Jeff Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), and Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clarke, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,and ancestors Andrew Jackson, and William Henry Harrison.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
• • Books written about our unique DNA include:
• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.
“Jacob’s Legacy, A Genetic View of Jewish History” by David B. Goldstein, 2008.
Birthday: Martha E. Godlove, Charles Harrison, Louis S. Plum, Silas J. Winch
November 21, 1272: Edward returns home to England when he hears that his father Henry III has died.[1]
November 21, 1728: Elias GUTLEBEN was born on November 21, 1728 in Metzeral,Munster,Colmar,Haut-Rhin,Alsace.[2]
November 21, 1770. Reachd Fort Pitt in the Afternoon & lodged at Samples.[3]
November 2ls, 1770t.—Reached Fort Pitt in the afternoon; distance from our last encampment, about twenty-five miles, and as near as can guess, thirty-five from the Mingo town. ‘The land between the Mingo town and Pittsburgh, is of different kinds. For four or five atiles after leaving the first mentioned place, we passed over steep, hilly ground, covered with white oak, and a thin shallow soil. This was sttceeeded by a lively white oak land, less broken; and this again by rich land, the growth of which was chiefly white and red oak, mixed; which lasted with some interval of different ridges, all the way to Pittsbttrg. It was very observable, that as we left the river, the land grew better, which is a confirmation of the accounts I had before received, that the good bodies of land lie upon time heads of the runs and creeks ; but in all my travels through this country, I have seen no large body of level land.—. On the branches of Raccoon creek, there appear to be good meadow ground; and on Sharter’s creek, over both of which we passed, the land looks well. ‘The country between the Mingo town and Fort Pitt, appears to be well supplied with springs.[4]
November 21, 1772: . Left Col. Bassetts on my return home.[5]
November 21, 1775: At a Court held for Augusta County at Pittsburg, Nov'r 21st, 1775, According to an Ordinance of the Convention held at Richmond : Pres't Geo Croghan, Edward Ward, Thos Smallman, John Cannon, Geo Vallandigham. Samuel Hinch is appointed Surveyor of the Highway in the room of David Steel. The persons App'd to Veiw a road from Capn Fromans to the Mouth of Yough, made their report : It is Ord that the s'd road be Established and that John Malony and Thos. Lapsley and Edward Sharp be Survey and that Tithables with 3 miles on Each side work thereon John Bears is App'd a Consta, and It is Ord that he be Sum'd to be Sworn. It Appearing to this Court by Wm. Wilson that John Collins had paid £7. 10s. for takeing up his Serv't Wm. Freeman, who run away, It is Ord that he Serve Acc'd to Law for the same. The Complt of Wm Freeman ag'st his Master, John Collins, for abuseing and beating him and, It App'g to the Court to be 2d Complt, It is Ord the Sheriff sell him Acc'd to Law. Ord that the Court be adjoined until the Court in Course Geo : Croghan. At a Court held for the Examination of Mr. Devereux Smith, at His House, by His Petition to the Justices, this 21st No- ember, 1775, for the Murder of Capn Geo Aston : Pres't Geo Croghan, Thos. Smallman, John Cannon, Geo Vallandigham, Edward Ward. {66) The above Devereux Smith was Examined, denied the fact wherewith he stands Charged, whereupon several Witnesses were sworn and Examined ; on Consideration of which the Court are of Opinion that after hearing Smith by his Atto, that he is Guilty of the s'd fact wherewith he stands Charged, that he ought to be tried for the said fact at the General Court in April, on the 6th day thereof, and in Order thereto he is re- manded to the Goal of this County and thence to be removed. Be it Remembered that John Nevill, Thos. Herbert, James Nowlan, Simon Morgan, all of this County, came before our Justices and Acknowledged themselves Indebted to ours'd Lord the King in the Sum of ioo Pounds Each, to be Levied of Each of their respective Goods and Chattels, Lands and Tenements, and to ours'd Lord the King rendered upon Con- dition they do appear at the General Court in April next and there testify and Evidence ag'st Devereux Smith for the Murder of Geo Aston, and shall not depart with out leave of the s'd General Court The Prisoner moved the Court that he might be admitted to Bail and It is Ordered that the Court be adjorned until to Mor- row Morning at 7 o'clock, Geo : Croghan. [6]
[Hackensack] November 21, 1776: .
The unhappy affair of the 16th. has been succeeded by further Misfortunes.
Yesterday Morning a large body of the Enemy landed between Dobb’s Ferry and Fort Lee. Their object was evidently to inclose the whole of our Troops and stores that lay between the North and Hackensack Rivers, which form a narrow neck of Land. For this purpose they formed and Marched, as soon as they had ascended the Heights towards the Fort. Upon the first information of their movements, our men were ordered to meet them, but finding their numbers greatly superior and that they were extending themselves It was thought proper to withdraw our Men, which was effected and their retreat secured over Hackensack Bridge. We lost the whole of the Cannon that was at the Fort except two twelve pounders, and a great deal of Baggage, between two & three hundred Tents, about a thousand Barrels of Flour and other stores in the Quarter Master’s Department. This loss was inevitable. As many of the stores had been removed, as circumstances & time would admit of. The Ammunition had been happily got away. Our present situation between Hackensack & Passaick Rivers, being exactly similar to our late one, and our force here by no means adequate to an Opposition, that will promise the smallest probability of Success, we are taking measures to retire over the Waters of the latter, when the best dispositions will be formed, that Circumstances will admit of.[7]
October 22 to November 21, 1777
Franz Gotlop’s regiment was at Redbank.[8]
November 21, 1977: REGIMENT VON MIRBACH
(MIR plus company number)
The Regiment V. Mirbach departed on March 1, 1776 from Melsungen. It embarked from Breznerlehe on May 12, 1776 and reached New York on 14 August 1776. The regiment was part of the Hessian First Division and took part in the following major engagements:
-- Long Island (NY, August 27, 1776)
-- Fort Washington (upper Manhattan, NY, November 16 1776)
-- Brandywine (PA, September 11, 1777)
-- Redbank (Gloucester County, NJ, also known as Fort Mercer, October 22-November 21, 1777)
The regiment departed from New York on November 21,
1783 and arrived at Breznerlehe on April, 20, 1784.
They returned to their quarters in Melsungen on
May 30, 1784.
Musketeer Regiment von Mirbach, to 1780: Musketeer Regiment Jung von Lossburg, 1780 to war’s end (Hesse Cassel) Arrived at New York August 1776 Sent on the 1777 Philadelphia campaign fighting at Brandywine and Red Bank, N.J. Returned to New York, December, 1777, and stationed there until returned to Germany, 1783. Uniform: Red facings trimmed with plain white lace, white small clothes, red stocks; officers’ lace, silver.
CHIEF: Major General W. von Mirbach, to 1780
Major General W. von Lossburg, 1780 to war’s end
COMMANDER: Colonel J.A. von Loos, to 1777 Colonel von Block, 1777-1779
Colonel C.C. von Romrod, 1777 to war’s end
FIELD COMMANDER: Lieutenant Colonel von Schieck, to October, 1777
Lieutenant Colonel H. von Borck, October, 1777 to war’s end.[9]
November 21, 1848: Orlando S. Harman was born on November 21, 1848, in Richmo nd County, Ohio. As a youth he came to Iowa, locating in Johnson County,k and in January, 1864, enlisted in Company H, Twenty-fourth Iowa Infantry.
After the war Mr. Harman resided for a time in Des Moines, but because of impaired helth, in September, 1`878, he took up residence at the Soldier’ Home at Mashalltown. While there, he was a member and for a time Commander of Phiol Sheridan Post of the Grand Army of the Rupublic.
At the Fifteith Annual State Encampment held at Davenport in June, 1924, W. H. Needham was elected Department Commander; D. B. Cowles, Senior Vice Commander; and O. S. Harman, Junior Vice Commander. Upon the death of Mr. Needham and the subsequent death of Mr. Cowles, Mr. Harman, in May, 1925, succeeded to the office of Department Commander. He was the only Junior Vice Commander in the history of the Iowa Department who succeed to the office of Department Commander through the death of two of his comrades.
His term of office was of brief duration, as the annueal meetin and the election of officers occurred within a month after he took office. Brief as his term of office was, however, his work was effectively done. Mr. HARMAN DIED AT THE Iowa Soldier’s Home, in Marshalltown, on May 28, 1927. [10]
November 21-23, 1864: Dr. William McKinnon Goodlove (1st cousin, 3 times removed) and the 57th Ohio Volunteer Infantry at Clinton November 21-23, 1863. [11] -
Mon. November 21[12], 1864
Detailed on fatigue to build breast works
For a battery[13]
November 21, 1963
A famous handbill circulated on November 21, 1963 In Dallas, Texas. One day before the assassination of John F. Kennedy.[14]
November 21, 1978: Meadowcroft Rockshelter
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation Landmark
Location: Jefferson Township, Washington County, Pennsylvania, USA
Nearest city: Avella, Pennsylvania
Coordinates: 40°17′11″N 80°29′30″W / 40.28639°N 80.49167°W / 40.28639; -80.49167Coordinates: 40°17′11″N 80°29′30″W / 40.28639°N 80.49167°W / 40.28639; -80.49167
Area: 0.2 acres (0.081 ha)
NRHP Reference#: 78002480[1]
Significant dates:Added to NRHP: November 21, 1978
Designated NHL:April 5, 2005[2]
Meadowcroft Rockshelter is an archaeological site located near Avella in Washington County, in southwestern Pennsylvania, United States. The site, a rock shelter in a bluff overlooking Cross Creek (a tributary of the Ohio River), is located about 36 miles west-southwest of Pittsburgh. The site, including a museum and 18th-century village, is operated by the Heinz History Center. The artifacts from the site show the area has been continually inhabited for 16,000 years, since Paleo-Indian[15] times. The Rockshelter was named a National Historic Landmark in 2005. It is also recognized as a Pennsylvania Commonwealth Treasure and is an official project of Save America's Treasures.
•It is designated as a historic public landmark by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation.[3]
Etymology
Meadowcroft was named for the nearby Meadowcroft Village historical park. Although sometimes referred to as "Meadowcroft Rock Shelter", the more accepted and popular term is "Meadowcroft Rockshelter".[citation needed]
Following construction of a new observation deck and enclosure, the Rockshelter had a reopening on May 10, 2008.
Site
The rockshelter is a natural formation beneath an overhanging cliff of Morgantown-Connellsville sandstone, which is a thick Pennsylvanian-age sandstone brown in color. Meadowcroft is in the Allegheny Plateau, northwest of the Appalachian Basin.[4]
The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 2005.
Archaeological findings
Meadowcroft Rockshelter and other Native American points of interest, Southwestern Pennsylvania
Native Americans left the site during the American War for Independence. It was not re-discovered until many years later. The first artifacts at Meadowcroft were discovered by Albert Miller in 1955 by way of a groundhog burrow. Miller delayed reporting his findings for some time, until he contacted James M. Adovasio, now director of the Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute. The site was excavated from 1973 until 1978 by a University of Pittsburgh archaeological team led by Adovasio through the Mercyhurst Archaeological Institiute (MAI). Radiocarbon dating of the site indicated occupancy beginning 16,000 years ago and possibly as early as 19,000 years ago. The dates are still controversial, although some archaeologists familiar with evidence from the site agree that Meadowcroft was used in the pre-Clovis era and, as such, provides evidence for very early human habitation of the Americas. In fact, if the 19,000-years-ago dating is correct, Meadowcroft Rockshelter is the oldest known site of human habitation in North America, and thus provides a unique glimpse into the lives of prehistoric hunters and gatherers.
Meadowcroft Rockshelter has yielded Woodland, Archaic, and Paleoindian remains. Paleoindians were primarily hunters of big game animals which are now extinct. In total, animal remains representing 149 species were excavated. Evidence shows that natives gathered smaller game animals as well as plants, such as corn, squash, fruits, nuts and seeds. The site at Meadowcroft rock shelter has produced Pre-Clovis remains. The remains were found as deep as 11.5 feet underground. The site also has yielded many tools, including pottery, bifaces, bifacial fragments, lamellar blades, a lanceolate projectile point, and chipping debris. Recoveries of note also include fluted points, which are a marker of the Paleoindian period. This is further evidence that supports Adovasio's findings. The Meadowcroft Rockshelter site also included remains of flint from Ohio, jasper from eastern Pennsylvania and marine shells from the Atlantic coast. These findings suggest that the people inhabiting the area were mobile and involved in long distance trade. At least one basin-shaped hearth was reused over time. Additionally, the site has yielded the largest collection of flora and fauna materials ever recovered from a location in eastern North America.[5] The arid environment found at Meadowcroft Rockshelter provided the necessary and rare conditions which permitted excellent botanical preservation. The methods of excavation used at Meadowcroft are still seen as state-of-the-art. It is viewed as one of the most carefully excavated sites in North America.
Current site
Recent renovations to the rock shelter have been made so that visitors can see some of the tools and campfires made by the first Americans thousands of years ago. The Rockshelter is recognized as a Pennsylvania Commonwealth Treasure and is an official project of Save America's Treasures.
Improvements at Meadowcroft have taken place recently, including a newly paved road which makes getting to the site easier for visitors. A recreation of a 17th-century Native American village is under development to help visitors see how the people lived before Europeans arrived.[16]
November 21, 2000: Minoan eruption
Minoan eruption
Satellite image of Thera, November 21, 2000
Volcano::Thera
Date:2nd millennium BCE
Type: Plinian
Location: Santorini, Greece
36°25′N 25°26′E / 36.417°N 25.433°E / 36.417; 25.433Coordinates: 36°25′N 25°26′E / 36.417°N 25.433°E / 36.417; 25.433
VEI: 6 or 7
Impact:Devastated the Minoan settlements of Akrotiri and the island of Thera as well as communities and agricultural areas on nearby islands and on the coast of Crete.
Thera:Thera (Greece)
The Minoan eruption of Thera, also referred to as the Thera eruption or Santorini eruption, was a major catastrophic volcanic eruption with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 6 or 7 and a Dense-rock equivalent (DRE) of 60 cubic kilometres (14 cu mi),[1] which is estimated to have occurred in the mid second millennium BCE.[2] The eruption was one of the largest volcanic events on Earth in recorded history.[3][4][5] The eruption devastated the island of Thera (also called Santorini), including the Minoan settlement at Akrotiri, as well as communities and agricultural areas on nearby islands and on the coast of Crete.
There are no clear ancient records of the eruption; the eruption seems to have inspired certain Greek myths[6], may have caused turmoil in Egypt[7][8], and may be alluded to in a Chinese chronicle. Additionally, it has been speculated that the Minoan eruption and the destruction of the city at Akrotiri provided the basis for or otherwise inspired Plato's story of Atlantis.[9][10]
Eruption:
Volcanic craters on Santorini today
Background: Geological evidence shows the Thera volcano erupted numerous times over several hundred thousand years before the Minoan eruption. In a repeating process, the volcano would violently erupt, then eventually collapse into a roughly circular seawater-filled caldera, with numerous small islands forming the circle. The caldera would slowly refill with magma, building a new volcano, which erupted and then collapsed in an ongoing cyclical process.[11]
Immediately prior to the Minoan eruption, the walls of the caldera formed a nearly continuous ring of islands with the only entrance lying between Thera and the tiny island of Aspronisi.[11] This cataclysmic eruption was centered on a small island just north of the existing island of Nea Kameni in the centre of the then-existing caldera. The northern part of the caldera was refilled by the volcanic ash and lava, then collapsed again.
Magnitude
Recent research, by a team of international scientists in 2006, revealed that the Santorini event was much larger than the original estimate of 39 km3 (9.4 cu mi) of Dense-Rock Equivalent (DRE), or total volume of material erupted from the volcano, that was published in 1991.[1] With an estimated DRE in excess of 60 km3 (14 cu mi),[1][5] the volume of ejecta was approximately 100 km3 (24 cu mi),[12] placing the Volcanic Explosivity Index of the Thera eruption at 6 or 7. This was up to four times what was thrown into the stratosphere by Krakatoa in 1883, a well-recorded event. The Thera volcanic events and subsequent ashfall probably sterilized the island, as occurred on Krakatoa. Only the Mount Tambora volcanic eruption of 1815, Lake Taupo's Hatepe eruption around 180 CE, and perhaps the Baekdu Mountain eruption around 970 CE released more material into the atmosphere during historic times.[3][4]
Sequence
On Santorini, there is a 60 m (200 ft) thick layer of white tephra that overlies the soil clearly delineating the ground level prior to the eruption. This layer has three distinct bands that indicate the different phases of the eruption.[13] Studies have identified four major eruption phases, and one minor precursory tephra fall. The thinness of the first ash layer, along with the lack of noticeable erosion of that layer by winter rains before the next layer was deposited, indicate that the volcano gave the local population a few months' warning. Since no human remains have been found at the Akrotiri site, this preliminary volcanic activity probably caused the island's population to flee. It is also suggested that several months before the eruption, Santorini experienced one or more earthquakes, which damaged the local settlements.[14][15]
Intense magmatic activity of the first major phase (B01/Minoan A) of the eruption deposited up to 7 m (23 ft) of pumice and ash, with a minor lithic component, southeast and east. Archaeological evidence indicated burial of man-made structures with limited damage. The second (B02/Minoan B) and third (B03/Minoan C) eruption phases involved pyroclastic flow activity and the possible generation of tsunamis. Man-made structures not buried during Minoan A were completely destroyed. The third phase was also characterized by the initiation of caldera collapse. The fourth, and last, major phase (B04/Minoan D) was marked by varied activity: lithic-rich base surge deposits, lahars, debris flows, and co-ignimbrite ash-fall deposits. This phase was characterized by the completion of caldera collapse, which produced tsunami.[16]
Geomorphology
Mansions and hotels on the steep cliffs
Although the fracturing process is not yet known, the altitudinal statistical analysis indicates that the caldera had formed just before the eruption. During this period the area of the island was smaller and the southern and eastern coastlines appeared regressed. During the eruption period the landscape was covered by the pumice sediments. In some places, the coastline vanished under thick tuff depositions, and in others recent coastlines were extended towards the sea. After the eruption, the geomorphology of the island was characterized by an intense erosional phase, during which the pumice was progressively removed from the higher altitudes towards the lower ones.[17]
Volcanology
This Plinian eruption resulted in an estimated 30 to 35 km (19 to 22 mi) high ash plume which extended into the stratosphere. In addition, the magma underlying the volcano came into contact with the shallow marine embayment, resulting in a violent steam eruption.
The eruption also generated a 35 to 150 m (115 to 490 ft) high tsunami that devastated the north coast of Crete, 110 km (68 mi) away. The tsunami had an impact on coastal towns such as Amnisos, where building walls were knocked out of alignment. On the island of Anafi, 27 km (17 mi) to the east, ash layers 3 m (10 ft) deep have been found, as well as pumice layers on slopes 250 m (820 ft) above sea level.
Elsewhere in the Mediterranean there are pumice deposits which could have been caused by the Thera eruption. Ash layers in cores drilled from the seabed and from lakes in Turkey, however, show that the heaviest ashfall was towards the east and northeast of Santorini. The ash found on Crete is now known to have been from a precursory phase of the eruption, some weeks or months before the main eruptive phases, and would have had little impact on the island.[18] Santorini ash deposits were at one time claimed to have been found in the Nile delta,[19] but this is now known to be a misidentification.[20][21]
Eruption dating
The radiocarbon dates have significant implications for the accepted chronology of Eastern Mediterranean cultures.[22][23] The Minoan eruption is a key marker for the Bronze Age archaeology of the Eastern Mediterranean world. It provides a fixed point for aligning the entire chronology of the second millennium BCE in the Aegean, because evidence of the eruption is found throughout the region. Despite this evidence, the exact date of the eruption has been difficult to determine. For most of the twentieth century, archaeologists placed it at approximately 1500 BCE,[15] but this date appeared to be too young as radiocarbon dating analysis of an olive tree buried beneath a lava flow from the volcano indicate that the eruption occurred between 1627 BCE and 1600 BCE with a 95% degree of probability.[24][25][26]
Relative chronology
Archaeologists developed the Late Bronze Age chronologies of eastern Mediterranean cultures by analyzing the origin of artifacts (for example, items from Crete, mainland Greece, Cyprus or Canaan) found in each archaeological layer.[27] If an artifact's origin can be accurately dated, then it gives a reference date for the layer in which it is found. If the Thera eruption could be associated with a given layer of Cretan (or other) culture, chronologists could use the date of that layer to date the eruption itself. Since Thera's culture at the time of destruction was similar to the Late Minoan IA (LMIA) culture on Crete, LMIA is the baseline to establish chronology elsewhere. The eruption also aligns with Late Cycladic I (LCI) and Late Helladic I (LHI) cultures, but predates Peloponnesian LHI.[28] Archeological digs on Akrotiri have also yielded fragments of nine Syro-Palestinian Middle Bronze II (MBII) gypsum vessels.[27]
The Aegean prehistorians felt so confident about their calculations that they rejected early radiocarbon dates in the 1970s for LMI/LCI Thera, because radiocarbon suggested a date about a century earlier than the "traditional" dates.[29]
At Tell el Dab'a in Egypt pumice found at this location which has been dated to 1540 BCE closer to the traditionally accepted date of Thera's eruption, has been found that matches the composition of the Thera eruption.[30] This pumice has been contentious since the 1990s as it represents the most prominent supported date that differs from the old chronology. However, Felix Hoeflmayer argued that the current gap between scientific analysis of the dating of the eruption and the archaeological evidence in the mid-second millennium BCE has been reduced. The radiocarbon data from the olive branch allows an eruption date as late as 1600 BCE, whereas for the New Kingdom a start of the reign of Ahmose of as early as 1570 BCE could be possible. Also, a longer reign of Thutmose IV could further reduce the gap between radiocarbon and archaeology in the mid-second millennium BCE.[31]
Ice cores
At one time, data from Greenland ice cores seemed to support the radiocarbon dates. A large eruption identified in ice cores and dated to 1644 ± 20 BCE was suspected to be Santorini. However, volcanic ash retrieved from an ice core demonstrated that this was not from Santorini, leading to the conclusion that the eruption may have occurred on another date.[18] The late Holocene eruption of the Mount Aniakchak, a volcano in Alaska, is proposed as the most likely source of the minute shards of volcanic glass in the Greenland ice core.[32]
Tree rings
Another method used to establish the date of eruption is tree-ring dating. Tree-ring data has shown that a large event interfering with normal tree growth in North America occurred during 1629–1628 BCE.[33] Evidence of a climatic event around 1628 BCE has been found in studies of growth depression of European oaks in Ireland and of Scotch pines in Sweden.[34] Bristlecone pine frost rings also indicate a date of 1627 BCE, supporting the late 1600s BCE dating.[35][36] Procedural changes in how ice cores are interpreted would bring that data more in line with the dendrochronological numbers.[37]
Dissent
Although radiocarbon consistently indicates a 1600 BCE eruption dating, some archeologists still believe that the date is contradicted by findings in Egyptian and Theran excavations. For example, buried Egyptian and Cypriot pottery found on Thera were dated to a later period than the radiometric dates for the eruption, and, since the conventional Egyptian chronology has been established by numerous archaeological studies, the exact date of the eruption remains controversial.[38][39][40]
Climatic effects
Hydrogeologist Philip LaMoreaux asserted in 1995 that the eruption caused significant climatic changes in the eastern Mediterranean region, Aegean Sea and much of the Northern Hemisphere,[41] but this was forcefully rebutted by volcanologist David Pyle a year later.[42]
Around the time of the radiocarbon-indicated date of the eruption, there is evidence for a significant climatic event in the Northern Hemisphere. The evidence includes failure of crops in China (see below), as well as evidence from tree rings, cited above: bristlecone pines of California; bog oaks of Ireland, England, and Germany; and other trees in Sweden. The tree rings precisely date the event to 1628 BCE.[33][34]
Historical impact
Minoan civilization
Excavation of Akrotiri on Thera
The only gold object found at the excavation of Akrotiri, a small sculpture of an ibex that was hidden under a floor; a thorough evacuation in advance of the catastrophe must have occurred since few artifacts and no corpses were buried in the ash
The eruption devastated the nearby Minoan settlement at Akrotiri on Santorini, which was entombed in a layer of pumice.[10] It is believed that the eruption also severely affected the Minoan population on Crete, although the extent of the impact is debated. Early theories proposed that ashfall from Thera on the eastern half of Crete choked off plant life, causing starvation of the local population.[43] However, after more thorough field examinations, this theory has lost credibility, as it has been determined that no more than 5 mm (0.20 in) of ash fell anywhere on Crete.[44] Other theories have been proposed based on archeological evidence found on Crete indicating that a tsunami, likely associated with the eruption, impacted the coastal areas of Crete and may have severely devastated the Minoan coastal settlements.[45][46][47] A more recent theory is that much of the damage done to Minoan sites resulted from a large earthquake that preceded the Thera Eruption.[48]
Significant Minoan remains have been found above the Late Minoan I era Thera ash layer, implying that the Thera eruption did not cause the immediate downfall of the Minoans. As the Minoans were a sea power and depended on their naval and merchant ships for their livelihood, the Thera eruption likely caused significant economic hardship to the Minoans, and the loss of empire in the long run.[citation needed]
Whether these effects were enough to trigger the downfall of the Minoan civilization is under intense debate. The Mycenaean conquest of the Minoans occurred in Late Minoan II period, not many years after the eruption, and many archaeologists speculate that the eruption induced a crisis in Minoan civilization, which allowed the Mycenaeans to conquer them easily.[46]
Chinese records
A volcanic winter from an eruption in the late 17th century BCE has been claimed by some researchers to correlate with entries in Chinese records documenting the collapse of the Xia dynasty in China. According to the Bamboo Annals, the collapse of the dynasty and the rise of the Shang dynasty, approximately dated to 1618 BCE, were accompanied by "'yellow fog, a dim sun, then three suns, frost in July, famine, and the withering of all five cereals".[7]
Impact on Egyptian history
There are no surviving Egyptian records of the eruption, and the absence of such records is sometimes attributed to the general disorder in Egypt around the Second Intermediate Period. However, there are connections between the Thera eruption and the calamities of the Admonitions of Ipuwer, a text from Lower Egypt during the Middle Kingdom or Second Intermediate Period.[49]
Heavy rainstorms which devastated much of Egypt, and were described on the Tempest Stele of Ahmose I, have been attributed to short-term climatic changes caused by the Theran eruption.[7][8][50]
While it has been argued that the damage from this storm may have been caused by an earthquake following the Thera Eruption, it has also been suggested that it was caused during a war with the Hyksos, and the storm reference is merely a metaphor for chaos, upon which the Pharaoh was attempting to impose order.[51]
There is a consensus that Egypt, being far away from areas of significant seismic activity, would not be significantly affected by an earthquake in the Aegean. Furthermore, other documents, such as Hatshepsut's Speos Artemidos, depict similar storms, but are clearly speaking figuratively, not literally. Research indicates that this particular stele is just another reference to the Pharaoh's overcoming the powers of chaos and darkness.[51]
Greek traditions
The eruption of Thera and volcanic fallout may have inspired the myths of the Titanomachy in Hesiod's Theogony.[6] The Titanomachy could have picked up elements of western Anatolian folk memory as the tale spread westward. Hesiod's lines have been compared with volcanic activity, citing Zeus's thunderbolts as volcanic lightning, the boiling earth and sea as a breach of the magma chamber, immense flame and heat as evidence of phreatic explosions, among many other descriptions.[52]
Atlantis
Main article: Location hypotheses of Atlantis
There is some archaeological, seismological, and vulcanological evidence that the myth of Atlantis, described by Plato, is based upon the Santorini eruption.[10][[17]
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[1] Atheism.about.com
[2] Descendants of Elias Gutleben, Alice Email
[3] George Washington Journal
[4] George Washington Journal
[5] George Washington Journal
[6] http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924017918735/cu31924017918735_djvu.txt
[7] The Commander in Chief’s spare words did not tell the entire dramatic story. He himself had galloped to warn the garrison of Fort Lee (across the Hudson from Fort Washington) that the British were coming and had hurried the men out so fast that those preparing a meal could not wait for kettles to cool enough to pack. Even so, they barely won a race with the enemy to a bridge over the Hackensack River and escape. Washington now wrote to General Charles Lee, who had been left in cornmand of a force north of Manhattan, directing him to rejoin the main army in New Jersey. Unknown to the commander, another letter had been inserted with his by Joseph Reed, his former secretary and confidant and now Adjutant General. “I do not mean to flatter or praise you at the expense of any other,” Reed wrote in part to Lee, “but I confess I do think it is entirely owing to you that this army, and the liberties of America, so far as they are dependent on it, are not totally cut off.” Reed heaped more praise on Lee, whose self-esteem as a professional soldier was already monumental, blamed Washington for the loss of Fort Washington, and declared, “Oh! General, an indecisive mind is one of the greatest misfortunes that can befall an army; how often have I lamented it in this campaign.” Washington sent several urgent messages to Lee, all in the same vein.
George Washington, A Bioagraphy in His Own Words, Ed. By Ralph K. Andrist, 1972
'
[8] JG
[9] Encylopedia of British, Provincial, and German Army Units 1775-1783 by Philip R. N. Katcher
[10] (The Iowa Department of the Grand Army of the Republic, Compiled by Jacob A. Swisher, Published at Iowa City Iowa in 1936 by the State Historical Society of Iowa.)
[11] Ohiocivilwar.com/cw57.html
[12] Washington, November 21, 1864.
To Mrs. Bixby, Boston, Massachusetts.
Dear Madam,
I have been shown in the files of the War Department a statement of the Adjutant General of Massachusetts, that you are the mother of five sons who have died gloriously on the field of battle.
I feel how weak and fruitless must be any word of mine which should attempt to beguile you from the grief of a loss so overwhelming. But I cannot refrain from tendering to you the consolation that may be found in the thanks of the Republic they died to save.
I pray that our Heavenly Father may assuage the anguish of your bereavement, and leave you only the cherished memory of the loved and lost, and the solemn pride that must be yours, to have laid so costly a sacrifice upon the altar of Freedom.
Yours, very sincerely and respectfully,
ourworld.compuserve.com/.../ dear_mrs_bixby.htm
[13] William Harrison Goodlove Iowa 24th Infantry Civil War Diary
[14] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wanted_for_treason.jpg
[15][15] Anthropological Sequence. The period of first habitation may be called the "Lithic" stage (Stone Age). Within the period, we first find the "pre-projectile point stage," then the "paleo-Indian stage," and finally the "protoarchaic stage." These stages are often grouped together and referred to as the "paleo-Indian" stage. This "stage" or "period" includes the passage by Asiatic people across the Bering land-bridge up until the end of the Wisconsin glacial advance—that is, around 8,000 BC.
During this first period, the paleo-Indians were nomadic hunters who used rock overhangs and an occasional cave as shelter. They hunted large animals, such as mastodons, musk-ox, saber-toothed tigers, mountain lions, and early bison. They followed rivers and searched-out the feeding sites of the animals. The cultures were identified as the Plano, Clovis, Folsom, Sandia, and Old Cordilleran. Most sites for these groups have been found in the western and central regions of the present United States. This is the period of the Meadowcroft findings near Avella and it extends up to the beginning of specialized tools and farming. (See Meadowcroft.)
The next period is the "Archaic." It extends from about 8000 BC to 1500 BC. The Indians in this period began to form clans of maybe forty and practiced seasonal migration to take advantage of foraging opportunities and the migratory patterns of small game. They were avid fishermen. In the winters they would move up the hills to where larger game could be found. Also, more shelters could be found on the hillsides where they could protect themselves from the cold wind blowing in the flats along the rivers. They developed and/or improved on a variety of specialized tools, such as drills, axes, knives, spears, hammers, drills, and forms of mortar and pestle. They made baskets and cloth from reeds, bark, and other available plants. From a practical point of view, the biggest change in the "archaic" over the "paleo-Indian" periods was the end of the nomadic existence. People now moved short distances following the seasons. They began living in the same vicinity year after year. The continent was no longer inhabited by roving clans.
The third period is the "Transitional." Some anthropologists fold it into the "Woodland," but it perhaps deserves to stand on its own. From about 1500 BC to 1000 BC we find the Anasazi as cliff dwellers in the southwest. This is probably when maize (corn) was introduced. In the upper Mississippi and Ohio River valley we now have the Adena, or mound-building cultures. The Adena of our region left evidence of several varities of spear points and carved soapstone bowls. (See Adena.) The bowl enabled the cook to heat directly over a fire rather than dropping a hot rock into a pouch with water and food in it. To the Indians of our region, a vital innovation was the canoe. Prior to the canoe, transportation meant walking. Now they could move up and down the rivers and find preferred stones for spear points or more desireable fishing or hunting areas.
The "transitional" or Adena culture period moves almost seamlessly into the "Woodland Period." This period feeds off the Adena culture with its clay pottery tempered with limestone and thin spear points looking like they may have been fashioned for use as arrows to be shot with a bow. We move from the Adena culture to the Monongahela people of the upper Ohio River from around 600 to 1300 AD, or later.(See Monongahela.)
What happened to the Monongahela people? We don't know. We do know that the Susquehannocks lived in central PA. In the western part of the commonwealth we have evidence of traveling groups of Miami, Shawnee, Seneca, Mingo, and others moving in and out after the Monongahela people and prior to colonization. We refer to these groups as "Eastern Woodland Indians." Some frustration is met when studying the Indians of western PA. We do not understand the transition of the Adena or Monongahela peoples into another Indian grouping. Did they become Cherokees? Susquehannocks? or maybe Erie? Answering these questions would be an interesting doctoral study for some enterprising anthropology student.
The culture of the North American natives was upset with the coming of the Europeans at the end of the 15th century. Perhaps other visitors, such as Chinese, Vikings, or others came to the continent earlier, but they did not establish permanent residence. The Europeans after 1492 came and built harbors, villages, and brought a different civilization.
http://www.thelittlelist.net/abetoawl.htm#abenaki
1. [16] ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2009-03-13. http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/All_Data.html.
2. ^ "Meadowcroft Rockshelter". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1113831918&ResourceType=Site. Retrieved 2008-07-02.
3. ^ "Meadowcroft Rock Shelter". Landmark Registry - Public Landmark. Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation. 2008. http://www.washcolandmarks.com/landmark_registry_display.php. Retrieved 2010-11-08.
•4^ Meadowcroft Rockshelter, Mercyhurst Archeological Institute. Mercyhurst College. Erie, PA. Retrieved 2010-03-05.^
•5Heinz History Center: Rockshelter Artifacts, Heinz History Center. Pittsburgh, PA. Retrieved 2010-10-17.
•Minnesota State University emuseum
•James Adovasio and Jake Page, The First Americans: In Pursuit of Archaeology's Greatest Mystery, 2003, ISBN 0-375-75704-X.
•Meadowcroft Rockshelter and Museum of Rural Life
•"The Greatest Journey," James Shreeve, National Geographic, March 2006, p. 64. Shows dates 19,000 to 12,000 years ago; as well as Clovis (13,500 years ago) and Monte Verde 14,800 years ago.
•Heinz History Center
[17] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thera_eruption
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