctive, form of Square Hebrew script. The script on the second, or "Decalogue" stone, is so peculiar that it does not appear at first to many even to be Hebrew. On closer examination a few Square Hebrew letters can be found, and the others eventually figured out from their context, in an almost cryptoanalytic procedure. A few of these letters have Old Hebrew affinities, but several have never been satisfactorily accounted for. This decipherment was performed by Wyrick's contemporary Rev. John W. McCarty, and more recently by Ernest Bloom and Jon Polansky (1980), and even by Joseph Naveh of Hebrew University in Jerusalem, an authority on early Hebrew scripts (communication reported in Schenck's volume). All agree that it contains an abridged text of the Exodus version of the Hebrew Decalogue. The condensations, according to Bloom and Polansky, preserve the meaning of the original, and therefore must have been done by someone with an understanding of the language, who was perhaps working from memory.
The other three inscribed stones, which were discovered by other individuals only after Wyrick's 1864 financial ruin and suicide, had been all but forgotten until Alrutz's article appeared. One of these was found through the combined efforts of David M. Johnson, a banker, and Dr. N. Roe Bradner, a physician, with an undisturbed and extremely fragile skull deeper in the same mound from which Wyrick took the Decalogue stone. It contains several of the same peculiar letters as appear on the Decalogue stone. Another, a carved head found within the undisturbed center of another mound near Newark, bears a brief inscription in a recognizable Square Hebrew more like the Keystone's script. The third, a photograph of which appears in Alrutz's article, is a curious talisman representing several intertwined human and animal heads, with a few letters of Hebrew or a related script across one of the foreheads.
Most archaeologists have accepted the opinion of Charles Whittlesey (1872) that Wyrick himself forged the first two inscriptions. Whittlesey's conclusion was based on the fact that a Hebrew Bible was found among Wyrick's possessions after his death, which Whittlesey assumed to have been the source of the inscription. It seems to me, at least, natural enough that the inquisitive finder of such an inscription would want to see for himself how its contents related to the Biblical text. If Wyrick did not also acquire a Hebrew grammar, my guess is that it was only because he could not afford the additional expense. Whittlesey's verdict appeared in the same article in which he denounced the Cincinnati Tablet as a forgery. This is now generally accepted as authentic.
Alrutz's studiously impartial analysis of the historical circumstances is that this "evidence" of forgery was in fact inconclusive, and that the jury is still out, so to speak, at least until the distinctive and even peculiar scripts on the stones are given a thorough paleographic evaluation by competent experts. He is surely excessively cautious: Were it not for the very unusual content of the inscriptions, the finding of the Johnson-Bradner stone by two irreproachable citizens would have constituted absolutely conclusive evidence of the authenticity of the Decalogue stone, and the inscribed head very strong corroboration for the less-well-stratified Keystone tablet.
A few years ago, I asked Prof. William S. Dancey of the Ohio State Univ. Anthropology Dept. what he made of Alrutz's article, and he sent me a copy of a letter from Wyrick to Joseph Henry, who was then Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, in which Wyrick expressed the fear that perhaps a hoax had been perpetrated upon him with these stones. A note by Bradley T. Lepper, curator of the Newark Moundbuilders' State Memorial Museum, (1987) refers to the same letter and concludes on the basis of it, with Dancey, that the stones are in fact a hoax perpetrated not by Wyrick, but rather upon him by some unknown person. [1]
It is the purpose of this note to examine this letter, which was overlooked by both Alrutz and Schenck, to see what proof, if any, it contains that the stones are in fact fraudulent. [56]
November 1862:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Confederate_currency_%24100_John_Calhoun.jpg/220px-Confederate_currency_%24100_John_Calhoun.jpg
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf20/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png
$100 bill issued by Confederate States of America, bearing image of Calhoun, November 1862
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf20/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png
John C. Calhoun, CSA issue of 1862
During the Civil War, the Confederate government honored Calhoun on a one-cent postage stamp, which was printed in 1862 but was never officially released.
Lake Calhoun, one lake of the Chain of Lakes in Minneapolis, was named after Calhoun by surveyors sent by Calhoun as Secretary of War to map the area around Fort Snelling in 1817.
Calhoun was also honored by his alma mater, Yale University, which named one of its undergraduate residence halls "Calhoun College". A sculpture of Calhoun appears on the exterior of Harkness Tower, a prominent campus landmark.
The Clemson University campus in South Carolina occupies the site of Calhoun's Fort Hill plantation, which he bequeathed to his wife and daughter. They sold it and its 50 slaves to a relative. They received $15,000 for the 1,100 acres (450 ha) and $29,000 for the slaves (they were valued at about 600 USD apiece). When that owner died, Thomas Green Clemson foreclosed the mortgage. He later bequeathed the property to the state for use as an agricultural college to be named after him.
A wide range of places, streets and schools were named after Calhoun, as may be seen on the above list. The "Immortal Trio" were memorialized with streets in Uptown New Orleans. Calhoun Landing, on the Santee-Cooper River in Santee, South Carolina, was named after him. The Calhoun Monument was erected in Charleston, South Carolina. The USS John C. Calhoun was a Fleet Ballistic Missile nuclear submarine, in commission from 1963 to 1994.
In 1957, United States Senators honored Calhoun as one of the "five greatest senators of all time".
“
The whole South is the grave of Calhoun.
”
— Yankee Soldier (1865) from the title page of Margaret Coit's John C. Calhoun: Great Lives Observed (1970) [75][57]
November 18, 1862
sta[t]e of Northcarolina Randolph Co
"Dear sir [Governor Zebulon B. Vance] this is a greate undertaking for me as i never wrote to a man of authority before necesity requires it of me as we are nonslave holders in this section of the State i hope you and our legislature will look to it and have justice done our people as well as the slaveholders i can tel you the condition of my family and you can judg for your self what its condition woul be if my husban is called from home we hav eight children and the oldest is not forteen years old and an old aged mother to support, which makes eleven in our family and without my husband we are a desolate and ruined family for extortion runs so hie here we cannot support and clothe our family without the help of my husband i hope you will look to the justice of the peepils of this section of the state and i trust you will hold the rane in your own hands and not let the confederate congress have the full sway over your State i appeal to you to look to the white cultivators as strictly as congress has to the slaveholders and i think they men from 35 to 45 be hel as reserves at hom to support their families if the are calld from home it is bound to leave a thoasn families in a starving condition in our county we trust in god and look to you for some help for our poor children . . ." -- [Martha Coletrane] [58]
November 1863: Berkeley County became a part of the new state of West Virginia that supported the North. In 1872 the Pennsylvania Railroad came to the area, and it, along with the B&O Railroad, gave the area an excellent transportation base. In early times, a major source of the area's income came from selling flour produced by the area's water-powered mills to the Alexandria and Baltimore markets. Electricity, replacing water power, soon followed and the area became a large textile milling center. Martinsburg continues to be the focus of the business area of Berkeley County.[59]
November 1863: Joshua F. Hendon (b. November 1863 in AL).[60]
November 1864: Many of the guerrillas who did not go to Kentucky returned to their winter quarters near Sherman, Texas. Among them was Jesse James who had decided against following his older brother to Kentucky with Quantrill. Sim Whitsett was also with those who went back to Texas. William E. Whitsett, brother of Hade Whitsett, many years later in a letter to Hade stated that he met Sim Whitsitt when General Shelby discharged his men after the defeat in Missouri and many of the guerrillas were getting ready to return to Missouri. Even though William Whitsett was writing to his younger brother Hade (many years after the fact), it is likely that it was Hade who introduced Sim to his older brother, since Hade and Sim apparently met the first time the winter before. [61]
November 1864: Citizens requested CSA Secretary of War Seddon to remove at least half of those held at the (Salisbury) Prison due to the shortage of space, food, and water. North Carolina Governor Zebulon B. Vance and the State of North Carolina after several attempts successfully got some clothing for the prisoners from the Union Government.
X4171B[62]
Zebulon Vance is the compilers 3rd cousin, 6 times removed.
Fri. November 18, 1864
Cut some logs for a tent then rained all
Day and night[63]. D Winans[64] killed a wild
Turkey to day[65]
(William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary)[66]
November 18, 1864: John Q. Wilds. Age 37. Residence Mt. Vernon, nativity Pennsylvania. Appointed Colonel August 10, 1862. Mustered September 17, 1862. Promoted Colonel June 8, 1864; Brevet Lieutenant Colonel United States Volunteers. Wounded severely October 19, 1864, Cedar Creek, Va. Died of wounds November 18, 1864, Hospital, Winchester, Va.
It would appear invidious to mention individual cases of gallantry, during the day, when all, both men and officers, did their whole duty. I cannot close, however, without referring to the bravery of our lamented Colonel Wilds, who was wounded soon after daylight and died November 18th. In him we lost a noble, brave and efficient officer. Captain Knott and Lieuteant Kurtz were wounded and captured, but both were retaken in the evening. Captain Smith, and lieutenant Davis, were captured in the morning about daylight. The loss of the regiment was: Killed; enlisted men 7; Wounded; officers 6, enlisted men 39. Captured; officers 2, enlisted men 39. Total casualties 93. Captured; officers 2, enlisted men 39. Total casualties 93; a list of which is hereto annexed. [67] [68]
November 1865: Mary Custis Lee and her daughters settled at 707 East Franklin Street in Richmond for a time. The family next moved to the plantation estate of the Cocke family at Bremo Bluff, where they sought refuge until after the end of the war in November 1865.[8][9]
After the war, the Lees lived in Powhatan County for a short time before moving to Lexington. There Robert E Lee became president of the Washington College, later renamed Washington and Lee University. Mary Custis Lee visited her beloved Arlington House once more before her death, but was unable to leave her horse carriage. She hardly recognized the estate except for a few old oaks and some of the trees she and Robert had planted.
Mary Anna Custis Lee died at the age of 66, surviving her husband by three years. She is buried next to him in the Lee family crypt at Lee Chapel on the campus of Washington and Lee. [69]
November 1865: When South Carolina ratified the amendment in November 1865, it issued its own interpretive declaration that "any attempt by Congress toward legislating upon the political status of former slaves, or their civil relations, would be contrary to the Constitution of the United States".[72][73] Alabama and Louisiana also declared that their ratification did not imply federal power to legislate on the status of former slaves.[74][75] [70] After its ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in November 1865, the South Carolina legislature immediately began to legislate Black Codes.[100] The Black Codes created a separate set of laws, punishments, and acceptable behaviors for anyone with more than one black great-grandparent. Under these Codes, Blacks could only work as farmers or servants and had few Constitutional rights.[101] Restrictions on black land ownership threatened to make economic subservience permanent.[34]
Some states mandated indefinitely long periods of child "apprenticeship".[102] Some laws did not target Blacks specifically, but instead affected farm workers, most of whom were Black. At the same time, many states passed laws to actively prevent Blacks from acquiring property.[103]
Southern business owners sought to reproduce the profitable arrangement of slavery with a system called peonage, in which (disproportionately black) workers were entrapped by loans and compelled to work indefinitely because of their debt.[104][105] Peonage continued well through Reconstruction and ensnared a large proportion of black workers in the South.[106] These workers remained destitute and persecuted, forced to work dangerous jobs and further confined legally by the racist Jim Crow laws that governed the South.[105] Peonage differed from chattel slavery because it was not strictly hereditary and did not allow the sale of people in exactly the same fashion. However, a person's debt—and by extension a person—could still be sold, and the system resembled antebellum slavery in many ways.[107]
Congressional and executive enforcement
As its first enforcement legislation, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which guaranteed black Americans citizenship and equal protection of the law, though not the right to vote. The Amendment was also used as authorization for several Freedmen's Bureau bills. President Andrew Johnson vetoed these bills, but a Congressional supermajoirty overrode his veto to pass the Civil Rights Act and the Second Freedmen's Bureau Bill.[108][109]
Proponents of the Act including Trumbull and Wilson argued that Section 2 of the Thirteenth Amendment (enforcement power) authorized the federal government to legislate civil rights for the States. Others disagreed, maintaining that inequality conditions were distinct from slavery.[110] Seeking more substantial justification, and fearing that future opponents would again seek to overturn the legislation, Congress and the states added additional protections to the Constitution: the Fourteenth Amendment (1868), which defined citizenship and mandated equal protection under the law, and the Fifteenth Amendment (1870), which banned racial voting restrictions.[111]
The Freedmen's Bureau enforced the Amendment locally, providing a degree of support for people subject to the Black Codes.[112] (Reciprocally, the Thirteenth Amendment established the Bureau's legal basis to operate in Kentucky.)[113] The Civil Rights Act circumvented racism in local jurisdictions by allowing blacks access to the federal courts. The Enforcement Acts of 1870–1871 and the Civil Rights Act of 1875, in combating the violence and intimidation of white supremacy, were also part of the effort to end slave conditions for Southern blacks.[114] However, the effect of these laws waned as political will diminished and the federal government lost authority in the South, particularly after the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in exchange for a Republican presidency.[115]
Peonage law
With the Peonage Act of 1867, Congress abolished “the holding of any person to service or labor under the system known as peonage”,[116] specifically banning “the voluntary or involuntary service or labor of any persons as peons, in liquidation of any debt or obligation, or otherwise.”[117]
In 1939, the Department of Justice created the Civil Rights Section, which focused primarily on First Amendment and labor rights.[118] The increasing scrutiny of totalitarianism in the lead-up to World War II brought increased attention to issues of slavery and involuntary servitude, abroad and at home.[119] The U.S. sought to counter foreign propaganda and increase its credibility on the race issue by combatting the Southern peonage system.[120] Under the leadership of Attorney General Francis Biddle, the Civil Rights Section invoked the constitutional amendments and legislation of the Reconstruction Era as the basis for its actions.[121]
In 1947, the DOJ successfully prosecuted Elizabeth Ingalls for keeping domestic servant Dora L. Jones in conditions of slavery. The court found that Jones “was a person wholly subject to the will of defendant; that she was one who had no freedom of action and whose person and services were wholly under the control of defendant and who was in a state of enforced compulsory service to the defendant.”[122] The Thirteenth Amendment enjoyed a swell of attention during this period, but from Brown v. Board (1954) until Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. (1968) it was again eclipsed by the Fourteenth Amendment.[123]
Human trafficking
Victims of human trafficking and other conditions of forced labor are commonly coerced by threat of legal actions to their detriment. Victims of forced labor and trafficking are protected by Title 18 of the U.S. Code.[124]
•Title 18, U.S.C., Section 241 – Conspiracy Against Rights:
Conspiracy to injure, oppress, threaten, or intimidate any person's rights or privileges secured by the Constitution or the laws of the United States[125]
•Title 18, U.S.C., Section 242 – Deprivation of Rights Under Color of Law:
It is a crime for any person acting under color of law (federal, state or local officials who enforce statutes, ordinances, regulations, or customs) to willfully deprive or cause to be deprived the rights, privileges, or immunities of any person secured or protected by the Constitution and laws of the U.S. This includes willfully subjecting or causing to be subjected any person to different punishments, pains, or penalties, than those prescribed for punishment of citizens on account of such person being an alien or by reason of his/her color or race.[126]
Department of Justice definitions
Peonage[127]
Refers to a person in "debt servitude," or involuntary servitude tied to the payment of a debt. Compulsion to servitude includes the use of force, the threat of force, or the threat of legal coercion to compel a person to work.
Involuntary servitude[128]
Refers to a person held by actual force, threats of force, or threats of legal coercion in a condition of slavery – compulsory service or labor against his or her will. This includes the condition in which people are compelled to work by a "climate of fear" evoked by the use of force, the threat of force, or the threat of legal coercion (i.e., suffer legal consequences unless compliant with demands made upon them) which is sufficient to compel service. In Bailey v. Alabama (1911), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that peonage laws violated the amendment's ban on involuntary servitude.
Requiring specific performance as a remedy for breach of personal services contracts has been viewed as a form of involuntary servitude by some scholars and courts, though other jurisdictions and scholars have rejected this argument; it is a popular rule in academia and many local jurisdictions, but has never been upheld by higher courts.[129]
Forced labor[130]
Labor or service obtained by:
· threats of serious harm or physical restraint;
· any scheme, plan, or pattern intended to cause a person to believe he would suffer serious harm or physical restraint if he did not perform such labor or services:
· the abuse or threatened abuse of law or the legal process.
Judicial interpretation
In contrast to the other "Reconstruction Amendments", the Thirteenth Amendment was rarely cited in later case law. As historian Amy Dru Stanley summarizes, "beyond a handful of landmark rulings striking down debt peonage, flagrant involuntary servitude, and some instances of race-based violence and discrimination, the Thirteenth Amendment has never been a potent source of rights claims".[131][132]
Black slaves and their descendants
U. S. v. Rhodes (1866),[133] one of the first Thirteenth Amendment cases, tested the Constitutionality of provisions in the Civil Rights Act of 1866 that granted blacks redress in the federal courts. Kentucky law prohibited blacks from testifying against whites—an arrangement which compromised the ability of Nancy Talbot ("a citizen of the United States of the African race") to reach justice against a white person accused of robbing her. After Talbot attempted to try the case in federal court; the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled this federal option unconstitutional. Noah Swayne (a Supreme Court justice sitting on the Kentucky Circuit Court) overturned the Kentucky decision, holding that without the material enforcement provided by the Civil Rights Act, slavery would not truly be abolished.[134][135] With In Re Turner (1867), Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase ordered freedom for Elizabeth Turner, a former slave in Maryland who became indentured to her former master.[136]
In Blyew v. U.S., (1872)[137] the Supreme Court heard another Civil Rights Act case relating to federal courts in Kentucky. John Bylew and George Kennard were white men visiting the cabin of a black family, the Fosters. Bylew apparently became angry with sixteen-year-old Richard Foster and hit him twice in the head with an ax. Bylew and Kennard killed Richard's parents, Sallie and Jack Foster, and his blind grandmother, Lucy Armstrong. They severely wounded the Fosters' two young daughters. Kentucky courts would not allow the Foster children to testify against Blyew and Kennard. But federal courts, authorized by the Civil Rights Act, found Blyew and Kennard guilty of murder. When the Supreme Court took the case, they ruled (5–2) that the Foster children did not have standing in federal courts because only living people could take advantage of the Act. In doing so, the Courts effectively ruled that Thirteenth Amendment did not permit a federal remedy in murder cases. Swayne and Joseph P. Bradley dissented, maintaining that in order to have meaningful effects, the Thirteenth Amendment would have to address systemic racial oppression.[138]
Though based on a technicality, the Blyew case set a precedent in state and federal courts that led to the erosion of Congress's Thirteenth Amendment powers. The Supreme Court continued along this path in the Slaughter-House Cases (1873), which upheld a state-sanctioned monopoly of white butchers. In United States v. Cruikshank (1876), the Court ignored Thirteenth Amendment dicta from a circuit court decision to exonerate perpetrators of the Colfax massacre and invalidate the Enforcement Act of 1870.[114]
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/John-Marshall-Harlan-sketch.jpg/220px-John-Marshall-Harlan-sketch.jpg
John Marshall Harlan became known as "The Great Dissenter" for his minority opinions favoring powerful Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments.[139]
The Thirteenth Amendment was not solely a ban on chattel slavery, but also covers a much broader array of labor arrangements and social deprivations.[140] As the U.S. Supreme Court explicated in the Slaughter-House Cases (1873) with respect to the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendment and the Thirteenth Amendment in special:
“
Undoubtedly while negro slavery alone was in the mind of the Congress which proposed the thirteenth article, it forbids any other kind of slavery, now or hereafter. If Mexican peonage or the Chinese coolie labor system shall develop slavery of the Mexican or Chinese race within our territory, this amendment may safely be trusted to make it void. And so if other rights are assailed by the States which properly and necessarily fall within the protection of these articles, that protection will apply, though the party interested may not be of African descent. But what we do say, and what we wish to be understood is, that in any fair and just construction of any section or phrase of these amendments, it is necessary to look to the purpose which we have said was the pervading spirit of them all, the evil which they were designed to remedy, and the process of continued addition to the Constitution, until that purpose was supposed to be accomplished, as far as constitutional law can accomplish it.[141]
”
In the Civil Rights Cases (1883),[142] the Supreme Court reviewed five consolidated cases dealing with the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which outlawed racial discrimination at "inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places of public amusement". The Court ruled that the Thirteenth Amendment did not ban most forms of racial discrimination by non-government actors.[143] In the majority decision, Bradley wrote (again in non-binding dicta) that the Thirteenth Amendment empowered Congress to attack "badges and incidents of slavery". However, he distinguished between "fundamental rights" of citizenship, protected by the Thirteenth Amendment, and the "social rights of men and races in the community".[144] The majority opinion held that "it would be running the slavery argument into the ground to make it apply to every act of discrimination which a person may see fit to make as to guests he will entertain, or as to the people he will take into his coach or cab or car; or admit to his concert or theatre, or deal with in other matters of intercourse or business."[145] In his solitary dissent, John Marshall Harlan (a Kentucky lawyer who changed his mind about civil rights law after witnessing organized racist violence) argued that "such discrimination practiced by corporations and individuals in the exercise of their public or quasi-public functions is a badge of servitude, the imposition of which congress may prevent under its power."[146]
The Court in the Civil Rights Cases also held that appropriate legislation under the amendment could go beyond nullifying state laws establishing or upholding slavery, because the amendment "has a reflex character also, establishing and decreeing universal civil and political freedom throughout the United States" and thus Congress was empowered "to pass all laws necessary and proper for abolishing all badges and incidents of slavery in the United States."[142] The Court stated about the scope the amendment:
“
This amendment, as well as the Fourteenth, is undoubtedly self-executing, without any ancillary legislation, so far as its terms are applicable to any existing state of circumstances. By its own unaided force and effect, it abolished slavery and established universal freedom. Still, legislation may be necessary and proper to meet all the various cases and circumstances to be affected by it, and to prescribe proper modes of redress for its violation in letter or spirit. And such legislation may be primary and direct in its character, for the amendment is not a mere prohibition of State laws establishing or upholding slavery, but an absolute declaration that slavery or involuntary servitude shall not exist in any part of the United States.[142] [71]
”
Late November 1871: At the height of the republican movement, the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father, and Victoria was fearful her son would die.[133] As the tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's distress continued.[134] To general rejoicing, he pulled through.[135]
November 1875: Susan Elizabeth Cornell b February 14, 1855 at Springville, Iowa md November 1875 Everett T. Oxley b December 22, 1852 in Linn Co., Ia. son of James M. Oxley. Susan and Everett had the following children:
1.Edgar F. Oxley.
2.Nellie L. Oxley who md Lou Pemble and they had a dau, Beverly. Nellie d when Beverly was born and Beverly was raised by her Aunt Florence Ruby Oxley. Beverly is now Mrs. Harry Glawe and lives at Dana, Greene Co., Ia.
3.Mabel A. Oxley.
4.Herman Oxley.
5.Florence Ruby Oxley.
6.Richard Oxley.
7.Harold Oxley who d in World War 1.
Oxleys moved to Dana, Greene, Ia. 1876. [72]
November 1876: More about Darlinan Cavender
Darlinan married S.J. Hughs in November 1876.[73]
November 1894: Charles Cavender (b. November 1894 in GA).[74]
November 18, 1933: Rolf Gottlieb, born November 18,1933 in Frankfurt a. M.
Oberklingen, (place of residence). Resided Frankfurt a. M..Deportation: from Darmstadt March 25, 1942, to Piaski.[75]
November 18, 1942: The Germans order 8,000 Przemysl Jews to gather for deportation, but only 3,500 do so’ 500 more are found hiding. All told, 4,000 Jews are deported to Belzec.[76]
November 18, 1942-January 12, 1943: Some 15,000 Jews are killed in the Lvov ghetto, which becomes a Julag (Judenlager, or camp for Jews) in January 1942.[77]
November 18, 1963 Dallas press reaffirms the downtown motorcade route. The
Dallas City Council unanimously adopts an anti-harrassment ordinance designed to prevent a
repetition of the recent attack on Adlai Stevenson.
Bertha Cheek, the sister of Lee Harvey Oswald’s landlady, visits Jack Ruby at his
nightclub.
LHO apparently calls the Russian embassy in Washington, D.C., trying to find out the
status of his and his wife’s visa applications. AOT
Today, White House aide and advance man, Jerry Bruno gets a call from White House
aide Kenneth O’Donnell saying: “We’re going to let Dallas go, Jerry. We’re going to let Connally
have the Trade Mart site.” So, despite recommendations of the Secret Service, the Kennedy White
House, and Bruno, Governor John Connally has managed to swing the decision to the Trade
Mart. Bruno will later write: “There was another point about the Women’s Building site that didn’t
seem important to anyone at the time. If Kennedy had been going there instead of to the Trade Mart, he
would have been traveling two blocks farther away from the Texas School Book Depository -- and at a much
faster rate of speed.”
The Chief of the Secret Service unit in Dallas, Forrest Sorrels, makes a slight change in the
motorcade route which will provide for an abrupt dogleg turn to the right, then to the left, in
Dealey Plaza. (AOT) This will bring the presidential motorcade right under the windows of
the Book Depository. The purpose of the change is to obtain access to Stemmons Freeway. This
unprecedented route change is then communicated to both Dallas papers. (Penn Jones, Jr. says it
is Jack Puterbaugh who makes the decision to take the unauthorized and hazardous turn in Dealey
Plaza.) Winston Lawson prevents the Dallas Police Department from inserting into the
motorcade, behind the Vice-Presidential car, a Dallas Police Department squad car. The route
chosen by Sorrels and the Dallas police involves a ninety-degree turn from Main Street to
Houston Street and an even sharper turn from Houston to Elm Street. These turns require that
the President’s car be brought to a very slow speed in a part of town where high buildings
dominate the route, making it an extremely dangerous area. Yet, Sorrels will tell the Warren
Commission, this “was the most direct route from there and the most rapid route to the Trade Mart.”
The journey through Dealey Plaza itself is made necessary because of the selection of the
Dallas Trade Mart as the site of the noon luncheon for the Kennedy entourage. After reviewing
possible luncheon sites, the Secret Service and White House advance men had settled on two
possible locations -- the new Dallas Trade Mart on Stemmons Expressway and the Women’s
Building -- which is the site of choice because it displays fewer security problems and can
accommodate more people. LBJ and Governor Connally have continually pushed for the Trade
Mart.
J. Edgar Hoover will eventually report that LHO calls the Soviet Embassy today. LHO
has already mailed a letter to the embassy. This may be a follow-up call. AOT
In Paris, France, Rolando Cubela, a Cuban government official -- (CIA code name:
AM/LASH) -- awaits the arrival of Desmond FitzGerald, a senior CIA officer, who is coming
from Washington and bringing a poison pen that Cubela might use in a plot to murder Fidel
Castro.
Defense Secretary Robert McNamara tells the New York Economic Club that “a major cut
in defense spending is in the works.” McNamara makes it clear that “a fundamental strategic shift” is
involved, “not just a temporary slash.” This announced cut is poorly received by the armaments
industry which is heavily represented in Texas.
In a Miami speech to the Inter-American Press Association, JFK denounces Fidel Castro
and his government as “a small band of conspirators [that] has tripped the Cuban people of their freedom
and handed over the independence and sovereignty of the Cuban nation to forces beyond this hemisphere.”
At least one newspaper banners the story across the top of page one: “KENNEDY URGES
OVERTHROW OF CASTRO.”
NOTE:
According to some researchers, there is a last minute change in JFK’s Miami trip. A
planned motorcade is canceled. JFK flies by helicopter to and from his speech-making at
the Americana Hotel. The change is based on the secret tape recording William
Somersett makes of Joseph Milteer saying that JFK is going to be murdered with a high
powered rifle in a motorcade. THIS INFORMATION IS NOT RELAYED TO DALLAS
IN PREPARATION FOR JFK’S MOTORCADE THERE. On the other hand, Gordon
Winslow has supposedly proved that there was NO change in Miami motorcade as a
result of information gathered from the taping of this call. Winslow maintains that the
time between scheduled events was too short for a motorcade in the first place and that
JFK was originally to fly by helicopter in any case. Winslow has copies of advance
planning documents for the motorcade to substantiate his claim. Documents precede the
Somersett/Milteer phone call.
An employee of the Redbird Field - a private airstrip located four miles to the south of
Oswald’s Beckley Street apartment, Wayne January remembers that on this day: “I was visited by
three men who asked about renting a plane for a trip to Mexico on November 22. The types of questions
they asked made me suspicious -- they wanted to know about fuel consumption, vectors, distances -- things
a pilot should know. That’s why I later reported it to the FBI. As I recall, the men wanted to go to a village
on the Pacific coast of Mexico. when Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested, he instantly reminded me of the
man who stayed in the car.”
Felipe Vidal Santiago leaves Miami by auto this evening. His destination is Dallas,
Texas.
Finally, on this day, Cuban Consul Azcue, at the Cuban Embassy in Mexico City, is
recalled to Havana. The Cuban government will later explain that this move has been planned
for more than six months and that Azcue’s replacement, Alfredo Mirabal Diaz, has been there
for several months. [78]
November 18, 2004: A search by the Historical Society of Berks County of the index to the extant tax records of Berks County for this era found no reference to Franz Gottlob: correspondence, November 18, 2004. [79]
November 18, 2009: The U.S. and the world entered a major recession with untold home foreclosures and bank closures. As of November 18, 2009 the national debt had reached $12 trillion. [80]
John Wood
May 4, 1939 - November 18, 2012
Wood, John (aka Tim), age 73, of Tellico Plains, passed away Sunday morning, November 18, 2012 at Sweetwater Hospital. Member of Center Presbyterian Church. Was born & raised in Knoxville. A retired Delta Airlines Captain. Veteran of U.S. Air Force serving 2 tours in the Vietnam War. Survivors, wife, Sandra Roberts Wood, Daughter & son-in-law, Lyca Wood Loy & Rob Loy, Hallam, Nebraska, Son & daughter-in-law, J. & Julie Wood, Webster, Florida, Grandsons, Jordan & Brandon Loy, Brother & sister-in-law, Charles Russ & Lucy Zemp, Kingsport, 4 nieces & 1 nephew. Preceded in death by parents, John Wood, Sr. & Lycebeth Goodlove Wood. Memorial service 4 P.M. Saturday, Center Presbyterian Church, Rev. Jon Farone & Rev. John Rogers officiating. Family will receive friends 3-4 P.M. Saturday at Center Presbyterian Church. Arrangements by Biereley-Hale Funeral Home, Tellico Plains.
[81]
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[1] http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/Christmas_TheRealStory.htm
[2] http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/794
[3] http://www.britroyals.com/timeline.asp
[4] http://www.britroyals.com/timeline.asp
[5] The History of God by Karen Armstrong, page 200.
[6] http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam12.html
[7] http://barkati.net/english/chronology.htm
[8] http://barkati.net/english/chronology.htm
[9] The Field Museum, Photo by Jeff Goodlove, 12/27/2009
[10] The Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[11] The Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[12] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
[13] History of the World in Two Hours, H2, October 3, 2011.
[14] Mark Andre Goodfriend email 2/10/2007, http://www.jafi.org.il/education/history/body1.html
[15] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timetable_of_major_worldwide_volcanic_eruptions
[16] Countdown to the Apocalypse, H2, 11/09/2012
[17] http://barkati.net/english/chronology.htm
[18] Ibid, p. 193. ERIU - The Journal of the School of Irish Learning, vol. II, edited by Kuno Meyer and John Strachan, (Dublin: School of Irish Learning, 1905), p. 201.
http://www.freewebs.com/bubadutep75/
[19] http://www.britroyals.com/timeline.asp
[20] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[21] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe.
[22] http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~harrisonrep/Harrison/d0055/g0000087.html#I1018
[23] http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~harrisonrep/Harrison/d0055/g0000087.html#I1018
[24] Essex County Records, Will Book 3, page 84, 1717-1722. Torrence and Allied Families, Robert M. Torrence pgs. 312-313
[25] Christopher Gist’s Journal: In Search of Turkey Foot Road, page 68.
[26] From W. L. Crawford, Ancestors and Friends, p. 108: "Samuel Vance, the son of Andrew Vance and Jane Vance, was born ca. 1710 in Donegal Co., Ireland. He married Sarah Colville also of Ireland. Samuel Vance died in 1778 and he and Sarah are buried in Sinking Spring Cemetery, Abingdon, Washinton Co., VA. The epitaph on the back of their tombstone still legible in 1954 summarizes their life. "To the memory of Samuel Vance with Sarah Colville Vance his wife both from Ireland early in life. We have travelled far and wide to come into this ground. But in this place we will abide until the trumps last sound." We are unable to establish the parents of Sarah Colville..."
[27] Annals of Southwestern Pennsylvania by Lewis Clark Walkinshaw, Vol. I , pg. 357.
[28] Annals of Southwestern Pennsylvania by Lewis Clark Walkinshaw, Vol. I , pg. 357.
[29] http://jerseyman-historynowandthen.blogspot.com/2011_02_01_archive.html
[30] The Battle for Fort Mercer: The Americans Abandon the Fort and the Crown’s Forces March In
Text below extracted from A Hessian Diary of the American Revolution, Döhla, 1990:56, 59-61.
[31] 24 This was the historic crossing place where the Great Trail branched, or where
three very important trails converged. (See note 18, above.) The crossing
place was the point upon which the Greenville Treaty Line (1795) hinged.
Itis clearly shown on the U. S. Topographical Map, Dover Quadrangle; also
C. E. Sherman, Ohio Land Subdivision, Columbus, 0., Ill(1925), 95; Hanna,
Wilderness Trail, II,202-205.
[32] 25 This is concrete evidence that Fort Laurens covered the exact site of Bouquet's
fort, where he left Captain Schlosser with 50 men to guard his communications
lines and storehouses of provisions for his homeward march. Smith,
An Historical Account, London edition (1766), 13; Parkman edition (1868),
51-52; Bouquet's Orderly Book, 1764, WPHM, XLII, 191, 199, note 49.
Inhis official report to Vice-President George Bryan, of Pennsylvania, Nov.
29, 1778, General Mclntosh said: "...Ierected a good strong Fort for the
Reception &Security of Prisoners &stores, upon the Indian side of Ohio below Beaver Creek, with Barracks for a Regiment; and another upon the Muski.ngam River, where Colo. Bocquette had one formerly near Tuscarawas ." Penna. Archives, VII, 133ff. The Tory trader, Nicholas Cresswell,
visited the place in 1775 with his Indian concubine. Journal of Nicholas
Cresswell, New York (1928), 113. He described it as "now demolished."
[33] AN ORDERLY BOOK OF MCINTOSH's EXPEDITION, 1778 11Robert McCready's Journal
[34] AN ORDERLY BOOK OF MCINTOSH's EXPEDITION, 1778 11Robert McCready's Journal
[35] Washington-Irvine Correspondence
[36] http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/d/i/d/Jan-C-Didawick-Berkeley-Springs/PDFGENE3.pdf
[37] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Parke_Custis_Peter
[38] http://www.raabcollection.com/william-henry-harrison-autograph/william-henry-harrisons-first-commander-northwest-army
[39] Crawford Coat of Arms.
[40] First Invasion: The War of 1812, 9/12/2004.
[41] First Invasion: The War of 1812, 9/12/2004.
[42] http://holyjoe.org/poetry/key.htm
[43] Wikipedia
[44] The Papers of Andrew Jackson, Volume V, 1821-1824
[45] Timetable of Cherokee Removal.
[46] wikipedia
[47] Harrisonj
[48] http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=312
[49] http://www.drtl.org/Research/Alamo3.asp
[50] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson
[51] http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Gottlober_Avraham_Ber
[52]Techitichoo Forest Preserve, Elgin, IL
[53] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Augustus_I_of_Hanover
[54] http://www.heritagepursuit.com/Clark/ClarkPleasantbio.htm
(History of Clark County, OH
[55] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Augustus_I_of_Hanover
[56] http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/jhm/arch/wletter.htm
[57] wikipedia
[58] http://thomaslegion.net/zebulon_baird_vance.html
[59] Tawna Lee Varner Brown
[60] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe.
[61] http://whitsett-wall.com/Whitsett/whitsett_simeon.htm
[62] http://ncmuseumofhistory.org/MOH/vfpcgi.exe?IDCFile=/moh/DETAILS.IDC,SPECIFIC=107,DATABASE=40381957
[63] The men quickly constructed comfortable log huts in their new winter camp. (A History of the 24th Iowa Infantry 1862-1865 by Harvey H. Kimble Jr. August 1974. page 189)
[64] David C., born Nov. 30, 1843, married Mary M. Hossler. Brown Township, Page 735 (Dont know the name of this Book, page found at Mary and Gary Goodlove archives.) I wonder if it is the History of Linn county.
[65] The regiment was, sadly disappointed in their Thanksgiving feast because they had seen stories in the New York and Baltimore papers of the great turkey and chicken dinners that swould be given to the soldiers in the Valley and on the James. Rigby described the ration for the eight in his mess as “a small chicken with blood shot extereior, and the grist mill of a turkey.” (A History of the 24th Iowa Infantry 1862-1865 by Harvey H. Kimble Jr. August 1974. page 189)
[66] Annotated by Jeffery Lee Goodlove
[67] http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ia/county/linn/civil war/24th/24 history p2.htm
[68] Ed Wright, Lieutenant Colonel Twenty-fourth Regiment, Iowa Infantry Volunteer. H. B. Baker, Adjutant General State of Iowa. Report of Adjutant General of Iowa, 1865, Vol. 2 pages 1157-1159
[69] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Anna_Custis_Lee
[70] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
[71] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
[72] http://cwcfamily.org/egy3.htm
[73] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe
[74] Proposed Descendants of William SMythe
[75] [1] Gedenkbuch, Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945. 2., wesentlich erweiterte Auflage, Band II G-K, Bearbeitet und herausgegben vom Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, 2006, pg. 1033-1035,.
[2]Memorial Book: Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Oppression in Germany, 1933-1945
[76] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1774
[77]Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1774
[78] http://www.assassinationresearch.com/v2n1/chrono1.pdf
[79] j.a.funkhouser@worldnet.att.net
[80] . Jerusalem Prayer team email 3/30/2010
[81] http://www.biereleyhale.com/sitemaker/sites/Bierel1/obit.cgi?user=825563Wood#
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