11,745 names…11,745 stories…11,745 memories
This Day in Goodlove History, August 1
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Jeff Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, Thomas Jefferson, and ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson and George Washington.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
Birthdays on August 1…
George M. Brewer
Donald W. Goodlove
Herbert L. LeClere
Robert T. Lincoln
Robert Martin
Michael McKinnon
Nancy B. McKinnon Poole
Martin M. Sackett
Walter C. Wesley
August 1: The first century BC was a time of turmoil for the Iron Age settlements being forced to the edge of Europe by the advancing Roman armies.
As Julius Caesar’s troops thrust towards northern Gaul, the Coriosolitae - the Celtic tribe that buried the coin hoard in Jersey - were being forced out of their home territory.
Gaul - which covered modern day France and parts of surrounding countries - finally fell to the Romans in 51 BC.
Its northern section, known to the Romans as Armorica but covering present day Brittany and Normandy, had close links to southern Britain.
Julius Caesar observed that armies from Britannia were often to be fighting in alliance with tribes from Gaul against his men.
Home for the Celts was typically a roundhouse with thatched roofs of straw or heather and walls of wattle and daub when timber was plentiful.
Porridge, beer and bread made from rye and barley were commonly eaten and drunk from vessels made of horn.
The image of long-haired, moustachioed Celts depicted in the cartoon tales of Asterix and Obelix actually has a basis in historical records.
Classical texts mention that both Celtic men and women had long hair, with the men sporting beards or moustaches.
One Roman, Diodorus Siculus, wrote: ‘When they are eating the moustache becomes entangled in the food, and when they are drinking the drink passes, as it were, through a sort of strainer’.
With Christianity not coming to northern Europe until the 6th century AD, the Celts worshipped a variety of pagan Gods and practised polygamy.
Important religious festivals included Beltane, May 1, the beginning of the warm season, and Lugnasad, August 1, celebrating the ripening of the crops.
Other feasts included Imbolc, February 1, when sheep begin to lactate, and Samhain, November 1, a festival when spirits could pass between the worlds, thought to have carried on in the tradition of Halloween.
As for leisure activities for both the young and old, glass gaming pieces have been found in later Iron Age burials, suggesting the Celts played board games.
Children may have occupied their free time by practising their skill at the slingshot - a common Iron Age weapon.[1]
August 1, 30 BCE: Mark Antony died. Following the victory of Octavian and Antony over those who had murdered Julius Caesar, Antony became ruler of the Eastern half of the Roman Empire. Antony did name Herod as ruler of Judaea. But when his lover Cleopatra let it be known that she wished to recreate the Ptolomey rule over the area, Antony patially reversed himself by giving the Queen Jericho and numerous other towns in Judaea. None of this had anything to do with Antony’s feelings about the Jews but rather reflected his passion for Cleopatra. In the end none of this matter since Octavian defeated Antony and control of the Jews passed to the man who became Caesar Augustus.[2]
30 B.C.: Suicides of Antony and Cleopatra.
30 B.C.
Beginning of Roman domination.
30-23 BC: Joshua ben Fabus High Priest of Israel 30-23 BC under Herodians and Romans.[3]
29 BCE: Roman Senate gave Octavian the office of Imperator (Emperor); Herod builds the Antonia fortress, probable site of Jesus’s trial before Pilate.[4]
In 29. B.C., in a blaze of jealousy deftly stoked by his sister Salome, he executed his wife Mariamne, though he still loved her deeply, and lived for months afterward in blackest depression, calling her name as if to summon her back from the dead. [5]
28-27 B.C.E.,: In 28-27 B.C.E., about 12 years after his crucial seurvival, Herod returned to thesite and started building the grand estate that would ultimatelsy house his mortal remains. He initiated the projuct with the construction of a magnificent palace/fortress, later surrounded by an artivivially heighte3ned mounta in that could be seen as far away as the outskierts of Jerusalem. He called the site Herodium. This is the only site among his numerous architectural achievements that he named after himself. [6]
27 BCE
Octavian is made emperor under the Augustus (the Exalted) [7]Caesar by the Senate [8]
25 BCE
To relieve a national famine, Herod uses silver and gold from his palace to buy food in Egypt.[9]
25 BCE
Remnants of the Jewish military force sent by King Herod with Aelius Gallus to conquer southern Arabia settle there after the expedition is defeated.[10]
Before 23 BCE: Jesus, son of Phiabi, was high priest.[11]
23-20 BCE:
[12]
100_0691�[14]
100_1474
[15]
[16]
23-5 BC: Simon ben Boethus 23-5 BC under Herodians and Romans. (His daughter Mariamne was third wife of Herod the Great). [17]
22 BCE: Herod begins constructing the Roman port of Caesarea on the Mediterranean. He also rebuilds the fortress of Samaria, renaming it Sebaste in honor Augustus. Herod builds fortresses and cities all over the land, calling two of them Herodium. ON a hill overlooking the western side of Jerusalem, he constructs a lavish palace. His magnificant refurbishing of the Temple will be completed in 64 CE, long after his death. To finance these projects Herod raises taxes, holding back at times to stave off rebellion.[18]
21 BCE: In the Roman version, in which Saturn plays a more positive role than in the Greek, Saturn represents a “golden age,” a “glowing picture of blessed times where Saturn-Cronus ruled.” Saturn, says Diadorus of Sicily (d. after 21 BCE), causes “all men who where his subjects to change from a rude way of living to civilized life.” While the Midrash does not speak explicitly about a change that the ten tribes undergo, Esdras’s vision (which, aghain, provides the basic frame for the midrash) speaks of the tribes decision tyo change. [19]
20 B.C.: Jerusalem was Herod’s crown jewel where his building programs went on for decades as he made this city one of the wonders of the world. In 20 B.C. Herod began the expansion and beautification of the temple, which must have been a sight to behold from the Mount of Olives, as the pilgrmis came from the Jordan Valley up to Jerusalem.[20]
19 BCE: Augustus reforms Roman family law, seeking to control promiscuity and promote childbearing. Abroad, his aide, Marcus Agrippa, suppresses unrest in Spain.[21]
18 BCE: The sons of Miriamne, Herod’s wife, Alexander and Aristobulus, return from Rome, where Herod had sent them to be raised. Herod marries off the former to the princess of Cappadocia, the latter, to his own niece. Whemn he later suspects them of disloyalty, he has them executed in Sebaste.[22]
16 BCE: Herod and Marcus Agrippa meet on the island of Lesbos, where they apparently planned Agrippa’s visit to Judea.[23]
15 BCE: Netzer dates the Theater’s construction at the Herodium to 15 BCE when Herod hosted the Roman general and statesman Marcus Agrippa at several sites in Judea, including Herodium.[24]
15 BCE: In about 15 B.C. Herod had embarked on a plan to build a new Temple complex far more grand than what already stood there.
He would triple the size of the existing structure to make it cover the size of about 25 football fields. He would surround it with huge walls.[25]
Why did Herod build the most lavish temple, Jerusalem had ever seen? For five long centuries the temple had been worn by the footsteps of worshipers. By the time Herod becomes king, the temple is showing the ravages of time.[26]
Herod realized that a great king in a great kingdom needed a temple that was larger, more grandiose, more impressive. He set out to build a temple that would be in fact, a tourist attraction that both he and his subjects would be proud. [27]
When the king announces his plan to rebuild the holy structure, his subjects are fearful. The story is that they would not allow him to take down the old structure until he had finished with the new one around it. Herod promises that he will not begin building until all the raw materials for the new temple had been assembled.[28]
Preparations will take over two years. Still there remains serious religious concerns. According to Jewish law only priests may set foot in the inner sanctum. How can common workers set foot inside the temple without defiling the sacred sight.[29]
Herod trained a whole group of priests as carpenters and masons so they build the central holy place. He rebuilt the temple in Jerusalem in such a way that it never ceased offering sacrifice to the god of Israel for a single day.[30]
“The temple itself was built by the priest’s in a year and six months. Upon which the people were full of joy.”
Josephus, Book of Antiquities.[31]
Herod also expands the platform that supports the temple complex to a vast expanse of over 35 acres. Massive retaining walls are built of stones weighing 60 to 80 tons. So perfectly fitted that no mortar is used. Such expertise is still visable in the western wall of the temple mount. [32]
Caeserea
It took over a decade to complete. It would survive for over thirteen centuries.
Augustus honored Herod with celebrations in the hippodrome and theater.[33]
August 1, 10 BCE: Birthdate of Claudius 4th Roman emperor. Claudius reigned from 41 through 54. Regardless of how the PBS television series portrayed, for a Roman Emperor, Claudius was a plus for the Jews of his time. He repealed the anti-Jewish edicts of his predecessors. He held the Samaritans responsible for the attacks on Jews in Judea and befriended the Jewish King, Agrippa. At one time he did exclude Jews from the city of Rome. But this appears to have been a matter of dealing with civil unrest sparked the early Christians living in the imperial city.[34]
9 BCE: Herod executes a punitive raid against the Nabateans.[35]
8 BC: Marcomanni and Quadi drive the Boii out of Bohemia.[36]
8 - 6 BC: Confederation of Marcomanni, Lugier, Semnones, Lombards and others.[37]
7 B.C.: Lukes purpose in writing. The events recorded at the beginning of the New Testament occurred more thanb four hundred years after Malach prophesied. Around 7 B.C., an angel appeared to Zechariah and told him that he and his wife would have a son. Mary, who was probably no older than sixteen at this time, (she could have been 13 or 14)[38] was also told by an angel that she would give birth to Jesus, the son of the Most High God. Luke 1:1-56.[39]
As childbearing was so dangerous at the time, does it make sense that the heavily pregnant Mary would have made the arduous journey to Bethlehem.?[40] There might be another reason that the Gospels place Jesus’s birth there. It would fulfill the old testament idea that the Messiah would come from Bethlehem. [41] In the Jewish tradition the Messiah must be from the House of David and David comes from the town of Bethlehem so from the Jewish prospective the Messiah can come from no where else than Bethlehem. So the birth in Bethlehem matches the message the Gospel writers wanted to convey. [42]
The birthplace of Jesus in Bethlehem is not a stable at all, but a cave, underneath the Church of the nativity. Could Jesus have been born in a cave? Cave dwelling certainly existed in the time of Jesus. It would have been like a wine cellar in a house, carved out the limestone rock. They were also used to house animals. The Gospels were written more than 50 years after Jesus’s death, in Greek, the language used by educated scribes. “Inn” in Greek means Upper Room, or guest room. The evidence points to Jesus having been born in a basement and most certainly not in a stable. What we think we know about Jesus doesn’t always match the archeological evidence. [43][44]
7 B.C.
Herod had nine wives and several dozen children. Jealouisies, domestic quarrels, and fits of murder characterized his reign., In 7 B.C. he had his two older sons strangled and three hundred of their supporters murdered because he feared plots against him. The sons were royal heirs to the throne, children of his beloved Mariamne. Sometime later he had Mariamne executed on charges of committing adultery with his sister’s husband. [45]
7 to 4 B.C.
Jesus Christ is Greek for “Joshua the messiah,” and the word “messiah” comes from the Hebrew word mashiah, meaning “one who is anointed,” that is, a messiah… Jesus was born between 7 and 4 B.C. either in Bethlehem or Nazareth. During the reign of Herod the Great in Judea, and was crucified either in 30 or in 33 A.D.[46] The Gospels according to Luke and Matthew trace his acnestry to the royal house of David, each through different and conflicting genealogies; the other two Gospels make no such mention.[47]
6 BCE
Judas the Galilean leads a rebellion provoked by the effort of the Syrian legate, Quirinius, to take a Jewish census. Successful Roman suppression of this revolt does not disquiet the spirit of Jewish rebellion.[48]
6 B.C. John the Baptist was born around 6 B.C., a few months before his cousin Jesus. Luke 1:57-80.[49]
6 B.C.
Jesus was born around 6 B.C. in Bethlehem, a village about five miles southwest of Jerusalem. Matthew 1:18-25.[50]
6 to 4 BCE.Matthias, son of Theophilus was High Priest (related by marriage to Simon).[51]
5 B.C.
The magi, royal astrologers, brought gifts to Jesus when he was still a small child (5 B.C.). Matthew 2:1-23.[52]
5-4 BC: Matthias ben Theophilus, High Priest of Israel 5-4 BC under Herodians and Romans.[53]
40-4 B.C.: Herod the Great’s Kingdom circa 40-4 B.C.. The red markers indicate the Herodian fortresses which guarded its eastern flank. The darker areas indicate the extent of Herod’s Kingdom in 4 B.C.[54]
4 B.C.: Jesus Christ is Greek for “Joshua the messiah,” and the word “messiah” comes from the Hebrew word mashiah, meaning “one who is anointed,” that is, a messiah… Jesus was born between 7 and 4 B.C. either in Bethlehem or Nazareth. During the reign of Herod the Great in Judea, and was crucified either in 30 or in 33 A.D.[1][55] The Gospels according to Luke and Matthew trace his ancestry to the royal house of David, each through different and conflicting genealogies; the other two Gospels make no such mention.[2] [56]
Mathew said King Herod ordered that all male children in Bethlehem and vicinity, two years and younger, be killed, [1][57] following the prophesy of the Magi. Thousands were said to be murdered. Herod is almost certainly innocent of this crime, of which there is no report apart from Matthew’s account, But children he certainly slew, including three of his own sons, along with his wife, his mother in law, and numerous other members of his court. [2] [58]
Jesus goes to Egypt
“Arise, and take the young child and his mother, and flee into Egypt, and be thou there until I bring thee word.”[59]
Then Joseph got up, took the child and his mother by night, and went to Egypt, and remained there until the death of Herod. This was to fulfill what had been spoken by the Lord through the prophet, “Out of Egypt I have called my son.”[60]
Jesus was in Egypt five years. According Egyptian Christians or Coptics, the trail of the Holy family was established by three sources: oral tradition, the infancy gospels, and the 5th century vision that Pope Theophilus had of the virgin Mary. [61]
The are ancient stories about the Egyptian god Cyrus who died and was dismembered and was brought back to life. In the minds of Egyptian Christians there would have been parallels. Likewise the holy trinity of the coptic church, father son and holy spirit echo the central trio of Egyptian gods. Ocyrus the father, Horace the son, and Icis the mother goddess.
There Egyptians believed in the trinity, in the flesh trinity, which was basically the father, mother and the son. When Mark spoke of the holy trinity, the Egyptians did not have a problem with accepting the holy trinity as three in one.[62]
For one day during Matthias’ term, Joseph, son of Ellemus was High Priest (a relation of Matthias).[63]
Roman Empire extent in 4 B.C.[64]
4 BCE: At the age of 70, Herod fell ill and moved to his winter palace at Jerich. There, Josephus tells us, he was consumed with “uncontrolled anger.” His condition soon deteriorated further. He developed ulcers and swollen feet. His breathing became labored. Modern physicians have suggested that Herod suffered from age related failure of the heart and kidneys, with terminal edema of the lungs. None of the attempted treatments was effective.[65]
Herod was hated by many of his subjects, especially by Jews, and he knew it. Shortly before his death, Josephus tells us, he ordered a group of prominent Jewish leaders imprisoned in Jericho’s hippodrome and gave instructions to have them killed upon his death to ensure that the mourning at his funeral would be genuine. Fortunately, this order was disobeyed, and the men were released. [66]
4 BCE
Alleging disloyalty of his son Antipater, Herod has him killed. He names another son, Archelaus, his successor.[67]
August 1, 388: The synagogue located on the Euphrates in Callinicum was looted and burned by Church officials. St. Ambrose (one of the four Latin doctors of the Catholic Church) defended the action. He reprimanded Theodosius the Great for ordering the local Bishop to pay restitution, even though expropriation was illegal under Roman law. St. Ambrose offered to burn the synagogue in Milan on his own.[68]
August 1, 527: Justinian I also known as Justinian the Great becomes the Byzantine Emperor. For gentiles, Justinian might be considered “Great” but he was an enemy of the Jews. Justinian’s celebrated code contains the following about his policy towards his Jewish subjects. “They shall enjoy no honors. Their status shall reflect the baseness which in their souls they have elected and desired.” “The principle of servitus Judaeorum (‘servitude of the Jews’) was established, and the hitherto uneven pattern of persecution was systemized for a Christian civilization march towards its age of faith.” Justinian banned the recitation of the Shema because its declaration of the Oness of God was at odds with the Trinity. In response to demands of his Bishops, Justinian banned the public reading of the Torah. He also forbad the observance of Passover in the years when it preceded Easter on the calendar.[69]
529 CE: The Emperor Justinian closed the ancient school of philosophy in Athens, the last bastion of intellectual paganism. Pagan philosophy went underground and seemed defeated by the new religion of Chritianity. Four years later, however, four mystical treatises appeared which were purportedly written by Denys the Areopagite, St. Paul’s first ?Athenian convert. They were, in fact, written by a sixth-century Greek Christian, who has preserfved his anonymity. The pseudonym had a symbolic power, however, which was more important than the identity of the author: Pseudo-Denys managed to baptize the insights of Neoplatonism and wed the God of the Greeks to the Semitic God of the Bible.[70]
August 1, 1137: King Louis VI passed away and is succeed by his Louis VII who will launch the Second Crusade. [71] In a valiant attempt to reconcile the Freench throne with its rich, southern duchy was made with that most available of tools, a royal marriage. In that year the son of Louis the Fat, a sixteen year old, bloodless prince designated as Louis VII, was betrothed to the daughter of William IX of Aquitaine. The fifteen year old bride came to be known as Eleanor of Aquitaine. That she was strikingly beautiful, with a mouth, it was said, as soft as an apple blossom, is beyond question, but what distinhguished her more was her brilliance, her learnedness, and her pluck. Louis VII’s reign was not “Jew friendly.” Following the logic of the time that it made no sense to go to Palestine to fight those holding on to the Christian Holy Sites and leave the defilers of Christianity at home alone, in 1144 Louis VII would expel all the Jews who had converted to Christianity and then returned to Judaism. In 1171 the first Blood Libel in France took place in Blois. [72]
1138: Earthquake in Syria kills 230,000 and estimated at 8.5 – amounts disputed, death of antipope Anacletus II, pretended messiah appears in France and Persia, Conrad III elected king – first of Hohendtaufen line,, Boleslav III of Poland dies – kingdom divided between five sons, David I of Scotland invades England on behalf of Matilda and is defeated at Battle of the Standards, Conrad III HRE to 1152 in Battle of the Standard defeat of David I of Scotland – fighting on behalf of Matilda in English civil war, Rebellion in favor of Mathilda of England. Hohenstaufens rules HRE, David I of Scotland invades England but is defeated, English rebellion in favor of Mathilda. [73]
August 1, 1291: The Swiss Confederation is formed with the signature of the Federal Charter. The original Jews settled in what is now Switzerland during the days of the Roman Empire. Records of the Jewish community officially date back to the 13th century, with Jews having settled in Basel in 1213, seventy years before the confederation was formed. Jews from France and Germany settled in Bern by 1259, St. Gall in 1268, Zurich in 1273, Schaffhausen, Diessenhofen, and Luzerne in 1299. But anti-Semitism is almost as old as the confederation itself since in1294 in when many Jews living in Berne of the city were executed and the survivors expelled under the pretext of the murder of a Christian boy.
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/swiss.html[74]
August 1, 1192: After Saladin’s force takes Jaffa, the Hospitlers are ambushed as they make their way to assist. Unknown to Saladin, Richard and a force of 2,000 make their way to Jaffa by sea to save the remaining Christians held up in the citadel. Richard was outnumbered 6 to 1. His amphibious assault caught the sarracins completely by surprise. The coastal side of Jaffa was unprotected.
The accounts of both Christian and Muslim writers agree that it was Richards shear physical present that defeated Saladin that day. In that one moment the legend of Richard the Lion Heart was born. The holy warrior that stood by his principals. A King that would risk both his life and his kingdom to save Christians. As Saladin’s army melted away, so did his authority. This forced him to make peace with the Crusaders. In fact both sides had to compromise. The Christians kept their coastal lands and were granted safe passage into Jerusalem, but it remained in Muslim hands. Richard would eventually return to England and would be crowned King.[75]
August 1, 1298: 1298: During the civil war between Adolf of Nassau and Albrecht of Austria, German knight Rindfleisch claims to have received a mission from heaven to exterminate “the accursed race of Jews”. Under his leadership, the mob goes from town to town destroying Jewish communities and massacring about 100,000 Jews, often by mass burning at stake. Among 146 localities in Franconia, Bavaria and Austria are Rottingen (April 20), Wurzburg (July 24), Nuremberg (August 1). [76] William Wallace of Scotland defeated at Falkirk but starts guerilla war to 1305, King (Saint) Louis canonized by Rome, death of Adolf Count of Nassau the German King, Marco Polo begins to dictate his memoirs in Genoese jail, Adolf of Nassau dethroned by electors and killed in Battle of Golhleim – succeeded as German king by Albert I of Austria, Jacobus de Baragine author of “The Golden Legend” dies, spinning wheel invented, longbow revolutionizes warfare at Battle of Falkirk, Marco Polo imprisoned in Genoa and writes account of travels in Asia, End of Adolf Count of Nassau as HRE, Edward I defeats William Wallace at battle of Falkirk and reconquers Scotland, Edward invades Scotland, defeating William Wallace, Marco Polo publishes account of his travels in Asia, William Wallace of Scotland defeated at Falkirk but starts guerilla war to 1305, King (Saint) Louis canonized by Rome. [77]
August 1, 1402: Child of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault:
Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York
June 5,1341
August 1, 1402
Married (1) Infanta Isabella of Castile sister of Gaunt's second wife; Had issue. Married (2) Joan Holland (his 2nd cousin) in 1392. No issue.
[78]
August 1, 1492
From a very interesting charter dated at Oronsay, August 1st, 1492, preserved in the charter chest of Lochbuy, we find that John MacKinnon, Abbot of Y, as one of the council of the Lord of the Isles, affixed his seal to a charter by John, Lord of the Isles, and Alexander de Insulis, Lord of Lochalsh his nephew, in favour of John M'Gilleon, (MacLean) Lord of Lochbuy. The seal of Abbot John is now so much obliterated, that the device cannot be ascertained. [79]
August 1, 1714: Queen Anne (1702 - 1714)
Name: Queen Anne
Full Name: Anne Stuart
Born: February 6, 1665 at St. James Palace, London
Parents: James II and Anne Hyde
Relation to Elizabeth II: 2nd cousin 8 times removed
House of: Stuart
Ascended to the throne: March 8, 1702 aged 37 years
Crowned: April 23, 1702 at Westminster Abbey
Married: George, son of Frederick III of Denmark
Children: Eighteen, including miscarriages and still-born, of whom only one William survived to age of 11
Died: August 1, 1714 at Kensington Palace , aged 49 years, 5 months, and 22 days
Buried at: Westminster
Reigned for: 12 years, 4 months, and 24 days
Succeeded by: her 3rd cousin George of Hanover
Anne was the second daughter of James, Duke of York, who became James II, and his first wife, Anne Hyde, daughter of Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon. Anne and her elder sister Mary received a Protestant upbringing although their father James converted to Catholicism and remarried. In 1683 Anne married Prince George of Denmark (1653–1708). She had between 16 and 18 pregnancies but only one child survived - William, Duke of Gloucester who died aged 11 of smallpox in 1700.
Her sister Mary married William of Orange but Anne was forbidden by her father to visit her in the Netherlands. When William landed in England in 1688 to take the throne, Anne on the influence of her close friend Sarah Churchill (1650–1744) the wife of John Churchill (1650–1722), supported her sister and brother-in-law against her father James. Churchill was created Duke of Marlborough by William when he was crowned King William III and her sister Queen Mary II. Anne detested her brother-in-law, and the Churchills' influence led her briefly during William’s reign to engage in Jacobite intrigues.
Mary died in 1694 and on William’s death in 1702 Anne succeeded to the throne as Queen Anne. When she was crowned in April 1702 Anne was 37 years old and after her many pregnancies had poor health and no longer her youthful figure. She was shy and stubborn and very different from her outgoing sister Mary. Anne and Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, remained close friends – Anne addressed Sarah as ‘Mrs Freeman’ and she called Anne ‘Mrs Morley’. Sarah’s husband the Duke of Marlborough commanded the English Army in the War of Spanish Succession, and won a series of victories over the French at Blenheim (1704), Ramillies (1706), Oudenarde (1708) and Malplaquet (1709). The influence of the Churchill’s however began to decline and after a violent quarrel in 1710, Sarah Churchill was dismissed from court. Abigail Masham succeeded the duchess as Anne's favourite, using her influence to further the Tories.
Towards the end of her life, Anne suffered from gout and she could hardly walk. On her death in 1714 her body had swollen so large that she was buried in an almost square coffin. On the question of succession, Anne's family loyalty had convinced her that this should fall to her father's son by his second wife (Mary of Modena), James Edward Stuart, known as the Old Pretender. However, the Act of Settlement in 1701 ensured Protestant succession to the throne, and Anne was succeeded by George I, great-grandson of James I.
Queen Anne's Signature
Signature of Queen Anne
Quotes:
‘She meant well and was not a fool; but nobody can maintain that she was wise, nor entertaining in conversation’ – Sarah Churchill (about Queen Anne)
’Queen Anne was the quintessence of ordinariness; she also had more than her fair share of small-mindedness, vulgarity and downright meanness’ – Historian J.P. Kenyon
‘Cricket is not illegal, for it is a manly game’ - Queen Anne.
’Brandy Nan’ – nickname for Queen Anne (who was reputedly fond of drink).
Timeline for Queen Anne
t
1702
Anne succeeds her brother-in-law, William III.
1702
England declares war on France in the War of the Spanish Succession
1704
English, Bavarian, and Austrian troops under Marlborough defeat the French at the Battle of Blenheim and save Austria from invasion.
1704
British capture Gibraltar from Spain.
1706
Marlborough defeats the French at the Battle of Ramillies, and expels the French from the Netherlands.
1707
The Act of Uniuson unites the kingdoms of England and Scotland and transfers the seat of Scottish government to London.
1708
Marlborough defeats the French at the Battle of Oudenarde. .
1708
Anne vetoes a parliamentary bill to reorganize the Scottish militia, the last time a bill is vetoed by the sovereign.
1708
James Edward Stuart, 'The Old Pretender', arrives in Scotland in an unsuccessful attempt to gain the throne.
1709
Marlborough defeats the French at the Battle of Malplaquet.
1710
The Whig government falls and a Tory ministry is formed.
1710
St Paul's Cathedral, London, completed by Sir Christopher Wren
1711
F.irst race meeting held at Ascot
1713
The Treaty of Utrecht is signed by Britain and France, bringing to an end the War of the Spanish Succession.
1714
Queen Anne dies at Kensington Palace.
[80]
August 1, 1714
King George I becomes the King of England.[81]
: King George I (1714 - 1727)
King George IName: King George I
Full Name: George Louis
Born: May 28, 1660 at Osnabruck, Hanover
Parents: Ernst August, Duke of Brunswick and Elector of Hanover, and Sophia Stuart
Relation to Elizabeth II: 6th great-grandfather
House of: Hanover
Ascended to the throne: August 1, 1714 aged 54 years
Crowned: October 20, 1714 at Westminster Abbey
Married: Sophia Dorothea of Celle
Children: One son, one daughter, three illegitimate children
Died: June 11, 1727 at Osnabruck, aged 67 years, and 12 days
Buried at: Leineschlosskirche, Hanover
Reigned for: 12 years, 10 months, and 9 days
Succeeded by: his son George II
He was the son of the first elector of Hanover, Ernest Augustus (1629–1698), and his wife Sophia who was a granddaughter of James I of England. He was heir through his father to the hereditary lay bishopric of Osnabrück and the duchy of Calenberg, which was one part of the Hanoverian possessions of the house of Brunswick. He acquired the other part by his marriage in 1682 to his cousin Sophia Dorothea of Celle. They had two children George (who later became George II) and Sophia (who married Frederick William of Prussia in 1706 and was the mother of Frederick the Great).
It was not a happy marriage. George had several mistresses, and his wife Sophia eloped with Swedish Count Philip Konigsmark who in 1694 mysteriously disappeared believed killed with George’s connivance and his body thrown in a river. Sophia was imprisoned in Castle Ahlden in Celle where she remained until she died 30 years later. In England Queen Anne had no surviving children and in 1701 Parliament passed the Act of Settlement to ensure a Protestant line of succession and oppose the claim of the Catholic James Edward Stuart. George’s mother Sophia became heiress to the British throne, but she died in May 1714 a few weeks before Queen Anne so when Anne died in August that year George became King George I of England and Scotland.
George arrived in England aged 54 speaking only a few words of English, with 18 cooks and two mistresses one very fat and the other thin and tall who became nicknamed ‘Elephant and Castle’ after an area in London. In Hanover he was absolute ruler but in England found that he had to work with Parliament and his Whig ministers particularly Lord Townshend who was dismissed, Earl Stanhope and Robert Walpole. The king grew frustrated in his attempts to control Parliament and more and more dependent upon his advisers as scandal surrounded him; his supporters turned against him, demanding freedom of action as the price of reconciliation. George rarely attended meetings with his ministers, and particularly Walpole became powerful and effectively Britain’s first Prime Minister.
Jacobite rebellions in Scotland in 1715 led by Lord Mar, and in 1719 supported by Spanish troops intending to place James Edward Stuart (‘The old Pretender’) on throne found little support and were quickly defeated. The ‘South Sea Bubble’ in which shares in companies were purchased in rash financial speculation before a stock market crash in 1720 left many investors ruined, and George was implicated in the scandal. Walpole’s management of the crisis by rescheduling debts and paying compensation using Government money helped return financial stability. George quarrelled with his son George (a trait inherited by successive Hanoverian kings) and became increasingly unpopular. He spent more and more time in Hanover where he died of a stroke in 1727.
King George I's Signature
Signature of King George I
Timeline for King George I
1714
George I, the first Hanoverian King, succeeds his distant cousin, Anne.
1714
A new Parliament is elected with a strong Whig majority led by Robert Walpole.
1715
The Jacobite rising begins in Scotland intending to place the ‘Old Pretender” James Edward Stuart, heir to James II on the throne. The rebellion is defeated at Sheriffmuir.
1716
The Septennial Act allows for General Elections to be held
1717
Townshend is dismissed from the government by George, causing Walpole to resign
1719
Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe
1720
South Sea Bubble bursts, leaving many investors ruined.
1721
Sir Robert Walpole returns to government as First Lord of the Treasury where he remains in office until 1742. He is effectively the first Prime Minister.
1722
Death of the Duke of Marlborough.
1726
First circulating library in Britain opens in Edinburgh, Scotland.
1726
Jonathan Swift publishes Gulliver’s Travels.
1727
Death of the scientist, Isaac Newton.
1727
George I dies in Hanover, aged 67.
[82]
August 1, 1768
Boston merchants sign a nonimportation pact, banning all English goods from the colonies.[83]
August 1, 1775: Cresswell went with Mr. Belmain and Captain Stephenson to Major Crawford’s place.[84]
August 1, 1781
The
British under General Cornwallis occupy Yorktown, Virginia.[85]
August 1, 1786: Washington wrote a letter to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs stating ythat he could not conceive that a nation would long exist without having a government with power which extended over the entire country. He thus voiced a universal feeling of thoughtful persons because foreingn contries were reluctant to deal with 13 independent units of government in a small geographical area.[86]
August 1, 1829: the third Treaty of Prairie du Chien, concluded on August 1, 1829, was made between the United States and representatives of the Winnebago tribe. They also ceded land in northwestern Illinois and southwestern Wisconsin.[87]
August 1-7, 1838 – Last council meeting of the Cherokee Nation east of the Mississippi River, at Aquohee Camp in the current Bradley County, Tennessee, at the site now known as Rattlesnake Springs.[88]
aUGUST 1, 1858: “aS i WOULD NOT BE A SLAVE, SO i WOULD NOT BE A MASTER. tHIS EXPRESSES MY IDEA OF DEMOCRACY. tHATEVER DIFFERS FROM THIS, TO THE EXTENT OF THE DIFFERENCE, IS NOT DEMOCRACY.” aBRAHAM lINCOLN
http://www.members.tripod.com/~penningtons/on.gifAugust 1, 1863, after delivering a wagon-load of produce to Kansas City where it was sold, Susan Vandever, her sister Armenia Selvey and Armenia's nine year-old son Jeptha Selvey were quietly returning home by way of Westport to their home near Blue Springs, Missouri, when they were quickly surrounded by Union forces, restrained and returned to Kansas City where they were to be imprisoned - charged with aiding and abetting enemy forces; or, in other words, bringing medicine and other necessaries to Confederate guerrillas. Actually, these three were imprisoned in hope that their confinement would regulate the conduct of their husbands, brothers and others who were Missouri Confederate guerrillas.
Originally neutralist, the Crawfords and many farm families like them who resided along Missouri's Western border with Kansas, were merely surviving the Civil War day-by-day, not taking sides-intensely aware that speaking what someone would take as a disloyal word could bring them death and utter ruin to their families. The following account of William Gregg from his manuscript, "A Little Dab of History Without Embellishment", was a common rehearsal for the repeated genocide practiced by Union Forces in this area and it is, without doubt, what drove many Missouri 'Jewels' to join up with Quantrell and other guerrilla leaders in order to avenge this type of treatment. [89]
Mon. August 1, 1864
Arrived at monocacy[90] at sunrise[91]
4 miles direct & 80 by cars from capital
Very hilly country good water and fruit[92]
In sight of blue ridge 3 miles[93]
August 1, 1911: Diademmy Indiana Smith12 [Gabriel D. Smith11, Gabriel Smith10, John “LR” Smith9, Ambrose J. Smith8, Christopher Smith7, Christopher Smith6, Thomas Smythe5, Thomas Smythe4, John Smythe3, Richard2, William1] (b. March 1, 1822 in Franklin Co. GA / d. September 1, 1911) married James H. Hendon (b. January 1822 in Carroll Co. GA / d. 1 August 1, 1911) on December 12, 1839 in Carroll Co. GA.
A. Children of Diademmy Smith and James Hendon:
. i. William Hendon (b. abt. 1840 in GA)
. ii. Nathan Hendon (b. abt. 1843 in GA)
. iii. Balam J. Hendon (b. abt. 1846 in GA)
. iv. Malda Amelia Hendon (b. abt. 1848 in GA)
. v. Mark Hendon (b. Aug 1850 in GA / d. abt. 1932)
. vi. Mary J. Hendon (b. Feb 1852 in GA / d. 10 Oct 1929 in AL)
. vii. James Jefferson Hendon (b. 13 Nov 1853 in GA / d. unk)
. viii. John T. Hendon (b. abt. 1856 in AL)
. ix. George Washington Hendon (b. abt. 1860 in AL)
. x. Joshua F. Hendon (b. November 1863 in AL)[94]
August 1, 1914- August 27, 1974
Dr Donald W. Goodlove
Birth:
Aug. 1, 1914
Death:
Feb. 27, 1974
http://www.findagrave.com/icons2/trans.gif
h/o Gertrude M. Ryznar, parent of Duane E., Dennis J., Robert, & Vicki M.
ILLINOIS EM3 US NAVY WWII
Family links:
Spouses:
Rachel Ellen Batchelder Walz (1917 - 1996)*
Gertrude M. Ryznar Goodlove (1923 - 1992)*
*Calculated relationship
Burial:
Jordans Grove Cemetery
Central City
Linn County
Iowa, USA
Created by: Gail Wenhardt
Record added: Apr 04, 2011
Find A Grave Memorial# 67904065
Dr Donald W. Goodlove
Added by: Gail Wenhardt
Dr Donald W. Goodlove
Added by: Gail Wenhardt
Dr Donald W. Goodlove
Cemetery Photo
Added by: Jackie L. Wolfe
[95]
August 1, 1933: Martin Matthew Sackett (1933 - 2011)
| Visit Guest Book
05fd0b2e-d4b0-4c9c-a7af-29bd5c4cdf94WALKER– Martin Matthew Sackett, 77, passed away Wednesday, February 16, 2011, at the Dennis and Donna Oldorf Hospice House in Hiawatha, Iowa, surrounded by his family.
Survivors include his loving wife Marcia, three sons; Mark, Mitchell and Monty (Kaylene) Sackett all of Walker, Iowa, grandchildren; Aaron & Ella Sherman, Walker, IA., Jessica Sackett, Minneapolis, MN., Morgan Sackett and friend Grant Kocer, Rochester, MN., Martin Sackett II and friend Heather Dake, Madison Sackett and friend Kalli Wittenburg, Cedar Rapids, IA., Cody Sackett and friend Courtney Lappe, and Chase Sackett, Walker, IA., three great grandchildren; Charli and Jake Sherman and Holden Drake, two past daughter-in-laws; Sherry Sackett, Walker, IA., and Robyn Sherman, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, two sisters; Jennie (Frank) Smith, Palo, Iowa, Jean (Ron) Johnson, Atkins, IA., two brothers; Norman (Zelda) Sackett, Center Point, IA., and David (Helen) Sackett, Anamosa, IA., two brother-in-laws; Tommy Poyner, Cedar Rapids, and Otis Anderson, Ankeny, IA., and many nieces and nephews.
He was preceded in death by his parents, and a sister; Carol Poyner, a brother-in-law; Mick Hilleshiem, a sister-in-law; Delva Sackett, and a very close friend; Phil Airy.
Martin was born on August 1, 1933 in Monticello, Iowa, the son of Roy and Ina (Winch) Sackett. He graduated from Urbana High School in the top ten of his class. He joined the US Navy in 1951 serving in Japan until his discharge in 1953. He was married to Marcia Anderson on March 24, 1957. He was a lifelong farmer for 53 years with his wife at his side.
He was the mayor of Sackettville, Pop.6, a member of the Hawkeye Antique Tractor Pullers, A 54 year member of the Walker American Legion, The Hawkeye Vintage Farm Machinery Association and a member of the Farm Bureau for 53 years. His interest were in stock car racing, tractor pulling, shopping for tires, checking for weeds in the fields and just driving around the neighborhood.
Funeral services will be held at 11 A.M. Saturday, February 26, 2011 at the Walker United Methodist Church, Walker, Iowa where friends may call from 3 to 8 P.M. Friday, and from 9 AM till services Saturday. Burial will be in the Walker Cemetery, Walker, Iowa
The Reiff Funeral Home & Crematory of Independence is in charge of arrangements. For more information or to leave an on-line condolence please go to www.reifffuneralhome.com under obituaries.
Published in Cedar Valley Daily Times from February 22 to March 15, 2011
August 1, 1941: The Bialystok ghetto is established.[96]
August 1, 1943: The final liquidation of the Bedzin and Sosnowiec ghettos is begun and most of the Jews are deported to Auschwitz; Jews offer armed resistance.[97]
August 1, 1972: Scamp operated in the South China Sea for most of the summer, returning to San Diego on August 1. [98]
August 1, 1978: Anti-government demonstrations in ten Iranian cities resulted in seven deaths and the arrest of 115 people.[99]
August 1, 2010
Lake Delhi after the Dam broke.
Mary (Winch) Goodlove looks down river toward the former dam.
Sherri Maxson, Mary (Winch) Goodlove and Gary Goodlove visit Lake Delhi.
Gary, Sherri and Mary walk toward the broken dam.
The broken dam and the empty lakebed at Lake Delhi.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2164897/Iron-Age-coins-worth-10m-discovered-Jersey-metal-detector-friends.html#ixzz1z1ORUxqL
[2] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel
[4] The world Before and After Jesus, Desire of the Everlasting Hills by Thomas Cahill, page 337.
[5] National Geographic, December 2008, page 43.
[6] Biblical Archaeology Review, January/February 2011, Vol 37, No 1, page 38.
[7] The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 54.
[8] The world Before and After Jesus, Desire of the Everlasting Hills by Thomas Cahill, page 337.
[9] The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 54.
[10] The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 54.
[11] Jerusalem, by Lee I Levine, pg 353.
[12] Photo:In the Footsteps of Jesus, HISTI, 4/17/03
[13] [1]The world Before and After Jesus, Desire of the Everlasting Hills by Thomas Cahill, page 337.
[14] Jerusalem, by Lee I Levine, pg 353.
[15] National Geographic, December, 2008, page 47.
[16] Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People, by Jon Entine, page 117.
[17] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel
[18] The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 54.
[19] The Ten Lost Tribes, A World History, Zvi Ben-Dor Benite, page 81..
[20] Fascinating Facts about the Holy Land by Clarence H. Wagner Jr.
[21] The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 54.
[22] The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 54.
[23] Biblical Archaeology Review, January/February 2011, Vol 37, No 1. Page 70
[24] Biblical Archaeology Review, January/February 2011, Vol 37, No 1. Page 47.
[25] Jesus’ Jerusalem, HISTI 8/25/2006.
[26] History International, Herod the Great, 2001).
[27] History International, Herod the Great, 2001).
[28] History International, Herod the Great, 2001).
[29] History International, Herod the Great, 2001).
[30] History International, Herod the Great, 2001).
[31] History International, Herod the Great, 2001).
[32] History International, Herod the Great, 2001).
[33] National Geographic, December, 2008, page 47.
[34] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[35] The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 55.
[36] http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~bonsteinandgilpin/germany.htm
[37] http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~bonsteinandgilpin/germany.htm
[38] Who was Jesus, Green, 4/5/2009
[39] The One Year Chronology Bible, NIV, page 1295.
[40] Who was Jesus, Green, 4/5/2009
[41] Who was Jesus, Green, 4/5/2009
[42] Who was Jesus, Green, 4/5/2009
[43] Who was Jesus, Green, 4/5/2009
[44] Who was Jesus, Green, 4/5/2009
[45] The Hidden History of Jesus…The Jesus Dynasty, by James Tabor, page 101.
[46] Astronomical evidence points to 33 A.D. rather than 30 A.D. All four Gospels agree the crucifixion of Jesus took place on a Friday, during the Feast of Passover, celebrated by the Jews on the fifteenth of Nisan, commencing on the evening when the full moon occurs. In 30 A.D. Passover was held on a Thursday, whereas in 33 A.D. it was held on a Friday, as the full moon occurred on those days.
[47] Jews, God and History by Max I. Dimont, 1962 pg. 137.
[48] The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 55.
[49] The One Year Chronology Bible, NIV, page 1297.
[50] The One Year Chronology Bible, NIV, page 1298.
[51]
[52] The One Year Chronology Bible, NIV, page 1302.
[53] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel
[54] National Geographic, December 2008, page 43.
[55] [1] Astronomical evidence points to 33 A.D. rather than 30 A.D. All four Gospels agree the crucifixion of Jesus took place on a Friday, during the Feast of Passover, celebrated by the Jews on the fifteenth of Nisan, commencing on the evening when the full moon occurs. In 30 A.D. Passover was held on a Thursday, whereas in 33 A.D. it was held on a Friday, as the full moon occurred on those days.
[56] [2] Jews, God and History by Max I. Dimont, 1962 pg. 137
[57] [1] Jewish Jewels, March 2008
[58] [2] National Geographic, December, 2008, page 40.
[59] Gospel of St. Matthew, Chapter 2, Verse 13
[60] Mathew 2:13-15
[61] Jesus, The Lost Years, by Paul Perry TBN, 2008
[62] Egypt: Land of the Gods, HISTI, 4/2/2002,
[63] High Priests and Politics in Roman Palestine by E. Mary Smallwood, 1962, page 31.
[64] National Geographic, December 2008, page 43.
[65] Biblical Archaeology Review, January/February 2011, Vol 37, No 1. Page 38.
[66] Biblical Archaeology Review, January/February 2011, Vol 37, No 1. Page 39.
[67] The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 55.
[68] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[69] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[70] A History of God by Karen Armstrong, page 125.
[71] Warriors of God by James Reston Jr, page 27.
[72] Warriors of God by James Reston Jr, page 27.
[73] mike@abcomputers.com
[74] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[75] Warriors, Richard th Lionheart and Saladin, MIL 8/11/2009
[76] Source Unknown
[77] mike@abcomputers.com
[78]
[79] M E M O I R S OF C LAN F I N G O N BY REV. DONALD D. MACKINNON, M.A. Circa 1888
[80] http://www.britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=anne
[81] On this Day in America by John Wagman.
[82] http://www.britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=george1
[83] On this day in America by John Wagman.
[84] The Brothers Crawford, Scholl, 1995, pg. 24
[85] On this Day in America by John Wagman.
[86] The Northern Light, Vol 17, No. 1 January 1986, “1786-Prelude to Nationhood by Alphonse Cerza, page 4.
[87] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien
[88] Timetable of Cherokee Removal.
[89] http://www.members.tripod.com/~penningtons/scv1.htm
[90] On August 1, the 24th Iowa arrived by train in Monocacy, Maryland where they were reassigned to the 4th Brigade, 2nd Division of XIX Corps which was lead by Brevet Major General Emory. Private Rigby was impressed with the fine water in Monocacy Creek near the camp. It was quite a contrast to the muddy byous of Louisiana. The camp was located twenty-eight miles from Harpers Ferry and about three miles east of Frederick City. Although there were no Rebels in the area, the campground had been the scene of a Union defeat on July 9, 1864. The bivouac was very active with about fifteen regiments of infantry already in camp, most of them assigned to the XIX Corps. Although they had expected to find the 22nd and 28th Iowa there, the 24th was the only Hawkeye regiment in camp. (A History of the 24th Iowa Infantry 1862-1865 by Harvey H. Kimble Jr. August 1974. page 160) (Pvt. Miller, 24th Iowa Volunteer, http://home.comcast.net/~troygoss/millbk3.html)
[91] Colonel Wilds was placed in command of the brigade to which his regiment was attached. (Roster of Iowa Soldiers in the War of the Rebellion Vol. III, 24th Regiment-Infantry. ftp://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgienweb/ia/state/military/civilwar/book/cwbk 24.txt.
[92] The crops of rye, winter wheat, and oats had been harvested and looked good, but the corn crop was poor. Each farm appeared to have a lush orchard of apple, pear, or peach trees. (A History of the 24th Iowa Infantry 1862-1865 by Harvey H. Kimble Jr. August 1974. page 160)
[93] William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary annotated by Jeffery Lee Goodlove
[94] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe
[95]http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Goodlove&GSbyrel=in&GSdyrel=in&GSob=n&GRid=67904065&
[96] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1767.
[97] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1776
[98] This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.Skipjack-class submarine:
•Skipjack
•Scamp
•Scorpion
•Sculpin
•Shark
•Snook
[99] Jimmy Carter, The Liberal Left and World Chaos by Mike Evans, page 500.
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