This Day in Goodlove History, December 27
Jeff Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), and Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clarke, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,and ancestors Andrew Jackson, and William Henry Harrison.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
• • Books written about our unique DNA include:
• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.
“Jacob’s Legacy, A Genetic View of Jewish History” by David B. Goldstein, 2008.
December 27, 175 BCE (Tevet 3585): This day marked the completion of the Septuagint translation of the Bible into the Greek language. According to a letter from Aristeas to Philocrates, 72 sages, (six from each Israelite tribe) were brought to by Ptolemy II Alexandria to translate the Bible into Greek. Based on the legend, each sage was isolated and wrote a separate translation, but when all 72 were compared, they were all identical. The text of the Septuagint and the Tanach are not the same. Some viewed this translation as a positive event because it showed an interest of Greek intellectuals in Jewish thought and philosophy. Others contend that this translation was necessary because the Jews of Alexandria had such limited knowledge of Hebrew that they could no longer read the text in the original.[1]
172-162 BC: Menelaus, High Priest of Israel, 172-162 BC.[2]
Onias IV, son of Onias III, fled to Egypt and built a Jewish Temple at Leontopolis (closed in 66 CE). [3]
171 BCE: The Hellenized Jewish intelligentsia embraced, and many excused, his campaign as the price to pay for modernizing an outdated religion. This process accelerated after Antiochus’s ally, Menelaus, took over as the Jewish high priest in 171 BCE. [4]
He raised taxes and, in a fateful move, replaced Mosaic Law with secular statutes. Believing they had wide public support, Antiochus and Menelaus converted the Jewish Temple into an ecumenical place of worship for all the local citizens, which meant adding a statue of the Olympian Zeus.[5]
170 B.C. The Seleucid king, Antiochus Epiphanes IV, king of Syria, plundered Jerusalem and forced the Jews to stop worshiping the God of Israel, and to worship the pagan gods of the Greeks. During this time, many Jews followed Greek customs and became Hellenized.
When Antiochus Epiphanes IV esecrated the temple by sacrificing a pig on the altar of Gad and forced the Jewish people in the towns and villages to do the same, this was too much for some religious Jews.[6]
168 BCE: In 168 cultural discontent flared into open rebellion in 168 B.C. when Antiochus IV Epiphanis, the Seleucid ruler of Syria, came to Jerusalem and flagrantly polluted the Temple.The old shrines began to be converted to the worship of new Hellenistic gods, and the population was threatened with adoption of new Greek observances.[7]
168 BCE: A priest named Mattathieas and his sons rose up in protest.[8]
December 27, c.95 C.E. Final text of the Revelation; soon thereafter, final text of John’s Gospel and the three letters of John the Elder.[9] The last canonical gospel, John focuses more on spiritual themes rather than historical events and emphasizes the divinity of Jesus and his role as the Messiah. He does not include the parables and exorcisms and the Second Coming. However, John recounts private conversations between Jesus and his disciples.[10]
In John’s Gospel, Judas is a fully developed character and a very evil one. …Why does the figure of Judas become increasingly evil with each of the four apostles Gospel. Why are they telling the story this way? Some experts believe Christians demonized Judas to distance themselves from Jews in a bid to help their faith survive. [11]
John about the Jews: “Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar, and the father of it.” Chapter 8, verse 44.
“I know thy works, and tribulation, and poverty, (but thou are rich) and I know the blasphemy of them which sway they are Jews, and are not, but are the synagogue of Satan” (2:9)
“Behold, I will make them of the synagogue of Satan, which say they are Jews, and are not, but do lie…(3:9)
Book of Revelation
96 A.D.: The Book of Revelations was written by John the Revelator at a time of Imperial persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire around A.D. 96 toward the end of the reign of the Emperor Dominitian.[12]
Saint John of Patmos
John on Patmos, by Alonso Cano (c. 1640)
Seer, Theologian, Eagle of Patmos
Died: Patmos (?)
Honored in: Christianity (usually identified with John the Evangelist or John the Apostle or both)
Feast: December 27 - Roman Catholic (as John the Evangelist)
Attributes: Depicted sitting on the Isle of Patmos
Major work(s): Book of Revelation
John of Patmos is the name given by some modern scholars to the author of the Book of Revelation, the apocalyptic text forming part of the New Testament. The text of Revelation states that the author is called John and that he lives on the Greek island of Patmos, where by some, he is considered to be in exile as a result of anti-Christian persecution under Roman emperor Domitian.[1][2] Traditionally, the John who is the author of Revelation is considered to be John the Apostle, author of all the Johanine works, that is the Gospel of John, the first, second, and third epistles of John, as well as Revelation. However, in the case of Revelation, many modern scholars agree that it was written by a separate, otherwise unknown, author, to whom they have given the name John of Patmos.[3][4]
In most Christian traditions, he is considered a saint and is also referred to as John the Divine, John the Revelator, John the Theologian, Eagle of Patmos[5] and John the Seer.
Book of Revelation: The author of the Book of Revelation identifies himself as "John"[6] Traditionally, this named author is believed to be the same person as both John the apostle of Jesus and John the author of the Fourth Gospel.[6] The early 2nd century writer, Justin Martyr, was the first to equate the author of Revelation with John the Apostle.[7] However, some biblical scholars now contend that these were separate individuals.[8][9]
John the Presbyter, an obscure figure in the early church, has also been identified with the seer of the Book of Revelation by such authors as Eusebius of Caesarea and Jerome.
Island of Patmos: John is considered to be exiled to Patmos, undergoing a time of persecution under the Roman rule of Domitian. Revelation 1:9 states: “I, John, both your brother and companion in tribulation... was on the island that is called Patmos for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus Christ.” Adela Yarbro Collins, a biblical scholar at Yale Divinity School, writes:
"Early tradition says that John was banished to Patmos by the Roman authorities. This tradition is credible because banishment was a common punishment used during the Imperial period for a number of offenses. Among such offenses were the practices of magic and astrology. Prophecy was viewed by the Romans as belonging to the same category, whether Pagan, Jewish, or Christian. Prophecy with political implications, like that expressed by John in the book of Revelation, would have been perceived as a threat to Roman political power and order. Three of the islands in the Sporades were places where political offenders were banished." (Pliny Natural History 4.69-70; Tacitus Annals 4.30)[10]
Authorship of the Johannine works: A series of articles on
John in the Bible: Johannine literature
Gospel of John ·First Epistle of John ·Second Epistle of John ·Third Epistle of John ·Revelation ·Authorship
John the Apostle ·John the Evangelist ·John of Patmos ·John the Presbyter ·Disciple whom Jesus loved
Communities: Twelve Apostles ·The Early Church
Related literature: Apocryphon of John · Acts of John · Logos ·Signs Gospel
[13]
End of the first Century: By the end of the first century, the new Christian sect had ten thousand followers, far fewer than the number of Jews, and a tiny fraction of the estimated 60 million people in the vast Roman Empire. [14]
December 27, 1657: Three years after the first Jews arrived in New Amsterdam and dealt with the bigotry of Peter Stuyvesant, a group Englishman living in the Dutch colony submitted a petition to the Governor-General requesting the lifting of the ban on Quaker worship. Known as the Flushing Remonstrance, they were greeted with even greater hostility by Stuyvesant than he had shown to the Jews.[15]
December 27, 1744: Name: John Vance Crawford
· Surname: Crawford
· Given Name: John Vance
· Prefix: Lt.
· Sex: M
· Birth: December 27, 1744 in , Frederick Co., Virginia
· Death: September 22, 1820 in Monroe Twp., Adams Co., Ohio
· Burial: Kline Farm, Adams Co., Ohio
· _UID: 40FF4C06FF80DC41BBC364CDBE46AF0F9E79
· Note:
! (1) "A History of Adams Co., Ohio," by Nelson Evans & Emmons Stivers (E.B. Stivers, West Union, OH, 1900) p.667.
(2) "Thompson's Historical Collections of Adams Co., Ohio," by Carl N. Thompson (Adams Co. Historical Soc., 1982) Vol. II, p.145, 148. Cites: (a) "Crawford's Campaign against Sandusky," by C. W. Butterfield, p.90, 115, 117-188, 247, 249, 295-296. (b) Adams Co., OH, Vol. 17, p.200. (c) Will of William Crawdord, Westmoreland Co., PA. (d) 59th NS DAR, Hazel B. Williams, Wilmington, OH and Mrs. W.F. McCormick, Seaman, OH.
(3) "Billings-Gross," by Linda Hobbs (http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com, 08032008 databaase, 3 Aug 2008).
! Birth: (1) Brother of Col. William CRAWFORD. (2) s/o Col. William CRAWFORD of Trymochtee fame. (2,3) s/o William CRAWFORD/Hanna VANCE. (2) 1751. (3) December 27, 1744. Frederick Co., VA.
Marriage to Frances BRADFORD: (2) (3) 1764. VA.
Marriage to Effa GRIMES: (2) (1) November 30, 1797. (3) Abt. 1773. Westmoreland Co., VA.
Death: (2) September 22, 1866. [NOTE: Source 2 states he was age 66 1/2. If b. 1751, the death date would be ca. 1818. Date must be misprint.] (3) 1820. (3) Monroe Co., Adams Co., OH. (2) Age 66 1/2 years. [NOTE: If age is correct, he was b. Mar 1800, not 1751.]
Burial: (2) Kline Farm, 1 1/2 miles west of Brush Creek, 3/4 miles south of U.S. 52.
(2a) Lieutenant, Revolutionary Army.
(2a) 1782, May-Jun: Served in the Upper Sandusky Campaign in OH. He was reported killed in the retreat after the battle, but escaped the Indians and later made his way home.
(2a) 1782: Was living on the Youghiogheny River in what is now Fayette Co., PA, then a part of Westmoreland Co.
(2a) Emigrated to OH, settling on land bequeathed to him by his father at the mouth of Brush Creek in the Ohio River bottoms of Adams Co., OH.
(1) Had 4 sons and 2 daughters.
(2b) 1836, 3 Feb: William CRAWFORD heirs received Bounty lands for his service.
· Change Date: 26 Jul 2010 at 01:00:00
Father: William Crawford b: 1722 in , Westmoreland Co., Virginia
Mother: Hannah Vance b: April 11, 1723 in , Frederick Co., Virginia
Marriage 1Frances Bradford b: in , Fauquier Co., Virginia
•Married: 1764 in ,, Virginia
Children
1.William Crawford
2.Moses Crawford
3.Richard Crawford
Marriage 2Effie (Effa) Grimes
•Married: November 30, 1797 in , Adams Co., Ohio
Children
1.Sarah Crawford[16]
December 27, 1744: "Shortly after the end of the Rev. War., Lt. John Crawford sold the
family farm in Fayette co., Pa. and settled on Iron Ridge,
overlooking the Ohio River at the mouth of Brush Creek. He was
the only son of col. Wm. Crawford..." !DAR app. Natl. # 633878
(Sharon Jean Karg) !Warrant No. 2309, for Crawford's Delight,
issued to John Crwford, 376 1/2 acres, September 22, 1769. Warrant to
Accept January 5, 1787 to Edward Cook. Neighboring Warrant July 4,
1795 to Wm. McCormack (on other side of river). Neighboring
Warrant No. 3441. Mt. Pleasant. Lawrence Harrison, 346 1/4
acres, surveyed September 11, 1769. In Harrisburg, Pa. !Crawford Family
Ref. in Index for Old Ky. Surveys and Grants in Old State House,
Fkt. Ky. !Various dates given for birth are 1752, 1750, December 27,
1744, August 27, 1750, tombstone says died September 22, 1816,k aged 66 1/3
years which would be May 1750. Another account re death from L.
A. Burgess, Virginia soldiers of 1776, vol. 1, pp. 463-465.
Reprint Co., Spartanburg, S.C. states "He died in 1796 at iron
Ridge, overlooking the Ohio River at the mouth of Brush Creek,
Adams co., Oh. where he had settled after selling his family
farm in Fayette co., Pa..." See also app. for Bounty Land
granted December 15, 1838, synopsis of petition in Burgess as above[17]
December 27, 1744: John Crawford, William Crawford’s first son, was born December 27, 1744.[18] John was born in the northern part of the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, in the same year his father and mother were married, (January 5, 1744).[19]
December 27, 1774: Joseph Howard Sr. is reported to have had four children: Margaret born April 4, 1746, Joseph Jr. born March 13, 1749, Margery born March 17, 1752/3, and Benjamin born August 26, 1761(66).
Joseph Howard Jr. is himself listed on Page 9 in the 1776 Census. Margery married Henry Hall on
December 27, 1774 and they are listed on Page 4 of the 1776 Census. Joseph Howard Sr.'s wife,
Margaret Williams died about 1762 shortly after the birth of their youngest son Benjamin. Based on
the foregoing the 1776 Census should only show three individuals for Joseph Howard Sr. (Joseph Sr.,
Benjamin, and Margaret) instead of the five that are listed. No data can be found which explain these
additional persons in the 1776 Census for Joseph Howard Sr. Could the additional male and female
listings be Eleanor and her half-brother Daniel (who married in Anne Arundel County in 1777)?(67)
Also, it should be noted that Joseph Howard Sr. and his wife Margaret had children in 1746, 1749 and
1752/3. Their next child was born in the late summer of 1761. That leaves a period of eight or nine
years between births when no children were born to Margaret. Could Eleanor McKinnon have been
the result of an affair that Joseph Sr. was having during that period?
Joseph Howard Sr. was a wealthy person and a large landholder. This alone made him well respected
in the area. Among his land holdings was "Howard's Inheritance", willed to him by his father, and
consisting of 380 acres of land on or near South River in All Hallows Parish. At the time of Eleanor
McKinnon's birth, Joseph Howard Sr. and his family resided there. The mentioned will also provided
that Joseph Sr. be "instructed in the knowledge of physick" by his father's friend. Dr. Richard Hill(68).
Whether this vocation was pursued was not further researched. [20]
1745: " Let the Clan of gray Fingon, whose offspring has given Such heroes to earth and such martyrs to Heaven, Unite with the race of renowned Rorri More, To launch the long galley, and stretch to the oar."
Song–”Gathering of the Clans” (at Glenfinnan, A.D. 1745) [21]
1745
The MacKinnons supported in force Bonnie Prince Charlie during the 1745 rising and accompanied him throughout his campaigns. The bulk of the MacKinnon army was not at the Battle of Culloden and instead stationed near Inverness. They were among the last to remain at arms.[22] The MacKinnons have been throughout the majority of their history a small clan with a strong sense of honor, even to a fault as as evidenced with their conviction to the Jacobite cause in 1715 and 1745 after which they were dispossed of their lands. [23]
THE country (now parish) of Strath is known to have been the property of the MacKinnons as far back as five hundred and fifty years. when however, the clan took a prominent part in the turbulent Proceedings of 17I5 and 1745 (which will be elsewhere recorded in detail), the chief at the latter period was taken prisoner and confined in the Tower and Tilbury Fort for nearly twelve months, when, in consideration of his advancing years, he was set at liberty.[24]
1745: England was the best customer of the Landgrave. Through a large part of the eighteenth century she had Hessians in her pay. Some of them were with the army of the Duke of Cumberland during the Pretender's invasion in 1745; but it is stated that they refused to fight in that campaign for want of a cartel for the exchange of prisoners (Letter of Sir Joseph Yorke to the Earl of Suffolk, quoted in Kapp's Soldatenhandel," 1st ed. p. 229.)[25]
1745; Jews expelled from Moravia.[26]
1745
Lawrence Harrison was a witness to a suit in 1745.[27]
Between 1745 and 1753:
Other evidence of Virginia traders at Pickawillany
William Trent was on his way to Pickawillany to deliver a present from Virginia when he
learned of the French attack on Pickawillany. Jacob Piatt Dunn‘s 1919 book ―Indiana and Indianans‖ supports the fact that Virginians traded with Pickawillany, stating:
…between 1745 and 1753 there were more than fifty Pennsylvanian and Virginian licensed traders engaged in the trade with the Miami towns, among whom were such well known frontier characters as Conrad Weiser, George Croghan[28], Hugh Crawford, Michael Cresap[29], Christopher Gist, Jacob Pyatt, and William Campbell.[30]
December 27, 1753:
Connoquenessing Creek and pond formed by creek. PA 528 (Prospect Road), Butler County. Photos by compiler with Joyce Chandler. Enlarged creek and enlarged pond.
The Indian word connoquenessing has the meaning of “a long way straight.” When George Washington and Christopher Gist returned from their trip to Fort Le Boeuf in the winter of 1753-54 one of the creeks they crossed was this one. On December 27, 1753 at a spot on the east side of this creek an Indian took a shot at Washington—missing him from around fifteen steps distance. Gist wanted to kill the Indian, but Washington declined—evidently deciding it would antagonize Indians he wanted to maintain on a friendly basis.
This was one of the major creeks to be crossed on the Venango Path.
Major George Washington. DAR memorial 1.8 miles north of Evans City in Butler County on PA 68. Photo by compiler with Joyce Chandler.
"On the flats of the east side of Connoquenessing Creek, one hundred rods east of this spot, Major George Washington, then a youth of twenty-one years of age, narrowly escaped death, being shot at by a hostile Indian, less than fifteen steps distance, on the evening of December 27th, 1753, as he and Christopher Gist were returning to Virginia from Washington's historical visit to St. Pierre, commandant of the French forts, Le Boeuf (Waterford) and Venango (Franklin), as agents of Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia in delivering to St. Pierre the protest of Governor Dinwiddie against encroachment of the French on territory claimed by the English. Washington and Gist were following the course of the Venango Indian Trail, which crossed the highway at this spot. It followed an almost north and south line from the forks of the Ohio (Pittsburgh) to Venango (Franklin), and was one of the most important of the Indian Trails.
"Erected 1925 by the General Richard Butler Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution."[31]
December 27, 1755
William Crawford to George Washington, December 27, 1755, Virginia Colonial Militia Accounts
Rec. Twenty five pounds for recruting for which I oblige myself to account with Col. Washinton when required, Wm Crawford
Nancy Anne Crawford Connell Mounts
•December 27, 1767
Westmoreland County
Pennsylvania, USA
Death: February 28, 1842
Switzerland County
Indiana, USA
Daughter of James Connell and Anne Crawford
Married Thomas Mounts 1785 Fayette County, PA
Burial:
Lostetter Cemetery
Switzerland County
Indiana, USA
Created by: Jackie W.
Record added: May 24, 2008
Find A Grave Memorial# 27043732
Cemetery Photo
Added by: Bob Shannon
[32]
1768 – Treaty of Hard Labour with the British Indian Superintendent; Cherokee ceded land in southwestern Virginia.[33] In 1768, the Iroquois Confederacy (often called the Six Nations) and the Cherokee signed the Treaty of Hard Labour and the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, relinquishing their claims on the territory between the Ohio River and the Alleghenies to the British.[34]
1768
Indian Tribes, 1768[35][36]
1768
John Stephenson was William and Valentine Crawford's half brother. After the death of the Crawfords' father, their mother, Onora Grimes Crawford (d. 1776), married Richard Stephenson, by whom she had five sons and one daughter[37]. John Stephenson had served in the French and Indian War and settled in the vicinity of the Great Crossing of the Youghiogheny about 1768. He was involved from time to time in the Crawfords' land activities.[38]
1767-1768
If the McKinnon family tree is correct that Daniel McKinnon was born “in 1767”, then Daniel’s parents were also settlers about the same time as Harrisons, because the Fayette history (Ref#33) states “The Harrisons were settlers here in the spring of 1768 when the Rev. John Steele and his associates came to inspect the settlements in the Youghiogheny and Monongohela Valleys. The Harrison lands ad- joining those of Crawfords were entered at the land office that year.”
Lawrence Harrison and Catherine were married in Orange County, Virginia, the same county in which William Crawford was born. According to a “Family Group Sheet” located in the Frankfurt Genealogy Library the present location is Berkeley County, Virginia. (Ref 31.2)
The entwining of the family trees of the Harrisons and Crawfords is displayed in other reports located in Frankfort. (Ref 31.1, 31.2, 31.3, 31.4. 31.5 and 31.6) Please note that an earlier report on the Harrisons (Ref 31.6) states that a “Samuel Murphy remembered that John Stephenson, William Crawford, and the brothers Lawrence Harrison and Charles Harrison crossed the mountains (Alleghenies) at the same time. Murphy had been reared in the home of Crawford’s mother and second husband, Stephenson. “John” was a half brother to William Crawford.[39]
1768
In 1768 Daniel appears to have again returned to England and was ordained by the Bishop of London in 1768, (Maryland State Archives, MSA SC 5200, School Teachers of Early Maryland, Robert Bames.) Hardly something that would have been done if Daniel had been divorced. Thus it suggests that Ruth may have died.[40]
1768
In 1768, the Reverend Steel[41] was sent to the Redstone Settlement, the object of his mission being to persuade the settlers there to abandon the lands on which they had “squatted”; A meeting of settlers was held at Gist‘s plantation, and among the names of those who met there with the Reverend Steel, were Richard and Lawrence Harrison. [42]
1768
The Youghiogheny River has its upper waters in Fayette Co PA and its lower waters in Westomoreland. It meets the Monongahela River at McKeesport in Allegheny Co PA. Oliver Crawford came to set up a ferry at Muddy Creek on the Monongahela in 1768, one year after William Crawford settled in the area as an Indian trader. This seems too much of a coincidence for them not to be related somehow.[43]
1768: Haidamaks massacre the Jews of Uman, Poland.[44]
1768…Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt
The Lord Botetourt
Colonial Governor of Virginia
In office
1768–1770
Preceded by
Francis Fauquier
Succeeded by
John Murray, 4th earl of Dunmore
Personal details
Born 1717
Stoke Gifford, Gloucestershire, England
Died October 15, 1770
Governor's Palace, Williamsburg, Virginia
Spouse(s)
Never married
Stoke Park in 2011, viewed from south, as visible from the northbound carriageway of the M32 motorway which now cuts across the former parkland. Now known as "The Dower House" and split into private apartments. Rebuilt by Norborne Berkeley in 1750 it eventually became used as a dower house by the Dukes of Beaufort at nearby Badminton House
•Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt (c. 1717 – October 15, 1770), was a courtier, member of parliament, and royal governor of the colony of Virginia from 1768 until his death in 1770.
Life
Norborne Berkeley was born about 1717. He was of the family of Berkeley of Stoke Gifford in Gloucestershire, descended from Maurice de Berkeley (d. 1347), who had acquired the manor of Stoke Gifford in 1337, the second son of Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley (1271–1326). In 1726, Berkeley was admitted to Westminster School. His political career began in 1741 when he was elected to the House of Commons as a knight of the shire for Gloucestershire, a seat he held until 1763. Considered a staunch Tory, Berkeley's fortunes were boosted considerably on the accession of George III in 1760. In 1764, he successfully claimed the title of Baron Botetourt as the lineal descendant of Maurice de Berkeley (d. 1361) and his wife Catherine de Botetourt, sister & co-heir of John Botetourt, son and heir of Sir John de Botetourt (d. 1324), baron by writ 1309-15. Maurice (d. 1361) was the son and heir of Maurice de Berkeley (d. 1347 at the Siege of Calais), who had acquired the manor of Stoke Gifford, Gloucestershire, in 1337, the second son of Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley (1271–1326). He thus took a seat in the House of Lords as the 4th Baron de Botetourt, and in 1768 was appointed governor of Virginia. He died in Williamsburg on October 15, 1770, after an illness lasting several weeks. Botetourt never married and left no direct heirs.[1][2][3][4]
Statues
A statue of Botetourt was placed in the Capitol in Williamsburg in 1773. The Capital of Colonial Virginia was located in Williamsburg from 1699 until 1780, but at the urging of Governor Thomas Jefferson was moved to Richmond for security reasons during the American Revolution. In 1801 the statue of Botetourt was acquired by the College of William and Mary and moved to the campus from the former Capitol building. Barring a brief period during the Civil War when it was moved to the Public Asylum for safety, it stood in the College Yard until 1958 when it was removed for protection from the elements, and then in 1966 was installed in the new Earl Gregg Swem Library, in the new Botetourt Gallery. In 1993, as the College celebrated its tercentenary, a new bronze statue of Botetourt by the William and Mary alumnus Gordon Kray was installed in the College Yard in front of the Wren Building, in the place occupied for generations by the original.[5]
Legacy
Botetourt County, Virginia, was named in Botetourt's honour. Historians also believe that Berkeley County, West Virginia, and the town of Berkeley Springs, both now in West Virginia, were also named in his honour, or possibly that of another popular colonial governor, Sir William Berkeley.[6]
Lord Botetourt High School in the unincorporated town of Daleville in Botetourt County, Virginia, is also named for him, as is the Botetourt Dorm Complex at The College of William and Mary. Two statues also adorn the campus of The College of William and Mary. Gloucester County, Virginia has an elementary school named for governor. Both Richmond, Virginia and Norfolk, Virginia have streets named in his honour.[45]
In 1768 Mason and Dixon, two eminent civil engineers from London, ran a line known by their name as the Pennsylvania and Maryland boundary, from the circle twelve miles distant from New Castle on the Delaware as a center, to the second crossing of Dunkard Creek in the present County of Greene, where they were stopped by the Indians about thirty-six miles from the point where the line should have terminated. That line, extended subsequently to its full distance, is our southern boundary to-day.[46]
December 27, 1776
Head Quarters, Newton, December 27, 1776.
I have the pleasure of Congratulating you upon the success of an enterprize which I had formed against a Detachment of the Enemy lying in Trenton, and which was executed yesterday Morning. The Evening of the 25th. I ordered the troops intended for this service to parade back of McKonkey’s Ferry, that they might begin to pass as soon as it grew dark, imagining we should be able to throw them all over, with the necessary Artillery, by 12 O’Clock, and that we might easily arrive at Trenton by five in the Morning, the distance being about nine miles. But the Quantity of Ice, made that Night, impeded the passage of the Boats so much, that it was three o’clock before the Artillery could all be got over, & near four, before the troops took up their line of march.
This made me despair of surprizing the Town, as I well knew we could not reach it before the day was fairly broke, but as I was certain there was no making a retreat without being discovered, and harassed on repassing the river, I determined to push on at all Events. I formed my detachments into two divisions one to March by the lower or river road, the other by the upper or Pennington Road. As the divisions had nearly the same distance to march, I ordered each of them, immediately upon forcing the out guards, to push directly into the Town, that they might charge the enemy before they had time to form. The upper division arrived at the enemy’s advanced post, exactly at eight oclock, and in three minutes after I found from the fire on the lower road that, that division had also got up. The Out guards made but small opposition tho’ for their numbers, they behaved very well, keeping up a constant retreating fire from behind houses. We presently saw their main body formed, but from their motions, they seemed undetermined how to act.
Being hard pressed by our troops, who had already got possession of part of their Artillery, they attempted to file off by a road on their right leading to Princeton, but perceiving their intention, I threw a body of troops in their way which immediately checked them. Finding from our disposition that they were surrounded, and that they must inevitably be cut to pieces if they made any further resistance, they agreed to lay down their arms. The number, that submitted in this manner, was 23 Officers and 886 Men. Col. Rall the commanding officer with seven others Were found wounded in the town. I dont exactly know how many they had killed, but I fancy not above twenty or thirty, as they never made any regular stand. Our loss is very trifling indeed, only two officers and one or two privates wounded.
I find, that the detachment of the enemy consisted of the three Hessian Regiments of Lanspatch, Kniphausen and Rohl amounting to about 1500 Men, and a troop of British light horse, but immediately upon the begining of the attack, all those who were not killed or taken, pushed directly down the Road towards Burdentown. These would likewise have fallen into our hands, could my plan have been compleatly carried into execution. Genl. Ewing was to have crossed before day at Trenton ferry, and taken possession of the bridge leading out of town but the quantity of Ice was so great, that tho he did every thing in his Power to effect it, he could not get over.
This difficulty also hindered General Cadwallader from crossing with the Pennsylvania militia, from Bristol, he got part of his foot over, but finding it impossible to embark his artillery, he was obliged to desist. I am fully confident, that could the troops under Generals Ewing and Cadwallader have passed the river, I should have been able, with their assistance, to have driven the enemy from all their posts below Trenton. But the number I had with me, being inferior to theirs below me, and a strong battalion of light infantry at Princeton above me I thought it most prudent to return the same evening with my prisoners and the artillery we had taken. We found no stores of any consequence in the Town. In justice to the officers and men, I must add, that their behaviour upon this occasion, reflects the highest honor upon them. The difficulty of passing the river in a very severe night, and their march thro’ a violent storm of snow and hail, did not in the least abate their ardour. But when they came to the charge, each seemed to vie with the other in pressing forward, and were I to give a preference to any particular corps, I should do great injustice to the others.
Colonel Baylor, my first Aid de Camp, will have the honor of delivering this to you, and from him you may be made acquainted with many other particulars; his spirited behaviour upon every occasion, requires me to recommend him to your particular notice. I have
the honor to be with great respect Sir your most Obedt. Servt.
G. WASHINGTON
P.S. Inclosed you have a particular list of the prisoners, artillery and other stores.
The effect on both civilian and Army morale was electric. Men whose terms of enlistment were to have expired at the end of the year agreed to stay on for another six weeks to see the campaign through.[47]
Sources include a report from Washington to John Hancock, December 27, 1776:
“I ordered the troops intended for this service which were about 2400 to parade back of McConkey’s Ferry.” GW, 7:454. Henry Knox’s estimate was a little higher: “a part of the army consisting of about 2500 or three thousand pass’d the River on Christmas night with almost infinite difficulty, with eighteen field pieces.” The source is a letter from Henry Knox to Lucy Knox, December 28, 1776, in William S. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton (Boston, 1898), 371. Cadwalader wrote to Washington, probably on December 27, “we had about 1800 rank and file including artillery.” Cadwalader had first written 1,700, then crossed it out and wrote 1,800. GW, 7:445. In another letter dated December 26 at nine o’clock he wrote that “General Putnam was to cross at Philada to day, if the weather permitted. with 1000 men; 300 went over yesterday & 500 Jersey militia are now there as Col. Griffin informs me to day.” The source is a letter from Cadwalader to Washington, 2[7?] Dec. 1776. The date of this letter is mutilated in manuscript; editors of the Washington Papers believe that it was sent on December 26; I think that it would have been December 27, 1776. GW, 7:442. [48]
December 27, 1777
[3NN8.J
A general return of troops stationed at Fort Pitt under the command of General Hand, Dec. 27, 1777:
One colonel; Captain Harrison and company, 46; Captain Sullivan and company, 54; Captain Heath and company, 67; Captain O’Hara’ and company, 40—total 208. Captain Sullivan appears to have been absent. Included in the number were two fifers and one drummer.[49]
December 27, 1779: St. John the Evangelist Day – George Washington Celebrated with American Union Military Lodge at Morristown, NJ[50]
1780: It would appear from a fragmentary record, that as early as 1780, Protestant Episcopal Church services were held in Dunbar Township and the neighborhood, by the Reverend Mr. Mitchel, and further, that he preached in the vicinity from 1780 to 1790, as an Episcopal Missionary. Who Mr. Mitchel was, or where he came from, or just where he preached, are matters upon which the recorder is silent. At some time previous to the Revolutionary War, the Reverend Daniel McKinnon, as Englishman and an Episcopalian., preached in the neighborhood of Connellsville. Upon the outbreak of hostilities he sailed for England, and was subsequently reported to have been lost at sea. One of his daughters married Thomas Rogers, one of Dunbar’s early settlers. The first meetings (Trinity Church) were held in a log building that stood upon the site now occupied by the Connellsville Public School. Services were held on that side of the river until 1832, when a house of worship was built in New Haven. That house is still used. Mrs. Daniel Rogers donated the ground; and beyond that, liberal aid towards the building enterprise was given by Daniel Rogers. A handsome memorial window in the church, commemorates the grateful spirit with which the kindly deeps of Mrs. Rogers are cherished. To the gifts mentioned, James McIlvaine, brother of Robert McIlvaine, added later, those of a church bell and parsonage.[51]
1780: …The currency of the land was almost worthless, five years afterit was issued a Continental dollar was worth about a penny. In Philadelphia, beef cost fifteen times what it had a year earlier. A horse sold for twenty thousand dollars. “A wagon load of money”, wrote George Washington “will scarcely purchase a wagon load of previsions.” [52]
[53]
[54][55]
December 27, 1792: St. John the Evangelist Day – George Washington Celebrated with Solomon's Lodge No. 1, Poughkeepsie, NY.[56]
Gerol “Gary” Goodlove at the gravesite of Thomas L. Moore.
1798:
William Henry Harrison’s son John Cleves Symmes Harrison is born. [57]
George Washington (1732-1799) Gilbert Stuart c. 1798. Stuart was considered the finest portrait painter in his day for his skill in showing a sitter’s personality. Stuart recalled that the President had “a tremendous temper,” held under wonderful control.[58]
December 27, 1817
General Andrew Jackson takes command of American troops, during the First Seminole War.[59]
1817: The opening of the Erie Canal in 1817.[60]
1818 Francis Godlove signed consent for daughter’s marriage as “Francis Gotlob” JF
1818: In the Recorder’s Office in Fairfield County, Ohio, in 1818, a lease under the name of Moses McCormick has been discovered. Book M, page 42. Moses McCormick is reputed to be a descendant of William and Effie (Crawford) McCormick. He is possibly a grandson to the couple mentioned above, since he is not mentioned in the above mentioned will.
Note: Since many of the soldiers and officers of the American Revolutionary War were unable to procure their bounty lands, for a number of reasons, an assignee or Power of Attorney was hired or appointed. This usually happened when the soildier or officder died or was killed. Then, the heirs would necessarily, be represented in this order. Perhaps several branches ofr one family were represented; each with a different and separate Power of Attorney. This creates complications in tracing family records, due to the fact, each separate assignee and Power of Attorney, must be traced as well as the family in question.[61]
1818: Death of George Rogers Clark in a small cabin near present day Louiville, KY, seemingly forgotten. [62]
1818: The Bank of Cynthiana was chartered, Wm. C. Moore, Pres.: Henry Brown, Cashier; Capital $25,000.00 its office was in a frame houise on the McMillen lot, where, later, the Faerber House was built. The bank closed in 1820, and finally paid off 80% in 1830. From 1830 umntil 1857 there were no banks in Cynthiana.[63]
The 1818 National Road further cemented Cumberland‘s status as a transportation center.
Cumberland‘s importance was elevated by the discovery of vast natural resources in the Jennings Run and Georges Creek basins, including coal and fire clay.[64] At the beginning of the 1800s, is once ahgain the focus of the worlds attention. During Jerusalem’s past 3,000 years of history, the population figures attest to the fact the numbers of inhabitants flourished under Jewish and Chritian rule, but dceclined under Moslem rule.[65]
1818: Since 1818 the Jewish population has been the religious majority in Jerusalem. Today, over 70 percent of Jerusalem’s 700,000 residents are Jewish. Jerusalem, a dusty forgotten city with less than 15,000 inhabitants at beginning of the 1800s, is once again the focus of the world’s attention. During Jerusalem’s past 3,000 years of history, the population figures attest to the fact the numbers of inhabitants flourished under Jewish and Christian rule, but declined under Moslem rule.[66]
1818: Reform Judaism is the religious movement which arose in early nineteenth century Germany with the aim of reinterpreting (or reforming) Judaism in the light of Western thought, values and culture where such a reinterpretation does not come into conflict with Judaism’s basic principles. (Orthodox Judaism maintains that the very principle of Reform is in conflict with the basic principle of faith that the Torah is immutable.)
Emancipation and the Impulse to Reform Judaism:After the Emancipation and the emergence of the Jew into Western society, the need for a degree of adaptation of the traditional faith to the new conditions of life was keenly felt. The Haskalah movement of Enlightenment, of which Moses Mendelssohn was the leading figure, grappled with this very problem but tended to leave the traditional norms more or less intact. It was left to Reform to introduce various innovations in the synagogue service and in other areas of Jewish religious life.
Reform, however, did not, at first, become organized as a separated movement. A number of cultured laymen in various German cities tried their hand at creating liturgy and format which they believed was more keeping with Western ideals. The first Reform congregation was established in Hamburg in 1818, in the Hamburg Temple.
Reform generally came to prefer the term Temple rather than synagogue for its house of prayer in the belief that the Messianic doctrine could no longer be interpreted in terms of personal messiah who would rebuild the Temple. The new opportunities presented in the West for greater social and educational advancement and for the spirit of freedom to flourish were themselves seen as the realization of the Messianic dream and it was felt that the synagogue, standing in place of the Temple, should be known as such. The Prayer Book of the Hamburg Temple omitted most of the references in the traditional Prayer Book to the return to Zion and the restoration of the Temple service. Prayers and sermons in the German language were introduced and an organ was played to accompany the prayers.
1818-1933: The size of the Jewish population in Bavaria varied relatively little fro the Napoleonic era to 1933, numbering 53,208 in 1818 and 41,939 in 1933.[67]
December 27, 1837 – Cannon’s party arrives in the Cherokee Nation West, with 18 people having died along the way.[68]
1838: Thomas Harrison Moore (1790-1842) and his brother, John, settled on tracts of land on the La Bahia Road near present LaGrange. It is recorded in the actions of the Court of Bastrop County in 1838 that Thomas H. Moore was granted permission to establish a ferry at the La Bahia crossing of the Colorado River, at what is now LaGrange. [69]
1838: Rebecca Godlove
Rebecca Godlove
Posted: 13 Apr 2000 4:40PM GMT
Edited: 28 May 2003 11:31AM GMT
Surnames: Rebecca, b. abt 1838 Hardy County, VA Daughter of Francis and Elizabeth Godlove.
According to census records, siblings include Isaac, Margaret, Nancy, Joseph, Rachel, Louise and Larella (sp?). Family lore says that the entire family (except for Rebecca) moved west and were never heard from again. Any help will be appreciated.[70]
From 1838 to 1844 Gottlober was living in Mogilev-Podolski and then wandering yet again.[71]
December 27, 1906
In the issue of December 27, 1906 is stated that the newspaper will be published as “The Central City Herald”. The Herald has absorbed the business of the “Prairieburg News” and henceforth will be the sole representative of “Central City, Prairieburg, Alburnette and that portion of the county between the Wapsie and the Buffalo on the east, the county line on the north and the Cedar River on the West. Article in Book of photocopies in…year 1906.[72]
1907
[73]
[74]
1907: Arthur Ruppin visits Palestine, reports to Zionist organization on status of settlements and is sent to open the Palestine Bureau in 1908.[75]
Chinese Famine of 1907
Coming in second, a brief but deadly famine hit China in 1907 and is accordingly known as the Chinese Famine of 1907. In a matter of months an estimated 24 million people were killed.[76]
December 27, 1978: In Iran, the government imposed rationing gasoline and paraffin. Iran Air was grounded by a strike declared as total and indefinite; Pan American Airlines suspended flights to Tehran.[77]
December 27, 1979: Soviet invasion of Afghanistan begins.[78]
1980s
Even as new manuscripts have continued to emerge from the desert, archaeologists in modern day Israel, Palestine, and Jordan are uncovering sites that were unknown or unexcavated just a few years ago. Since the 1980’s, a number of major archaeological digs have been active in Sepphoris and Tiberias, cities built or rebuilt by Herod Antipas, the governor of the Galilee at the time of Jesus. The Galilee was one of the most densely populated regions in the entire Roman empire, and Sephhoris was the market hub for a network of agricultural villages. It was rebuilt after its near complete destruction following a Jewish uprising against the Romans in 4 B.C.[79]
None of the modern efforts, including the attempt to color code Jesus’s sayings according to their supposed authenticity, has been more productive than the attempt to recapture the Jeiwshess of Jesus and his world. Geza Vermes, a retired professor of Jewish studies at Oxford University, set the tone about 30 years ago with his Jesus the Jew, which located Jesus as a first century Galilean who exemplified “charismatic Judaism of wonder working holy men such as the first century B.C. Honi and Jesus’s younger contemporary, Hanina ben Dosa.” Other scholars have focused on the political tinderbox that was first century Palestine in order to understand how Jesus came to be viewed as such a threat.[80]
December 27, 2007: Former Pakistan prime minister Benedir Bhutto is waiving to the crowd when gunshots and an explosion killing Bhutto and at least 20 others. Bhutto had just returned to Pakistan after an eight year exile.[81] An amatuer video show that she appears to have been hit on the head from behind prior to the bomb going off. Scotland yard denies this. No autopsy was ever done. [82]
Even though Islamic tradition dictates that burials take place quickly after death, the speed that Bhutto’s body was transported to her home was disconcerting to some. Her body went from Rawalpindi in the north to Sindh in the south, less thab a day after her assasination. Also eyewitness reports say that the governement had the crime scene hosed down and that any forensic evidence was lost that might have been there. [83]
2008: DNA is the carrier of our genetic information, which passes from generation to generation. At conception, a person receives DNA from both his or her father and mother. We each have twenty-three pairs of chromosomes, and for each pair, one was contributed by the father and another by the mother. These twenty-three pairs of chromosomes are known as nuclear DNA, since they reside in the nucleus of every cell, except red blood cells. Twenty-two of the chromosomes are known as autosomes. One half of the twenty-third chromosome, from the mother, is always an X. From the father, a person either inherits an X Chromosome or a Y chromosome, which determines the sex of the child. Getting an X from the father, a person would result in an XX, who would be female, and getting a Y from the father would result in an XY, who would be male. Both males and females inherit mitochondrial DNA, located in abundant quantities outside the nucleus of each cell, from the mother. The father does not pass on any mitochondrial DNA.[84]
The Goodlove families earliest previously known ancestor was Conrad Goodlove, born 1793, in either Germany or Pennsylvania according to family tradition. Nothing more about his ancestors was known, until now.
In 2006, Gerol Lee Goodlove took a DNA test to see if there was a match to a suspected Godlove ancestor by the name Francis Godlove by way of a Godlove descendant by the name of Ray Godlove. My fathers words to me just before I received the results of the test were “I think we’re going to open a can of worms here.” His words were prophetic.
Gary Goodlove’s DNA matches the Cohen Modal Haplotype.
Structure of the Cohen Modal Haplotye
The Cohen Modal Haplotype, which can be identified with a genealogical DNA test, is
DYS19/DYS 394=14
• DYS385a=13
• DYS385b=15
• DYS388=16
• DYS389-1=13
• DYS389-2=30
• DYS390=23
• DYS391=10
• DYS392=11
• DYS393=12
• DYS426=11
• DYS439=12
• Gary Goodlove FTDNA Markers
• FTDNA Haplogroup: J1
• FTDNA DYS markers
• Locus DYS# Alleles
• 1 393 12
• 2 390 23
• 3 19* 14
• 4 391 10
• 5 385a 13
• 6 385b 15
• 7 426 11
• 8 388 16
• 9 439 11
• 10 389-1 13
• 11 392 11
• 12 389-2 30
• *Also known as DYS 394
Ray Godlove and Gary Goodlove’s DNA did not “match” but were both of the Cohen Model Haplotype. Which is to say that both shared a previous ancestor but not Francis Gottlob as previously theorized. Both have Jewish ancestry and descend from the Jewish priestly family of Aaron, the brother of Moses.
Gerol Lee Goodlove’s DNA is an exact 12
marker Y-DNA match to the following 33 men:
• Rayport
• Paikin
• Peskin
• Kahn
• Lynn
• Pena
• Szladek
• (gottesmann) Beron
• Paul
• Goodfriend
• Elinoff,
• Golden
• Lipton
• Camilo
• Jakubovics
• Lipton
• Salomon
• Cohen
• Dillon
• Cohen
• Tenenbaum
• Fried
• Edelmann!
• Roundy
• Abrams
• Green
• Neufeld
• Stevens (hein)
• Jones
• Krueger
• Nesis
• Palter
• Carr
Altman
• None of these men are a part of our family’s current family tree.
• On the male chromosome, if you match another person exactly in a dozen markers, a rare occurrence, unless you are closely related, you have a 99 percent likelihood of sharing common ancestry.[1]
• This list is growing.[85]
Jewish priestly family
Because Jewish priestly families keep genealogies and measure descent, uniquely from fathers to sons, early DNA researchers went ‘fishing’ among known priestly families to see whether there were any common genetic patterns on the Y chromosome. Voila. They found 12 markers which were shared by nearly all Jewish priestly families and by almost no one else the world. Those are the 12 markers your father has. [86]
First Christian
“Gerol Goodlove was the first Christian to ever have this unique haplotype.”
Bennet Greenspan
President
Family Tree DNA
(National Geographic Genographic Project)
FTDNA is affiliated with Michael Hammer’s world-renowned genetic anthropology laboratory at the University of Arizona, which identified the Cohen Modal Haplotype and is where all its samples are analyzed. It tests about twenty thousand people a year. Anyone interested in finding Jewish or Semitic roots would find the database at FTDNA the most extensive by far for finding common ancestors.[87]
FAMILY TREE DNA
– 1919 NORTH Loop West, Ste. 110
– Houston, TX 77008
– Phone (713) 868-1348
– Fax: (713) 868-4584
– http://www.famlytreedna.com
– info@FamilyTreeDNA.com
• The Cohen studies were truly remarkable. Although the extended family of Jews shares a signature of its distant ancestry, Jews are genetically (and visably) different.
The Cohanim researchers were not looking for genetic similarity among Jews living near
each other or with the same last names; they were attempting to see if Jews scattered around the world with a shared oral tradition-Indian Jews from Mumbai, black Jews from Johannesburg, Ashkenazi Jews from New York, and Sephardic Jews from Israel, had a common male ancestor, and approximately when he might have lived.[88]
“Descendants of a founding father, more than likely a Canaanite and conceivably an Israelite priest, were linked not by last name but by their DNA, which confirmed an oral tradition that predates the first use of surnames.”
Mark Thomas, author of the second Cohen study.[89]
The discovery of the Cohanim marker, while short of proving the biblical story of Moses and Aaron, does align with biblical history, oral tradition, and the archaeological evidence.[90]
The oldest original biblical text ever found is believed to be the Bircas Cohanim. The Israel Museum in Jerusalem has on display two small silver scrolls inscribed with a Hebrew prayer found near the Old City in the area of burial caves believed to be from the First Temple period. [91]
Whatever uncertainties may exist in the dating of the CMH, the DNA is testament to the certain relationship between the Jews and their God.[92]
“God keeps His promises that we wouldn’t remain scattered. The end is the redemption, and part of it is a functioning Temple. We see now that the exile is ending.”
Rabbi Ya’akov Kleinam: Center for Cohanim in Jerusalem.[93]
You ask about how Jewish men know whether or not they are Cohens. Cohen translates literally as "Priest" in Hebrew. Every time you read the word "priest" in the Old Testament, you can be pretty sure that the original Hebrew uses the word "Cohen." However, a priest in Judaism isn't a profession that anyone can do. It's not like a Rabbi or a Christian priest, where anyone can study and become one through some type of ordination process. Jewish priests must be descendants of Aharon, and their primary role was to carry out sacrifices in the Jewish temple. When the Temple was destroyed, however, they lost their primary function. However, they still retained a position of high status in the Jewish religious hierarchy. [94]
Every week, in a synagogue, a section of the first five books of Moses (the Torah) is read, and members of the congregation are called on to say the blessing before the reading. If there is a Cohen in the congregation, the Cohen will always be called first (although this is no longer the case in many of the Reform synagogues). You may recall that there were twelve tribes of Israel. Aharon was from the tribe of Levi (as was Moses). So, while a Cohen must be a direct descendant of Aharon, Levites also assisted in the temple, and a Levite would be called to say the blessing after the Cohen. Third in the pecking order would be everyone else. So, while many Cohens will know that they are Cohens because it became their family name, others will know because of the roles their families will have played in the Jewish religious ceremonies. [95]
The taking of names.
There are a lot of Gottliebs-Hundreds and hundreds in the NYC phone book, none of them, as far as I know, are related to me or our family.
My understanding is that Jews were compelled to take family names in German states in the 18th century. If you know a little German you can tell whether people were nature lovers (Breenbaum, Greenwald), jewelers (Safir, Diamonstien, Bernstein), or pious types (Gottlieb e.g.). Love of God, and/or dear to God.
Annie Gottlieb (email)
• (Author)
Jewish Surnames:
Examples of Jewish surnames that were originally nicknames or personality characteristics: Gottlieb “God-loving”, Gottschalk “God’s servant, Lipgott “God-loving”.[96]
The DNA matches but the last names do not:
The DNA matches but the names do not and it is because during early history people did not use last names and when they did choose them, everyone chose different last names than those of the other members of their extended families.
DNA match without the same surname:
“An exact 12 marker match has been found between you and another person in the Family Tree DNA database.
You and the other person match in all 12 loci. If you share the same surname or variant, this means that there is a 99% likelihood that you share a common ancestor in a genealogical time frame. If you match another person without the same surname or variant, you still probably share a common ancestor but this ancestor most likely lived in the time before surnames were adopted.”[97]
Unique opportunity:
The following presentation is a chronological portrayal of the political, social, and religious climate that faced our family from the beginning. We are faced we a unique opportunity to connect with individuals who have matching DNA who’s families ancestors have been scattered throughout the world.
Passing through the gauntlet of Jewish Ashkenazi history, which includes dozens of pogroms, the mass slaughters of the Crusades, the Black Death, the Thirty Years’ War, and the Holocaust, among other catastrophes. Researchers got lucky in identifying the Aaronite line.[1][98]
But was it luck, a coincidence, or something else?
Prologue:
A good place to begin the genetic history of the Jews is with Aaron’s Y chromosome. In the book of Exodus, God decrees that Moses’brother Aaron and all of his male descendants shall be the high priests of the Israelites. Even today, men who count themselves among the direct male descendants of Aaron have special responsibilities in many synagogues, such as leading certain blessings. Within Judaism as a whole, these men are known as kohanim, the Hebrew word for priests. Many have the last name Cohen, Cohn, Kahn, or a similar derivative of the word kohan. [1] [99]
Aaron’s Y chromosome:
Since men pass their Y chromosomes on to their sons, all of Aaron’s sons would have had his Y chromosome, which they in turn would have passed on to their sons, and so on down the generations to the kohanim of today. Along the way, mutations would occur in the separate lineages derived from Aaron’s Y chromosome, making the nucleotide sequences of Aaron’s male descendants somewhat different from one another today. But the original haplotype should still be visible, like a figure behind a translucent screen. [1] [100]
99.9 percent unchanged:
Like surnames, the Y chromosome is passed from dad to son 99.9 percent unchanged; it is not shuffled every generation like almost all our other genes.
In principal, a son’s male chromosome, with its distinctive markers, should be nearly identical with his father’s, and father’s father’s, and so on, back to the lineage’s original father-even back thousands of years.[101]
3 percent:
About 3 percent of the Jewish males today claim to be Cohanim. But until the development of genetic genealogy, there was no way to validate those oral claims.[102]
Cohen Modal Haplotype:
• A few years ago a team of geneticists from Haifa Technion, University College in London, and the University of Arizona set out to find Aaron’s Y chromosome. Using cells swabbed from the cheeks of about two hundred Jewish males from Israel, North America, and England, they looked for specific genetic markers along each man’s Y. They found that Jews who did not identify themselves as kohanim had a broad assortment of Y-chromosome markers, no one of which was especially frequent. But of the kohanim, about 50 percent had a particular set of markers, indicating that all of their Y chromosomes descended from a common ancestor. The researchers called this genetic pattern the Cohen Modal Haplotype (modal in this case meaning most common). [1] [103]
[
About 106 generations ago:
The more recent mutations among men carrying this haplotype also allowed the researchers to calculate when it originated, just as the age of mitochondrial Eve has been calculated from the differences in our mitochondrial DNA. According to the geneticists calculations, the man who carried the original chromosome lived about 106 generations ago. Within the margin of error inherent in the calculation, this easily falls within the time frame when Aaron may have lived.[1] [104]
fidelity:
This marker of Cohanim ancestry is a confirmation of Jewish fidelity and cohesiveness, if not definitively of true priestly lineage.[105]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel
[4] Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People, by Jon Entine, pages 114-115
[5] Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People, by Jon Entine, page 115.
[6]Fascinating Facts about the Holy Land by Clarence H. Wagner, Jr.
[7] Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 82.
[8] Introducing Islam by Dr. Shams Inati, pg 39..
[9] The world Before and After Jesus, Desire of the Everlasting Hills by Thomas Cahill, page 338.
[10] U.S. News and World Report, Secrets of Christianity, page 36.
[11] The Gospel of Judas, NTGEO, 4/9/2006
[12] Countdown to Apocalypse, H2, November 16, 2012
[13] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Patmos
[14] Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity and the DNA of the Chosen People, by Jon Entine. Page 125.
[15] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[16] http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=adgedge&id=I57695
[17] !The Crawfords of Adams co., Oh., comp.
by H. Marjorie Crawford, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus of Chemistry,
Vassar College. Publ. Poughkeepsie, NY, 1976, p. 3:
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/gmd:@filreq(@field(NUMBER+@band(g3892k+ct000363))+@field(COLLID+setlmap))
[18] From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford By Grace U. Emahiser p. 40.
[19] From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford By Grace U. Emahiser p. 189.
[20] http://washburnhill.freehomepage.com/custom3.html
[21] M E M O I R S OF C LAN F I N G O N BY REV. DONALD D. MACKINNON, M.A. Circa 1888
[22] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacKinnon
[23] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacKinnon
[24] M E M O I R S OF C LAN F I N G O N BY REV. DONALD D. MACKINNON, M.A. Circa 1888
[25] http://www.americanrevolution.org/hessians/hess1.html
[26] http://christianparty.net/jewsexpelled.htm
[27] Ancestors of Forrest Roger Garnett Page 452.20.
[28] George Croghan. (Pronounced CROW an—although some say CROW gun). Indian name was Anaquarunda. Born in Dublin c1720. Immigrated to PA in 1741. Died at Passaynunk, PA (Philadelphia) on August 31, 1782. Croghan traveled to the western frontier where he established trading operations with Indians in western PA and in Ohio. He established a post on the Great Miami River at an Indian village known as Pickawillany in 1749 that attracted traders for hundreds of miles in all directions. (The Great Miami River flows south through western Ohio to enter the Ohio River near present-day Cincinnati.) Croghan represented Pennsylvania (the Penn Proprietary) in several Indian relations. Owner/operator of extensive trading operations in Ohio and western PA with central facility at the foot of Pine Creek (site of Etna, PA). The French resented Croghan’s trading to the point they put a price on his head. “King of the Traders.” Croghan’s prices for goods sold to the Indians was said to be half or one-quarter that of the French. The French were never able to price their goods as cheaply as Croghan and the other “English” traders —plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose. Possibly born and baptized Roman Catholic, but converted to the Anglican Church in the colonies. Known for giving Saint Patrick’s Day parties, but also for strong anti-Catholic sentiments.
George Croghan Pike. US 522 in the Shirleysburg area of Huntingdon County. Photo by compiler with Joyce Chandler. Enlarged photo.
Compiler's note: US 522 along this stretch in Huntingdon County is alternatively known as Croghan's Pike. It passes throguh Fort Shirley, Aughwick Indian Town, Aughwick Creek and other Croghan related sites. (Aughwick. Now Shirleysburg in Huntingdon County. Location of a George Croghan trading post. On Aughwick Creek leading into the Juniata River. Tanagharison, the Half-King, died there October 4, 1954 after the unsuccessful defense of Fort Necessity. Queen Alliquippa died in Aughwick that same winter.
The word Aughwick is a variation of “achweek” having a meaning of “overgrown with brush.” “Wicker” is a slender, pliant twig sometimes used in furniture. The physical appearance of the area probably gave rise to the name.)
In 1756 Croghan was appointed Deputy Superintendent of Indian Affairs by Sir William Johnson and, as such, became Britain’s agent in the Ohio Country. This appointment displeased PA Governor James Hamilton who found Croghan to be “an intriguing, disaffected person.”
He attended and was involved in treaty-making in PA (Treaty of Easton in 1758). When PA refused to assist the western settlements against the Indians, Croghan switched his allegiance over to Virginia. In a series of agreements, he was to become owner of in excess of 200,000 acres south of the Ohio River. The “purchase” was from the Iroquois. Business partner and brother-in-law of William Trent. Some of the nicer things said about him were that he was “impudent, ill-bred, illiterate, vile, intriguing….”
He learned passable Indian dialects (his second wife was Mohawk-Iroquois), and was trusted in trading—although he was often slow in paying his suppliers in Philadelphia. He had two daughters—one from his English wife who died and one by his Mohawk wife. His daughter by his Indian wife became the wife of the Mohawk Joseph Brant.
Croghan was sent west by Sir William Johnson in 1765 to talk to Pontiac and reestablish trade relations. While traveling down the Ohio River with several Shawnees, Croghan's party was attacked by eighty Kickapoo and Muscouten warriors and he received a hatchet blow to the head. His capturers later gave him back to the Shawnee rather than risking a war with the British as well as other Indian nations. Croghan did meet with Pontiac and arranged for a meeting for him with Sir William Johnson. The meeting between Pontiac and Sir William Johnson was the beginning of the end for Pontiac. Basically, he overrepresented himself and fell out of favor with his Ottawa people.
George Washington complained of Croghan’s trading practices during the Fort Necessity encounter. Croghan died in 1782 in the Philadelphia area after being identified as a Tory sympathizer during the Revolutionary War. In spite of his many commercial ventures, he died penniless—but, remains one of the more interesting characters to have lived in western PA during the mid 1700s.
http://www.thelittlelist.net/coatocus.htm
[29] Cresap. Colonel Thomas Cresap. (1694-1790). Born in England and came to the colonies in 1718 (some sources write that Cresap was fifteen when he arrived in the colonies) . Arriving in Maryland at Havre de Grace (where the Susquehanna River flows into Chesapeake Bay), he bought a 500-acre "Maryland" land grant on the western bank of the Susquehanna (east of York). In the 1730s he shot a PA law officer (mortally wounded) and spent eight months in jail in Philadelphia. In the 1740s, Cresap and other mountain-men were in the vicinity of Wills Creek and west of the Appalachian Mountains trading with Indians. He obtained a grant on some land on the Potomac River. His trading post was on the Maryland side of the river was later called Oldtown. Oldtown was one of frontier stops of young George Washington during his surveying days as a teenager. Cresap and “Chief” Nemacolin laid-out a packhorse trail from Wills Creek (Cumberland, MD) to Gist’s Plantation and on to Redstone Fort (Brownsville, PA). Some sources believe the trail was limited to the 35 miles from Will's Creek to the Youghiogheny River.
After Braddock’s defeat in 1755, Cresap organized his own “Rangers” and did battle with various Indian groups making incursions in the area of the Braddock Road. In one of those fights, one of Cresap’s Black slaves was killed and afterwards the mountain where he died was named “Negro Mountain.”
http://www.thelittlelist.net/coatocus.htm
[30] In Search of Turkey Foote Road, page 31.
[31] http://www.thelittlelist.net/coatocus.htm
[32] http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=27043732
[33] Timetable of Cherokee Removal.
[34] http://www.polsci.wvu.edu/wv/Hardy/harhistory.html
[35] St. Charles Historical Society Museum, October 2010
[36] The Historical Museum, Utica, Illinois
[37] (BUTTERFIELD [1],93)
[38] George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741-1799: The Diaries of George Washington. The Diaries of George Washington. Vol. II. 1766-70. Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, eds. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1976
[39] Gerol “Gary” Goodlove Conrad and Caty, 2003
[40] (http://washburnhill.freehomepage.com/custom3.html)
[41] In February, 1768, Governor Penn commissioned the Rev. John Steele, of Carlisle, a Presbyterian clergyman of some celebrity, and three other citizens of Cumberland county, to visist the obnoxious settlements, distribute proclamations embodying the bloody act, and warn the settlers to quit. These envoys set out early in March, and traveled by way of Fort Cumberland and Braddock’s road.
[42] Monongahela of Old, by James Veech, p. 93.Torrence and Allied Families, Robert M. Torrence pg 323-324.
[43] Ancestors of Forrest Roger Garnett, Page 454.51.
[44]
[45] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norborne_Berkeley,_4th_Baron_Botetourt
[46] http://www.mdlpp.org/pdf/library/1905AccountofVirginiaBoundaryContraversy.pdf
[47] George Washington, A Biography in His Own Words, Edited by Ralph K. Andrist
[48] Washington’s Crossing by David Hackett Fischer pg. 381
[49] Draper Series, Volume III, Frontier Defense of the Uper Ohio, 1777-1778 Wisconsin Historical Society pg. 303
[50] http://www.gwmemorial.org/washington.php
[51] Ellis’s History of Fayette County, PA. p. 537.
[52] The Revolutionary War, Military Channel, The Dark Days,
[53] http://doclindsay.com/pictures_logos_stuff/cemetery_pictures.html
[54] http://doclindsay.com/pictures_logos_stuff/cemetery_pictures.html
[55] http://doclindsay.com/pictures_logos_stuff/cemetery_pictures.html
[56] http://www.gwmemorial.org/washington.php
[57] http://www.apples4theteacher.com/holidays/presidents-day/william-harrison/timeline.html
[58] Yorktown Victory Center, Photo by Jeff Goodlove, 2008
[59] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[60] Gerol “Gary” Goodlove Conrad and Caty, 2003
[61] Note: Since many of the soldiers and officers of the American Revolutionary War were unable to procure their bounty lands, for a number of reasons, an assignee or Power of Attorney was hired or appointed. This usually happened when the soldier or officer died or was killed. Then, the heirs would necessarily, be represented in this order. Perhaps several branches of one family were represented; each with a different and separate Power of Attorney. This creates complications in tracing family records, due to the fact, each separate assignee and Power of Attorney must be traced as well as the family in question. (From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford by Grace U. Emahiser, 1969. pg. 188.)
[62] The Long Knives, 1998, HISTI
[63] Cynthiana Since 1790 by Virgil Peddicord, page 23.
[64] In Search for Turkey Foot, page 6.
[65] Fascinating facts about the Holy Land, by Clarence H. Wagner, Jr. page 199.
[66] Fascinating Facts about the Holy Land, by Clarence H. Wagner, Jr. page 199.
[67] Encyclopedia Judaica, Volume 4, page 345.
[68] Timetable of Cherokee Removal.
[69] The Sons of the republic. Sent by John Moreland
[70] http://boards.ancestrylibrary.com/thread.aspx?mv=flat&m=1&p=surnames.godlove
[71] http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Gottlober_Avraham_Ber
[72] Winton Goodlove papers.
[73] Art Museum, Austin, TX. February 11, 2012
[74] Art Museum, Austin, TX. February 11, 2012
[75] http://www.zionism-israel.com/his/Israel_and_Jews_before_the_state_timeline.htm
[76] http://www.timelinesdb.com/listevents.php?subjid=521&title=Drought
[77] Jimmy Carter, The Liberal Left and World Chaos by Mike Evans, page 504
[78] Jimmy Carter, The Liberal Left and World Chaos by Mike Evans, page 498
[79] US New and World Report, Secrets of Christianity, April 2010. Page 8.
[80] US New and World Report, Secrets of Christianity, April 2010. Page 17.
[81] Inside Pakistan 02/16/2008
[82] Inside Pakistan 02/16/2008
[83] Inside Pakistan NTGEO 02/16/2008
[84] “Abraham’s Children” Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People by Jon Entine, pg 364.
• [85] “Abraham’s Children” Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People by Jon Entine, pg 368.
• [86] Russell Clark Lipton (DNA match)
• [87] “Abraham’s Children” Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People by Jon Entine, pg 366.
• [88] “Abraham’s Children” Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People by Jon Entine, pg 93.
• [89] “Abraham’s Children” Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People by Jon Entine, pg 93.
[90] “Abraham’s Children” Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People by Jon Entine, pg 93.
• [91] “Abraham’s Children” Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People by Jon Entine, pg 93.
• [92] “Abraham’s Children” Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People by Jon Entine, pg 93.
• [93] “Abraham’s Children” Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People by Jon Entine, pg 94.
[94] Mark Andre Goodfriend email 2/10/2007 12 marker DNA match
• [95] Mark Andre Goodfriend email 2/10/2007
• 12 marker DNA match
• [96] From Generation to Generation by Arthur Kurzweil, page 218.
[97] Family Tree DNA email
[98] [1] “Abraham’s Children” Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People by Jon Entine, pg 96.
[99] [1] Mapping Human History by Steve Olson, 108-109
[100] [1] Mapping Human History by Steve Olson, 108-109
[101] “Abraham’s Children” Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People by Jon Entine, pg 24.
• [102] “Abraham’s Children” Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People by Jon Entine, pg 24.
• [103] 1] Mapping Human History by Steve Olson, 108-109
[104] [1] Mapping Human History by Steve Olson, 108-109
• [105] “Abraham’s Children” Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People by Jon Entine, pg 24.
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