This Day in Goodlove History, August 19, 2014

11,745 names…11,745 stories…11,745 memories
This Day in Goodlove History, August 19
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Jeffery Lee Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com

Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove

The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), Jefferson, LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, and including ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, John Quincy Adams and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Martin Van Buren, Teddy Roosevelt, U.S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison “The Signer”, Benjamin Harrison, Jimmy Carter, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, William Taft, John Tyler (10th President), James Polk (11th President)Zachary Taylor, and Abraham Lincoln.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:

• New Address! http://wwwfamilytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx

• • Books written about our unique DNA include:

• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.

Birthdays on August 19…
John Crawford (5th great granduncle)
John W. Goodlove (2nd great granduncle)
William F. Goodlove (2nd cousin 2x removed)
Austin M. McKinnon (2nd cousin 3x removed)
James B. McKinnon (1st cousin 4x removed)
Thomas L. Preston (3rd cousin 7x removed)
Charles Smith (5th cousin 6x removed)
John Spaid
Fanny Truax (2nd great grandaunt of ex.)
Alex M. Wolf (2nd cousin 1x removed)

August 19, 53 B.C.E.: Octavian, later known as Augustus, compels the senate to elect him Consul. As the first Emperor of Rome (in fact, if not in name) Augustus would follow the policies of “moderation and accommodation” towards Judea begun by his Uncle, Julius Caesar.
53 BC:
Crassus is killed at battle of Carrhae against the Parthians.
52 BC:
Pompey appointed sole consul in Rome. Gauls rebel under their leader Vercingetorix, but are crushed by the Romans.
51 BC:
Caesar completes conquest of Gaul.
Egypt: Cleopatra VII and her brother, Ptolemy XIII, become joint rulers of Egypt.
50 BCE: Han Chinese Empire, 2.3 Million Square Miles.
50 B.C.: In “The Wisdom of Solomon “, a Jew of Alexandria where there was an important Jewish community, warned Jews to resist the seductive Hellenic culture around them and to remain true to their own traditions: it is the fear of Yahweh, not Greek philosophy, which constitutes true to their own traditions.; it is the fear of Yahweh, not Greek philosophy.
50 B.C.: Pair of metal detector friends discover three quarters of a TON of Iron Age coins worth £10m buried in a field in Jersey after searching for 30 years
• Coins were buried to protect them from Julius Caesar
• Three-quarter ton hoard estimated to be worth £10m
• Two enthusiasts searched for three decades in field in Jersey
By Colin Fernandez
PUBLISHED: 06:36 EST, 26 June 2012 | UPDATED: 08:01 EST, 27 June 2012
After hunting for buried treasure for three decades – and not finding a great deal – even the most diligent of us might have given up.
But not Reg Mead and Richard Miles. The two amateur metal detectors kept up their search of the same area throughout the decades and have finally struck gold – or rather silver.
They have unearthed the largest hoard of Celtic coins ever found. Each one of the 30,000–50,000 coins is estimated to be worth around £200 each, putting the value of the haul at up to £10milion.

A coin in the hand: Archaeologists believe the hoard, found by two metal detectors, is worth about £10million
They are thought to be from the first century BC and were found buried 3ft deep under a hedge in a farmer’s field on Jersey.
Two thousand years ago the Channel Island – which remains a popular spot to stash large sums of money – was a refuge for tribes fleeing what is now northern France from the invading Roman armies.
As the legions of Julius Ceasar drew closer, the treasure is thought to have been buried by a Celtic tribe called the Coriosolitae, in the hope it could be dug up once the danger had passed.

Determined Reg Mead and Richard Miles spent decades searching a field in Jersey after hearing rumours that a farmer had discovered silver coins while working on his land
And there the coins – packed in clay and weighing a ton – have remained undisturbed until last week.
The men who discovered them, Mr Mead, 70, and Mr Miles, a customs officer in his 40s, suspected treasure was in the area three decades ago, when they heard rumours a farmer had found some silver pieces on his land. After a series of largely unsuccessful forays in the area, they unearthed a stash of 120 coins in February.
Mr Mead, a grandfather who lives with wife Ruth in St Clement, Jersey, said: ‘Richard found the first one and it was amazing – when you see him raising his hand above his head (saying) “got one”.’
The pair used a powerful metal detector known as a deepseeker to search for more treasure in the field and struck lucky last week.

Richard Miles and Reg Mead first stumbled across a find of 60 silver and one gold coin - believed to be part of the same haul - back in February this year

The team prepares to lift the haul out of the ground, a side view demonstrating how big the bundle of coins is

Getting the hoard out: Metal detector Reg Mead (centre, back, blue polo shirt) watches as archaeologists unearth the Celtic coin hoard
‘The machine picked up a really strong signal – so we immediately got in touch with professional archaeologists,’ Mr Mead said. ‘They started digging and we could not believe how many coins there were.
‘All of them were stuck together. I have been searching for things like this since 1959 and never found anything on this scale before.
‘We had been searching that land for 30 years.’
After four days of careful digging the hoard was hauled to the surface by crane. It will now be subject of an inquest to determine ownership rights.

Neil Mahrer from Jersey Heritage examines part of Europe's largest hoard of Iron Age coins which have been unearthed in Jersey and could be worth up to £10m


Mr Mahrer, a conservator at the Jersey Heritage Museum, carefully examines the huge haul
Mr Mead added: ‘I am absolutely numb at the moment. To find one haul of coins in a lifetime is rare, but to find two is just unheard of.’
The location of the find is being kept secret.
Neil Mahrer of Jersey Heritage Museum, who helped to excavate the money, said: ‘This is the biggest Celtic coin hoard ever found which is tremendously exciting.’
The previous record find was in 1935 at La Marquanderie in Jersey when more than 11,000 were discovered.

Fine toothcomb: Experts predict they are of Armorican origin - modern day Brittany and Normandy - from a tribe called the Coriosolitae who were based in the modern-day area of St Malo and Dinan
Mr Mahrer added that the coins, which are called staters and quarter staters, weigh as much as a 50p piece.
‘All the coins are silver and a common theme is a picture of a man or god’s head on one side of the coin and a horse on the other,’ he said. ‘They are covered in green corrosion because the silver is mixed with copper and copper corrodes. But they should come up again in a good condition.’
Dr Philip de Jersey, a former Celtic coin expert at Oxford University, said: ‘The find is very significant. It will add a huge amount of new information, not just about the coins themselves, but the people who were using them.’

CURRENCY FROM THE FIRST CENTURY BC


Dated around 50BC, it's believed the coins were buried underground to be kept safe from Julius Caesar's campaigns (pictured)
The first century BC was a time of turmoil for the Iron Age settlements being forced to the edge of Europe by the advancing Roman armies.
As Julius Caesar’s troops thrust towards northern Gaul, the Coriosolitae - the Celtic tribe that buried the coin hoard in Jersey - were being forced out of their home territory.
Gaul - which covered modern day France and parts of surrounding countries - finally fell to the Romans in 51 BC.
Its northern section, known to the Romans as Armorica but covering present day Brittany and Normandy, had close links to southern Britain.
Julius Caesar observed that armies from Britannia were often to be fighting in alliance with tribes from Gaul against his men.
Home for the Celts was typically a roundhouse with thatched roofs of straw or heather and walls of wattle and daub when timber was plentiful.
Porridge, beer and bread made from rye and barley were commonly eaten and drunk from vessels made of horn.
The image of long-haired, moustachioed Celts depicted in the cartoon tales of Asterix and Obelix actually has a basis in historical records.
Classical texts mention that both Celtic men and women had long hair, with the men sporting beards or moustaches.
One Roman, Diodorus Siculus, wrote: ‘When they are eating the moustache becomes entangled in the food, and when they are drinking the drink passes, as it were, through a sort of strainer’.
With Christianity not coming to northern Europe until the 6th century AD, the Celts worshipped a variety of pagan Gods and practised polygamy.
Important religious festivals included Beltane, May 1, the beginning of the warm season, and Lugnasad, August 1, celebrating the ripening of the crops.
Other feasts included Imbolc, February 1, when sheep begin to lactate, and Samhain, November 1, a festival when spirits could pass between the worlds, thought to have carried on in the tradition of Halloween.
As for leisure activities for both the young and old, glass gaming pieces have been found in later Iron Age burials, suggesting the Celts played board games.
Children may have occupied their free time by practising their skill at the slingshot - a common Iron Age weapon.
50 BC (approximately): Ingvaeones become Frisians, Saxons, Jutes and Angles by about now.
50 BC:
Rome: Rivalry between Caesar and Pompey comes to a head. Buddhism spreads along the Silk Road to China from India.



50 B.C. to 50 A.D.

50 B.C to 50 A.D.

January 10, 49 BCE: Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Caesar’s opposition was led by Pompey, the Roman who defiled the Holy of Holies, mocked the Jewish religion and shipped thousands of Jewish slaves to Rome. On the other hand, once Caesar had won the war, he allowed the walls of Jerusalem to be rebuilt, instituted a taxation system that took the sabbatical year into consideration and made it possible for the Jews living in the Italian peninsula to form into communities. The Jews living under Caesar must have thought him to be at least the “lesser of two evils” if not a “good guy” since Romans of the time took note of the unusual grief displayed by the Jews when he was assassinated by Brutus and his cohorts.

August 19, 43 BCE: Octavian, later known as Augustus, compels the senate to elect him Consul. As the first Emperor of Rome (in fact, if not in name) Augustus would follow the policies of “moderation and accommodation” towards Judea begun by his Uncle, Julius Caesar.
43 :
Second Triumvirate is formed by Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Lepidus.
Birth of Ovid, the poet who wrote Metamorphoses (dies 17 AD). Cicero, the orator, is put to death for denouncing Mark Antony.
42-31 BCE: While Mark Antony ruled the Roman east, Herod remained his staunch friend and ally, despite the ambitions of Antony’s beautiful Egyptian queen, Cleopatra, who persuaded her love-struck husband to carve out choice portions of Herod’s kingdom for her, and even tried to seduce Herod. (He declined her advances.)
42 BC:
Triumvirate defeats Brutus and Cassius at the battle of Philippi.
40 BCE: Herod the Great appointed king of Judea till 4 BC. That Herod was buried at Herodium is unquestioned. The first century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus tells us so in considerable detail. Herod’s earliest recorded connection to the site occurred about three years before he became ruler of Judea. It was a traumatic experience for the future king. By 40 B.C.E. the Parthians from the east had conquered Jerusalem and offered their authority and protection to Herod’s rival, the new Hasmonean king Mattathias Antigonus. Herod fled Jerusalem secretly at night, with his family and bodyguards, in order to find immediate asylum at Masada by the Dead Sea. During that long journey his mother was inujured when her carriage overturned. Josephus tells us Herod was so distraught that he nearly killed himself before learning that his mother would recover. In the meantime the incident meant he had to stop and fight his pursuer, Mattathias Antigonus (who was aided by units of the Parthian army), at the desert site where Herodium would later be built. Herod won this crucial battle, allowing hism to proceed to Masada, where he left his family. He himself repaired to Rome to seek support. But before he left, he apparently made a commitment or a vow that here, at the site of his military triumph, he would be buried.
40 BCE: When the Parthians suddenly invaded Judaea, a rival Hasmonaean faction allied themselves with the invaders, deposed and mutilated Hyrcanus, and turned on Herod. In this moment of crisis, Herod looked to the Romans for help. He fled Jerusalem with his family under cover of darkness, and after defeating the Parthians and their Jewish allies in a desperate battle at the site where he would later build Herodium, he traveled on to Rome, where the senate, remembering his unswerving loyalty, named him King of Judaea. He walked out of the senate building arm in arm with the two most powerful men in the Roman world: Mark Antony, the soldier and orator who ruled the Roman east, and Octavian , the young patrician who ruled the west. [1]
Herod returns to Judea depose the Hasmonean king, whose anti-Roman policies have spread throughout the country. A brutal war between Herod’s Roman army and Jewish forces will last almost three years.[2]
40-37 BC: Antigonus, son of Aristobulos II, High Priest of Israel 40-37 BC.
38 BCE: King Herod was originally an Idomean, meaning he was from southern Palastinea who was able to get himself to be King of the Jews by 38 BCE. Herod was not a very popular king for two main reasons. First, he was a puppet of the Romans who were occupiers and made the people subject to Rome. More importantly, Herod was Idumean (from the line of Esau), making him illegitimate as a true king of Israel because he was from the wrong covenant/ family line. This was good for the Romans, because Herod was acceptable enough to be king, but also unacceptable enough that they knew the people would never follow him into a revolt.
37 B.C.E. Herod, was son of an advisor to King Hyrcanus II and married to his daughter. In Rome Herod was nominated by Marc Antony and confirmed by the Roman senate as king of Judea, a position he was able to assume in 37 B.C.E. Finally, in 37 B.C., he captured Jerusalem (from the Hasmoneans), and Judaea was his, at least politically. To bolster his social and religious authority, he divorced his first wife, Doris, and married Mariamne, a Hasmonaean princess. But the Hasmonaean threat remained.
Although he had no authority in foreign policy, he was granted almost unlimited autonomy in the country’s internal affairs, and became one of the most powerful monarchs in the eastern part of the Roman Empire. The main regional names for the area can be found in the New Testament. They are Judea, Samaria, and Galiilee west of the Jordan River, and the Decapolis and Peria east of the Jordan River. The name Palastine is not found anywhere in the Bible and is a name given to the land of the Romans 100 years after the death and resurrection of Jesus.
Herod was known as a master builder and built a huge port city in Caesarea (named after Caesar) and fortifications: the Herodian (southeast of Bethlehem), Sabastia in the mountains of Samaria, and Masada on the western shore of the Dead Sea.
37-36 B.C.: Anaelus is High Priest under Herodians and Romans.
37-34 BCE: Herod the Great, king of Roman Judea,[1] rules Palestine.[4] Herod had usurped the legitimate ruling family and was considered a sycophant to Rome, the pagan oppressor to Jews and Jerusalem. Herod’s Jewish heritage went back only one generation, to his father, who converted. [2] Herod’s father was from Idumea, a district south of Jerusalem, conquered by the Jews and forced to convert to Judaism about a century before Herod’s birth. His mothers people, in the eastern kingdom of Nabatea, built the rose colored city of Petra. She was an Arab princess. [3]
The High Priesthood of the Jews had normally been an hereditary life appointment before the reign of Herod the Great, although exceptions had occurred. Under Herod, and until the office ceased to exist with the destruction of the Temple, appointments were terminable and were no longer confined to one family.
37 BC: Rome: Triumvirate is renewed for five years. Mark Antony, already married to Octavia (the sister of Octavian), also marries Queen Cleopatra of Egypt.
37 to 4 B.C.E. The Romans not only reined in the Cohanim’s influence but also installed pro-Roman priests who were not of priestly stock. As Shaye J. D. Cohen notes in Cncient Israel, opponents of these priest claimed that many were not even Jewish. This trend towars political loyalty as the primary criterion for priesthood (rather than hericate or professional qualifications) reached its peak unjder Herod, whose family had converted to Judaism three generations earlier and who ruled the Jews from 37 to 4 B.C.E. Herod pruged both the Temple and the city of all remnants of the Hasmonean dynasty. He favored Jews from the Bablonian and Hellenistic Diasporas in both his priesthood and his court. Moreover, for a time he dissolved the Sanhedrin, the council of Jewish sages who constituted the highest judicial and legislative bodies oin Judea during the Roman Period.
36 BCE: Aristobulus III is High Priest under Herodians and Romans. Last of the Hasmoneans; paternal grandson of Aristobulus II and brother of Herod's wife Mariamne (second wife of Herod). Loyal to her family Queen Mariamne pleads with Herod bestow a prestigious honor upon her brother Aristobulus. At her request Herod appoints this young man High Priest of the Temple. Little does Mariamne know that she has sealed her brother’s doom. Aristobulus us perhaps the youngest High Priest the people of Jerusalem had ever seen. But when he officiates at the Temple their reaction is overwhelming.
36-30 BC: Ananelus (restored) High Priest 36-30 BC under Herodians and Romans.
36: Octavian's fleet defeats that of Pompey's son, Sextus.
36 B.C.

Passover, 35 B.C.: At Passover, 35 B.C. Mariamne’s teenage brother, the high priest in the Second Temple received a warm ovation from the crowds of worshippers; Herod, fearing that the young man might one day usurp his throne, had him drowned in a swimming pool in his palace in Jericho.
35 B.C.: Ananelus reappointed High Priest, 35 B.C. and in office until 23 B.C.
32 B.C. Octavian declares war on Antony and Cleopatra.
31 B.C.
In 31 B.C. there was a devastating earthquake in Judea that left thirty thousand dead. Those who despised Herod and all he represented saw it as the beginning of God’s judgment upon the Jews for accommodagting themselves to Roman rule.
31 B.C.: Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra at the naval battle of Actium [1] off the coast of Greece. [2] Herod, knowing that Octavian would take a dim view of his long-standing friendship with Antony, rushed to the island of Rhodes to meet the emperor and presented himself without his crown, but with all of his kingly dignity. Instead of downplaying his devotion to Antony, he underscored it and promised to serve his new master, Octavian The outcome of the battle can be viewed as a positive event for the Jews of that time. The defeat sealed Antony’s fate and ensured that Octavian would succeed his great uncle Julius Caeser as head of the Roman government. Antony was not popular with the Jews living in Judea since he had given Cleopatra the area around Jericho for her own kingdom. Octavian, who ruled Augustus, continued the relatively benevolent policies toward the Jews practiced bv Julius Caesar. He exempted the Jews from emperor worship, banned the Roman Eagle from Jerusalem and forbade pagan altars being in the Jewish capital. He allowed Diaspora Jews to send contributions to the Temple in Jerusalem, exempted them from court appearances on Shabbat and ensured that their holy books were not disturbed. [2]
August 19, 1561: Mary Queen of Scots disembarks in safety at Leith, having escaped the cruizers of Elizabeth by coasting the Low Countries as far as Zealand : they captured, however, one of her gallies. She remains at Leith till the evening, and then goes to the palace of Holyrood at Edinburgh.

At the end of August 1561, she nominates Lord James Stuart, the Earl of Huntly, and Maitland* (the younger of Lethington), her prime ministers. Widowed, Mary returned to Scotland, arriving in Leith on August 19,1561. Four years later, she married her first cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, but their union was unhappy.
Mary returned to Scotland nine months after her husband's death, arriving in Leith on August 19, 1561.[60] Mary had lived in France since the age of five, and had little direct experience of the dangerous and complex political situation in Scotland.[61] As a devout Catholic, she was regarded with suspicion by many of her subjects, as well as by Elizabeth, her father's cousin.[62] Scotland was torn between Catholic and Protestant factions, and Mary's illegitimate half-brother, the Earl of Moray, was a leader of the Protestants.[63] The Protestant reformer John Knox preached against Mary, condemning her for hearing Mass, dancing, and dressing too elaborately.[64] She summoned him to her presence to remonstrate with him unsuccessfully, and later charged him with treason, but he was acquitted and released.[65]
To the disappointment of the Catholic party, however, Mary tolerated the newly established Protestant ascendancy,[66] and kept her half-brother Lord Moray as her chief advisor.[67]
Knox and Queen Mary, 1561–1564
On August 19, 1561, cannons were fired in Leith to announce Queen Mary's arrival in Scotland. When she attended Mass being celebrated in the royal chapel at Holyrood Palace five days later, this prompted a protest in which one of her servants was jostled. The next day she issued a proclamation that there would be no alteration in the current state of religion and that her servants should not be molested or troubled. Many nobles accepted this, but not Knox. The following Sunday, he protested from the pulpit of St Giles'. As a result, just two weeks after her return, Mary summoned Knox. She accused him of inciting a rebellion against her mother and of writing a book against her own authority. Knox answered that as long as her subjects found her rule convenient, he was willing to accept her governance, noting that Paul the Apostle had been willing to live under Nero's rule. Mary noted, however, that he had written against the principle of female rule itself. He responded that she should not to be troubled by what had never harmed her. When Mary asked him whether subjects had a right to resist their ruler, he replied that if monarchs exceeded their lawful limits, they might be resisted, even by force.[64]


Stained glass window showing John Knox admonishing Mary, Queen of Scots.[65]

August 19, 1565: Tarnworth, sent by Elizabeth to remonstrate with Mary on the subject of her marriage, is imprisoned in the castle of Dunbar for having entered Scotland without a passport. On July 29, 1565 when Mary married Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, some of the Protestant nobles rose up in rebellion including James Stewart. Knox revealed his own objection while preaching in the presence of the new King Consort on August 19, 1565. He made passing allusions on ungodly rulers which caused Darnley to walk out. Knox was summoned and prohibited from preaching while the court was in Edinburgh.[77]


Bas-relief of John Knox preaching at St Giles in Edinburgh before the court of Mary Stuart. From left to right: James Stewart (Moray), James Hamilton (Châtellerault), Lord Darnley, Matthew Stewart (Lennox), William Maitland (Lethington), William Kirkcaldy (Grange), James Douglas (Morton), John Knox, and George Buchanan. Located on the Reformers' Wall, Geneva.

August 19, 1588: – Elizabeth I makes her famous speech to the troops of Tilbury in preperation for a retalliation by the Spanish Armada.
August 19, 1596: Elizabeth (August 19, 1596 – February 13, 1662). Married 1613, Frederick V, Elector Palatine. Died aged 65.
August 19, 1662
French philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal passed away. Unlike some other French philosophers Pascal thought highly of the Jewish people as the following quote proves, “It is certain that in certain parts of the world we can see a peculiar people, separated from the the other peoples of the world and this is called the Jewish people…This people is not only of remarkable antiquity but has also lasted for a singularly long time…For where as the people of Greece and Italy, of Sparta, Athens and Rome and others who came so much later have perished so long ago, these still exist, despite the efforts of so many powerful kings who have tried a hundred times to wipe them out as their historians testify, and as can easily be judged by the natural order of things over such a long spell of years. They have always been preserved, however, and their preservation was foretold…My encounter with this people amazes me…”

August 19, 1762 – January 29, 1820: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales.
August 19, 1767: Robert was born in Prince George County, Maryland, August 19, 1767. He moved to Virginia in 1793 and in 1797 removed to Kentucky. He came to this State and township in 1812, and settled on land now occupied as a site for the new Moorefield Methodist Church. He was a Methodist preacher by profession-one of those dauntless, energetic Methodist preachers that characterized that denomination in early pioneer days. He was the prime mover in the organization of the Moorefield Church, in 1812, for which he preached a number of years. He was twice married, having four daughters and five sons (two of the latter afterward became ministers) by his first wife, and three boys and one girl by the second wife. `````````````````
August 19, 1769:


Joseph II is plowing the field near Slawikowitz in rural southern Moravia on August 19, 1769.
The busy Joseph inspired a complete reform of the legal system, abolished brutal punishments and the death penalty in most instances, and imposed the principle of complete equality of treatment for all offenders. He ended censorship of the press and theatre.
In 1781–82 he extended full legal freedom to serfs. Rentals paid by peasants were to be regulated by officials of the crown and taxes were levied upon all income derived from land. The landlords, however, found their economic position threatened, and eventually reversed the policy. Indeed, in Hungary and Transylvania, the resistance of the magnates was such that Joseph had o content himself for a while with halfway measures. Of the five million Hungarians, 40,000 were nobles, of whom 4,000 were magnates who owned and ruled the land; most of the remainder were serfs legally tied to particular estates. After the collapse of the peasant revolt of Horea, 1784–85, in which over a hundred nobles were killed, the emperor acted. His Imperial Patent of 1785 abolished serfdom but did not give the peasants ownership of the land or freedom from dues owed to the landowning nobles. It did give them personal freedom. Emancipation of the peasants from the kingdom of Hungary promoted the growth of a new class of taxable landholders, but it did not abolish the deep-seated ills of feudalism and the exploitation of the landless squatters. Feudalism finally ended in 1848.[10]
To equalize the incidence of taxation, Joseph caused an appraisal of all the lands of the empire to be made so that he might impose a single and egalitarian tax on land. The goal was to modernize the relationship of dependence between the landowners and peasantry, relieve some of the tax burden on the peasantry, and increase state revenues. Joseph looked on the tax and land reforms as being interconnected and strove to implement them at the same time. The various commissions he established to formulate and carry out the reforms met resistance among the nobility, the peasantry, and some officials. Most of the reforms were abrogated shortly before or after Joseph's death in 1790; they were doomed to failure from the start because they tried to change too much in too short a time, and tried to radically alter the traditional customs and relationships that the villagers had long depended upon.
In the cities the new economic principles of the Enlightenment called for the destruction of the autonomous guilds, already weakened during the age of mercantilism. Joseph II's tax reforms and the institution of Katastralgemeinde (tax districts for the large estates) served this purpose, and new factory privileges ended guild rights while customs laws aimed at economic unity. Physiocratic influence also led to the inclusion of agriculture in these reforms.
Education and medicine[
To produce a literate citizenry, elementary education was made compulsory for all boys and girls, and higher education on practical lines was offered for a select few. He created scholarships for talented poor students, and allowed the establishment of schools for Jews and other religious minorities. In 1784 he ordered that the country change its language of instruction from Latin to German, a highly controversial step in a multilingual empire.
By the 18th century, centralization was the trend in medicine because more and better educated doctors were requesting improved facilities. Cities lacked the budgets to fund local hospitals, and the monarchy wanted to end costly epidemics and quarantines. Joseph attempted to centralize medical care in Vienna through the construction of a single, large hospital, the famous Allgemeines Krankenhaus, which opened in 1784. Centralization, however, worsened sanitation problems causing epidemics and a 20% death rate in the new hospital, but the city became preeminent in the medical field in the next century.[11]
Religion[edit]
Joseph's policy of religious toleration was the most aggressive of any state in Europe.
Probably the most unpopular of all his reforms was his attempted modernization of the highly traditional Catholic Church which in ancient times had helped establish the Holy Roman Empire beginning with Charlemagne. Calling himself the guardian of Catholicism, Joseph II struck vigorously at papal power. He tried to make the Catholic Church in his empire the tool of the state, independent of Rome. Clergymen were deprived of the tithe and ordered to study in seminaries under government supervision, while bishops had to take a formal oath of loyalty to the crown. He financed the large increase in bishoprics, parishes, and secular clergy by extensive sales of monastic lands. As a man of the Enlightenment he ridiculed the contemplative monastic orders, which he considered unproductive. Accordingly, he suppressed a third of the monasteries (over 700 were closed) and reduced the number of monks and nuns from 65,000 to 27,000. The Church's ecclesiastical tribunals were abolished and marriage was defined as a civil contract outside the jurisdiction of the Church.


A medal minted during the reign of Joseph II, commemorating his grant of religious liberty to Jews and Protestants.
Joseph sharply cut the number of holy days to be observed in the Empire and ordered ornamentation in churches to be reduced. He forcibly simplified the manner in which the Mass (the central Catholic act of worship) was celebrated. Opponents of the reforms blamed them for revealing Protestant tendencies, with the rise of Enlightenment rationalism and the emergence of a liberal class of bourgeois officials. Anti-clericalism emerged and persisted, while the traditional Catholics were energized in opposition to the emperor.

August 19, 1769; Rid with Mrs. Washington and others to the Cacapehon Mountains to see the prospect from thence.

August 19, 1779 : Battle of Paulus Hook –
August 19, 1781: Thomas Lewis Preston (b. August 19, 1781 / d. August 11, 1812)
August 19, 1782 : Battle of Blue Licks - The Battle of Blue Licks, in the Appalachian west, the British and their Indian allies, the Wyandot, Ottawa, Ojibwa, Shawnee, Mingo, and Delaware inflict heavy casualties and force the retreat of Daniel Boone and the Kentucky militia. In response, George Rogers Clark leads Kentucky militia on an expedition against the British into Ohio country. These are often considered the last formal engagements of the Revolutionary War.

August 19, 1782: James Brenton (1740–1782)

James Brenton
Born 1740
Frederick County, Virginia (now Hampshire County, West Virginia)

Died August 19, 1782 (death date then birth date) -->
Kentucky County, Virginia (now Robertson County, Kentucky)

James Brenton (1740–1782) was an American Revolutionary War officer. He was killed by American Indians during the Battle of Blue Licks in Robertson County, Kentucky (then Kentucky County, Virginia).
Married Rebecca Scott (1740-1771) abt. 1763 in Frederick County, Virginia. Married Mary Woodfield (1750 – 1834) in 1772, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania.
In 1768, James traveled over the Allegheny Mountains to Westmoreland County (now Washington County), Pennsylvania, where he settled near the Monongahela River, neighboring Redstone Old Fort (now Brownsville, Fayette County, Pennsylvania). It’s likely that James and his brother William helped build Williams Cabin near Old Bedford Village, in Bedford County, Pennsylvania.
In 1774, Brenton was commissioned a Captain by Colonel Angus McDonald, who mustered roughly 400 men to take part in the Wakatomica Campaign of Dunmore’s War. The Shawnee settlements of Wakatomika (present day Dresden, Muskingum County, Ohio) as well as four other villages were burned. Three American Indian Chiefs were taken prisoner.
In 1777, he defended the frontier, serving as a First Lieutenant in the Virginia Rangers of Monongalia County. In 1779, he was promoted to Captain, and then to Major by Patrick Henry.
Later that year, James and his family relocated to Harrodsburg, Kentucky County, Virginia (now Mercer County, Kentucky). They spent the winter in Harrodsburg, and in spring of 1780 settled on the south bank of Clarks Creek at the ford northeast of Danville (now Boyle County, Kentucky)[1].
In 1782, Brenton was commissioned a Major and made fifth in command of the Crawford Expedition[2][3], intended to put an end to Indian attacks on frontier settlers. James Brenton (occasionally misspelled "Brinton") was one of four majors elected for the expedition. The other Majors included David Williamson, Thomas Gaddis, and John McClelland.
According to Consul Willshire Butterfield, Major Brenton, "was a man of much spirit – a soldier, brave and active. Judging of his merits by his subsequent conduct, he unquestionably commanded the esteem as well as the confidence of the volunteers. His coolness and bravery in the face of imminent danger were long after alluded to by his surviving comrades, in terms of the highest commendation."[4]
Major Brinton and Captain Bean were also scouts; observing two savages, upon whom they immediately fired, though without effect.[5] Brenton was wounded at the Battle of Sandusky and Daniel Leet subsequently took command of his division.[6]
The song, "Crawford's Defeat by the Indians" mentions Major Brenton[7]:
There was brave Major Brinton, the first in command
In the front of the battle he boldly did stand
With courage and conduct, his part did maintain
Though, bullets like hail, in great showers they came
And as this brave here was giving command
The rifle balls rattled on every hand
He received a ball, but his life did not yield
He remained with the wounded men, out on the field
Shortly after returning from the Crawford Expedition, Brenton was mortally wounded at the Battle of Blue Licks on August 19, 1782. One of the last battles of the American Revolutionary War, Blue Licks took place near the Licking River, in what is now Robertson County, Kentucky (but was then Kentucky County, Virginia). Approximately 50 Loyalists and 300 American Indians ambushed 182 frontier militiamen.
James’ son, also named James, was in the party which buried the dead after the Battle of Blue Licks. According to family legend, James brought his father's body back to Harrodsburg for burial[8].
----- August 19, 1785 -----
Shuck, Larry G. (transcriber). GREENBRIER COUNTY (WEST) VIRGINIA RECORDS, Volume 1. Athens, Georgia: 1988 [section on "Early Court Minutes: 1780-1801, Book A"].
-
"August 19, 1785 -- . . . Ordered that George CUTLIP be summoned to appear at the next court to show cause why he does not bring up his children in a Christian manner" p. 158.
August 19, 1794: In 1794, Washington dispatched Anthony Wayne to succeed where St. Clair had failed. He would defeat the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 19, 1794. In 1795, most natives in modern-day Ohio signed the Treaty of Greeneville, relinquishing all of their land holdings in Ohio except the northwestern corner. St. Clair’s Defeat was one of the worst defeats in history for the United States Army at the hands of Native Americans.

August 19, 1812

The U.S.S Constitution Museum in Charleston, MA.

Constitution’s hull is built partly of live oak, its “durability being estimated at five times that of common white oak.” This rare wood, from Georgia’s sea islands, gave “Old Ironsides” her great strength. Cannonballs bounced off her nearly impenetrable hull and fell harmlessly into the sea.


The U.S.S. Constitution Museum at Charleston, MA

U.S.S Constitution, Charleston, MA

When Constitution battled Guerriere in 1812, an unnamed seaman cried “Hussah! Her sides are made of iron! See where the shot fell out!” thus coining a name which has stuck ever since.


The U.S.S Constitution, Charleston MA

“Old Ironsides” greatest exploits came during the War of 1812. Early in the war, Constiturion encountered H. M. S. Guerriere on Georges Bank, 700 miles due east of Boston Within 35 minutes this “noble rigate” had turned the British ship into “a perfect wreck”. Her enemy “lay rolling like a log” and had to be burned and sunk on the spot. Capt. Isaac Hull’s “fir-built frigate” had handed the Royal Navy a stunning defeat.

The U.S.S. Constitution Museum, Charleston, MA

U.S.S. Constitution, Boston MA

U.S.S. Constitution, Charleston MA

The life on Buck Creek for Conrad and Caty was close to Caty’s family, close to church, close to nature and close to each other as they became parents of six children, probably in a log cabin. You may observe on page 678 (Ref. 9.4) that the first meeting of the Methodist Episcopal Church “was held in the log house of Judge McKinnon on the banks of Buck Creek, where New Moorefield now stands.”

1812
The Methodist Episcopal was the first organized. It was organized in 1812, through the personal efforts of Robert Miller, whose life is spoken of above; the first meeting was held in the log house of Judge McKinnon, on the banks of Buck Creek, where New Moorefield now stands. It was called "Miller's Church" until 1833, when the first church building was erected; previous to which, services were held in the houses and barns of the pioneer members.

August 19, 1814: Father: James Bishop MCKINNON b: AUGust 19, 1814 in Clark Co., Oh., USA
Mother: Elizabeth French MILLER b: 1817 in Oh.

Marriage 1 Ellen Elizabeth SPELLMAN b: 1847

August 19, 1814: 5,000 British troops land at Benedict, Maryland, 25 miles from Washington. Fear is overtaken by terror in Washington. Terror becomes pandemonium because this is a defenseless city. In the chaos consuming the Capitol, President James Madison issues two orders: Concentrate troops as quickly as possible, and remove all government papers from the city for safe keeping. Linen is cut and in them is put the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, International Treaties, and George Washington’s correspondence.

August 19, 1825: Treaty of Prairie du Chien
The Treaty of Prairie du Chien may refer to any of several treaties made and signed in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin between the United States, representatives from the Sioux, Sac and Fox, Menominee, Ioway, Winnebago and the Anishinaabeg (Chippewa, Ottawa and Potawatomi) Native American peoples.

1825


Prairie du Chien Lines. Subsequent boundary modifications shown as dashed lines.
The first treaty of Prairie du Chien was signed by William Clark and Lewis Cass for the United States and representatives of the Sioux, Sac and Fox, Menominee, Ioway, Winnebago and the Anishinaabeg (Chippewa and the Council of Three Fires of Chippewa, Ottawa and Potawatomi) on August 19, 1825 and proclaimed on February 6, 1826.
Due to the overall tribal movements toward the western direction under pressure of encroaching settlers, the Sioux Nation resisted and came into conflict with other tribes moving west into their traditional territory. The United States negotiated the treaty to try to reduce inter-tribal warfare.
The treaty begins by establishing peace between the Sioux and their neighbors: Chippewa, Sac and Fox, and Ioway peoples. The treaty continues by demarcating formal boundaries among each of the tribal groups, often called the "Prairie du Chien Line." For peoples accustomed to ranging over a wide area, the Prairie du Chien Line served as a hindrance, as it provided that tribes were to hunt only within their acknowledged limits. Due to the vast scope of the Treaty of Prairie du Chien and the fact that not all of the necessary tribes had representatives at its signing, the treaty provided for additional councils to be held the following year in 1826 (see Treaty of Fond du Lac). Along with these additional councils, the Chippewa agreed to additional meetings.
The US used the series of Prairie du Chien Lines to serve as the land cession boundaries in later treaties.
August 19, 1833: Charles Smith (b. August 19, 1833 in GA / d. November 12, 1907 in GA).
August 19, 1837: Peter Smith (b. September 18, 1766 / d. August 19, 1837).
August 19, 1846: In 1831 Lee was transferred to Fort Monroe, Virginia, and soon married Mary Custis, great-granddaughter of Martha Washington, whom he had been courting since 1829. The wedding took place only after the Custis family relaxed their opposition to Mary's romance with the disgraced Light Horse Harry's son; the Lees were devoted to each other and the union produded seven children though it was in some ways an unhappy match that Lee never objected to temporarily escaping when sent on assignment. Duty at Fort Monroe proved an unpleasant experience marked by staff conflicts and in 1834 Lee was posted to the Washington office of the Chief of Engineers. In 1837 he was sent west where he distinguished himself by vastly improving Mississippi River navigation especially at St. Louis and at the Des Moines Rapids near Keokuk, Iowa. Promoted to captain for his work along the Mississippi he was sent to Brooklyn in 1842 to become post engineer of Fort Hamilton where he worked on improving coastal defense. Lee made a number of structural improvements in the New York City area and earned praise but by 1846 he had 17 years in the Army and was still a captain with a family to support and little chance for advancement. Oportunity, however, was at hand and on August 19, 1846, Lee received his orders to report to General John Wool in preparation for service in Mexico. After traveling by ship to New Orleans he then moved on to Texas where he joined up with General Wool. Lee and a Captain Fraser were in charge of road building on the advance into Mexico and did their jobs well, though progress was made easier by the lack of enemy contact.

August 19-20, 1847: Battle of Contreras, in the War with Mexico.

August 19, 1850
According to the 1850 census John Goodlove’s occupation was a “Peddler” in Lake Bellefontaine. Living with him was his wife Margaret and William age 3 and Mary age 2.


August 19, 1852: 12TH. PRESIDENT, UNITED S ZACHARY * (12TH US PRESIDENT)10 TAYLOR (RICHARD *9, ZACHARY *8, JAMES *7, JAMES *6, JOHN *5, THOMAS *4, THOMAS *3, ROWLAND *2, JOHN *1) was born November 24, 1784 in HARE FOREST, ORANGE COUNTY, VIRGINIA, UNITED STATES, and died July 9, 1850 in WHITE HOUSE, WASHINGTON, D.C., UNITED STATES. He met (1) MARY (SLAVE) * MULATTO. He married (2) MARGARET MACKALL SMITH June 21, 1810 in LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY, UNITED STATES, daughter of WALTER SMITH and ANNE MACKAL. She was born September 21, 1788 in St. Leonard's, CALVERT COUNTY, MARYLAND, UNITED STATES, and died August 19, 1852 in PASAGOULA, MISSISSIPPI, UNITED STATES.

August 19, 1853: Richard W. Smith11 [Gabriel Smith10, John “LR” Smith9, Ambrose J. Smith8, Christopher Smith7, Christopher Smith6, Thomas Smythe5, Thomas Smythe4, John Smythe3, Richard2, William1] (b. June 13, 1790 in Elbert Co. GA / d. abt. 1886 in Franklin Co. GA) married Nancy Smith (b. September 19, 1795 / d. August 19, 1853 in Carroll Co. GA), the daughter of William B. Smith and Sarah unknown. He also married Sarah M. Findley on November 3, 1867 in Carroll Co. GA.
August 19, 1856
Gail Borden is awarded a patent for his process for making evaporated milk. The Gail Borden Library in Elgin, Illinois was named Library of the Year in Illinois and its Librarians have helped me countless times in my search for reference material. It is through their assistance in Interlibrary loans that I have had access to a vast array of out of print books from across the nation.

August 19, 1862: Henderson, Justus. Age 28. Residence Yatton, nativity Pennsylvania. Enlisted August 19, 1862. Mustered September 4, 1862. Mustered out July 17, 1865, Savannah, Ga.

William Harrison Goodlove will visit Justus Henderson during the war. Samuel Goodlove/Godlove and Justus Henderson are in the same regiment and enlist at about the same time, from the same town.

August 19, 1864
By some mismanagement on the part of Division General Crawford, nearly the whole division was captured. The 104th was ordered from the line in the midst of the engagement to fill a gap between the 5th and 11th Corps, and while moving on a road through the woods to the designated point, it was surrounded by a Rebel Brigade and captured. (Job Kirby’s regiment.)


Fri. August 19, 1864:
Helped put up hospital tents
Great many coming in sick and wounded
(William Harrison Goodlove Civil War diary)

August 19, 1865: Ann STEVENSON . Born on April 9, 1846. Ann died in Kentucky on August 19, 1865; she was 19. Buried in Concord Cemetery, Kentucky.

August 1902, Theodore Roosevelt was the first president to be seen riding in an automobile in public.[52] This took place in Hartford, CT. The car was a Columbia Electric Victoria Phaeton, manufactured in Hartford. The police squad rode bicycles alongside the car. (The reference includes a photo of the event.)
In 1905, he issued a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, which allows the United States to "exercise international policy power" so they can intervene and keep smaller countries on their feet.


The 1st Roosevelt stamp
Issue of 1925
Roosevelt helped the wellbeing of people by passing laws such as The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 and The Pure Food and Drug Act. The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 banned misleading labels and preservatives that contained harmful chemicals. The Pure Food and Drug Act banned food and drugs that are impure or falsely labeled from being made, sold, and shipped. Roosevelt was also served as honorary president of the school health organization American School Hygiene Association from 1907 to 1908, and in 1909 he convened the first White House Conference on the Care of Dependent Children.[53]
The Gentlemen's Agreement with Japan came into play in 1907, banning all school segregation of Japanese, yet controlling Japanese immigration in California. That year, Roosevelt signed the proclamation establishing Oklahoma as the 46th state of the Union.
Building on McKinley's effective use of the press, Roosevelt made the White House the center of news every day, providing interviews and photo opportunities. After noticing the White House reporters huddled outside in the rain one day, he gave them their own room inside, effectively inventing the presidential press briefing.[54] The grateful press, with unprecedented access to the White House, rewarded Roosevelt with ample coverage.[54]
He chose not to run for another term in 1908, and supported William Taft for the presidency, instead of Fairbanks. Fairbanks withdrew from the race, and would later support Taft for re-election against Roosevelt in the 1912 election.
August 19, 1910
In Asia Minor, Ritual murder charges were raised against Jews in Aiden.

1911
The Blood libel trial of Menahem Mendel Beilis in Kiev.

1911: Filastin, large Arabic newspaper, launched in Jaffa.

August 1914: Foreign nationals (including Zionists with Russian citizenship) expelled from Palestine during the war..

Late August 1918: By 1918, almost every social gathering of any consequence held in Union Township was in one way or another liked to the activities of the Buck Creek Church. The most noteworthy of these was the Annual Buck Creek Fair held each year in late August or early September. Usually lasting three days, this was the big social event of the year, attracting hundreds of people from all over southern Delaware County. Consistent with Chalice’s Country Life philosophy, the first day off the fair, usually a Sunday, began with a special religious service featuring a notede evangelist. The afternoon featured religious music, more preaching, and revivals of that era. The second day, designated “Farmers Day,” was devoted to agricultural exhibits, demonstrations, and contests. These were structured by gender. Those for the men stressed agricultural productivity and special achievenments, while those for women stressed painting, needlework, and domestic science. Ribbons and prize money donated by the State Department of Agriculture went to the top entries in production and craft categories. The last day of the fair was given over to social, cultural, and recreational events, complete with a parade, band music, athletic contests, a dinner, and lectures designed to provide both entertainment and instruction. The beer tent, sideshows, and games of chance and dancing typically found at county fairs were strictly excluded.
Wile the Buck Creek Fair was the big event and the one that put Buck Creek on the map, three elements- evangelixm, progressive agricultural practice, and “wholesome” recreational activity- permeated all of the Buck Creek Church’s many activities. Chalice was a charismatic evangelist as well as a Country Life reformer and his ministering affected the lives of many people in the Buck Creek area quite profoundly.
He was even successful in eliminating that anathema to Midwestern Methodism, which had hitherto thrived in the Buck Creek area; Sunday baseball. Instead, the church’s Epwoth League chapter fielded its own baseb all team that played on a well maintained baseb all field behind the church every Saturday. Chalice also helped secure the cooperation of the State Library Commission in creating a traveling library for Union Township based in and run by the Buck Creek Church.

August 1919: Grant did not have to try very hard to create interest in consolidation. Although Delaware County had already experienced its rash of consolidations in 1915, other counties in eastern Iowa had just begun theirs during the summer and fall of 1919. Residents of rural Fayette County, the county immediately to the northwest of Delaware County, for example, jumped on the consolidation bandwagon in August 1919. The movement spread rapidly to other localities in northeast Iowa throughout the fall.

August 1920
The Nineteenth Amendment is enacted, giving women the right to vote.





August 1920


Fall 1920: In August 1920, the federal government announced that it would no longer support the prices of famr commonedities at their wartime levels. The golden age of agriculture in Iowa had come to an abruipt end. The economic bubble burst. Crop prices did not drop immediately, but once the fall harvest entered the market, they plummeted. The all important price of corn kept falling, finally bottoming out at less than one foreth of what it had been a year earlier. Even more important, the land boom ended, and featr was that boom might turn to bust. Farmers who had borrowed to buy their farems or to add to their holdings during the boom of the preceding year suddenly found that the market value of their new properties was considerably less than they had paid for it. With plummeting crop prices, many of these farmers worried about how they could pay the interest on their debts. Those who had been speculating in farmland, and in the Buck Creek area there had been a number of these, suddenly found themselves in severe financial difficulty. If an election on consolidation had to be held again, financially stressed farmers who had been persuaded to go along with the consolidation project in early September might well vote the other way.

August 1921: Assassination of Matthias Erzberger, the former German finance minister, by a right-wing terrorist, August 1921


August 1933: Roman Catholic Priests giving the Hitler salute at a Catholic youth rally in the Berlin-Neukolln stadium in August 1933.
August 1934: II. The Arthurdale Experiment
A. Initial Stage:
1. Architects, engineers, etc. materialized at Arthurdale and plans were hastily drawn up over a weekend to conform to the idea that each house would be the center of a farmette that included its own cow, barn, chicken house, corn crib, had a few acres for planting.
a.) Along the way farming became secondary to supplement income earned from industrial or craft work.
2. Arthurdale developed haphazardly. Resettlement was first set to begin before Thanksgiving, then Christmas, then Spring, finally it was achieved in August 1934, when the first fifty families moved in.
3. The first fifty houses were pre-fabricated vacation cottages without the means to withstand winter weather conditions.
a.) They were too flimsy, without heat except a fireplace and stove.
b.) The wells were contaminated.
c.) Architects from New York were called in at 3 times the original expense of the cottages to fix these difficult problems.

B. Employment: Employment was needed because family farming was meant only as a supplement.
1. At first, the construction of the site itself provided earnings.
2. First employment plan called for a U.S. Postal Service mailbox factory, but the furniture lobby killed it charging unfair government competition.
3. Finally, the decision was made to draw upon West Virginia crafts for jobs and industry.

C. Mountain Craftsmen's Cooperative Association had been formed in Morgantown under the sponsorship of the American Friends Service Committee, and in 1935 was moved to Arthurdale.
1. The MCCA produced a variety of craft products for sale:
a) Furniture:
i. Samuel Isaac Godlove of Hardy County came to Arthurdale to develop this industry. The "Godlove Chair" design was a 200 year old family secret-- this upright chair with a rush seat which has become a collector's item sold for $5 in 1934).
ii. Daniel Houghton, who also worked at Hull House in Chicago and taught woodworking, also had strong influence.
iii. Help also came from Val-Kill, Hyde Park, in which Eleanor had a financial interest. Consulted with the Metropolitan Museum and the Hartford Museum for authentic designs. All were traditional American. All the pieces were handmade except for the initial stages, and all stock came from the Arthurdale vicinity. (benches, tables, chairs)
b) Weaving: Houghton's wife Anne taught weaving to the women, and ran the cooperative store. The women made coverlets, towels, aprons, mats, belts etc.
c) Pottery: was also made and sold by the women.
d) Metalworks:
i. James Londus Fullmer, a famous blacksmith for sixty years came and ran/instructed this business. They made fancy ironworks, and Fullmer made replicas of famous colonial designs for a variety of items. One of these was a replica of a 16th century astronomy instrument which was exhibited at the World's Fair, and is now held by the Smithsonian Institution.
ii. Also made were pewter, copper, and brass wares, such as plates, pitchers, spoons.

2. The MCCA never realized a profit. From 1937 to 1940 about $20-25,000 was lost each year--mostly due to excessive labor costs ($1.29 labor for each $1.00 in sales).
3. In 1941, the Farm Security Administration refused another loan, and the Arthurdale craft works was liquidated-- forty men were left unemployed.
4. In 1941, MCCA leased its building to the Radio and Television Corporation as a factory to make radio cabinets-- this marked the end of handcrafted furniture production at Arthurdale.
5. Other Industries: vacuum cleaner company, men's shirt company, walkie-talkie company

III. The Decline and End of the Arthurdale Experiment
A. The End of Economic Self-Sufficiency:
1. Leasing the factory facility to the Radio-Television Corporation and several other companies marked the end of the community's attempt at self-sufficiency.
2. The entry of U.S. into World War II alleviated potential unemployment problems because men went off to war, and others found good industrial jobs.

B. The End of Communal Self-Containment:
1. When the Federal Government withdrew its support in 1942, the Arthurdale schools were incorporated into the Preston County school system. The Communal property was eventually also sold off to individuals.
2. Arthurdale had been isolated from other communities.
3. Absentee managers in Washington D.C. did little to encourage individual initiative.
In August 1940, the Duke and Duchess travelled by commercial liner to the Bahamas, where the Duke was installed as Governor.[92]
Wallis performed her role as the Bahamas' first lady competently for five years; she worked actively for the Red Cross and in the improvement of infant welfare.[93] However, she hated Nassau, calling it "our St Helena", in a reference to Napoleon's final place of exile.[94] She was heavily criticised in the British press for her extravagant shopping in the United States, undertaken when Britain was enduring privations such as rationing and the blackout.[18][95] Her racist attitudes towards the local population (she called them "lazy, thriving niggers" in letters to her aunt) reflected her upbringing.[96][97] In 1941, Prime Minister Winston Churchill strenuously objected when she and her husband planned to tour the Caribbean aboard a yacht belonging to a Swedish magnate, Axel Wenner-Gren, whom Churchill stated to be "pro-German". Churchill felt compelled to complain again when the Duke gave a "defeatist" interview.[98] Another of their acquaintances, Charles Bedaux, was arrested on charges of treason in 1943, and committed suicide in jail in Miami before the case was brought to trial.[99] The British establishment distrusted the Duchess; Sir Alexander Hardinge wrote that her suspected anti-British activities were motivated by a desire for revenge against a country that rejected her as its queen.[100] After the defeat of Nazi Germany, the couple returned to France and retirement.
August 1940: Nazi agents plotted unsuccessfully to persuade the Duke to support the German effort and wrote up plans to kidnap him. Lord Caldecote wrote a warning to Winston Churchill: "[the Duke] is well-known to be pro-Nazi and he may become a centre of intrigue."[70] A "defeatist" interview with the Duke that was widely distributed may have served as the last straw for the British government: Prime Minister Winston Churchill threatened the Duke with a court-martial if he did not return to British soil.[71] In August, a British warship dispatched the Duke and Duchess to the Bahamas, where, in the view of Churchill, they could do the least damage to the British war effort.
The Duke was installed as Governor of the Bahamas. He did not enjoy the position, and referred to the islands as "a third-class British colony".[72] The British Foreign Office strenuously objected when the Duke and Duchess planned to tour aboard a yacht belonging to a Swedish magnate, Axel Wenner-Gren, whom American intelligence wrongly believed to be a close friend of Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring.[73] The Duke was praised, however, for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands, although he was as contemptuous of the Bahamians as he was of most non-white peoples of the Empire. He said of Étienne Dupuch, the editor of the Nassau Daily Tribune: "It must be remembered that Dupuch is more than half Negro, and due to the peculiar mentality of this Race, they seem unable to rise to prominence without losing their equilibrium."[21] He was praised, even by Dupuch, for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in Nassau in 1942, even though he blamed the trouble on "mischief makers – communists" and "men of Central European Jewish descent, who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft".[74] [33]
By August 1940, Kennedy worried that a third term as the President for Roosevelt would mean war. As Leamer reports, "Joe believed that Roosevelt, Churchill, the Jews, and their allies would manipulate America into approaching Armageddon."[40] Nevertheless, Kennedy supported Roosevelt's third term in return for Roosevelt's support of Joseph Kennedy, Jr., in the run for the Governor of Massachusetts in 1942.[41] However, even during the darkest months of World War II, Kennedy remained "more wary of" prominent American Jews, such as Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter, than he was of Hitler.[42]
Kennedy told the reporter Joe Dinneen:
It is true that I have a low opinion of some Jews in public office and in private life. That does not mean that I... believe they should be wiped off the face of the Earth... Jews who take an unfair advantage of the fact that theirs is a persecuted race do not help much... Publicizing unjust attacks upon the Jews may help to cure the injustice, but continually publicizing the whole problem only serves to keep it alive in the public mind.

• August 1941: In August 1941, 35 year old Eichmann visits a concentration camp in Poland called Auchwitz. He discussed with the camp commandant the possibility of gassing Jews there, on a regular basis.

August 1941: The British double agent Dusko Popov, who reputedly inspired Ian Fleming's creation of James Bond, was approached by the Germans to become their spy. Popov did so, but reported everything he did to the British.
When the Germans sent Popov to set up a large spy ring in the U.S., he was asked to gather some very provocative information for the Japanese. The Japanese request, called the "Japanese questionnaire," involved a lot of extremely specific information about Hawaii and Pearl Harbor. British Intelligence and Popov came to the conclusion in August of 1941 that the Japanese were preparing an invasion of the United States at Pearl Harbor.
The FBI was very unfriendly to Popov. Hoover disliked double agents, especially wealthy playboys like Popov who showed up at Hoover's favorite New York City nightclub, the Stork Club. Hoover added the "Japanese questionnaire" to other evidence he had that the Japanese were very interested in Hawaii, but he did nothing with the information from Popov or other sources.
Gentry claims that it is possible that with the thousands of reports that the Bureau received, it was difficult to determine which ones were legitimate. "Still, it is difficult to explain that Hoover...didn't warn the president that two German agents had been ordered to study the defenses of Pearl Harbor for the Japanese, and that the last had been told it was 'of the highest priority,' indicating that a time factor was involved."


Drancy, France

August 1941
In the camps of the Loiret region, for some weeks families are given the possibility of Sunday visits with internees. During this period, a German photographer takes some very moving photos of the visiting familys. The original photographs are preserved in German government archives in Coblenz.

August 19, 1941: Einsatzkommando 8 and local collaborators in Mogilev kill 3,726 Jews.
In August 1942, Marines on Guadalcanal named their captured airfield Henderson Field, in honor of Major Henderson.
Beginning in August 1942, six months of brutal land and naval battles would bloody Guadalcanal and the surrounding seas. In those six months, no other US carrier would be more heavily engaged than Enterprise.
August 1943: The Treblinka extermination center is completed; by August 1943 some 870,000 Jews have been killed there.


The USSR had snatched a part of eastern Poland as part of the "fine print" of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (also known as the Hitler-Stalin Pact) signed in August 1939, but soon after found itself at war with its "ally." In August 1944, the Soviets began pushing the Germans west, advancing on Warsaw. The Polish Home Army, fearful that the Soviets would march on Warsaw to battle the Germans and never leave the capital, led an uprising against the German occupiers. The Polish residents hoped that if they could defeat the Germans themselves, the Allies would help install the Polish anticommunist government-in-exile after the war. Unfortunately, the Soviets, rather than aiding the Polish uprising, which they encouraged in the name of beating back their common enemy, stood idly by and watched as the Germans slaughtered the Poles and sent survivors to concentration camps. This destroyed any native Polish resistance to a pro-Soviet communist government, an essential part of Stalin's postwar territorial designs.
After Stalin mobilized 180 divisions against the Germans in Poland and East Prussia, Gen. Georgi Zhukov's troops crossed the Vistula north and south of the Polish capital, liberating the city from Germans—and grabbing it for the USSR. By that time, Warsaw's prewar population of approximately 1.3 million had been reduced to a mere 153,000.
August 19, 1944
The battle against the occupation forces quickly spreads throughout the entire city. The Germans were caught by surprise, the fear was on the other boot. The revolt centers around the Police precinct building. The insurgents are poorly armed, without outside help, their position is critical. The revolt threatens to turn into a bloodbath. The occupation forces still have superior firepower. Major buildings and bridges have already been wired with explosives.

August 1953: Judge Lecompte and the "Sack of Lawrence," May 21, 1856 [Part 1 of 2], by James C. Malin, August 1953
August 1961: In 1944 Ferrie left St. Charles because of "emotional instability."[4] He obtained a pilot's license and began teaching aeronautics at Cleveland's Benedictine High School. He was fired from the school for several infractions, including taking boys to a house of prostitution.[5] He then became an insurance inspector and, in 1951, moved to New Orleans where he worked as a pilot for Eastern Air Lines, until losing his job in August 1961, after being arrested twice on morals charges.[6]
Over the years, he used both his official and unofficial squadrons to develop improper relations with boys ranging in age from 14 to 18, and his August 1961 arrests caused the Falcons to fold.[10]
Ferrie described himself as a liberal on civil rights issues, but he was "rabidly anti-Communist", often accusing previous U.S. Presidential administrations of "sell-outs" to communism.[5] Ferrie initially supported Fidel Castro's campaign against Fulgencio Batista in Cuba, but by mid-1959 became convinced that Castro was a communist. According to the House Select Committee on Assassinations, Ferrie "...found an outlet for his political fanaticism in the anti-Castro movement." By early 1961, Ferrie was working with right-wing Cuban exile Sergio Arcacha Smith, head of the Central Intelligence Agency-backed Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front in New Orleans. Ferrie soon became Arcacha Smith's "eager partner in counterrevolutionary activities." Both were involved in a raid in late 1961 on a munitions depot in Houma, Louisiana, "...in which various weapons, grenades and ammunition were stolen."[11][12]


August 1963: Going into 1963, however, the anti-Castro Cuban exiles in Miami continued to undertake covert actions against Castro. The CIA claimed the groups got out of its control, “but the rebels were heavily dependent on agency funding and it was never certain whether the groups’ frequent defiance of Kennedy policy was in fact instigated by their spymasters in Langley and Miami.”[47]
One of these groups was the Cuban Student Directorate (DRE), “a particular favourite of the CIA,” which was founded in 1954 “as a Catholic student group militantly opposed to the dictator Batista,” but in 1960 moved to Miami and shifted its operations against Castro, where its operations were planned by the CIA. A man named Lee Harvey Oswald became affiliated with the group in August of 1963. Oswald made contacts with other Cuban exile groups that summer, some of whom found the “Ex-Marine” to be “suspicious” and even reported on him to Bobby Kennedy.[48]
Weissman was discharged in August 1963 but was unable to find work. Short of money, Weissman contacted Larrie Schmidt who at that time was living in Dallas. Schmidt told Weissman about his involvement in the attack on the liberal politician, Adlai Stevenson. According to Schmidt, this had been organized by General Edwin Walker. Schmidt added that his brother was working as General Walker's chauffeur and general aide.
Schmidt invited Weissman to Dallas. Weissman later told the Warren Commission that Schmidt argued: "If we are going to take advantage of the situation, or if you are," meaning me, "you better hurry down here and take advantage of the publicity, and at least become known among these various right-wingers, because this is the chance we have been looking for to infiltrate some of these organizations and become known," in other words, go along with the philosophy we had developed in Munich."
August 19, 1963 Garrett Trapnell first alerts the FBI that he has been solicited by
a Cuban group to participate in what he then describes as a kidnap/assassination attempt against
Robert Kennedy. (Later he will state that JFK was actually the proposed target.) It is scheduled for
September in Washington, DC. Trapnell believes the men who approach him are anti-Castro
exiles posing as G-2 agents of Fidel Castro. He names Miguel Amador Fuentes as one of these
men.
WDSO radio arranges for LHO to make another appearance. A debate show is arranged.
The radio station gives a copy of the tape to the New Orleans FBI. AOT
Cuba’s official newspaper today complains that there has been a flurry of air raids
against oil installations and factories. Conspiracy

August 1986: Michael J. Pauley (August 1986). National Register of Historic Places Nomination: Beverley PDF (666 KB). National Park Service.
August 1990:



Side view of George Washington from rocky terrain at Mount Rushmore (August 1990)
The entire project cost US$989,992.32.[21] Notable for a project of such size, no workers died during the carving.[22]