This Day in Goodlove History, October 1, 2014

11,805 names…11,805 stories…11,805 memories
This Day in Goodlove History, October 1, 2014

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Jeffery Lee Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com

Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove

The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), Jefferson, LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, and including ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, John Quincy Adams and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Martin Van Buren, Teddy Roosevelt, U.S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison “The Signer”, Benjamin Harrison, Jimmy Carter, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, William Taft, John Tyler (10th President), James Polk (11th President)Zachary Taylor, and Abraham Lincoln.

The Goodlove Family History Website:

http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html

The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:

• New Address! http://wwwfamilytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx

• • Books written about our unique DNA include:

• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.

Birthdays on October 1….

Lyle H. Armstrong

George ".G.N. Aylesworth

James E. Carter

Mary A. Custis Lee

Carole L. Goodlove Vanderpool

Marie Goodlove

Henry III

October 1, 2016 BCE

• According to some the anniversary of the Origin of Era of Abraham on the secular calendar. The exactitude of this date is easily open to debate. There is a general agreement among those who accept the existence of Abraham that he appeared about 2000 BCE. This means that Jewish History spans a period of four thousand years. What makes Jewish history unique is that it covers such a great span of time, that it is not limited to a specific geographic area and that the most ancient events of that history are an active part of the descendants of the people who made that history.[1]

•

• The Hebrew Israelites claim that the word Jewish means merely pertaining to Judah and that the term Jew in itself was actually a mistranslation in the King James version of the Bible for Judah. Because of the mistranslation, the word Jew entered into common use. While it is correct that the Latin word Judaeus does mean Judean or from the land of Judaea, it should be noted that the etymology of the English word can be traced back to Middle English with evidence of use in Old English. [2]

•

• Ancient Egyptians were a dark skinned race, asserts that Moses and Joseph were both mistaken for Egyptians; and that, in consequences the Israelites must also have been black. It should be noted, however, that contemporary Ancient Egyptian iconography (for example, the images on the thrones of Tutankhamen and grave images) shows a people of olive brown complexions and Hameo-Semitic features. Some claim that recent historical and genetic research into the origins of the Lemba tribe might lend support to the idea that members of that African tribe may have a Semitic origin.[3]

•

• Ancient historians indicated an Ethiopian origin of the Israelites. The ancient Roman historian, Tacitus, wrote that “many, again, say that they [the Israelites] were a race of Ethiopian origin” (Histories(Tacitus), Book 5, Paragraphs 2 & 3).[4]

2.01k BC - 1.998k BC Mentuhotep II, son of Mentuhotep I, ruled in the 11th Dynasty of Egypt for about 12 years.
(http://tinyurl.com/b97e3)(www.ancientroute.com/IndexPharCh.htm) [5]



Around 2006 B.C.

The account of Esau and Jacob comes after that of Abraham;s death, they were born during their grandfather’s lifetime, around 2006 B.C.[6]

• 2000 BC

• Semi nomadic Amorites based in the Upper Euphrates region fan out and settle in southern Mesopotamia and in Syro-Palestine in the west, transforming its culture. This two-century movement may be reflected in the patriarchal migration from Mesopotamia to Canaan that is described in Genesis. [7]

After 2000 the Semetic Canaanites invaded the Empire and considerable semitization was the consequence. States were created at Isin, Larsa and Babylon (Babili = God’s gate)..[8]

2000 B.C.

Jewish history began about 4,000 years ago (c. 17th century BCE) with the patriarchs - Abraham, his son Isaac and grandson Jacob. Documents unearthed in Mesopotamia, dating back to 2000- 1500 BCE, corroborate aspects of their nomadic way of life as described in the Bible.[9]

/

[10]

2000 B.C. Nomadic tribes wander the region of Canaan.[11]

• The chosen people

• “You alone I have singled out of all the families of the earth,” God proclaims to Abraham, according to the shepherd Amos in Amos 3:2. His children are henceforth the chosen people. [12]

•

• Originally called Abram, Abraham was the son of Terah, a descendant of Shem, and was born in the city of Ur of the Chaldees, where he married his half sister Sarai, or Sarah. They left Ur with his nephew Lot and Lot's family under a divine inspiration and went to Haran. Receiving a promise that God would make him a "great nation," Abram moved on to Canaan, where he lived as a nomad. Famine led him to Egypt, but he was driven out for misrepresenting Sarai as his sister.[13]

•

• Again in Canaan, after quarrels between Abram and Lot and their herdsmen, they separated, Lot remaining near Sodom and Abram continuing his nomadic life. He later rescued Lot from the captivity of King Chedorlaomer of Elam and was blessed by the priest Melchizedek, king of Salem. Then God promised Abram a son by his wife Sarai, repeated his earlier promises, and confirmed these by a covenant.[14]

•

• When this covenant was later renewed, the rite of circumcision was established, Abram's name became Abraham, and Sarai's became Sarah. God subsequently repeated his promise of a son by Sarah by means of visiting angels.[15]

•

• Abraham or Abram, biblical patriarch, according to the Book of Genesis (see 11:27-25:10), progenitor of the Hebrews, who probably lived in the period between 2000 and 1500BC. Abraham is regarded by Muslims, who call him Ibrahim, as an ancestor of the Arabs through Ishmael. He was once considered a contemporary of Hammurabi, king of Babylonia. [16]

•

• Genesis says he was born in a city called Ur of the Chaldeans, which is traditionally thought to be the ancient city of Ur in Mesopotamia (in present-day Iraq). The story of his life is and important part of the Book of Genesis, but he is also mentioned numerous times in other Jewish and Christian writings, as well as the Qur’an.[17]

•

• The notion that the line of Abraham through his Israelite son Isaac is chosen has been a central tenet of Western religions since biblical times, even as the intellectual and political center of world Jewry shifted from Palestine to Babylon, Rome, Byzantium, Spain, the Ottoman Empire, Eastern Europe, and greater Germany, and in recent decades to Israel and North America. It forever ties Jews and Christians together.[18]

• “As regards election, [Jews] are beloved, for the sake of their ancestors; for the gifts and the calling of God are irrevocable,” wrote the Apostle Paul in Romans 11:28-29.[19]

•

• Abraham is generally considered the first monotheist, a person who worships only one deity. The idea of a single , all-powerful God was a revolutionary concept that would change the world, ultimately spawning three important faiths: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Today the spiritual descendants of Abraham make up more than half of the world’s population.[20]

•

• Christians, Muslims, and Jews accept Abraham as an epitome of the man of unswerving faith.[21]

•

• Muslims consider Abraham the spiritual father of all who believe in God. Sura 22, verse 78 of the Qur’an says,
“Strive hard for Allah with due striving. He has chosen you and has not laid upon you any hardship in your religion, the faith of your father Abraham.”[22]



[23]

•

• Isaac, born to Abraham by Sarah in his 100th year, was the first of his legitimate descendants. God demanded that Abraham sacrifice Isaac as a test of faith, but because of Abraham's unquestioning compliance, God permitted him to spare Isaac and rewarded Abraham with a formal renewal of his promise. According to

• Islamic tradition, Hagar was the true wife of Ibrahim and Ishmael the favored son and intended sacrificial victim. [24]

• [25]

• [26]

•

• The New Testament alludes to Isaac as a precursor of Christ and of the church (see Galatians 3:16, 4:21-31), and the obedience to his father to the extent of self-sacrifice is associated with that of Christ (see Hebrews 11:17-19). These themes were developed by several of the patristic writers, and Isaac appears often in Christian art, particularly in association with the Eucharist.[27]

• Muslims trace their lineage back to Ishmael, whose mother, Hagar, was the Egyptian handmaid to Abraham's wife.[28]

•

• This is another point at which the Islamic tradition diverges. Muslims believe that Ishmael, from whom the Arabs claim descent, was the son whom Abraham intended to sacrifice, and that this event occurred near the Kaaba before Isaac was even born. When Abraham passed God’s test, the Qur’an says, he was told that he would be given another son, Isaac, “a prophet from among the righteous ones” Qur’an 37: 102)

•

• Abraham would be continued in Isaac, heir of the Covenant. The events of Isaac's life are recounted in Genesis 21-28.

• The dominant story in the narrative, and one of the most widely known stories in the Bible, is that of the projected sacrifice of Isaac (see Genesis 22). According to this account, God tested Abraham's faith by asking him to sacrifice his beloved son. At the last moment, after God was convinced of the perfect obedience of both father and son, he accepted a ram as a substitute for the youth. This story is thought to express the Hebrew rejection of human sacrifice, practiced by surrounding nations. The ram is recalled today in synagogue ritual at the solemn blowing of the shofar, or ram's horn, during the Jewish High Holy Days, Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.[29]

•

• Archaeologists and biblical scholars have drawn parallels between the biblical narrative of Isaac and the history of the Semitic tribes. Abraham is thought to represent the nomadic stock out of which the Hebrew and Edomite tribes separated. [30]

•

• Isaac is believed to represent the tribes that joined to form the Hebrew confederacy and to give allegiance to the God, Yahweh, or Jehovah, originally a tribal deity; and Ishmael is believed to represent the tribes of Edom.[31]

• Isaac was a relatively minor figure compared to the other two great biblical patriarchs, Abraham, his father, and Jacob, his son; but a number of the details of the biblical account are believed by scholars to have major symbolic importance. The story of his birth is believed to be a deliberate attempt by early Hebrew writers to alter the traditions of the Semitic tribes in order to strengthen adherence to the Hebrew confederacy, a military and political alliance, by suggesting that it had divine inspiration. [32]

•

• In making Isaac the legitimate son, and Ishmael the illegitimate son, of their common ancestor, the Hebrews claimed superiority over the independent Edomite tribes. Finally, the rivalry between Isaac's two sons is thought to reflect again the rivalry between Edom and the Hebrews.[33]

•

• Jacob escapes drought in the land of the Cainan, (modern Israel) and moves to the land of plenty, the land of pyramids, ancient Egypt. There, Jacobs Clan, the future Israelites, flourish in there new environment. [34]

•

• These people are often called either Hebrews or Israelites. The origin of Hebrew, the older term, is uncertain; it may be derived from the word hiberu, whicch is found in ancient Egyptian writings and is believed to mean “wanderer” or outsider. [35]

•

• The word Israelites comes from Israel, a name given to Abraham’s grandson Jacob. According to Genesis 32:22-32 fone night Jacob wrestles wit an angel of God and refuses to let the angel go. In the morning, the angel renames him Israel, which means “he struggles with God.”[36]

• According to the Hebrew Bible, Jacob, later renamed Israel, was the father of the original Twelve Tribes of Israel. The distinctive emblems of each tribe were carried on the vestments of the Cohen Gadol (the high priest), the Levite descendants of Aaron. [37]

[38]

[39]

•

• Jacob, in the Old Testament, one of the Hebrew patriarchs, son of Isaac and Rebekah, and grandson of Abraham. After depriving his brother Esau of their father's blessing and of his birthright by trickery, Jacob fled to the house of his uncle, Laban, where he worked for many years, and married Laban's daughters, Leah and Rachel. His wives and their handmaidens, Zilpah and Bilhah, bore him 12 sons, who became the patriarchs of the 12 tribes of Israel. Leah bore Issachar, Judah, Levi, Reuben, Simeon, and Zebulun; Rachel bore Joseph and Benjamin; Zilpah bore Gad and Asher; and Bilhah bore Dan and Naphtali.[40]

•

• The story of Jacob is told in Genesis 25-35. Outstanding events in Jacob's life were the vision (of "Jacob's ladder") and blessing received at Bethel (see Genesis 28:10-22) and the bestowal of the name Israel upon him by a divine adversary after they had struggled (see Genesis 32:24-32). As the figure of Esau is taken to represent the nation of Edom (see Genesis 36:8), so the figure of Jacob, or Israel, personifies the nation of Israel. Thus the prophet Hosea saw Jacob's experiences as typifying those of his people (see Hosea 12) around 1700BC.[41]

•

• In Genesis, Jacob bids his sons farewell before he dies, prophesying their precarious futures as tribal leaders. Their fate has been the focus of the greatest search effort in human history. Unity eluded the children of Israel. The first wave of Jews left when the tribes fractured into northern and southern kingdoms after the civil war in the time of Solomon’s son, Rehoboam. [42]

•

• Jacobs son, Joseph became as powerful as the rulers of Egypt, the Pharaohs. If

• The Isrelites wouldd remain in Egypt long after the deaths or Jowwwseph and his brothers. The scriptures say the people were in Egypt for 430k years.

• And yet after Joseph’s death, his people are enslaved by the ruling Egyptians.[43]

•

• Although the Cohen model haplotype has a frequency at least 50% in the Cohanim, it is rare in other Semitic groups. This finding afford some support for the Lemba;s oral history, and the estimated time for the most recent common ancestor of the Lemba and Cohanim Y chromosomes is roughly 3000 to 5000 years. The earliest of these dates would be consistent with the time that the Assyrian King Shalmaneser V sent the ten tribes of Israel into exile. Sometimes known as the “black Jews of south Africa.” the Lemba are technically not Jewish. Judaism is transmitted through the maternal lineage, and Lemba tradition holds that only men survived the perilous voyage from Sena.[44]

•

• Levi was the third son of Ya'akov/Yisrael. This tribe developed a unique character throughout its generations. Ya'akov chastised Levi for his anger and excessive zealousness. These traits were manifest in the retribution exacted on the city of Shechem and in his active role in the plotting against Joseph, his younger brother.

• In Egypt, the sons of Levi were set (themselves) apart by G.... and Y.... dedicated themselves to the tents of learning. In doing so, they avoided the slavery experience suffered by the other tribes and remained involved only in holy endeavors. [45]

•

• Amram, a grandson of Levi, and his wife Yocheved, Levi's daughter, demonstrated great faithfulness in their defiance of Egypt's evil decrees. To this righteous couple, the ultimate leader of the Jewish people was born, Moshe, who was destined to lead the people out of Egypt. [46]

• 4,000 years ago…Abraham’s Chromosomes?

•

• In search of the historical Abraham

•
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


• According to the written and oral traditions of the three major religions of the Western world, Abraham was a real person who lived in the Middle East nearly 4,000 years ago. According to each respective tradition, he was the first of the Fathers of the Jewish people, fathered the Arab nations and Islam, and laid the conceptual basis for Christianity. Tradition relates that he may have influenced early Eastern religion, as well.

• Abraham is the first to be called a Hebrew - Ivri—one who passes over from one side to the other. He received this title because he actually crossed over Euphrates River, in present day Iraq, as he traveled to the Promised Land at the call of God. Philosophically, he earned the distinction as a Hebrew for his clarity of truth, for at a time that the entire world was of one opinion, he was of another. He was born, according to the Talmud, into a world that had largely lost recognition of the one God—the Creator, Sustainer, and Supervisor of the universe. He recognized at an early age that there must be only one Creator and Prime Mover of all. It was not a popular opinion at the time, but he was a fighter for truth and freedom, and he placed his life on the line for his belief. In his lifetime, he continually faced and passed major tests of his strength of conviction and commitment to his vision of truth of the reality and unity of God.

• The Jewish people regard Abraham as their original forefather, the father of Isaac, and the grandfather of Jacob. Abraham is also revered as the forefather of the Arab nations and Islam, as he was also the father of Ishmael, his son through Hagar, Sara’s Egyptian princess handmaiden. The Koran reports that Abraham and Ishmael raised the foundations of the Kaaba, the cube-shaped black stone structure in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, which is Islam’s holiest shrine. During the annual Haj pilgrimage, Moslems from all over the world circle the Kaaba, reinforcing the central role of Abraham and Ishmael in Islamic faith. Christianity, as well, regards Abraham as a Patriarch. He is the acknowledged father of monotheism, the progenitor of Western religion.

•

• Can recent genetic research give some indication of the existence of the historical Abraham?

• Recent genetic studies of the Jewish people clearly indicate that the roots of the Jewish nation can be traced to the Middle East. This research confirms the geographical origin of the core of every major Jewish Diaspora community. (See: “Jewish Genetics”)

• Furthermore, the discovery of the “Cohen Gene”—the genetic signature shared by the majority of Kohanim—the Jewish priestly family worldwide, is an indication that this signature is that of the ancient Hebrews. (See: “The Cohen - DNA Connection”)

• Based on the DNA of today’s Kohanim, the geneticists have dated their “Most Common Recent Ancestor” to 106 generations ago, approximately 3,300 years before the present. This is in agreement with the Torah’s written and oral tradition of the lifetime of Aaron, the original High Priest and founder of the Kohen lineage. Further genetic studies have found that the CMH-the Cohen Modal Haplotype-a haplotype of the MED (J) haplogroup-is not exclusive to Kohanim, and not unique to Jews. It is also found in significant percentages among other Middle Eastern populations, and to a lesser extent, among southern Mediterranean groups. A haplotype is a group of distinct DNA markers—neutral nucleotide mutations, which when found together indicate a lineage. These particular markers were discovered on the Y-Chromosome, which is passed from father to son, without change, thus establishing a paternal lineage pattern.

• All of the above is scientific fact, which has only become known in recent years. Using these findings as a basis, perhaps we can speculate and consider some implications of the findings.

• If the CMH is the genetic signature of Aaron, the father of the Kohanim, it must also have been the genetic signature of Aaron’s father, Amram, and that of his father, Kehat, and of his father, Levi. Levi’s father was Jacob who also must have had the CMH as his Y-Chromosome genetic signature, as did his father, Isaac.

• Thus we arrive at Abraham. Abraham was only seven generations removed from Aaron, a matter of a few hundred years. Genetic signatures change slightly only over many generations. Thus, it is very reasonable to assume that the CMH, the most common haplotype among Jewish males, is therefore also the genetic signature of the Patriarch Abraham.

• This would explain why we also find the CMH in high numbers among Arabs and other Middle Easterners today. These peoples traditionally claim to be the progeny of Abraham through his son Ishmael, who would also have to be carrying Abraham’s male genetic signature. These markers are also found among some southern Mediterranean and European peoples.

• Besides the Jews, there are other populations that share the “Abrahamic Genetic Signature” as their primary Y-markers. These include Lebanese, Syrians, Druze, Iraqi Kurds, some southern and central Italians, and Hungarians. It is also found among some Armenians. These may be descendants of Abraham through his grandson Esau, brother of Jacob, some of whose progeny, according to Talmudic tradition, founded the early roots of the empire of Rome. As Isaac’s son and Abraham’s grandson, Esau would also have had these same Y-chromosome lineage markers. Please keep in mind that this part .>is the author’s speculation only.

• The Jewish Kohanim have maintained the Abrahamic lineage to the highest degree among the Jewish People. Jewish is not a genetic definition—other peoples, through marriage and conversions, have joined the Jewish People. However, being a Kohen is a genetic definition—father to son starting from Aaron, the High Priest. And despite their having been scattered throughout the world for over 2,000 years, the extended family of Kohanim have maintained their genetic integrity equivalent to the highest percentages of the other Middle Eastern groups which never left the region.

• . Based on the dating of the Most Recent Common Ancestor of the Kohanim as approximately 3300 years, it is not unreasonable to assume that it is the male descendants of Patriarch Abraham today who possess this DNA signature. However, Abraham may not be the exclusive source of these markers, for they are a component of a more ancient Middle Eastern gene pool.

• “From Me, behold, I make My covenant with you, you shall be the father of many nations… And I will make you exceedingly fruitful, and I will make of you nations, and kings shall come from you.” Genesis 17:4, 6

• The promise and prophecy of God to Abraham was that he would be the progenitor of great nations, that his descendents—literally “his seed”—would be numerous “as the stars in the heavens and as the sands on the seashore,” (Genesis 22:17). And indeed, the number of people in the world today with the “Abrahamic Genetic Signature” is too large to count precisely. A reasonable estimate is in the hundreds of millions.

• This article is based on a chapter from the new book, DNA and Tradition: the Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews. Click here to order.[47]

4,000 years ago…




Compiled by R.S. Bradley and J.A. Eddy based on J.T. Houghton et al., Climate Change: The IPCC Assessment, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990 and published in EarthQuest, vo. 1, 1991. Courtesy of Thomas Crowley, Remembrance of Things Past: Greenhouse Lessons from the Geologic Record[48]

4,000 years ago: China

The drought may have caused the collapse of Neolithic Cultures around Central China during the late third millennium BC.[19] In the Yishu River Basin, the flourishing Longshan culture was hit by a cooling that made the paddies shortfall in output or even no seeds were gathered. The scarcity in natural resource led to substantial decrease in population and subsequent drop in archaeological sites.[20] About 4000 cal. yr BP Longshan culture was displaced by Yueshi culture which was relatively underdeveloped, simple and unsophisticated.[49]

2000 B.C.E.

By the beginning of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom (a few years after 2000 B.C.E.), the pressure of immigrants on the eastern Delta was so strong that the Egyptian authorities built a series of forts at strategic points to repel the Asiattics,” as the story of Sinuhe tells us.[50]

• 2000 B.C.

• According to Joe Hofler, who also refers to Dr. Kumbari of the museum of Urimqi in Xinjiang, China, the Indeo-Aryans of the Germanic branch traveled into Europe around 2,000 BC and brought with them the “svastika” symbol (sun disk) of their religious art at that time as shown by excavations of Kurgan graves on the steppes of Russia and Indo-Aryan graves in Xinjiang, China.[51]

•

• In India, both clockwise and counterclockwise were used, with different meanings: the counter clockwise one is associated with the goddess Kali-Maya mother of Buddha, associated with the moon), and the clockwise one is associated with Ganesha (elephant-headed father of Buddha, associated with the Sun. [52]



Yonna meets an Elephant in India. What does the art work mean?



• Yonna visiting an Elephant, and connects with Ganeesha. What connection does Ganeesha have to Jesus? Did Jesus visit India.



• Yonna, in India.

• She is of Jewish descent and Anna and I met her on a flight to Raleigh NC for a soccer tournament. She is in the mental health profession, sometimes for the government. She is 35. She has connected with Hinduism, through her teaching of yoga, and the God named Ganeesha.



4,000 years ago….in India

•

• Credit: Gwen Robbins

• The first leper

• Leprosy, now known as Hansen's disease, has long carried a stigma. The disease is not very contagious, but lepers have been banished and snubbed throughout history, owing in part to the disfiguring sores caused by the disease.

• One archaeological find suggests that the stigma surrounding leprosy goes way back. A 4,000-year-old skeleton discovered in India is the oldest known archaeological evidence of leprosy. The fact that the skeleton survived suggests the person was an outcast: Hindu tradition calls for cremation, and only those deemed unfit were buried. The skeleton was buried in a stone enclosure filled with ash from burned cow dung, a substance then thought to be sacred and purifying.[53]

•

• October 1, 331 BCE: Alexander the Great of Macedonia defeated the Persian army at Gaugamela. This victory cemented Greek domination over the Persian Empire. Alexander would be crowned “King of Asia” after the battle. Alexander’s armies were instrumental in bringing Greek culture to the lands of Asia Minor including the homeland of the Jewish people. This would mark the beginning of the uneasy and sometimes violent interaction between the world of Moses and Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, et al.[54]

• 330 BCE: In early Hellenistic Al;exandria Jews are naturalized, enjoying full political rights. By the second quarter of the next century new Jewish residents are regarded as noncitizens so that two Jewish classes evolve.[55]

• 330 BCE The Macedonians newly settled in Samaria introduce foreign worship that the native Samaritans find alien. The latter have been serving the God of Israel for generations. Accordingly, they withdraw and begin building their own temple in Shechem, a cultic site ordained by Deuteronomy. Though disdained by the Jews in Jerusalem, they regard themselves as truly Israelite. The Samaitan version of the Torah makes Shechem the site of YHWH’s chosen shrine.[56]

• 325 BCE: The small province of Judea (Ioudaia) thrives under Alexander, who leaves taxes where they are. Unlike elsewhere, Judeans all enjoy citizen status, undivided into classes.[57]

• 323 BCE: In a couple of decades before his death in 323 B.C., Alexander of Macedonia created the largest empire the ancient world had known, stretching form Greece to northern India. Early on , Judea was incorporated into the realm of the world conqueror, who treated the Jews generously. [1][58] After Alexanders death his general Ptoloemy I wins the city for his Egyptian kingdom. [3] [59]

• Tiny Judea, which under Greek influence took on the name Palestine, was caught in a vice between the Ptolemy Dynasty in Egypt and the rival Seleucids, who ruled over Syria, Phoenicia, and the lands east to Persia.[2][60]

• 323 B.C.

• Alexander’s Empire: 2 Million Square Miles.[61]

• After the death of Alexander, his empire is divided into four parts. One of Alexander’s former generals, Seleucus I, gained control of Iran, Mesopotamia, northern Syria, and the greater part of Anatolia (Turkey). The Seleucid empire embraced many different cultures and lasted over 200 years.

• The Seleucids founded many new cities, which they designed according to the Greek grid plan. Their tow capitals were Seleucia-on-theTigris, just south of modern Baghdad, and Antioch-on-the-Orontes, in what is now southern Turkey. Hellenistic art and architecture in Mesopotamia took on many motifs from the Greeks, but the ancient tradition remained strong. Babylonian gods were still worshipped in traditional temples, and cuneiform and Aramaic alphabetic scripts remained as vehicles for recording alongside Greek Pottery and other classes of objects included some new items from the Greek world but were essentially continuations of the old forms. [62]

October 1, 366 - St Damasus I begins his reign as Catholic Pope[63]

October 1, 966: The Church elected, with Otto’s approval, John XIII as new Pope on October 1, 966.[56] John XIII’s behavior and foreign backing soon made him disliked among the Roman people, and only ten weeks into his tenure he was taken into custody by the Roman people and imprisoned in Campania. The desperate Pope sent word to Otto begging for help; the Emperor received John XIII’s message and prepared his army for a third expedition into Italy. [64]

October 1, 1549: Fall of Somerset

The sequence of events that led to Somerset's removal from power has often been called a coup d'état.[45] By October 1, Somerset had been alerted that his rule faced a serious threat. He issued a proclamation calling for assistance, took possession of the king's person, and withdrew for safety to the fortified Windsor Castle, where Edward wrote, "Me thinks I am in prison".[47] Meanwhile, a united Council published details of Somerset's government mismanagement. They made clear that the Protector's power came from them, not from Henry VIII's will.



October 1, 1550:





"Brazilian ball" for Henry II and Catherine de' Medici in Rouen, October 1, 1550, a precursor to the creation of France Antarctique in Brazil. [65]



Travels in France and England

Mary left Scotland on September 6, 1550 and arrived at Dieppe in time to participate in a festival with the French court at Rouen with her daughter on October 1, 1550.[34] At Rouen, Mary and the Queen of Scots rode in procession behind soldiers carrying banners depicting Scottish fortresses recently defended and recovered by the French. She brought with her a large retinue of Scottish gentlemen, including the Earls of Huntly, Cassillis, Sutherland, Marischal, and Wigtown, plus Lords Home and Maxwell, and the Bishops of Caithness and Galloway.[35] Historians have analysed the Scottish retinue as a team-building exercise for Mary.[36]

Over the winter she stayed with the French court at Blois, then spent the summer with Henry II visiting Tours, Angers and Nantes. [66]



October 1, 1553: Norfolk was restored to the office of Earl Marshal and officiated in that capacity at Mary's coronation on October 1, 1553.[11] His last major service to the Crown was his command of the forces sent to put down a rebellion in early 1554 by a group of disaffected gentlemen who opposed the Queen's projected marriage to Philip II of Spain.[12] [67] On October 1, 1553, Gardiner crowned Mary at Westminster Abbey.[81]

Spanish marriage





Philip of Spain by Titian

At age 37, Mary turned her attention to finding a husband and producing an heir, thus preventing the Protestant Elizabeth (still her successor under the terms of Henry VIII's will and the Act of Succession of 1544) from succeeding to the throne. Edward Courtenay and Reginald Pole were both mentioned as prospective suitors, but her cousin Charles V suggested she marry his only son, Prince Philip of Spain.[82] Philip had a son from a previous marriage, and was heir apparent to vast territories in Continental Europe and the New World. [68]



October 1, 1561: The English ministers insist anew on a ratification of the treaty of Edinburgh, especially of the fifth article, which prohibited the Queen of Scotland from bearing the arms and using the titles of the kingdom of England. This Mary refuses; replying that an agreement of this sort would be a renunciation of the rights of her birth. [69]



October 1, 1569: To Queen Elizabeth. [70]



From Tutbury, the 1st October [1569].

Madam, my good Sister, — Perceiving by a suspicion taken of me, my sudden removal and change of keepers, and treatment of my servants, at the time when I hoped, according to your promises, to receive your favourable determination in my affairs, I could only lament that my confidence in you, and my friendship and desire to please you, have brought me a result so unhoped for and evil, in reward for my long for-

bearance : which always thinking to remedy by displaying to you the sincerity of my intention in all my actions towards you, I had requested permission to write to you by one of my faithful servants, in the hope that when you knew my innocence you would treat me diiferently. But that was refused to me ; which has made me venture to send to the Bishop of E/Oss, to give him this charge. But now seeing the severity increased, so as to compel me to dismiss my poor servants

without giving them the means of going where out of respect of me they might have their livelihood, but to force them to throw themselves into the hands of the rebels, to be hanged ; leaving me only twenty men, unless I choose to dismiss my women without knowing whither, without money or protection, so far from their country and in such a season ; by which number it is impossible for me to be served, for the reasons which the Bishop of Ross will explain to whom you please ; — that appeared to me far more severe than I ever would have expected from you: and farther, the more grievous prohibition, that I may receive no letter or message, nor intelligence of my affairs in Scotland, which are in such extremity from my having waited for your promise of having

them briefly dispatched : nor even is it allowed me to hear of those in France, or of the health of the princes my friends or kinsmen, who rely, as I have done, upon your favour towards me. Instead of which, they have forbid me to go out, and have rifled my trunks, entering my chamber with pistols and arms, not without putting me in bodily fear, and accusing my people, rifle them and place them under arrest ; still I should have thought that in all this finding nothing which could affect or displease you, I should thereafter have experienced better treatment. But seeing that such is the life I lead, with the prospect of its being worse, I presume to address to you this last request, containing the following : First, that if you do not find the statement of the Bishop of Ross satisfactory, you will permit me to satisfy you in person. Secondly, that you will be pleased, without longer putting me off for the sake of others, to restore me to my own country and authority by your support, or to permit me, according to my former request, to retire to France to the Most Christian King my brother-in-law : or, at least, that during my imprisonment I may have liberty to communicate with the Bishop of Boss and other ministers necessary to

settle my affairs ; and that to these my affectionate requests you will send a reply, either by one of my own people, or by letter from yourself.



And lastly, if you please to detain me your prisoner, I entreat you at least to put a ransom upon me, and not leave me to waste away here in tears and complaints caused by the disease for which I came to seek the remedy. But if it please you to use me harshly without my having deserved it, at least let me not be placed in the hands of any one

suspicious to my friends and relations, for fear of false reports,or worse than I should wish to think of any one. And hoping that you will consider these my complaints and requests according to conscience, justice, your laws, your honour, and the satisfaction of all Christian princes, I shall pray God to give you a happy and long life, and me a better share in your favour than to my sorrow I perceive that I have, whereto I shall commend myself affectionately to the end.



From my prison at Tutbury, this 1st of October.

Your very affectionate distressed sister and cousin,



Marie.



Addressed: — To the Queen of England, my good sister

and cousin. [71]



October 1, 1570: Elizabeth, yielding to the remonstrances of La Mothe Fénélon, sends Cecil, Mildmay, and the Bishop of Ross, to Chatsworth, to discuss the conditions on which a reconciliation may be effected between the two queens.



The conferences between the envoys of Elizabeth and the Bishop of Ross, lasted nearly three weeks, but without being brought to any positive result. They were then adjourned until the arrival of the deputies

from Scotland. [72]



October 1, 1578: Don John of Austria dies in his tent before Namur, after a severe sickness. He is succeeded by the Prince of Parma in the command of the Spanish troops then in Flanders. [73]



October 1, 1584: From Wingfield, the 1st October [1584].

Master Gray, — this unexpected change of my residence, joined to the watch by my new keepers on most of my friends and correspondents, has been the cause why I did not receive your last of 2d and 3d June and 2d of July until the 9th of September ; and at the same time having received by Negoli and otherwise certain information that you were on

the eve of setting out to come hither, I have thought that my reply could not reach you in time in Scotland, and therefore I have resolved to direct it to you at London, where my said keepers have again assured me that you were expected on the 5 th of this month at farthest.



In the meanwhile I have written to my son my opinion of the proposal which you have made to me, in his name, for your journey to the Queen of England, and have told him plainly that I can in nowise approve of such factitious demonstration of disagreement and fresh difference between him and me, as being prejudicial to us both for the following reasons : namely, that the Queen of England either would not believe it, and would consider it a deceit and a game got up expressly between me and my son, which would be enough to prevent your journey to me, instead of facilitating it ; or, if she believed the said difference to be real, it would give to our enemies at her court the only advantage which they at present desire for dissuading her from proceeding farther in any treaty or agreement between us ; for without any doubt they have up to the present time made her place and found her safety and that of her kingdom on our differences, for which you know they have laboured, and labour daily, by all means and inducements possible towards each other; and knowing that nothing has hitherto so much prevented her

from attacking you, and assisting and supporting by open force our banished rebels, as the persuasion which she has of the concord between me and my son, foreseeing that consequently all the princes of Christendom our friends, and all sometime Mary believed him devoted to her cause ; but in a short while she began to suspect him (and with reason) of being sold to Walsingham. See the subsequent notes on pages 314 and 316 ; and, on page 319, the note addressed by Chérelles to Walsingham.



others depending on us both, as well in this kingdom as in Scotland and elsewhere, would be joined with us and would assist us, our said enemies now could not by a more prompt and plausible method divert and withdraw the Queen of England from all treaty and agreement with us than by giving her the assurance and confirmation by my own son of the

difference between him and me; inasmuch as thereby the queen of England, believing us both less powerful and capable of annoying her, would feel more confident, and losing the fear which she had of our concord, would make less account than ever of doing it either for him or for me ; but on the contrary she would proceed with more confidence to our trouble, persecution, and ruin, according to the desire and advice of our said enemies, who seek for no other thing.



In short, believe for a certainty that it is only the fear and apprehension of a final agreement which can induce the Queen of England to do any thing for us, and that it will not make my son so contemptible in her eyes, as if under the food of her fine promises she can once disappoint and deprive him of the assistance and support of me and my friends and relatives, and of foreign princes, the appearance of whom, although hitherto without effect, may be of much service to us in extracting from her more advantageous conditions, if we know well how to use it ; wherefore if my son (although that I do not think him so ill advised as to trust to her, having already had so much experience of the treacherous conduct of the Queen of England towards him) is persuaded, whether by the people of this Queen of England or otherwise, that if by showing himself at variance with me he will obtain from her

better terms to himself, let him rest assured on the contrary that in persuading the Queen of England of this difference between him and me, it is the only thing by which she aims to give him, as they say, the Cornish hug,*[74] and that afterwards she will give herself no concern to perform and observe anything whatever of what she has promised. As for the threats with which she thinks perchance to alarm him, I do not consider him so faint-hearted as that these can restrain him from showing publicly, as his own duty and honour oblige him, the agreement which in all things he has by me, and which he ought to have with me, for the Queen of England is at present more upon the defensive than

the offensive, perceiving herself very uncertain of her own subjects, and beyond the pale of assistance of the Duke of Anjou and the Prince of Orange, who were her principal supporters, and in a bad and very doubtful position with the chief and greatest princes of Christendom, whom she is extremely afraid of pressing and inviting to run to the fire, if she should light it in Scotland.



I make no doubt that she will feed my son, as she has done myself, with the hope of the succession of this crown ; but it is only an artifice, solely to keep us in leading strings after her, having from the beginning of her reign always held this principal maxim of her safety, in which she is more resolved than ever, never to declare while she lives any heir, or to suffer her subjects to turn their eyes from herself to those who are to reign after her.



To conclude this subject, I can see no good in your permitting, in any manner, the Queen of England to persuade herself that there is between my son and me any division, or that he wishes by a treaty entered upon to separate himself from me, or me from him ; but on the contrary it is very important for us, not to discourage our friends and animate our

enemies, that openly he may make apparent by you his duty and aflection to me, and he cannot do otherwise without incurring the character of being extremely hypocritical[J1] ,*[75] dis-semblîng, in a matter so little just and reasonable, even among those who shall believe the said difference to be real, without greatly prejudicing his honour over all Christendom and even among our own enemies, some of whom have already said to me that, if he is of good natural disposition, he cannot fail to demand explicitly by you, on whose arrival all things are depending, my complete deliverance and freedom, thereon to base and secure the progress of the said treaty. But thé rumour is already prevalent among them, and has reached my ears, that your journey refers to two principal points : the one to reveal to the Queen of England an intrigue and design against her discovered by you during your residence in France, and for the rest, to make to her in name of my son several

very advantageous good offices and offers of friendship, without in anywise mentioning or including me therein ; of which some of them already boast and consider themselves certain.



I do not know if the Earl of Arran, to make his credit available here, and show that he can lead my son as he pleases, has not been the author of that advice, so as to make it appear to them that he has fulfilled the promise which he made to them of alienating him from me ; but notwithstanding that, in his recent interview and negotiations with Lord Hunsdon, he has not succeeded better than before. Be that as it may, I entreat you, inasmuch as you value my everlasting pleasure,

not to disunite me and my son in any points of your proceedings and negotiations with the Queen of England and those of her council ; and if you have brought me letters from my son making no mention of any private understanding between him and me, send them openly to me by the ordinary post, and, in case that you have not brought any, do not fail to give me as openly, as by his express order and in his name, all

evidence of his duty, undivided affection, and obedience to me.



As for the more important and secret matter which you have to communicate to me, if you do not come hither, I shall request the French ambassador to show you the loay how to write to me.^ [76]You can trust and employ him in what you have to nego- [77][78]



but not to entrust more to him until we have had some better

experience of him and the suspicions cleared up which were

formerly had of his familiarity with the English ambassador

resident in France.



I much approve of your extracting from my Lord Claude Hamilton everything that can be of use to you here ; and especially, if you think you will not greatly displease my son by speaking to him in favour of the said lord, try indirectly by degrees to obtain for him some more mild and favourable treatment ; but take good care not to mention my name in the recommendation, unless you see that my son is willing to take it in good part, as otherwise it might injure me, without profiting the other.



I am very much offended by the bad management in France of the money which I had obtained there for my son ; to whom do not fail to testify that the six thousand crowns which he has received, come from Spain, and that there have been ten thousand ordered to be sent to him, besides the twelve thousand, for the maintenance of his guard ; being

unable to comprehend how it happens that Glasgow has not paid it, as I had ordered him. But of that, as of other things relating to his charge, I can get no account from him, it being more than six months since I have received a single word in cipher from him ; and yet I understand from other quarters that, under the name of my cousin the Duke of Guise, and some private members of the league, he arbitrarily disposes of every thing there with a high hand, without giving himself

much concern whether I shall be pleased with it or not. I regret that an old servant like him, and of his rank, should suffer himself to act thus, there not being at this day a single one of all my most faithful and affectionate servants and dependants, whether Scotch or English, who has not made incredible complaints of him to me, both specially and generally, not only of the delay and procrastination which they see occur in my affairs from that cause, but also of the particular discourtesies and injuries which they say they have received from him,

each being of this opinion, that no one can be in good estimation and favour with the said Glasgow who appears to depend on me, and to be more devoted to my service than to his passions, and that no recommendation or command from me, however express, can in anything avail with him, but to the contrary ; so that there are many who on his account have requested from me their dismissal, and permission to

interfere no more in my affairs, seeing how little, without making themselves altogether factious and denounced by the said Glasgow, they can profit my service and themselves ; which at length constrains me to grant the urgent request, which he has so often and importunately made to me for some years, of removing him from his charge as ambassador.

Of which you will inform my son, and of the causes which have led me thereto, desiring that whoever shall succeed the said Glasgow, shall hold commission from us both, as associates, and, in our mutual name, be presented to the King of France. It will be of great importance to my son and Scotland, to have certain intelligence and correspondence in

France ; and it will cost him nothing, inasmuch as I shall defray the maintenance of the said ambassador. I highly applaud the resolution, which you write to me you have taken, of following rigidly and directly, without respect to others, the orders and wishes of me and my son ; which is the only way to merit and confirm to you, and in-

crease more and more the credit of your fidelity, which hitherto you have acquired with us both. With this you will receive some articles*[79] in shape of instructions, to add to those of my son ; for the rest, and especially of your offer for my liberation, I defer to consider it at

leisure with you, when here, if you are permitted to come : for which, without other colour or pretence, you must make the request solely to visit me by order of my son, to know the true state of my condition and health, or to report to him my views concerning the treaty.



You will also find enclosed within, a note for the brother of my secretary, named Fontenay, who is at present with my son ; requesting j^-ou, above all things, to have him recommended for love of me, during the short stay which he is to make in Scotland, as a person of trust and merit, and to whom, for the services of his brother and himself, I feel myself very much obliged. And so I pray to God that He may

have you. Master Gray, in His holy keeping.



From Wingfield, this 1st October.

Your faithfully good mistress and friend.



Marte.

Postscript. — I have delayed sending the enclosed until now,

expecting daily some fresh certification of your coming to this

country ; which I think very strange has been so long de-

ferred, the Queen of England, as you gave me to understand,

having granted you your passport immediately on your ap-

plying for it. And she and her council take occasion, by

your delay, to procrastinate also their negotiation for the

treaty, and say that they wish to hear you before going

farther.



At the end of a fragment of this letter., copied hy Cher elles,

and preserved in the British Museum, is found the following

letter, written hy him to Walsingham :



Sir, — This is a half-sheet of the letter which the Queen of Scotland has written in cipher to Mr. Gray, and in one place, as you will see, where the said queen writes to him to beware of Mr. Douglas, because he is, as she says, too much devoted to you, which Monsieur the Ambassador was not willing he should see, nevertheless, he has not permitted him to perceive it, although my said Lord Ambassador had effaced and cor-

rected all that, and had made me rewrite it otherwise. Now, from what I have heard, the said Mr. Gray, having no one whom he thought he could trust to decipher the said letter, has given it to Mr. Douglas, who brought it to me to de- cipher, and 1 have kept it four or ^^^ days. If it had not been that he so pressed me, and that he came daily to take

what I had written, I should have been very glad to make you a copy ; but I do not doubt that the said Douglas has shewn you the whole, or fully informed you of the substance of the said letter. The bearer* and I encountered each other in a certain place, where he asked me if I had no news ; and, seeing the length of time since I had any means of doing you service, I spoke to him of this letter, and that there only re-

mained to me this half-sheet, which he .begged me very ear-

nestly to send to you, which I was unwilling to do, inasmuch

as I thought it would be of no service to you. As for Mon-

sieur the Ambassador, he has received nothing from this

quarter for a long time. Consider in what I can serve you,

assuring yourself that I shall employ myself therein as heartily

as I pray God, sir, that He may give you, in perfect health,

a happy and long life, with the accomplishment of all your

wishes. [80]





October 1, 1732: William Crawford born.[81]

(BD varies from previous October 1 1732 BD.)[82]



WILLIAM CRAWFORD was born about the year 1722, in Westmoreland county, Virginia,—the family early removing to Fred­erick county, beyond the Blue Ridge. [83] His birthplace was located between Bridge and Pope Creeks, which flowed into the Potomac River.[84]



October 1, 1744: Diana HARRISON. Born on October 1, 1744 in Goochland, Virginia. Diana died in Wilkes, North Carolina on November 11, 1817; she was 73.



On August 21, 1766 when Diana was 21, she married Benjamin MARTIN, in Goochland, Virginia.[85]





October 1, 1771: Dined at Upper Marlborough & reachd home in the Afternoon. Mr. Wormley—Mr. Fitzhugh, Mr. Randolph, Mr. Burwell, &Jack Custis came with me. Found Mr. Pendleton here.[86]





October 1, 1774: Valentine Crawford, brother of William, and agent of Col. George Washington, wrote the latter from Fort Fincastle under date of October 1, 1774, in which letter he said," His Lordship arrived here yesterday with about hundred men, seven hundred of whom came by water with his L'd'p. and five hundred came with my brother William by land with the bullocks. His L'd'p has sent him with five hundred men, fifty packhorses, and two hundred bullocks to meet Col. Lewis at the mouth of Hockhocking, below the mouth of Little Kanawha. His Lordship is to go by water with the rest of the troops in a few days." In accordance with the plan mentioned in this letter, Maj. William Crawford proceeded to Hocking, on the Ohio side of the river, and there erected a stockade which was named Fort Gower. Dunmore arriving with the main force in time to assist in the construction of the work.[87]






October 1, 1776: Valentine Crawford was stationed at Fort Henry (now Wheeling, WV). He was a Colonel in the Virginia State Militia Troops from 1776 to 1777. He was a resident of Tyrone Township, Fayette Co.,PA in 1772-1775. Valentine Crawford Jr. applied for 100 acres of land in Frederick Co.,VA in 1748, about the time of his marriage and purchased (paid for) the land on 6-21-1754.(Evelyn Pope)[88]

Valentine Crawford, Jr. was a Colonel in the Virginia Militia Revolutionary Army in ecember 1776 and
served as Wagon Master General.



More About VALENTINE Crawford, JR.:
Burial: Buried @ Bullskin Creek, Shepardstown, WV
Cause of Death: Pneumonia after falling through the ice.
Fact 2: 1754, Enlisted in British Army at Winchester, PA
Fact 3: 1775, Private in Augusta Co., VA militia stationed at Ft. Finecastle.
Fact 4: October 1, 1776, Stationed at Ft Henry (now Wheeling WV)
Fact 5: Bet. 1776 - 1777, Colonel in Virginia State Militia Troops.

Child of VALENTINE CRAWFORD and RACHEL ULN is:
i. RACHEL25 CRAWFORD, b. 1775, Frederick County, Virginia; d. Before. 1810, Ohio; m. HEZEKIAH THORNBURG.

Child of VALENTINE CRAWFORD and CATHERINE ULN is:
46. ii. JOSEPH "JOSIAH"25 CRAWFORD, b. 1742, Virginia; d. Aft. 1830, Estill County, Kentucky.

Children of VALENTINE CRAWFORD and SARAH MORGAN are:
iii. VALENTINE25 CRAWFORD.
iv. MOSES CRAWFORD, b. Abt. 1748, Frederick County, Virginia; d. 1774, Westmoreland County, Virginia. [89]

October 1, 1795: Michael Spaid, born October 1, 1795, in Hampshire County, Virginia, died March 26, 1872, in Buffalo, Ohio. Was married to Margaret ("Peggy") Godlove (Gottlieb), daughter of George Godlove, German lineage, born August 13, 1792, Hampshire County WV, ied August 30, 1873 in Buffalo, Guernsey County, Ohio.[90] They were Lutherans and Democrats. Eight children. She had to the last the Virginia accent and kindly ways. [91]




October 1, 1799: William Henry Harrison





Harrison in 1841; this is an early (circa 1850) photographic copy of an 1841 daguerreotype


9th President of the United States


In office
March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841


Vice President

John Tyler


Preceded by

Martin Van Buren


Succeeded by

John Tyler


United States Minister to Colombia


In office
May 24, 1828 – September 26, 1829


Nominated by

John Quincy Adams


Preceded by

Beaufort Watts


Succeeded by

Thomas Moore


United States Senator
from Ohio


In office
March 4, 1825 – May 20, 1828


Preceded by

Ethan Brown


Succeeded by

Jacob Burnet


Member of the

U.S. House of Representatives

from Ohio's 1st district


In office
October 8, 1816 – March 3, 1819


Preceded by

John McLean


Succeeded by

Thomas Ross


Governor of the Indiana Territory


In office
January 10, 1801 – December 28, 1812


Appointed by

John Adams


Preceded by

Position established


Succeeded by

Thomas Posey


Member of the

U.S. House of Representatives

from the Northwest Territory's

At-large district


In office
March 4, 1799 – May 14, 1800


Preceded by

Constituency established


Succeeded by

Paul Fearing


Secretary of the Northwest Territory


In office
June 28, 1798 – October 1, 1799


Governor

Arthur St. Clair

Charles Byrd


Preceded by

Winthrop Sargent


Succeeded by

Charles Byrd


[92]

October 1, 1801: Preliminaries of peace were signed between England and France, to be converted into the definitive peace of Amiens on the March 27, 1802. The ruler of France was now Napoleon Bonaparte, and few persons in England believed that he had any real purpose of bringing his aggressive violence to an end. "Do you know what I call this peace?" said the king; "an experimental peace, for it is nothing else. But it was unavoidable."[93]

October 1, 1808: Mary Anna Custis Lee



Mary Anna Custis Lee

Mary Anna Randolph Custis Lee (October 1, 1808 – November 5, 1873) was a third cousin and the wife of Robert E. Lee, the prominent career military officer who subsequently commanded the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia during the American Civil War.[1] They married at her parents' home, Arlington House, in Virginia in 1831, and had seven children together; she survived him by three years.

Biography

East front of Custis Lee Mansion with Union Soldiers on lawn



Mary Anna Custis Lee and her son, Robert E. Lee, Jr., c.1845

Lee was descended from several colonial and Southern families, including the Parke Custises, Fitzhughs, Dandriges, Randolphs, Rolfes, and Gerards. Through her paternal grandmother, Eleanor Calvert, she descended from Lord Baltimore. Through her mother, Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis, she was a descendant of William Fitzhugh.[2] Mary Anna Custis Lee was the only surviving child of George Washington Parke Custis, George Washington's step-grandson and adopted son and founder of Arlington House, and Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis, daughter of William Fitzhugh[3] and Ann Bolling Randolph Fitzhugh. Her godmother, Mary Randolph, the first person recorded buried at Arlington, wrote an early book on housekeeping and cooking. Lee's birth year is usually given as 1808, but it appears in the Custis family Bible and in records kept by her mother as 1807, and is also referred to in a letter her mother wrote in the autumn of 1807. She was born at Annefield in Clarke County, Virginia when her mother's coach stopped there during a journey.[4] She was well educated, having learned both Latin and Greek.

She enjoyed discussing politics with her father, and later with her husband. She kept current with the new literature. After her father's death, she edited and published his writings as Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, by his Adopted Son George Washington Parke Custis, with a Memoir of this Author by his Daughter[5] in 1859.

Lee was diminutive and vivacious. She had known her third cousin, Robert E. Lee, from childhood; her mother and Robert's mother were second cousins, and Lee's father Henry had delivered the eulogy to a crowd of 4000 at George Washington's 1799 funeral.[6] Among Mary Anna's other suitors was Sam Houston. [94]



October 1, 1814 – January 29, 1820: George IV, His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Hanover. [95]





October 1, 1823:

Andrew Jackson elected to the U.S. Senate .[96]


October 1, 1838: Capt. John Benge, Conductor; George C. Lowrey, Jr. Asst. Conductor; 1,079 persons left Fort Payne camp, Alabama October 1, 1838 and 1,132 arrived January 11, 1839 at Mrs. Webber's place, Indian Territory. (33 deaths, 3 births).

October 1, 1855: About the care of Jewish patients of the
institution in Werneck Discussion about the introduction of a kosher kitchen and the pastoral care of the Jewish patients in the Werneck asylum for the local Jewish patients (1877)
The baroque castle to a medicinal and Grafeneck for mentally sick 1853/55 was converted in Werneck. On 1 October 1855, therapeutical and Grafeneck under its first Director Dr. Bernhard von Gudden could record their work. Thus, Werneck is one of the oldest psychiatric clinics of Germany's seat. about 800 patients of curative and Grafeneck in the framework of the "euthanasia" actions of the NAZI era were murdered in 1940. Today, the psychiatric hospital in a modern new building is housed. An orthopedic specialist clinic is located in the Castle.
in 1877, an article was discussed in which the question of establishing a kosher kitchen and the pastoral care of Jewish patients and patients of medical and Grafeneck appeared in the magazine "The Israelite":

September 30 to October 1, 1864: Battle of Preble’s Farm, VA.[97]



Sat. October 1, 1864

Cold and rainy out of grub. Detailed for

Picket went out a mile with E. Hodgin[98] [99]and

Em Gregg[100] dark and rainy night

Good news from Richmond

(William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary)[101]



October 1, 1864: Battle of Yellow Tavern, VA.[102]

October 1, 1893:


Lieutenant-Colonel The Hon. Michael Claude Hamilton Bowes-Lyon

October 1 1893

May 1 1953

59 years

Known as Mickie,[13] he was a Prisoner of War during World War I.[15] He married Elizabeth Cator in 1928. She was a bridesmaid at the wedding of Prince Albert, Duke of York, and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon on 3 May 1923. [16] They had issue, including Michael Bowes-Lyon, 17th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. He died of asthma and heart failure in Bedfordshire.




[103]



October 1, 1937: British declare Arab Higher Committee in Palestine an illegal body.[104]



October 1, 1939: In Vienna, Austria Ubersiedlungsaktion (Resettlement action) is instituted against able bodied Jewish men. These Jews are deported to Poland for forced labor.[105]



October 1, 1939: Nazis begin the internment of Polish “mental defectives” in the Polish village of Piasnica.[106]



October 1, 1939: The Polish government-in-exile is formed in France (it later moves to London).[107]



October 1, 1940: The Nazis deport 6500 Jews from Germany’s Palatinate, Baden, and Saar regions to internment camps at the foot of the French Pyrenees.[108]



October 1, 1940: Jews are forced to pay for and build a wall around the Warsaw (Poland) Ghetto.[109]



October 1, 1940: Reich theoretician Alfred Rosenberg writes an article, “Jews to Madagascar,” which suggests mass deportation of jewsw to the island off the African coast.[110]



October 1, 1940: German authorities forbid Norwegian Jews to teach and participate in other professions.[111]



October 1, 1940: Young Jewish men return from the Belzec, Poland, camp to Szczebrzesyn, Poland, after a ransom of 20,000 zlotys is paid to Nazi captors.[112]



• October 1, 1941: The German government prohibits further Jewish emigration from Germany.[113]

•

October 1, 1941: Einsatzgruppen members gather Jews of the Batic port of Libau and machine-gun them at the local naval base.[114]



October 1, 1941: Germans drown 20 Jewish children in clay pits near Okopowa Street in the Warsaw Ghetto.[115]



October 1, 1941: Seventy children in the Warsaw Ghetto are found frozen to death outside destroyed houses following the season’s first snowfall.[116]



October 1-December 22, 1941: From this date until December 22, 1941, the German murder 33,500 Jews in Actionen, in Vilna, Lithuania.[117]



October 1, 1942: Jews are deported to Auschwitz from Holland and Belgium, to the Treblinka death camp from central Poland and the Theresienstadt, Czechoslovakia camp/ghetto; and to the Belzec death camp from the Eastern Galicia region of Poland.[118]



October 1, 1942: The Nazis opened Chelmek as a labor camp. The Jews there and elswhere were used as slave labor for the German war effort.[119]



October 1, 1942: Nazis deported 4000 Jews from Lukow, a town near Lublin in Poland.[120]



October 1, 1942: The Nazis deported 2,000 Jews from Czechoslovakia.[121]



October 1, 1942: Five thousand Jews are deported from Zawichost, Poland to Belzec.[122]



October 1, 1942: The British Vatican Ambassador Francis d’ Orby writes in his dieary that Pope Pius XII only occasionally denounces moral crimes. But such rare and vague declarations do not have…lasting force and validity.” Osborene points out that the Pope’s policy of silence in regard to such offences against the conscience of the world must necessarily involve a renunciation of moral leadership.”[123]



October 1, 1942: In Lukow, Poland, Jewish Council member

David Lieberman is told by German authorities that money he has collected to ransom Lublin’s Jews is useless, and deportations will continue, whereupon Lieberman tears the money to pieces and slaps the Germanofficial in the face. Ukrainian guards kill Lieberman immediately and 4000 of the Jews Liebermen had hoped to protect are deported to the Treblika extermination camp, where they are gassed.[124]



October 1, 1942: Hundreds of Jews escape the Ukrainian town of Lubomi but are quickly hunted down. In all, some 10,000 of the town’s Jews are killed.[125]



October 1, 1943: SS chief Heinrich Himmler delivers a speech at a “Final Solution” conference.[126]



October 1 1943: The Jewish ghetto at Chernovtsy, Romania, is liquidated.[127]



October 1, 1943: Eichmann responded favorably (XLIX-50) and added that a commando to escort the convoy would come from Stuttgart. Convoy 60 included 564 males and 436 females. One hundred eight were children under 18. The routinetelex (XLIX-52) was signed by Rothke. [128]



October 1, 1944: Max Gottlieb, born July 6, 1896 in Neuhof . Resided Siegburg. Deportation: from Trier-Koln. July 27, 1942, Theresienstadt. October 1, 1944, Auschwitz . missing.[129]



October 1, 1944: The Nazis gassed 1,000 more Jews from Theresinstadt at Birkenau.[130]



October 1, 1944: About 15,000 Jews are deported from the Theresienstadt, Czechoslovakia, camp/ghetto to Auschwitz.[131]



October 1, 1944: Max Gottlieb, born July 6, 1896 in Neuhof. Resided Siegburg

Deportation: From Trier-Koln, July 27, 1942, Theresienstadt. October 1, 1944, Auschwitz. Missing [132]



October 1, 1944: The Germans initiate death marches of prisoners from Auschwitz to camps in Germany, including Dachau, Bergen-Belsen, and Sachsenhausen.[133]



October 1, 1944: Some 150 twins, most of them children, remain in Dr. Mengele’s medical block at Auschwitz-Birkenau.[134]



October 1, 1944: At the Stutthof, Germany concentration camp, executions of Jewish prisoners begin. Initial killings are carried out by assembling inmates with their backs to an infirmary wall with the stated purpose of medical examinations. Slits in the wall behind the heads of each inmate allow a pistol shot to be fired into their brains from the adjoining room.[135]



October 1, 1945: At Boleslawiec, Poland, eight Jews are murdered by an anti-Semitic Polish underground group. Yes, this happened five months after the end of World War II.[136]



October 1 (?), 1957







1958 Charles Keeling begins continuous monitoring program that reveals rapidly rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.[137]




1958-1961: Great Chinese Famine



Lasting three years from 1958 to 1961, the Great Chinese Famine is the worst on record. While statistics of the loss of life are disputed, as few as 15 million and as many as 43 million were killed as a result.[138]

1959: Hawaii becomes the 50th state.[139]

October 1, 1961: Home Run record

Maris with 59 home runs after the Yankees' 154th game, failed to beat Ruth's 60 home runs within the original season length. Maris hit his 61st home run on October 1, 1961, in the fourth inning of the last game of the season, at Yankee Stadium in front of 23,154 fans.[10] Boston Red Sox pitcher Tracy Stallard gave up the record home run. No asterisk was subsequently used in any record books; Major League Baseball itself then had no official record book, and Frick later acknowledged that there never was official qualification of Maris' accomplishment. However, Maris remained bitter about the experience. Speaking at the 1980 All-Star Game, he said, "They acted as though I was doing something wrong, poisoning the record books or something. Do you know what I have to show for 61 home runs? Nothing. Exactly nothing." Despite all the controversy and criticism, Maris was awarded the 1961 Hickok Belt as the top professional athlete of the year, and won the American League's MVP Award for the second straight year. It is said, however, that the stress of pursuing the record was so great for Maris that his hair occasionally fell out in clumps during the season. Later, Maris even surmised that it might have been better all along had he not broken the record or even threatened it at all.





Maris signs a baseball for President John F. Kennedy in the 1962 season.

In 1962, Maris made his fourth consecutive All-Star appearance[11] and his seventh and final All-Star game appearance (1959–62, two All-Star games were played per season). His fine defensive skills were often overlooked. He made a game-saving play in the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7 of the 1962 World Series against the San Francisco Giants. With the Yankees leading 1-0 and Matty Alou on first, Willie Mays doubled toward the right-field line. Maris cut off the ball and made a strong throw to prevent Alou from scoring the tying run; the play set up Willie McCovey's series-ending line drive to second baseman Bobby Richardson, capping what would prove to be the final World Series victory for the "old" Yankees.

In 1963, he played in only 90 games, hitting 23 home runs. Maris was again injured in Game Two of the 1963 World Series after only five home plate appearances.

In 1964, he rebounded, appearing in 141 games, batting .281 with 26 home runs. Maris hit a home run in Game 6 of the 1964 World Series.[5] But in 1965, his physical problems returned, and he had off-season surgery to remove a bone chip in his hand. In 1966, the Yankees' and Maris' fortunes continued to decline as he played most of the season with a misdiagnosed broken bone in his hand.The oft-injured Maris was questioned by the organization, media and fans.[6][140]

October 1, 1961 Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) is formed.

At a White House luncheon this autumn, publisher of the Dallas Morning News, E.M.

Dealey, shocks those present by reading out a challenge to JFK: “We can annihilate Russia and

should make that clear to the Soviet government.” Unfortunately “you and your Administration are

weak sisters.” What is needed is “a man on horseback ... Many people in Texas and the Southwest think

that you are riding Caroline’s tricycle.” Flushed with anger, JFK replies: “ Wars are easier to talk about

than they are to fight. I’m just as tough as you are -- and I didn’t get elected President by arriving at soft

judgments.” The Dallas Morning News reports that in response to its account of Dealey’s exchange

with JFK, it receives over two thousand telephone calls, telegrams and letters - including a tribute

from H.L. Hunt -- and that over 84 percent approve. [141]



October 1, 1962 The Pentagon issues secret orders for an air strike option of

“maximum readiness” against Cuba by October 20 -- according to James Blight and David Welch in

On the Brink.

Admiral Robert Lee Dennison, commander in chief of the Atlantic Fleet, is ordered by

Robert McNamara “to be prepared to institute a blockade of Cuba.” This evening Admiral

Dennison orders his fleet commanders to “take all feasible measures necessary to assure

maximum readiness to execute CINCLANT OPLAN 312 [and airstrike] by October 20.”

Simultaneously, U.S. Army commanders are informed of the “imminence of a possible

implementation of CINCLANT OPLAN 316-62,” a full-scale invasion of Cuba. NOTE: this is two

weeks BEFORE Soviet missile sites in Cuba are “discovered.” Admiral Dennison takes steps to mask

all of these preparations with the public announcement of a “large-scale amphibious assault

exercise [to provide] a cover for our Caribbean preparations.” Reporters are told that the reputed

target of this amphibious exercise - scheduled to begin on October 15 - is code-named Ortsac:

Castro spelled backwards. The Color Of Truth[142]



October 1, 1963 (According to CIA reports finally released in August, 1993) Today,

someone who identifies himself as Lee Harvey Oswald calls the Soviet Consulate in Mexico City.

This individual indicates that he has visited the Soviet Consulate at least once and inquires about

the telegram the Consulate sent to Washington, DC requesting more information regarding LHO

and Marina. Fourteen minutes later, the Consulate receives another phone call. This time, the

caller identifies himself as “Lee Harvey Oswald” and asks about the telegram sent to

Washington, DC.

Other evidence from the CIA and witness testimony, indicates that the individual visited the Soviet

and Cuban Consulates on five or six different occasions. While the majority of the evidence tends

to indicate that this individual was indeed Lee Harvey Oswald, the possibility that someone else is

using Lee Harvey Oswald’s name during this time in contacts with the Soviet and Cuban

Consulates cannot be absolutely dismissed.

John Martino, a mobster and asset of AMSPELL sponsor William Pawley, arrives today

in Dallas to deliver an anti-Castro talk (based on his recently published book, I Was Castro’s

Prisoner) to Cuban exiles, Birchers and members of the Catholic Cuban relocation committee.

Silvia Odio’s lover Father Walter Machann delivers the invocation at the Martino speech and

then abruptly disappears from public life.

Also today, Alex Rorke and Geoffrey Sullivan fly their rented Beechcraft back to

Merida, Mexico from Mexico City. They are accompanied by “a nervous person who appears eager

to resume flight,” according to an FBI report. The trio then departs for Cozumel and, upon

arriving, immediately take off again. It is unclear whether the third person is still with Rorke and

Sullivan when they leave Cozumel the last time, but the plane is never seen again. The rented

Beechcraft has been due back on September 28th. And FBI report dated November 13th, 1963

will note that two wealthy New York right-wingers financed Rorke’s venture, which was meant

to be a bombing mission to Havana. The third person on the plane, according to Gerry Patrick

Hemming, is an anti-Castro veteran named Molina, who was to be infiltrated into Cuba to

monitor Castro’s movements for the hit teams that are to come later. (A report dated January 11th,

1962 reveals that Miami Police’s intelligence unit has been notified by the Secret Service that a Rafael Anselmo

Rodriquez Molins, known as “Rafael Molina” was a suspect in a plan to assassinate John F. Kennedy when he

visited the family home in Palm Beach.)

A tape recording of a meeting of anti-Castro Cubans and right-wing Americans in the

Dallas suburb of Farmer's Branch is made today. In it, a Cuban identified as Nestor Castellanos

vehemently criticizes the United States and blames President Kennedy for the U.S. Government's

policy of "non-interference" with respect to the Cuban issue. Holding his copy of the September

26 edition of the Dallas Morning News, featuring a front-page account of the President's planned

trip to Texas in November, Castellanos vents his hostility without restraint:

CASTELLANOS. * * * we're waiting for Kennedy the 22nd, buddy. We're going

to see him in one way or the other. We're going to give him the works when he

gets in Dallas Mr. good ol' Kennedy. I wouldn't even call him President

Kennedy He stinks.

QUESTIONER. Are you insinuating that since this downfall came through the

leader there [Castro in Cuba], that this might come to us * * * ?

CASTELLANOS. Yes ma'am, your present leader. He's the one who is doing

everything right now to help the United States to become Communist.

Silvia Odio moves to a Davis Street address in Oak Cliff with her sister, Sarita. This

address is about a mile and a half from LHO’s current boarding house address on North Beckley. Oswald

Talked[143]



October 1, 1978: Colonel Morteza Zamanipoor, a police station commander was assassinated in Mashhad while taking his son to school[144]



Jon Entine. "Is good performance in sports determined by colour?." The Sunday Standard (Nairobi, Kenya, October 1, 2000). Excerpt:

"...the Lemba tribe of southern Africa was recently shown to be genetically linked through the Y-chromosome to the Jewish population of Mesopotamia some 2,000 years ago. In key genetic ways, they are quite distant from many other Africans."











--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[1] This Day in Jewish History.


• [2] En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelite




[3] En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelite




• [4] En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelite




[5] http://timelines.ws/0A1MILL_3300BC.HTML


[6] The One Year Chronological Bible


[7] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 4.


[8] The Anchor Atlas of World History Vol. 1, From the Stone Age to the Eve of the French Revolution, 1974, pg. 27.


[9] http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts%20About%20Israel/History/HISTORY-%20Biblical%20Times


[10] Heritage:Civilization and the Jews by Abba Eban, 1984, page 4.


[11] The Timechart History of Jewish Civilization, page III.


[12] “Abraham’s Children” Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People by Jon Entine, pg 31.


[13] "Abraham," Microsoft’ Encarta’ Encyclopedia 2000. b 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


• [14] "Abraham," Microsoft’ Encarta’ Encyclopedia 2000. b 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


• [15] "Abraham," Microsoft’ Encarta’ Encyclopedia 2000. b 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


• [16] "Abraham," Microsoft’ Encarta’ Encyclopedia 2000. b 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.







[18] “Abraham’s Children” Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People by Jon Entine, pg 30.


• [19] “Abraham’s Children” Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People by Jon Entine, pg 24.

• “Abraham’s Children” Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People by Jon Entine, pg 30.


• [20] Islam, Christianity, and Judaism, by Dr. Shams Inati, page 11


• [21] "Abraham," Microsoft’ Encarta’ Encyclopedia 2000. b 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


• [22] Introducing Islam, Dr Shams Inati, page 24.


[23] Art Museum, Austin, TX. February 11, 2011


[24] "Abraham," Microsoft’ Encarta’ Encyclopedia 2000. b 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.




[25] The Art Museum, Austin TX. February 11, 2012


[26] The Art Museum, Austin, TX, February 11, 2012.


• [27] "Abraham," Microsoft’ Encarta’ Encyclopedia 2000. b 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


[28] "Abraham," Microsoft’ Encarta’ Encyclopedia 2000. b 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


• [29] "Abraham," Microsoft’ Encarta’ Encyclopedia 2000. b 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


• [30] "Abraham," Microsoft’ Encarta’ Encyclopedia 2000. b 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


• [31] "Isaac," Microsoft’ Encarta’ Encyclopedia 2000. b 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


• [32] "Isaac," Microsoft’ Encarta’ Encyclopedia 2000. b 1993-1999 Microsoft Corp"Isaac," Microsoft’ Encarta’ Encyclopedia 2000. b 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.oration. All rights reserved.


[33]


• [34] The Exodus Decoded, History Channel 4/16/2006


• [35] Introducing Islam by Dr. Shams Inati, pg 25-26.


• Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity and the DNA of the Chosen People, by Jon Entine. Page 130.

[36] Introducing Islam by Dr. Shams Inati, pg 26.


[37]


[38] Art Museum, Austin, TX. February 11, 2012


[39] Art Museum, Austin Texas, February 11, 2012


• [40] "Jacob," Microsoft’ Encarta’ Encyclopedia 2000. b 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


• [41] "Jacob," Microsoft’ Encarta’ Encyclopedia 2000. b 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


• [42] Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity and the DNA of the Chosen People, by Jon Entine. Page 131.


[43] Introducing Islam by Dr. Shams Inati, pg 26.


[44] Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes, by Daniel L. Hartl, Elizabeth W. Jones


• [45] http://www.cohen-levi.org/


• [46] http://www.cohen-levi.org/


[47] http://www.simpletoremember.com/articles/a/abraham-lineage/


[48] http://www.geocraft.com/WVFossils/ice_ages.html


[49] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4.2_kiloyear_event


[50] Bibilical Archaeology Review, March/April 2010, Vol 36 page 38.


[51] Hostultra.com/~Exidor/Swastika/Swastika


[52] Hostultra.com/~Exidor/Swastika/Swastika


[53] http://www.livescience.com/13637-8-grisly-archaeological-discoveries.html


[54] This Day in Jewish History.


[55] The Timetables of Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 34


[56] The Timetables of Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 34


[57] The Timetables of Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 34


[58] [1]Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the Fall of the Roman Empire, page 81.

[3] National Geographic, December, 2008, map insert.


[59]


[60] [2] Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People, by Jon Entine, page 114..


[61] History of the World in Two Hours, H2, 10/3/2011


[62] The Oriental Institute Museum, Photo by Jeff Goodlove, January 2, 2011


[63] http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/366


[64] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor


[65] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici


[66] References[edit]

1. ^ Wood, Marguerite, ed., Balcarres Papers: The French Correspondence of Marie de Lorraine, vol. 1, Scottish History Society (1923), p. 228, c. 1542.

2. ^ Marshall, R. K., Mary of Guise, Collins, (1977), 36–39: Wood, Marguerite, ed., Balcarres Papers, vol. 1, SHS (1923), 1.

3. ^ Wood, Marguerite, ed., Balcarres Papers, vol. 1, SHS (1923), 110 from Joinville, 145 from Fontainebleau.

4. ^ Strickland, Agnes, Lives of the Queens of Scotland, vol. 1, Edinburgh (1850), 337–339, quoting William Drummond of Hawthornden, Works, (1711) 104.

5. ^ Seward, Denis, Prince of the Renaissance, (1973), 193–6; cited Marshall (1977), 38, Rosalind Marshall does not repeat Hawthornden's story.

6. ^ Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 12, part 2 (1891) no. 1285, (Louis de Perreau, Sieur de Castillon to François Ier)

7. ^ Fraser, Antonia, Mary Queen of Scots, Weidenfield & Nicholson, (1969), 7.

8. ^ Teulet, Alexandre, Relations Politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Ecosse, vol. 1, Paris (1862) 115, (the surviving draft calls Mary, 'Marguerite').

9. ^ Wood, Marguerite, Balcarres Papers, vol. 1, SHS (1923), ix, 3 & fn., "mervyleusement estrange."

10. ^ Marshall (1977), 51–3, but see fn. 15.

11. ^ Marshall (1977), 268–269 (fn. 15), the letter first appeared in Stefan Zweig, Mary Queen of Scots, London (1935), 1–2.

12. ^ Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 12, part 2 (1891) no. 962: Lang, Andrew, 'Letters of Cardinal Beaton, SHR (1909), 156: Marshall (1977), 45, (which suggests he thought the couple had not met)

13. ^ Hay, Denys, ed., The Letters of James V, HMSO (1954), 340-341. The same offer was made to Madeleine of Valois and Mary of Bourbon. See also; Bapst, E., Les Mariages de Jacques V, 324; Teulet, Alexandre, Relations Politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Ecosse, vol. 1, Paris (1862), 115-118.

14. ^ State Papers Henry VIII, vol. 5 part 4. (1836), 135, Margaret to Henry, July 31, 1538.

15. ^ Thomas, Andrea, Princelie Majestie,(2006): Wood, Marguerite, Balcarres Papers, vol. 1 (1923).

16. ^ Edington, Carol, Court and Culture in Renaissance Scotland, Tuckwell, (1994), 111, citing ALTS vol. 7.

17. ^ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 7 (1907), 347 (gun-chambers), 357 (fireworks).

18. ^ Wood, Marguerite, Balcarres Papers, vol. 1, STS (1923), 60–61.

19. ^ Strickland, Agnes, Lives of the Queens of Scotland, vol. 2 (1851), 39-41: Clifford, Arthur, ed., Sadler State Papers, vol.1, (1809), 134-5, Sadler to Henry VIII, April 9, 1543; p.86

20. ^ Clifford, Arthur ed., Sadler State Papers, vol. 1 (1809), 249–253, Sadler to Henry VIII, 10 August 1543.

21. ^ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 9 (1911), 195.

22. ^ Calendar of State Papers Spain, vol. 9 (1912), 569: Teulet, A., ed., Relations politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Écosse au XVIe siècle, vol. 1 (1862), 220-221

23. ^ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 9 (1911), 226.

24. ^ Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 Haddington Abbey, July 7, 1548

25. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (1898), 155, Ruthven to Grey.

26. ^ Marshall, Rosalind K., Mary of Guise, Collins (1977), 175.

27. ^ Murray, James AH. ed.,The Complaynt of Scotland, 1549, EETS (1872), 2.

28. ^ Michaud & Poujoulat, Nouvelle Collection des memoirs pour server a l’histoire de France, vol. 6 (1839) 6–7.

29. ^ Marcus, Merriman, The Rough Wooings, Tuckwell (2002), 337–339, 344–345, "ny ont laisse que la peste derriere eulx."

30. ^ Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings, Tuckwell (2000), 346.

31. ^ Jordan, W.K., Chronicle of Edward VI, London (1966), 22, 24, 26, 27, 29.

32. ^ Lodge, Edmund, Illustrations of British History, vol. 1 (1791), 137, Lambeth Palace Talbot Mss. vol. B, f.205, Lodge assumes it was Francis, not Claude.

33. ^ Michaud & Poujoulat, Nouvelle Collection des Memoires pour servir a l'histoire de France, vol. 6, (1839), 39.

34. ^ British Library festival books website "C'est la Deduction du Sumpteaux Spectacles, ... Rouen (1551)". , 8.

35. ^ Tytler, Patrick Fraser, England under Edward & Mary, vol. 1 (1839), 329.

36. ^ Ritchie, Pamela, Mary of Guise, Tuckwell (2002), 69–71, 81–5, 250–255.

37. ^ Calendar State Papers Foreign Edward, (1861) 97, no. 332, John Mason to PC, April 29, 1551.

38. ^ Calendar State Papers Spain, vol. 10 (1914): Jordan, WK ed., Chronicle of Edward VI, (1966), 62.

39. ^ Calendar State Papers Foreign Edward, (1861), 103.

40. ^ Ritchie, Pamela, Mary of Guise, Tuckwell, (2002), 66, 86–90

41. ^ Calendar State Papers Foreign Edward, London (1861), 190–1, (PRO SP68/9/85)

42. ^ Strype, John, Ecclesiastical Memorials, vol.2 part 2, Oxford (1822), 255 & vol. 2 part 1, 501, citing treasury warrant April 1553.

43. ^ Starkey, David, The Inventory of Henry VIII, Society of Antiquaries, (1998), no. 3504, p94, notes Edward's warrant March 24, 1553.

44. ^ Calendar State Papers Spanish, vol. 10 (1914), 391.

45. ^ Aylmer, John, An Harborowe for Faithfull and Trewe Subjectes agaynst the Late Blowne Blaste, concerninge the Government of Wemen, Strasborg (1559): quoted by Strickland, Agnes, Lives of the Queens of England, vol.6 (1844), p.59.

46. ^ Strype, John, Ecclesiastical Memorials, vol. 2 part 1, Oxford (1822), 502–3.

47. ^ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 10, (1913), xvi, 32–34.

48. ^ Calendar State Papers Spanish, vol. 10 (1914), 608–609, Queen Dowager to Mary of Guise 23 December 1552.

49. ^ Calendar State Papers Spanish, vol. 11, (1916), 41–42.

50. ^ Ritchie, Pamela, Mary of Guise, (2002), 94.

51. ^ Reports on various collections: Manuscripts of Robert Mordaunt Hay at Duns Castle, vol.5, HMC (1909), p.90-1.

52. ^ Michaud & Poujoulat, Nouvelles collection, vol. 6, (1839), letters from Mary of Guise to her brothers: Wood, Marguerite, (1923), letters to Mary of Guise

53. ^ Ritchie, Pamela, (2002), 127–128

54. ^ CSP Scotland, vol. 1 (1898), p.203 no.426, 21 January 1558.

55. ^ Ritchie, Pamela, Mary of Guise, Tuckwell (2002), pp.126-9; 153–155; 163–7; 182–187, citing Lambeth Talbot Ms. 3195.

56. ^ Ritchie, Pamela, Mary of Guise, Tuckwell (2002), 205–207.

57. ^ CSP Scotland, vol. 1 (1898); p.221, Croft to Cecil, July 3, 1559; 212–3, 215, Croft to English council, May 19 & 22 & June 5, 1559; no. 500, 'Articles of Leith'

58. ^ Knox, John, History of the Reformation, book 3, various editions.

59. ^ CSP Scotland, vol. 1 (1898), 266–7, Randolph to Sadler & Croft, 11 November 1559.

60. ^ Dickinson, Gladys, ed., Two Missions od de la Brosse, SHS (1942), pp.151-157.

61. ^ CSP Scotland, vol. i (1898), 389.

62. ^ Dickinson, Gladys, Two Missions of de la Brosse, SHS (1942), 171–177.

63. ^ Laing, David, ed., Works of John Knox, vol.2 (1846), p.592, citing Tytler, P.F., History of Scotland, and Pere Anselme, Histoire Genealogique, vol.3, "en bronze en habit royaux, tenant le sceptre et la main de justice."

64. ^ Dickinson, Gladys, Two Missions of de la Brosse, SHS (1942), 176–179.

65. ^ Knox, John, History of the Reformation, vol. 2, 68.

66. ^ CSP Scotland, vol. i (1898), 389 and CSP Foreign Elizabeth, vol. ii (1865), 604, April 29, 1560.


[67] Citations^ http://www.heraldica.org/topics/orders/garterlist.htm

1. ^ a b Debrett's Peerage, 1968, p.1036

2. ^ Barrett L. Beer: "Seymour, Edward, duke of Somerset (c.1500–1552)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Online edn, Jan 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2010 (subscription required).

3. ^ Loach 1999, pp. 17–18; Jordan 1968, p. 56

4. ^ Starkey 2002, pp. 130–145

5. ^ Starkey 2002, pp. 130–145; Elton 1977, pp. 330–31

6. ^ Loach 1999, pp. 19–25. In addressing these views, Loach cites, among others: G. Redworth, In Defence of the Church Catholic: the Life of Stephen Gardiner (Oxford, 1990), 231–37; Susan Brigden, "Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, and the Conjoured League", Historical Journal, xxxvii (1994), 507–37; and Eric Ives, "Henry VIII's Will: A Forensic Conundrum", Historical Journal (1992), 792–99.

7. ^ a b Loach 1999, pp. 19–25

8. ^ Starkey 2002, p. 142; Elton 1977, p. 332. David Starkey describes this distribution of benefits as typical of "the shameless back-scratching of the alliance"; G. R. Elton calls the changes to the will "convenient".

9. ^ Starkey 2002, pp. 138–39; Alford 2002, p. 69. The existence of a council of executors alongside the Privy Council was rationalised in March when the two became one, incorporating the executors and most of their appointed assistants and adding Thomas Seymour, who had protested at his exclusion from power.

10. ^ MacCulloch 2002, p. 7; Alford 2002, p. 65

11. ^ Starkey 2002, pp. 138–39; Alford 2002, p. 67

12. ^ Loach 1999, pp. 26–27; Elton 1962, p. 203

13. ^ In 1549, Paget was to remind Seymour: "Remember what you promised me in the gallery at Westminster before the breath was out of the body of the king that dead is. Remember what you promised immediately after, devising with me concerning the place which you now occupy ... and that was to follow mine advice in all your proceedings more than any other man's". Quoted in Guy 1988, p. 211

14. ^ Alford 2002, pp. 67–68

15. ^ Alford 2002, pp. 49–50, 91–92; Elton 1977, p. 333. Uncles of the king had been made Protector in 1422 and 1483 during the minorities of Henry VI and Edward V (though not also Governor of the King's Person, as Hertford's brother Thomas, who coveted the role for himself, pointed out).

16. ^ Alford 2002, p. 70 ; Jordan 1968, pp. 73–75. In 1549, William Paget described him as king in all but name.

17. ^ Elton 1977, pp. 334, 338

18. ^ Alford 2002, p. 66

19. ^ Jordan 1968, pp. 69, 76–77; Skidmore 2007, pp. 64–63

20. ^ Elton 1977, p. 333

21. ^ Loades 2004, pp. 33–34; Elton 1977, p. 333

22. ^ Loades 2004, p. 34

23. ^ Elton 1977, pp. 333, 346.

24. ^ Loades 204, p. 36

25. ^ Loades 2004, pp. 36–37; Brigden 2000, p. 182

26. ^ Erickson 1978, p. 234

27. ^ Somerset 1997, p. 23

28. ^ Loades 2004, pp. 37–38

29. ^ Loades 2004, pp. 40–41; Alford 2002, pp. 96–97

30. ^ Alford 2002, pp. 91–97

31. ^ Brigden 2000, p. 183; MacCulloch 2002, p. 42

32. ^ Mackie 1952, p. 484

33. ^ Mackie 1952, p. 485

34. ^ Wormald 2001, p. 62; Loach 1999, pp. 52–53. The dauphin was the future Francis II of France, son of Henry II of France.

35. ^ Brigden 2000, p. 183

36. ^ Elton 1977, pp. 340–41

37. ^ Loach 1999, pp. 70–83

38. ^ Elton 1977, pp. 347–350; Loach 1999, pp. 66–67, 86. For example, in Hereford, a man was recorded as saying that "by the king's proclamation all enclosures were to be broken up".

39. ^ Loach 1999, pp. 60–61, 66–68, 89; Elton 1962, p. 207. Some proclamations expressed sympathy for the victims of enclosure and announced action; some condemned the destruction of enclosures and associated riots; another announced pardons for those who had destroyed enclosures by mistake ("of folly and of mistaking") after misunderstanding the meaning of proclamations, so long as they were sorry.

40. ^ Loach 1999, pp. 61–66.

41. ^ MacCulloch 2002, pp. 49–51; Dickens 1967, p. 310

42. ^ "Their aim was not to bring down government, but to help it correct the faults of local magistrates and identify the ways in which England could be reformed." MacCulloch 2002, p. 126

43. ^ Loach 1999, p. 85

44. ^ a b c Elton 1977, p. 350

45. ^ Loach 1999, p. 87

46. ^ Brigden 2000, p. 192

47. ^ Quoted in Loach 1999, p. 91. By "Newhaven" is meant Ambleteuse, near Boulogne.

48. ^ Guy 1988, pp. 212–15; Loach 1999, pp. 101–102

49. ^ Loach 1999, p. 102

50. ^ MacCulloch 2002, p. 104; Dickens 1967, p. 279

51. ^ Elton 1977, p. 333n; Alford 2002, p. 65.

52. ^ Elton 1977, pp. 334–350

53. ^ Vivian, Heraldic Visitations of Devon, 1895, p.702, pedigree of Seymour

54. ^ His name was officially Lord Edward Seymour, being not the designation of a baron but the courtesy title of the son of a duke. Per Vivian, Herald's Visitations of Devon, 1895, p.702, pedigree of Seymour of Berry Pomeroy, as confirmed by the inscription on his monument in Berry Pomeroy Church: Here lyeth the bodies of the Honorable Lord Edward Seymour, knight, sonne unto th Right Honorable Edward Seymour Duke of Somerset...

55. ^ The Complete Peerage vol.XIIpI, p.84

56. ^ a b "Seymour, Edward (1506?-1552)". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.

57. ^ or Sir Robert Coker of Lydeard St Lawrence

References[edit source | edit]
•Alford, Stephen (2002), Kingship and Politics in the Reign of Edward VI, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-03971-1 .
•Brigden, Susan (2000), New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors, 1485–1603, London: Allen Lane/Penguin, ISBN 0-7139-9067-8 .
•Dickens, A. G. (1967), The English Reformation, London: Fontana, ISBN 0-00-686115-6 .
•Elton, G. R. (1962), England Under the Tudors, London: Methuen, OCLC 154186398 .
•Elton, G. R. (1977), Reform and Reformation, London: Edward Arnold, ISBN 0-7131-5953-7 .
•Erickson, Carolly (1978), Bloody Mary, New York: Doubleday, ISBN 0-385-11663-2 .
•Guy, John (1988), Tudor England, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-285213-2 .
•Jordan, W. K. (1968), Edward VI: The Young King. The Protectorship of the Duke of Somerset, London: George Allen & Unwin, OCLC 40403 .
•Loach, Jennifer (1999), Bernard, George; Williams, Penry, eds., Edward VI, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-07992-3 .
•Loades, David (2004), Intrigue and Treason: The Tudor Court, 1547–1558, London: Pearson Longman, ISBN 0-582-77226-5
•MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2002), The Boy King: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-23402-2 .
•Mackie, J. D. (1952), The Earlier Tudors, 1485–1558, Oxford: Clarendon Press, OCLC 186603282 .
•Skidmore, Chris (2007), Edward VI: The Lost King of England, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 978-0-297-84649-9 .
•Starkey, David (2002), The Reign of Henry VIII, London: Vintage, ISBN 0-09-944510-7 .

Wormald, Jenny (2001), Mary, Queen of Scots: Politics, Passion and a Kingdom Lost, London: Tauris Parke, ISBN 1-86064-588-7 .


[68] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England


[69] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt


[70] [Autograph, — British Museum, London, MSS, Cotton, Caligula, C. I. fol. 325.




[71] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt


[72] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt


[73] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt


[74] * ^^ Donner la croche enjambe^^^ — to trip up his heels ; ruin, or

overthrow him.


[75]* There is, in the British Museum, MSS. Cotton, Nero, B. VI.

fol. 364, a copy, made by Cherelles, of a part of this letter. This

copy begins at these words, " extremely hypocritical," and ends

with these, " with the young Duke of Lennox." (page 316 subseq.)

It differs from the present only in the two paragraphs printed in

italics, and which have been substituted by M. de Mauvissière in-

stead of these in the original cipher of Mary. These latter are

given in the two following notes ; the reader will easily comprehend

the reasons which induced the Ambassador to make the alterations.




[76] * This sentence in the original is as follows : " Apply to Courtîate here, not contravening directly tlie welfare of the king of

France, but proceed with the said Negoli according to the know-

ledge or information which you have of his disposition ;

namely, with circumspection and without communicating the

basis or secret of your negotiations, being a man more faithful

and affectionate to me than of steady experience. You have

also to beware of Fowler, who was formerly in the service of the

Comitess of Lennox^ my mother-in-law ^\ inasmuch as he will

not fail to accost you, to extract what he can from you. I

shall defer till your return to Scotland to point out and name

the places and persons hereabout, to direct those upon the

border with whom you have established secret correspondence,

for, in the meanwhile, it will serve you nothing to know them,

and especially if I am removed from this house and the custody

of the Earl of Shrewsbury, as I see matters much disposed

thereto. In which event I must search for and appoint en-

tirely new communications and means.



I thank you heartily for having caused to be rewarded by

my son the gentleman upon the border, and the two others

who were at your father^s thinking to go to France, and can

only thank you for the courtesies and attentions which they

received from you and yours on my account. I have written

to my son in favour of all those whom you have recommended

to me by your last, also for Cavalion, but do not be in a haste

to promote him so soon in my son's service, especially to the

office of secretary for managing his secret affairs ; I should

rather wish my son to give him some pension and some reason-

able means for remaining with the young Duke of LennoxJ

his master. For I am very willing to retain him in his service.




[77] celles, M. de Mauvissière's secretary, who will show you how to

read my cipher ; you can trust to the said Courcelles sending me

your letters."



f The original sentence is : " Carefully beware of Archibald

Douglas, who is too much devoted to Mr. Walsingham, and of this

Fowler, the servant of the Earl of Leycester," &c.




[78] \ Here ends the copy of the fragment of the letter communicated

by Chérelles to Walsingham ; see, at the end of this, page 319, his

letter enclosing it.




[79] * See the subsequent document, page 320.




[80] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt


[81] William Crawford

Frontiersman William Crawford (September 2, 1722-June 11, 1782) was born in present Jefferson County. He was a farmer, soldier, and surveyor, and the land agent of George Washington.

Crawford first saw the upper Ohio Valley during the French and Indian War, as a militia soldier under Gen. Edward Braddock in 1755 and with Gen. John Forbes during the capture of Fort Duquesne in 1758. After the French and Indian War, Crawford fought during Pontiac’s Rebellion and served as a major in Virginia Governor Dunmore’s army during Dunmore’s War; in the summer of 1774 he directed the construction of Fort Fincastle (later Fort Henry) at Wheeling. He was commissioned colonel in 1776, and served under Washington during the Revolution at the battles of Long Island, Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, and Germantown.

Washington had known Crawford since his youth, and often employed him as his chief surveyor. Crawford had accompanied Washington and Dr. James Craik, later surgeon-general of the Continental Army, on their canoe journey down the Ohio River in October 1770 in search of valuable bottomlands. The next year, Crawford surveyed thousands of acres in present West Virginia, including 2,314 acres in Wood County, known as Washington Bottom, and 10,000 acres at the confluence of the Ohio and Kanawha rivers in Mason County. These tracts were registered by Crawford for Washington in 1772.

Colonel Crawford’s death was tragic. He led a force of 500 militia against the Wyandot Indians at their village at Sandusky, Ohio, in June 1782. His force was defeated and retreated in panic. Crawford was captured by the Delaware, who mistakenly blamed him for the treacherous murder of about 100 Moravian Christian Indians at Gnadenhutten the previous February. He was tortured and burned at the stake.

This Article was written by Philip Sturm

Last Revised on October 08, 2012 http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/2274


[82] The Brothers Crawford, Allen W. Scholl, 1995


[83] Washington-Crawford Letters by C.W. Butterfield


[84] Colonel William Crawford by William A. Coup, page 2


[85] HarrisonJ


[86] Upper Marlboro was a small tobacco town on the western branch of the Patuxent River in Prince George’s County, Md., about halfway between An­napolis and Mount Vernon. In 1775 it was described by a visitor as “a very pleasant” place, “containing about a Dozen very neat houses & 3 or 4 stores” (Honyman,Journa4 4).

Atty. Gen. John Randolph of Williamsburg and Edmund Pendleton (1721—1803) of Caroline County were retained by GW about this time to act with James Mercer of Fredericksburg as attorneys for the Custis estate in a suit that apparently was to be heard in the General Court at Williamsburg between 10 and 15 Oct. See Diaries, ~: 6o.


[87] .http://www.chartiers.com/pages-new/articles/dunmore.html


[88] http://www.dave-francis.com/genealogy/obanionfamily/pafn15.htm


[89] http://penningtons.tripod.com/jeptha.htm


[90] Capon Valley, It’s Pioneers and Their Descendants, 1698 to 1940 by Maud Pugh Volume I page 259.


[91] Capon Valley, It’s Pioneers and Their Descendants, 1698 to 1940 by Maud Pugh Volume I page 190.


[92] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison


[93] http://www.nndb.com/people/948/000068744/


[94]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Anna_Custis_Lee


[95] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom


[96] http://www.wnpt.org/productions/rachel/timeline/1824_1845.html


[97] (State Capital Memorial, Austin, TX, February 11, 2012.)


[98] Hodgin, Elisha. Age 23. Residence Springville, nativity Ohio. Enlisted Aug. 11. 1862. Mustered September 3, 1862 Mustered out July 17, 1865, Savannah, Ga.

Http://iagenweb.org/civilwar/books/logan/mil508.htm


[99] Attended the Second Reunion of the Twenty-fourth Iowa Volunteers held at Cedar Rapids, Thursday, December 17th, 1885. Compield by the Secretary, Tipton Iowa, Chas L. Longley, Printer, 1886.


[100] Gregg, Elijah W. Age 30. Residence Springville, nativity Ohio. Enlisted August 9, 1862. Mustered September 3, 1862. Promoted Seventh Corporal June 20, 1864. Mustered out July 17, 1865, Savannah, Ga.

Http://iagenweb.org/civilwar/books/logan/mil508.htm


[101] Annotated by Jeffery Lee Goodlove


[102] (State Capital Memorial, Austin, TX, February 11, 2012.)




[103] Wikipedia


[104] http://www.zionism-israel.com/his/Israel_and_Jews_before_the_state_timeline.htm


[105] This Day in Jewish History


[106] This Day in Jewish History.


[107] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1762.


[108] This Day in Jewish History


[109] This Day in Jewish History


[110] This Day in Jewish History.




[111] This Day in Jewish History.


[112] This Day in Jewish History.


[113] This Day in Jewish History


• [114] This Day in Jewish History.


• [115] This Day in Jewish History.


• [116] This Day in Jewish History


[117] This Day in Jewish History.


[118] This Day in Jewish History.


[119] This Day in Jewish History.


[120] This Day in Jewish History


[121] This Day in Jewish Historyu.


[122] This Day in Jewish History.


[123] This Day in Jewish hitory.


[124] This Day in Jewish history.


[125] This Day in Jewish History


[126] This Day in Jewish History.


[127] This Day in Jewish History.


[128] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 450


• [129] [1] Gedenkbuch, Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945. 2., wesentlich erweiterte Auflage, Band II G-K, Bearbeitet und herausgegben vom Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, 2006, pg. 1033-1035,.

• [2]Memorial Book: Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Oppression in Germany, 1933-1945.


[130] This Day in Jewish History


[131] 1] Gedenkbuch, Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945. 2., wesentlich erweiterte Auflage, Band II G-K, Bearbeitet und herausgegben vom Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, 2006, pg. 1033-1035,.

[2]Memorial Book: Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Oppression in Germany, 1933-1945.


[132] [1] Gedenkbuch, Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945. 2., wesentlich erweiterte Auflage, Band II G-K, Bearbeitet und herausgegben vom Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, 2006, pg. 1033-1035,.

[2]Memorial Book: Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Oppression in Germany, 1933-1945.


[133] This Day in Jewish History


[134] This Day in Jewish History




[135] This Day in Jewish History


[136] This Day in Jewish History


[137] http://www.beacon.org/client/pdfs/8577_chron.pdf


[138] http://www.timelinesdb.com/listevents.php?subjid=521&title=Drought


[139] Nature Center, Crabtree Forest Preserve, Barrington, IL March 11, 2012




[140] wikipedia


[141] http://www.assassinationresearch.com/v2n1/chrono1.pdf




• [142] http://www.assassinationresearch.com/v2n1/chrono1.pdf




[143] http://www.dallasnews.com/news/jfk50/reflect/20131012-extremists-in-dallas-created-volatile-atmosphere-before-jfks-1963-visit.ece


[144] Jimmy Carter, The Liberal Left and World Chaos by Mike Evans, page 501.


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