This Day in Goodlove History, April 28

This Day in Goodlove History, April 28

• By Jeffery Lee Goodlove

• jefferygoodlove@aol.com

•

• Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove

•

• The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany) etc., and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), and Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with -George Rogers Clarke, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson.

•

• The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:

• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx

•

• This project is now a daily blog at:

• http://thisdayingoodlovehistory.blogspot.com/

• Goodlove Family History Project Website:

• http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/

•

• Books written about our unique DNA include:

• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.

•

• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.



“Jacob’s Legacy, A Genetic View of Jewish History” by David B. Goldstein, 2008.

•

• My thanks to Mr. Levin for his outstanding research and website that I use to help us understand the history of our ancestry. Go to http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/ for more information. “For more information about the Weekly Torah Portion or the History of Jewish Civilization go to the Temple Judah Website http://www.templejudah.org/ and open the Adult Education Tab "This Day...In Jewish History " is part of the study program for the Jewish History Study Group in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

•

A point of clarification. If anybody wants to get to the Torah site, they do not have to go thru Temple Judah. They can use http://DownhomeDavarTorah.blogspot.com and that will take them right to it.





The details for the GOODLOVE FAMILY REUNION were mailed Apr 9, 2011. If you haven't received the information and want to attend, please e-mail 11Goodlovereunion@gmail.com to add your name to the mailing list. RSVP's are needed by May 10.

Goodlove Family Reunion

Sunday, June 12, 2011

Pinicon Ridge Park, Central City, Iowa

4729 Horseshoe Falls Road, Central City, Iowa 52214

319-438-6616

www.mycountyparks.com/County/Linn/Park/Pinicon-Ridge-Park

The plans at the 2007 reunion were to wait 5 years to meet again. But hey, we are all aging a bit, so why wait: Because it was so hot with the August date, we are trying June this year. We hope that you and your family will be able to come. This is the same location as 2007 and with the same details. The mailing lists are hard to keep current, so I’m sure I have missed a lot of people. Please ask your relatives if they have the information, and pass this on to any relative who needs it.

Horseshoe Falls Lodge 8 AM to 8 PM. We will set up and clean up (although help is nice).

Please sign the Guest Book. Come early, stay all day, or just for a while.

Food- Hy-Vee will cater chicken & Ham plus coffee/iced tea/lemonade. Please bring a vegetable, appetizer, salad, bread or dessert in the amount you would for any family dinner. For those coming from a distance, there are grocery stores in Marion for food and picnic supplies.

Dinner at Noon. Supper at 5 PM. Please provide your own place settings.

Games-Mary & Joe Goodlove are planning activities for young & ‘not so young’. Play or watch. The Park also has canoes and paddle boats (see website for more information).

Lodging- The park does have campsites and a few cabins. Reservations 319-892-6450 or on-line. There are many motels/hotels in Marion/Cedar Rapids area.

The updated Family tree will be displayed for you to add or modify as needed.

Family albums, scrapbooks or family information. Please bring anything you would like to share. There will be tables for display. If you have any unidentified Goodlove family photos, please bring those too. Maybe someone will bhe able to help.

Your RSVP is important for appropriate food/beverage amounts. Please send both accepts & regrets to Linda Pedersen by May 10.

Something new: To help offset reunion costs (lodge rental/food/postage), please consider a donation of at leat $5 for each person attending. You may send your donation with your RSVP or leave it ‘in the hat’ June 12.

Hope to hear from you soon and see you June 12.

Mail

Linda Pedersen

902 Heiler Court

Eldridge, IA 52748

Call:

563-285-8189 (home)

563-340-1024 (cell)

E-mail:

11goodlovereunion@gmail.com

Pedersen37@mchsi.com

I Get Email!



In a message dated 4/27/2011 1:10:56 P.M. Central Daylight Time, newsletter@fvjn.org writes:





Movie Recommendation



Thursday, April 28, 9:00 p.m., WTTW, Channel 11 (Chicago)



Movie "Prisoner of Her Past"

This new film examines a secret childhood trauma that resurfaces, 60 years later, to unravel the life of Holocaust survivor Sonia Reich. The film follows her son, Chicago Tribune jazz critic Howard Reich, as he journeys across the U.S. and Eastern Europe to uncover why his mother believes the world is conspiring to kill her. Along the way, he finds a family he never knew he had. The documentary examines the disorder's devastating effect on families, but also shows programs that are aiding young trauma survivors of Hurricane Katrina, in New Orleans, and how such early interventions may have helped Howard's mother.



There is also a book published with the same title. Very moving.





Elgin Holocaust Performance



The Elgin Cultural Arts Commission is proud to present a staged reading of a new drama in its Page to Stage series:



Broken Glass by Christopher Bibby

The story takes place in Berlin in 1938 in the days surrounding Kristallnacht. The longstanding friendship between Martin Hottl, a Catholic cobbler, and Jozef Pac'zynski, a Jewish shopkeeper, is put to the ultimate test in these dangerous times.



This reading is presented in recognition of Holocaust Remembrance Day and will take place on April 29 & 30, 2011, at 7:30 pm and May 1, 2011, at 1:00 pm at the

Elgin Art Showcase, 8th Floor of the Professional Building, 164 Division Street, Elgin, Illinois. This event is free to the public.



Audiences will have an opportunity to speak to the playwright and actors at an informal reception after performances at Villa Verone, 13 Douglas Avenue, Elgin.



DID YOU KNOW...?”



The Word "Sabbath"

Not only did the Jewish people give the world the Sabbath . . . but we gave the world the WORD "Sabbath!" The three letter root of the word "Shabbat" is always associated with "resting." In fact, in the account of the creation of the world we're told: "And God rested (VaYishbot) on the seventh day." The root is used as a verb. So . . . the Hebrew noun meaning the "day of rest" is Shabbat, which has come into English as Sabbath, into French, Spanish, Dutch, German, and other languages as Sabbat, Italian as Sabato and on and on.



In the early days of the Soviet Union, people were expected to volunteer to work for the State on the Russian Sabbath, building roads and public buildings - they were called, in Russian, Sabotnik - meaning "someone who works on the Sabbath." (There are many Jews who have "Sabotnik" as their family name.) In modern Hebrew, a labor strike is called "Shvitah" - from the same root ("V" and "B" are the same letter). Other words based on the root are, Shabbaton (A Weekend Retreat), and Sabbatical (an academic leave of absence - or the Sabbatical Year described in the Torah).





April 28, 66 A.D.: After stealing money from the Temple Treasury, the Roman Procurator Gessius Florus allowed his troops to “loot the Upper Market” of Jerusalem. He also unleashed his Cohorts on the crowds of Jews who gathered to protest the theft. This would prove to be the precipitating event that would start the Great Revolt which would end in disaster for the Jewish people.[1]

66 A.D.

A full scale Jewish Revolt had broken out in Palestine in 66 A.D. under the rule of the Roman governor Gessius Florus. Jerusalem fell into the control of several rebel factions. Nero had appointed a Spanish general Vespasian, to crush the revolt and several legions poured into the country. [2]

66 A.D.

Eusebius and Epiphanius preserved a tradition that the Jerusalem followers of Jesus, now led by Simon son of Clophas, fled the city of Jerusalem just before siege in response to an “oracle given by revelation before the war”. They reported that the followers settled in the area of the Decapolis city of Pella, on the other side of the Jordan in the mountains of Gilead. Although some scholars have questioned the historical reliability of this tradition there is strong evidence in its favor. As we have seen, the book of Revelation, dating to the time of Nero and the Jewish Revolt, portrays the church as a “woman” who flees into the wilderness “to her place” where she is nourished for three and a half years (Revelation 12:14). In the book of Revelation Nero is the “Best” with the mysterious number 666 and it was indeed Nero who both persecuted the Christians after the fire in Rome and sent Vespasian to wquell the Jewish Revolt in 66 A.D..[3]

Pella, the region to which they are saed to have fled, is just a few milesw north of the biblical “Wadi Cherith,” the traditional place where Elijah hid from danger and very likely the area where Jesus had spent the last winter of his life hiding from Herod Antipas, the “Jesus hideout” in Jordan. If Simon, leader of the group at this time, was in fact the brother of Jesus as James Tabor has argued, the flight in 66 A.D. would be a return visit for him after forty years.[4]

Judas the Galilean last surviving son, Menahem, captured from the Romans the stronghgold of Masada and attemptedin 66 A.D., at the beginning of the first Jewish War, to assert his supreme authority among the rebels by entering the Temple in royal apparel. However, he and most of his followerxsx died in the feud which raged at that time between the various revolutionary factions in Jerusalem. One of those who escapted the massacre was another descendant

66 and 67 A.D.

During Paul’s second imprisonment (66-67 A.D.), he wrote his second letter to Timothy. Paul encouraged Timothy to be steadfast in the ministry, while reflecting on his own soon to be completed ministry. 2 Timothy 1:1-18.[5]

67 C.E.

The ruins of two well preserved first century villages in the Galilee, Gamla and Yodefat, havwe also provided important information. All the inhabitants were dispersed bgy the Romans in 67 C.E. during a Jewish revolt. Because of this, the villages can be quite accurately dated, and thus have offered up furether clues concerning how simple Jewish peasants lived in the years just before the destructyion of the Second Temple. In Cana, another town to the north of Sepphoris that survived into the second century E.E., excavators have recently found a late first century synagogue.[6]

67 and 70 A.D.

Between 67 and 70 A.D., a group of Jewish Christians were tempted to return to Judaism. The author of Hebrews (perhaps Barnabas, Apollos or Paul) wrote to convince thses Jewish Christians of the superiority of Christ and to warn them of the serious dangers of apostasy. Hebrews 1:1-14[7]

According to later Christian tradition, Paul was beheaded in Rome during the reign of Nero, which would be sometime before 68 A.D.[8]

68 A.D.

Josephus was put in charge of the Jewish forces in Glilee but by 68 A.D. Vespasian had crushed all opposition and moved south into Judea to lay siege to Jerusalem. Josephus surrendered and ended up on intimate terms with Vespasian, even advising him in the war effort, having become convinced that Jewish opposition was futile and disastrous. When Nero committed suicide in 68 A.D. three successive Roman generals made a bid to become emperor. General Galva marched in from Spain, and the Senate accepted him as emperor, but Otho, an influential senator, had him assassinated by the palace guard and declared himself emperor. General Vitellius, recognizing the opportunity, immediately marched down from Germany to Rome with his legions, forcing Otho to commit suicide, and becoming emperor himself. In the Vespacian decided to act. He left the war in Judea and the siege of Jerusalem in the hads of his son Titus and traveled to Rome to challenge Vitellius. Vitellius tried to flee but was killed by troops loyal to Vespasian and the the Senate declated Vespasian emperor. [9]

69 A.D.

When James was killed in 62 A.D., Based On Daniel’s prediuctions, the followers of Jesus had calculated a final seven year period. They evidently left the city halfway into that period, or in the year 66 A.D. calculating that the “end” would come three and a half years later in 69 A.D. [10]

April 28, 70 A.D.: Following an early repulse of his forces, the Roman Legions commanded by Titus retake and destroy Jerusalem’s middle wall. The Romans followed this victory by quickly building a wall that will surround the city, cutting off all shipments of food and causing increased starvation among the Jewish defenders.[11]

Spring 70 A.D.

Jerusalem was surrounded by four Roman legions, the Fifteenth that Titus had brought up from Egypt, and the Fifth, Tenth, and Twelfth that Vewspasian had mustered from Syria. Including auxiliary troops the Roman forces numbered over 50,000. The city was cut off from supplies and by the spring of A.D. 70 severe famine had set in. Josephus reports that some even resorted to cannibalism, and chaos reigned inside the besieged city. Those who sought to escape were captured and crucified. According to Josephus, who had now joined Vespasian campted on the Mount of Olives before the city, as many as five hundred per day were captured and crucified in order to terrorize those inside and force surrender. Vespasian’;s troops had stripped the land all around Jerusalem of trees in order to get enough wood for all the crosses. The Zealots that controlled the local population trapped inside refused all offers.[12]

April 28, 1192: Conrad I, newly crowned King of Jerusalem was assassinated in Tyre only days after ascending the throne. According to one source, the assassins were Moslems who may have been in the pay of Conrad’s Christian enemies. The whole affair of Conrad’s selection during the time of the Third Crusade points to the fact that these were not noble religious adventures at all. This makes the treatment of the Jews during this period all the more despicable.[13]

The name Conrad taken in this perspective could have had reference as a namesake to our Conrad Goodlove, born 1793. If this allusion is correct than it makes for a fascinating story, if it isn’t than…it’s still a fascinating story.

Conrad of Montferrat
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Conrad of Montferrat (or Conrad I of Jerusalem) (Italian: Corrado di Monferrato; Piedmontese: Conrà ëd Monfrà) (mid-1140s – 28 April 1192) was a northern Italian nobleman, one of the major participants in the Third Crusade. He was the de facto King of Jerusalem, by marriage, from 24 November 1190, but officially elected only in 1192, days before his death. He was also marquis of Montferrat from 1191.



Early life
Conrad was the second son of Marquis William V of Montferrat, "the Elder", and his wife Judith of Babenberg. He was a first cousin of Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, Louis VII of France and Leopold V of Austria.

Conrad was born in Montferrat, which is now a region of Piedmont, in northwest Italy. The exact place and year are unknown. He is first mentioned in a charter in 1160, when serving at the court of his maternal uncle, Conrad, Bishop of Passau, later Archbishop of Salzburg. (He may have been named after him, or after his mother's half-brother, Conrad III of Germany.)

A handsome man, with great personal courage and intelligence, he was described in the Brevis Historia Occupationis et Amissionis Terræ Sanctæ ("A Short History of the Occupation and Loss of the Holy Land"):

Conrad was vigorous in arms, extremely clever both in natural mental ability and by learning, amiable in character and deed, endowed with all the human virtues, supreme in every council, the fair hope of his own side and a blazing lightning-bolt to the foe, capable of pretence and dissimulation in politics, educated in every language, in respect of which he was regarded by the less articulate to be extremely fluent. In one thing alone was he regarded as blameworthy: that he had seduced another's wife away from her living husband, and made her separate from him, and married her himself.[1]

(The last sentence alludes to his third marriage to Isabella of Jerusalem in 1190, for which see below.)

He was active in diplomacy from his twenties, and became an effective military commander, campaigning alongside other members of his family in the struggles with the Lombard League. He first married an unidentified lady, possibly a daughter of Count Meinhard I of Görz (It: Gorizia), before 1179, but she was dead by the end of 1186, without leaving any surviving issue.

Byzantine Empire
In 1179, following the family's alliance with Manuel I Comnenos, Conrad led an army against Frederick Barbarossa's forces, then commanded by the imperial Chancellor, Archbishop Christian of Mainz. He defeated them at Camerino in September, taking the Chancellor hostage. (He had previously been a hostage of the Chancellor.) He left the captive in his brother Boniface's care and went to Constantinople to be rewarded by the Emperor,[2] returning to Italy shortly after Manuel's death in 1180. Now in his mid-thirties, his personality and good looks made a striking impression at the Byzantine court: Niketas Choniates describes him as "of beautiful appearance, comely in life's springtime, exceptional and peerless in manly courage and intelligence, and in the flower of his body's strength".[3]

In the winter of 1186–1187, Isaac II Angelus offered his sister Theodora, as a bride to Conrad's younger brother Boniface, to renew the Byzantine alliance with Montferrat, but Boniface was married. Conrad, recently widowed, had taken the cross, intending to join his father in the Kingdom of Jerusalem; instead, he accepted Isaac's offer and returned to Constantinople in spring 1187. On his marriage, he was awarded the rank of Caesar. However, almost immediately, he had to help the Emperor defend his throne against a revolt, led by General Alexios Branas. According to Choniates, Conrad inspired the weak Emperor to take the initiative. He fought heroically in the battle in which Branas was killed, without shield or helmet, and wearing a linen cuirass instead of mail. He was slightly wounded in the shoulder, but unhorsed Branas, who was then killed and beheaded by his bodyguards.[4]

However, feeling that his service had been insufficiently rewarded, wary of Byzantine anti-Latin sentiment (his youngest brother Renier had been murdered in 1182) and of possible vengeance-seeking by Branas's family, Conrad set off for the Kingdom of Jerusalem in July 1187 aboard a Genoese merchant vessel. Some popular modern histories have claimed that he was fleeing vengeance after committing a private murder: this is due to a failure to recognise Branas's name, garbled into "Lyvernas" in the Old French Continuation of William of Tyre (sometimes known as The Chronicle of Ernoul), and Roger of Howden's abridgement of his own Gesta regis Henrici Secundi (formerly attributed to Benedict of Peterborough). Roger had initially referred to Conrad "having slain a prominent nobleman in a rebellion" — meaning Branas; in his Chronica, he condensed this to "having committed homicide", omitting the context.

Defence of Tyre




Conrad arrives at Tyre: marginal sketch in late 12C Brevis Historia Regni Hierosolymitani, a continuation of the Annals of Genoa (Bib. Nat. Française)

Conrad evidently intended to join his father, who held the castle of St Elias. He arrived first off Acre, which had recently fallen to Saladin (Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb), and so sailed north to Tyre, where he found the remnants of the Crusader army. After his victory at the Battle of Hattin over the army of Jerusalem, Saladin was on the march north, and had already captured Acre, Sidon, and Beirut. Raymond III of Tripoli and his stepsons, Reginald of Sidon and several other leading nobles who had escaped the battle had fled to Tyre, but most were anxious to return to their own territories to defend them. Raymond of Tripoli was in failing health, and died soon after he went home.

According to the Old French Continuation of William of Tyre, Reginald of Sidon had taken charge in Tyre and was in the process of negotiating its surrender with Saladin. Conrad allegedly threw Saladin's banners into the ditch, and made the Tyrians swear total loyalty to him. His rise to power seems to have been less dramatic in reality. Reginald went to refortify his own castle of Belfort on the Litani River. With the support of the established Italian merchant communities in the city, Conrad re-organised the defence of Tyre, setting up a commune, similar to those he had so often fought against in Italy.

When Saladin's army arrived they found the city well-defended and defiant. As the chronicler Ibn al-Athir wrote of the man the Arabs came to respect and fear as "al-Markis": "He was a devil incarnate in his ability to govern and defend a town, and a man of extraordinary courage". Tyre successfully withstood the siege, and desiring more profitable conquest, Saladin's army moved on south to Caesarea, Arsuf, and Jaffa. Meanwhile, Conrad sent Joscius, Archbishop of Tyre, to the West in a black-sailed ship, bearing appeals for aid. Arabic writers claimed that he also carried propaganda pictures to use in his preaching, including one of the horses of Saladin's army stabled (and urinating) in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and another of a Saracen slapping Christ's face.

In November 1187, Saladin returned for a second siege of Tyre. Conrad was still in command of the city, which was now heavily fortified and filled with Christian refugees from across the north of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. This time Saladin opted for a combined ground and naval assault, setting up a blockade of the harbour. In an incident described by the Itinerarium Peregrinorum (which is generally hostile to Conrad), the Old French Continuation and Sicardus of Cremona's second chronicle (now known through quotations by Salimbene di Adam and Alberto Millioli), Saladin presented Conrad's aged father, William V of Montferrat, who had been captured at Hattin, before the walls of the city. He offered to release William and bestow great gifts upon Conrad if he surrendered Tyre. The old man told his son to stand firm, even when the Egyptians threatened to kill him. Conrad declared that William had lived a long life already, and aimed at him with a crossbow himself. Saladin allegedly said, "This man is an unbeliever and very cruel". But he had succeeded in calling Saladin's bluff: the old Marquis William was released, unharmed, at Tortosa in 1188, and returned to his son.

On December 30, Conrad's forces launched a dawn raid on the weary Egyptian sailors, capturing many of their galleys. The remaining Egyptian ships tried to escape to Beirut, but the Tyrian ships gave chase, and the Egyptians were forced to beach their ships and flee. Saladin then launched an assault on the landward walls, thinking that the defenders were still distracted by the sea battle. However, Conrad led his men in a charge out of the gates and broke the enemy: Hugh of Tiberias distinguished himself in the battle. Saladin was forced to pull back yet again, burning his siege engines and ships to prevent them from falling into enemy hands.

Struggle for the crown




The Near East, 1190, at the outset of the Third Crusade

In summer 1188, Saladin released Guy of Lusignan, the husband of Queen Sibylla of Jerusalem, from captivity. A year later, in 1189, Guy, accompanied by his brother Geoffrey, appeared at Tyre and demanded that Conrad hand over the keys to the city to him. Conrad refused this demand, and declared that Guy had forfeited his rights to be king of Jerusalem at the Battle of Hattin. He said that he was holding the city until the arrival of the kings from Europe. By this, he was invoking the terms of Baldwin IV's will, terms already broken by Guy and Sibylla: in the event of the death of his nephew Baldwin V it had been Baldwin's will that Baldwin V's "most rightful heirs" were to hold the regency until the succession could be settled by the King of England, the King of France, and the Holy Roman Emperor. Conrad would not allow Guy and Sibylla to enter the city, but did allow them to camp outside Tyre's walls with their retainers.

Conrad was persuaded by his cousin once-removed, Louis III, Landgraf of Thuringia, to join Guy in the Siege of Acre in 1189. The siege lasted for over two years. In summer 1190, Conrad travelled north to Antioch to lead another young kinsman, Frederick of Swabia, safely back to Acre with the remnants of his cousin Frederick Barbarossa's imperial army.

When Queen Sibylla and their daughters died of disease later that year, Guy, who had only held the crown matrimonial, no longer had a legal claim to the throne — but refused to step aside. The heiress of Jerusalem was Isabella of Jerusalem, Queen Sibylla's half-sister, who was married to Humphrey IV of Toron, of whom she was fond. However, Conrad had the support of her mother Maria Comnena and stepfather Balian of Ibelin, as well as Reginald of Sidon and other major nobles of Outremer. They obtained an annulment on the grounds that Isabella had been under-age at the time of the marriage and had not been able to give consent. Conrad then married Isabella himself, despite rumours of bigamy because of his marriage to Theodora, who was still alive. (However, Choniates, who usually expresses strong disapproval of marital/sexual irregularities, makes no mention of this. This may imply that a divorce had been effected from the Byzantine side before 1190, by which time it was obvious that Conrad would not be returning.) There were also objections on grounds of canonical 'incest', since Conrad's brother had previously been married to Isabella's half-sister, and Church law regarded this kind of "affinity" as equal to a blood-relationship. However, the Papal Legate, Ubaldo Lanfranchi, Archbishop of Pisa, gave his approval. (Opponents claimed he had been bribed.) The marriage, on 24 November 1190, was conducted by Philip of Dreux, Bishop of Beauvais — son of Conrad's cousin Robert I of Dreux. Conrad was now de jure King of Jerusalem. However, he had been wounded in battle only nine days previously, and returned with his bride to Tyre to recover. He came back to the siege in spring, making an unsuccessful sea-attack against the Tower of Flies at the harbour entrance.

As Guy was a vassal of Richard I of England for his lands in Poitou, Richard supported him in this political struggle, while Conrad was supported by his cousin Leopold V of Austria and cousin once-removed Philip II of France. Conrad acted as chief negotiator in the surrender of Acre, and raised the kings' banners in the city. Afterwards, the parties attempted to come to an agreement. Guy was confirmed as king of Jerusalem, and Conrad was made his heir. Conrad would retain the cities of Tyre, Beirut, and Sidon, and his heirs would inherit Jerusalem on Guy's death. In July 1191 Conrad's kinsman, King Philip, decided to return to France, but before he left he turned over half the treasure plundered from Acre to Conrad, along with all his prominent Muslim hostages. King Richard asked Conrad to hand over the hostages, but Conrad refused as long as he could. After he finally relented (since Richard was now leader of the Crusade), Richard had all the hostages killed. Conrad did not join Richard on campaign to the south, preferring to remain with his wife Isabella in Tyre — believing his life to be in danger. It was probably around this time that Conrad's father died.

During that winter, Conrad opened direct negotiations with Saladin, suspecting that Richard's next move would be to attempt to wrest Tyre from him and restore it to the royal domain for Guy. His primary aim was to be recognised as ruler in the north, while Saladin (who was simultaneously negotiating with Richard for a possible marriage between his brother Al-Adil and Richard's widowed sister Joan, Dowager Queen of Sicily) hoped to separate him from the Crusaders. The situation took a farcical turn when Richard's envoy, Isabella's ex-husband Humphrey of Toron, spotted Conrad's envoy, Reginald of Sidon, out hawking with Al-Adil. There seems to have been no conclusive agreement with Conrad, and Joan refused marriage to a Muslim.

Assassination
In April 1192, the kingship was put to the vote. To Richard's consternation, the barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem unanimously elected Conrad as King. Richard sold Guy the lordship of Cyprus (where he continued to use a king's title) to compensate him and deter him from returning to Poitou, where his family had long had a reputation for rebelliousness. Richard's nephew Henry II of Champagne brought the news of the election result to Tyre on 24 April, then returned to Acre.

But Conrad was never crowned. Around late morning or noon on 28 April, Isabella, who was pregnant, was late in returning from the hammam to dine with him, so he went to eat at the house of his kinsman and friend, Philip, Bishop of Beauvais. The bishop had already eaten, so Conrad returned home. On his way, he was attacked by two Hashshashin, who stabbed him at least twice in the side and back. His guards killed one of his attackers and captured the other. It is not certain how long Conrad survived. Some sources claimed he died at the scene of the attack, or in a nearby church, within a very short time. Richard's chroniclers claimed that he was taken home, received the last rites, and urged Isabella to give the city over only to Richard or his representative: this death-bed scene is open to doubt. He was buried in Tyre, in the Church of the Hospitallers. "[T]he Frankish marquis, the ruler of Tyre, and the greatest devil of all the Franks, Conrad of Montferrat — God damn him! — was killed," wrote Ibn al-Athir. Certainly, the loss of a potentially formidable king was a blow to the kingdom.

The murder remains unsolved. Under torture, the surviving Hashshashin claimed that Richard was behind the killing, though this is impossible to prove. A less likely suspect was Humphrey IV of Toron, Isabella's first husband. Saladin's involvement has also been alleged, but as Conrad was in the middle of negotiations with him, this also seems unlikely; Saladin himself had no love for the Hashshashin. In 1970, Patrick A. Williams argued a plausible case for Henry of Champagne's guilt, but if so, it is difficult to imagine him taking such a bold step without his uncle Richard's approval.

Later, while returning from the crusade in disguise, Richard was recognised by Meinhard II of Görz, who is described as Conrad's nephew (which suggests the identity of his first wife), and then imprisoned by Conrad's cousin, Leopold V of Austria. Conrad's murder was one of the charges against him. Richard requested that the Hashshashin vindicate him, and in a letter allegedly from their leader, Rashid al-Din Sinan, they appeared to do so. The letter claimed that in 1191, Conrad had captured a Hashshashin ship that had sought refuge in Tyre during a storm. He killed the captain, imprisoned the crew, and stripped the ship of its treasure. When Rashid al-Din Sinan requested that the ship's crew and treasure be returned, he was rebuffed, and so a death sentence was issued for Conrad of Montferrat. However, this letter is believed to have been forged: Sinan was already dead, and apart from this letter and the chronicle entries based upon it, there is no other evidence for the Hashashin being involved in shipping. The timing of the murder, and its consequences — the pregnant Isabella was married off to Henry of Champagne only seven days later, much to the disgust of Muslim commentators — suggest that the chief motive may be sought in Frankish politics.

Family
Conrad's brother Boniface was the leader of the Fourth Crusade and a notable patron of troubadours, as was their sister Azalaïs, Marchioness of Saluzzo. Their youngest brother Renier was a son-in-law of Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus, and the eldest, William, had been the first husband of Sibylla and father of Baldwin V of Jerusalem. Conrad was also briefly Marquis of Montferrat, following his father's death in 1191. In Montferrat he was succeeded by Boniface, but his own heiress was born posthumously: a daughter Maria of Montferrat, 'La Marquise', who in 1205 became Queen of Jerusalem on Isabella's death, but died young in childbirth. Conrad's ex-wife, Theodora, was still living in the mid-late 1190s, when she was having the monastery of Dalmatios converted into a convent, possibly for her own residence.

Role in fiction, film and art
The Monferrine court was Occitan in its literary culture, and provided patronage to numerous troubadors. Bertran de Born and Peirol mention Conrad in songs composed at the time of the Third Crusade (see external links below). He was seen as a heroic figure, the noble defender of Tyre — the "Marqués valens e pros" ("the valiant and worthy Marquis") as Peirol called him. In Carmina Burana 50: Heu, voce flebili cogor enarrare, he is described as "marchio clarissimus, vere palatinus" ("the most famous Marquis, truly a paladin"). However, subsequently, the long-term prejudice of popular English-language writing towards Richard I and his "Lionheart" myth has adversely affected portrayals of Conrad in English-language fiction and film. Because Richard (and his chroniclers) opposed his claim to the throne, he is generally depicted negatively, even when Richard himself is treated with some scepticism. A rare exception to this is the epic poem Cœur de Lion (1822), by Eleanor Anne Porden, in which he is depicted as a tragic Byronic hero.

An entirely fictionalised, unambiguously wicked version of Conrad appears in Walter Scott's The Talisman, misspelled as 'Conrade of Montserrat' (the novelist apparently misreading 'f' as a long 's' in his sources) and described as a "marmoset" and "popinjay". He is also a villain in Maurice Hewlett's fanciful The Life and Death of Richard Yea-and-Nay (1900). He appears briefly, again in a negative light, in Ronald Welch's Knight Crusader (1954): the description owes much to his portrayal in Cecil B. de Mille's The Crusades, mentioned below. The nadir of his fictional appearances is in Graham Shelby's 1970 novel The Kings of Vain Intent. In this, he is thoroughly demonised — depicted as a sinister figure, physically resembling a vampire; in a chapter added by the author to the U.S. edition, he beats and rapes Isabella. These works reflect the later Renaissance and Gothic novel cultural/ethnic stereotype of the 'Machiavellian' Italian: corrupt, scheming, dandified, not averse to poisoning, even (as in Shelby's novel) sexually sadistic. In contrast, the Russian-born French novelist Zoé Oldenbourg gives him a more positive but fleeting cameo-role — proud, strong, and as handsome as Choniates described him — in her 1946 novel Argile et Cendres (Clay and Ashes, published in English as The World Is Not Enough in 1948). He is the hero of Luigi Gabotto's 1968 novel Corrado di Monferrato, which covers his whole career. Another sympathetic portrayal is in Alan Gordon's mystery novel, The Widow of Jerusalem (2003), which investigates his murder.

In film, he has been consistently depicted as a villain, and with scant regard for accuracy. In Cecil B. de Mille's 1935 film The Crusades, he is played by Joseph Schildkraut as a scheming traitor, plotting Richard's death with Prince John in England at a time when he was actually already defending Tyre. The 1954 film King Richard and the Crusaders, loosely based on The Talisman, similarly depicts him as a villain, played by Michael Pate. Egyptian director Youssef Chahine's 1963 film Al Nasser Salah Ad-Din also shows Scott's influence in its hostility towards Conrad (played by Mahmoud El-Meliguy) and Philip, while depicting Richard more favourably.

On television, he was played by Michael Peake in the 1962 British television series Richard the Lionheart, which derived some of its plotlines loosely from Scott's The Talisman. In the more faithful 1980–1981 BBC serialisation of The Talisman, he was played by Richard Morant.

In painting and drawing, Conrad figures in a small contemporary manuscript sketch of his ship sailing to Tyre in the Annals of Genoa, and various illustrations to Scott's The Talisman. There is an imaginary portrait of him, c. 1843, by François-Édouard Picot for the Salles des Croisades at Versailles: it depicts him as a handsome, rather pensive man in his forties, wearing a coronet and fanciful pseudo-mediæval costume. He is shown with dark hair and beard; it is more likely that, like his father and at least two of his brothers, he was blond.

In the game Assassin's Creed, set in 1191 during the height of the Crusades, William V of Montferrat, father of Conrad of Montferrat, is one of nine Templars the main character must assassinate. This is based on the real life death of Conrad, who was assassinated by the real life Hashshashin.

Persondata

Name
Conrad Of Montferrat

Alternative names

Short description

Date of birth

Place of birth

Date of death
28 April 1192

Place of death


Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_of_Montferrat"



April 28, 1718

The Will OF ANDREW HARRISON of St Mary ‘a Parish, Essex County,

Virginia, was dated April 28, 1718; proved in Essex’ County Court,

November 18, 1718, December 16, 1718 and March 17, 1718 (1718-19).



“Being grown very aged. & at this time, sick & weak in body, but in perfect sense and memory—” After the usual expressions of Christian faith in the atonement and resurrection, and the committal of his body to the ground at the discretion of his executors, provision? for the payment of. debts and funeral charges, he disposed of his estate as follows: Wife, Eleanor Harrison is named as executrix; son Andrew Harrison, and son-in-law. Gabriel Long are named as trustees and overseers to assist her in carrying out the provisions of the will; he ratifies former gifts of land to three of his children, viz, son William Harrison, 270. acres; son Andrew Harrison. 200 acres, and daughter Elizabetli, 200 acres, “all of which

lands, they are now possessed, and which I now give to them & theirs forever.’? * lie refers to having put into the hands Of William Stanard, bills of exchange for Sixty five pounds, twelve shillings and Six pence, sterling, with which said Stanard is to buy two negroes for said Harrison; the use of these two negroes,. or that money, to testator’s wife~ during life or widowhood, and after her decease, the negroes or the money to daughter Margaret Long ‘a three youngest sons, viz: Richard; Gabriel, and: William (Long), to be given and equally divided between them and their heirs as soon as they are 21 years old. * If wife dies before either of the three mentioned Long children come of age, then testator’s son in law, Gabriel Long, to have use thereof, until that ~specified time, and for the use’’. thereof, he is to give the said three Long children ‘school­ing, that is to teach them to read & write & cast aecount4’~ daughter

Margaret Long, after the death of testator’s wife, a servant boy named

Richard Bradley, “till he comes of age of one & twenty years”; also to

Margaret, at the time specified, a “featherbed, bolster, pillow, rug and blankets”; son William, after decease of testator’s wife, a “ feather bed, bedstead, and all furniture belonging thereto, my own chest and all my wearing apparel and the cloth which I have to make ~my clothing, and my riding saddle”; “to my son William” after the decease of the testa­tor ‘s wife, an “oval table”, a “large iron pot”; to son Andrew, after the decease of testator’s wife, “a feather bed, bolster, pillows, and furni­ture belonging thereto; a large iron pot;” residue of estate, personal & movable, after wife’s death, to be equally divided among testator ‘s four children, Viz: “William, Andrew, Elizabeth, and Margaret “.

- His

Witnesses: (Signed) Andrew A. II. Harrison

Mark

John Ellitt

William-X-Davison

Mary-X~Davison[14]



April 28, 1778



April 28, 1778; Justices John Stephenson and Col. William Crawford absent, but Isaac Cox, John Cannon, Wm. Goe, Andrew Swearingen, John McDowell, George McCormick were present.[15]



“Thomas Gist[16] came into Court and being sworn on the Holy evangelist of Almighty God, sayeth that in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and seventy-two, in the month of April to the best of his recollection, in the presence of Joseph Beelor, John Stephenson and Edward Rice, he solemnized the wrights of matromony between Isaac Meason and Catharine Harrison, according to the rights and ceremonies of the Church of England, he the said deponent then being a Majistrate in the State of Pennsylvania, and that he was under an oath not to devulge said marriage except legally called for that purpose.”



Two of the witnesses, John Stephenson and Joseph Beelor, came likewise into court and made a similar affidavit, and Joseph Beelor added “that there was a preengagement between the said Isaac and Catharine that upon the devulging of the said marriage contrary to the will of the said Isaac then that said parties should be absolved from any obligation to each other as man and wife.”[17]

-. - .

W Harrison took the oath of Major of the Militia in open Coart.



Ordered that George McCarnieck John Cannon & John Stephenson Gent, be recommended to his Excellency the Governor as proper persons to serve as Sheriff for this County, the Ensuing year.



Ordered that Court be adjourned Until Tomorrow Morning

8 oCbock. JOHN CANON.[18]



April 28, 1778 Pg. 156 Summary: The court ordered that Edmond Lindsey, Ralph Cherry, Edward Cherry, and Doyale Meason appraise the goods, chattles, credits, and Slaves , if any, of James Louden. Yohogania,
VA.[19]





April 28, 1778 Pg. 152 Zacheriah Connell v John Lindsey, Contd, Yohogania, VA.[20]





April 28, 1781: TO MAJOR GENERAL GREENE.



(ORIGINAL.)



Hanover Court House, April 28th, 1781.



Sir,--Having received intelligence that General Phillips' army were

preparing at Portsmouth, for offensive operations. I left at Baltimore

every thing that could impede our march, to follow us under a proper

escort, and with about a thousand men, officers included; hastened

towards Richmond which I apprehended would be a principal object with

the enemy.



Being on our way, I have received successive accounts of their

movements. On the 21st, the British troops, commanded by their

Generals, Philips and Arnold, landed at City Point on the south side of

James River. A thousand militia under Maj. General Caroude Stuben and

General Muhlenberg, were posted at Blandford to oppose them, and on the

25th they had an engagement with the enemy; the militia behaved very

gallantly, and our loss, it is said, is about twenty killed and

wounded. The same day, the enemy whose force it is reported to be near

2500 regular troops, marched into Petersburg. Yesterday they moved to

Osburn's, about thirteen miles from Richmond, and after a skirmish with

a corps of militia, destroyed some vessels that had been collected

there, but have not yet attempted to cross the river. Baron de Stuben,

is at the same side, and has removed to Falling Creek Church.



The Continental detachment will in a few hours arrive at this place, 20

miles from Richmond. The enemy are more than double our force in

regular troops and their command of the waters gives them great

advantages.



With the highest respect, I have the honor to be yours, &c.



Marquis De Lafayette[21]





April 28, 1788: George Washington named charter Worshipful Master of Alexandria Lodge No. 22 when a new charter from the Grand Lodge of Virginia was issued. Unanimously re-elected Master December 20, 1788 for one year.[22]

1789 - Benjamin Harrison signed a petition to the Speaker and General Assembly of Virginia - Protest of sundry inhabitants of Bourbon County against a division of the county. [23]

1789 - Benjamin Harrison entered 200 tracts in New Madrid District, Upper Louisiana. Lawrence Harrison, William Harrison, etc. applied for land between the road leading from New Madrid to Ste. Genevieve and St. George's River - subject to the rules and regulations that his most Catholic Majesty hath thought proper to direct for the settling of his territory on the Mississippi. [24] In spite of his accomplishments in Kentucky, Benjamin Harrison seems to have had difficulty settling down. An old land-speculating friend from Pennsylvania, John Morgan, had been into the Louisiana Territory, in about 1789, that part known as Missouri. He wanted Benjamin to go back with him. Missouri at the end of the 18th century was part of a vast swath of the continent, under the nominal control of Spain. A hamlet in Missouri was given the unlikely name Nuevo Madrid, New Madrid. (For reasons no longer remembered, Spanish Governor Esteban Miro seems to have preferred the name, L’Anse a la Grasse, Greasy Bend; maybe he was trying for “grassy bend.”)

The earliest New Madrid settlers, including John Morgan, and possibly Benjamin Harrison, sent entreaties and a delegation down river to Orleans. The new Missourians proposed that Spanish Governor Miro adopt policies, which would encourage English speaking settlers to come into the Louisiana Territory. Governor Miro adopt policies, which would encourage English speaking settlers to come into the Louisiana Territory. Governor Miro (gov: 1782-1791) responded with two conditions. His requirements must have seemed laughingly absurd to the energetic, practical minded, land taking, government creating surveyor farmers, who had spent lifetimes figuring out how to get onto tillable lands and who had rarely hesitate to threaten or shoot at anybody who interfered with their plans.

American settlers would be welcomed in Missouri, the Spanish Governor explained, if they all become Catholic and if they left behind in Kentucky their notions of representative government. These requirements became moot after Miro returned to Spain and Spain ceded the Louisiana territories to France in 1800. Napoleon, short of cash, sold Louisiana to the United States in 1803.[25]

1789

1789, John Crawford, 5 colts.[26]

1789, John Crawford, 5 horses or mules.[27]

1789 Jews expelled from Alace.[28]



Years in which full legal equality was granted to Jews. In some countries, emancipation came with a single act. In others, limited rights were granted first in the hope of "changing" the Jews "for the better."

USA
France
Netherlands
Canada
Great Britain
Italy
Habsburg Empire
Germany
Switzerland
Bulgaria
Serbia
Ottoman Empire
Spain
Russian Empire
1789
1791
1796
1832
1856
1861
1867
1871
1874
1878
1878
1908
1910
1917






[29]

1789
George Washington elected honorary member of Holland Lodge No. 8, New York, NY. [30]





Thurs. April 28, 1864

In camp skirmishing in rear at noon ordered

Out in line of battle then fell back near town

Throwed up breast work at night laid in cane field without blankets[31]





April 28, 1897: The Choctaw and Chickasaw Indian Nations agree to give their lands to the Federal Government and dissolve their tribal governments.[32]



April 28, 1945: Italian dictator Benito Mussolini is killed by partisans and hung in the main square in Milan.[33]





--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[1] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[2] The Hidden History of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Christianity, The Jesus Dynasty, by James D. Tabor. Page 294.

[3] The Hidden History of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Christianity, The Jesus Dynasty, by James D. Tabor, page 299.

[4] The Hidden History of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Christianity, The Jesus Dynasty, by James D. Tabor, page 300.

[5] The One Year Chronology Bible, NIV, page 1594.

[6] US New and World Report, Secrets of Christianity, April 2010. Page 9.

[7] The One Year Chronology Bible, NIV, page 1597.

[8] The Hidden History of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Christianity, The Jesus Dynasty, by James D. Tabor, page 270.

[9] The Hidden History of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Christianity, The Jesus Dynasty, by James D. Tabor. Page 294.

[10] The Hidden History of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Christianity, The Jesus Dynasty, by James D. Tabor, page 299.

[11] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[12] The Hidden History of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Christianity, The Jesus Dynasty, by James D. Tabor. Page 294-295.

[13]

[14] Essex County Records, Will Book 3, page 84, 1717-1722. Torrence and Allied Families, Robert M. Torrence pgs. 312-313

[15] From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford, by Grace U. Emahiser, page 133.

[16] Much after the manner of young people today, marriages were at times kept secret in that day, too. Justice Thomas Gist and the famed iron master, Isaac Meason, must have had a difference, which prompted the revelation of the marriage of the former, as shown by the minutes of April 28, 1778

[17] Annals of Southwestern Pennsylvania, by Lewis Sclark Walkinshaw, A. M. Vol. II pg. 78.

[18] MINUTE BOOK OF VIRGINIA COURT HELD FOR YOHOGANIA COUNTY, FIRST AT AUGUSTA TOWN NOW WASHINGTON, PA.), AND AFTER­ WARDS ON THE ANDREW HEATH FARM NEAR WEST ELIZABETH; 1776-1780.’ EDITED BY BOYD CRUMRINE, OF WASHINGTON, PA. pg. 214-216.

[19] http://doclindsay.com/spread_sheets/2_davids_spreadsheet.html

[20] http://doclindsay.com/spread_sheets/2_davids_spreadsheet.html

[21] MEMOIRS CORRESPONDENCE AND MANUSCRIPTS OF GENERAL LAFAYETTE PUBLISHED BY HIS FAMILY.

[22] http://www.gwmemorial.org/washington.php

[23] (Robertson, p. 131) Chronology of Benjamin Harrison compiled by Isobel Stebbins Giuvezan. Afton, Missouri, 1973 http://www.shawhan.com/benharrison.html

[24] (New Madrid Archives #1301A) Chronology of Benjamin Harrison compiled by Isobel Stebbins Giuvezan. Afton, Missouri, 1973 http://www.shawhan.com/benharrison.html

[25] John Moreland book page 268-269.

[26] A tax list on microfilm at the Kentucky State Library at Frankfort, Ky. For Lincoln County. From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford by Grace U. Emahiser, 1969 p. 183.

[27] A tax list on microfilm at the Kentucky State Library at Frankfort, Ky. For Lincoln County. From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford by Grace U. Emahiser, 1969 p. 183.

[28] http://christianparty.net/jewsexpelled.htm

[29] http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/english/08.html

Conrad was born in 1793 in Pennsylvania, his parents could have come to the United States during this time period. Except, why would his parents not remain Jewish if they went to this much trouble to travel to the United States.

[30]http://www.gwmemorial.org/washington.php

[31] William Harrison Goodlove Civil Diary

[32] On This Day in America,

[33] On This Day in America by John Wagman.


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