This Day in Goodlove History, December 17

This Day in Goodlove History, December 17

Jeff Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com

Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove

The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), and Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clarke, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,and ancestors Andrew Jackson, and William Henry Harrison.

The Goodlove Family History Website:

http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html

The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:

• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx

• • Books written about our unique DNA include:

• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.


“Jacob’s Legacy, A Genetic View of Jewish History” by David B. Goldstein, 2008.

Anniversary: Eliza Sellers and Abraham Godlove (172)

This Day…

December 17-25, 217: Saturnalia

By the beginning of December, writes Columella, the farmer should have finished his autumn planting (De Re Rustica, III.14). Now, at the time of the winter solstice (December 25 in the Julian calendar), Saturnus, the god of seed and sowing, was honored with a festival. The Saturnalia officially was celebrated on December 17 (XVI Kal. Jan.) and, in Cicero's time, lasted seven days, from December 17-23. Augustus limited the holiday to three days, so the civil courts would not have to be closed any longer than necessary, and Caligula extended it to five (Suetonius, XVII; Cassius Dio, LIX.6), which Claudius restored after it had been abolished (Dio, LX.25). Still, everyone seems to have continued to celebrate for a full week, extended, says Macrobius (I.10.24), by celebration of the Sigillaria, so named for the small earthenware figurines that were sold then.

Macrobius, in his Saturnalia, creates an imaginary symposium among pagan intellectuals in which he offers an explanation for the varying length of the holiday. Originally, it was celebrated on only one day, the fourteenth before the Kalends of January. With the Julian reform of the calendar, however, two days were added to December, and the Saturnalia was celebrated sixteen days before the Kalends (December 17), "with the result that, since the exact day was not commonly known—some observing the addition which Caesar had made to the calendar and others following the old usage—the festival came to be regarded as lasting for more days than one" (I.10.2). The original day now was given over to the Opalia, honoring Ops, who personified abundance and the fruits of the earth, and was the consort of Saturn. As the two deities represented the produce of the fields and orchards, so they also were thought to represent heaven and earth. It was for this reason, says Macrobius (I.10.20), that the two festivals were celebrated at the same time, the worshipers of Ops always sitting in prayer so that they touched the earth, mother of all.

In the Roman calendar, the Saturnalia was designated a holy day, or holiday, on which religious rites were performed. Saturn, himself, was identified with Kronos, and sacrificed to according to Greek ritual, with the head uncovered. The Temple of Saturn, the oldest temple recorded by the pontiffs, had been dedicated on the Saturnalia, and the woolen bonds which fettered the feet of the ivory cult statue within were loosened on that day to symbolize the liberation of the god. It also was a festival day. After sacrifice at the temple, there was a public banquet, which Livy says was introduced in 217 BC (there also may have been a lectisternium, a banquet for the god in which its image is placed in attendance, as if a guest). Afterwards, according to Macrobius (I.10.18), the celebrants shouted Io, Saturnalia at a riotous feast in the temple.

The Saturnalia was the most popular holiday of the Roman year. Catullus (XIV) describes it as "the best of days," and Seneca complains that the "whole mob has let itself go in pleasures" (Epistles, XVIII.3). Pliny the Younger writes that he retired to his room while the rest of the household celebrated (Epistles, II.17.24). It was an occasion for celebration, visits to friends, and the presentation of gifts, particularly wax candles (cerei), perhaps to signify the returning light after the solstice, and sigillaria. Martial wrote Xenia and Apophoreta for the Saturnalia. Both were published in December and intended to accompany the "guest gifts" which were given at that time of year. Aulus Gellius relates that he and his Roman compatriots would gather at the baths in Athens, where they were studying, and pose difficult questions to one another on the ancient poets, a crown of laurel being dedicated to Saturn if no-one could answer them (Attic Nights, XVIII.2).

During the holiday, restrictions were relaxed and the social order inverted. Gambling was allowed in public. Slaves were permitted to use dice and did not have to work. Instead of the toga, less formal dinner clothes (synthesis) were permitted, as was the pileus, a felt cap normally worn by the manumitted slave that symbolized the freedom of the season. Within the family, a Lord of Misrule was chosen. Slaves were treated as equals, allowed to wear their masters' clothing, and be waited on at meal time in remembrance of an earlier golden age thought to have been ushered in by the god. In the Saturnalia, Lucian relates that "During My week the serious is barred; no business allowed. Drinking, noise and games and dice, appointing of kings and feasting of slaves, singing naked, clapping of frenzied hands, an occasional ducking of corked faces in icy water—such are the functions over which I preside."

This equality was temporary, of course. Petronius speaks of an impudent slave, who had burst out laughing, being asked whether it was December yet (Satyricon, LVIII). Dio writes of Aulus Plautius cajoling his troops in his invasion of Britain. But they hesitated, "indignant at the thought of carrying on a campaign outside the limits of the known world." Only when they were entreated by a former slave dispatched by Claudius did they relent, shouting Io, Saturnalia (LX.19.3).

If a time of merriment, the season also was an occasion for murder. The Catiline conspirators intended to fire the city and kill the Senate on the Saturnalia, when many would be preoccupied with the celebration. Caracalla plotted to murder his brother then, and Commodus was strangled in his bath on New Year's eve.

At the end of the first century AD, Statius still could proclaim: "For how many years shall this festival abide! Never shall age destroy so holy a day! While the hills of Latium remain and father Tiber, while thy Rome stands and the Capitol thou hast restored to the world, it shall continue" (Silvae, I.6.98ff). And the Saturnalia did continue to be celebrated as Brumalia (from bruma, "the shortest day," winter solstice) down to the Christian era, when, by the middle of the fourth century AD, its festivities had become absorbed in the celebration of Christmas.


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217 B.C.: Saturnalia underwent a major reform in 217 BC, after the Battle of Lake Trasimene, when the Romans suffered one of their most crushing defeats by Carthage during the Second Punic War. Until that time, they had celebrated the holiday according to Roman custom (more Romano). It was after a consultation of the Sibylline books that they adopted "Greek rite", introducing sacrifices carried out in the Greek manner, the public banquet, and the continual shouts of io Saturnalia that became characteristic of the celebration.[51] Cato the Elder (234–149 BC) was aware of a time before the so-called "Greek" elements had been added to the Roman Saturnalia.[52] It was not unusual for the Romans to offer cult to the gods of other nations in the hope of redirecting their favor (see evocatio), and the Second Punic War in particular created pressures on Roman society that led to a number of religious innovations and reforms.[53] Robert E.A. Palmer has argued that the introduction of new rites at this time was in part an effort to appease Ba'al Hammon, the Carthaginian god who was regarded as the counterpart of the Roman Saturn and Greek Cronus.[54] The table service that masters offered their slaves thus would have extended to Carthaginian or African war captives.[55][1]



December 17-25, 497: Saturnalia was supposed to have been held on December 17 from the time of the oldest Roman religious calendar,[42] which the Romans believed to have been established by the legendary founder Romulus and his successor Numa. It was a dies festus, a legal holiday when no public business could be conducted.[43] The day marked the dedication of the Temple to Saturn in the Roman Forum in 497 BC.[44]

By the late Republic, the celebration of Saturnalia had expanded to a full seven days,[45] but during the Imperial period contracted variously to three to five days.[46] Under Augustus, there was a three-day official holiday.[47] Caligula extended it to five.[48]

December 17 was the first day of of the astrological sign Capricorn, the house of Saturn, the planet named for the god.[49] Its proximity to the winter solstice was endowed with various meanings by both ancient and modern scholars; for instance, the widespread use of wax candles (cerei, singular cereus) may refer to "the returning power of the sun's light after the solstice."[50][2]

[3]

Jewish Diaspora 500 BCE-500 CE:

Despite their enforced separateness, Jewish communities in the Diaspora adopt many customs of the surrounding cultures. Integrating non-Jews into the community through marriage is common practice. Many also convert to Christianity.[1] [4]

500 years A.D.: In five centuries after his death Christ’s following had grown from a handful of Jewish converts to a flock of millions, spread throughout the old roman empire.[5]

500 A.D. : A key figure in the development of the monastic lifestyle was St. Benedict of Inertia. In 500 A.D. Benedict left his comfortable life among the nobility and started living as a hermit in the Italian countryside. But as word spread about his special powers of healing he was forced to sacrifice his simple life of seclusion. His reputation for miracal working caused people to seek him out where ever he went. Telling the future, healing the sick, and raising the dead.[6] Benedict begins his own chain of 12 new monasteries' south east of Rome.[7]

Abt 500:The Christian religion was introduced in Scotland about 500 A.D. and new troubles were experienced by the converts.[8]

Sixth Century: By the 6th century, Jews have become a minority in their own land.[9]

A sixth-century mosaic map of Jerusalem and the Judean hills.[10]

With an actual homeland no longer the central motif of their religion, the Jews of early Christendom retreated ever further into scripture, the surviving rock of their religion. Unable to worship in the splendor of their Temple in Jerusalem, they were united not under the flag of nationhood but by a belief in the Torah. Judaism was crystallizing into a religion of history and fidelity defined as “in the blood” and “of the Book.” The descendants of the ancient Israelites were now mostly strangers in strange lands. Exile and the image of the “wandering Jew” were by now firmly embedded in Western mythology. [2][11]

[12]

In AD 500 Teotihuacan covered over 8 square miles and home to at least 125,000 people. Residential apartment compounds, official buildings, temples, and wide avanues were all part of this densely packed city.[13]

[14]

500-600 A.D.: Mural Fragment Representing a Ritual of World Renewal. Teotihuacan, Mexico, Lime plaster with mineral pigment.

500 to 1000 A.D.: Feline Effigy Grinding Table. Nicoya, Guanacaste province, Costa Rica, Volcanic stone.


500 to 1000 A.D.: Indiana Dunes:

A:


Jack’s Reef Pentagonal

[15]

Sixth and seventh centuries: By the sixth and seventh centuries, Jews were found in Marseille and Cologne and at other Roman commercial outposts in southern France and Germany.[16]

502: MacKinnon Clan: The medeval descent of this small by ancient, honourable, and by no means insignificant highland clan, has been traced by the 11th-century Irish annalist Tighernac as being from Fergus the Great, the king of Dalriada, who died in 502 A.D. The family trees in the possession of the clan, on the other hand, trace the descent from he famous monarch Alpin, father of that Kenneth MacAlpin who, as all Scottish schoolboys know, became first king of the Picts and Scots in 843.[17]

502: Tiqhernac further states that Fergus the Second, son of Erc, held a part of Britain with the Dalriadic Kingdom and died A.D. 502; that Lochene, the son of Fingen, King of the Cruithne, or Picts, died A.D. 645; that Fearchar Fada died A.D. 697 (?); that there was a slaughter the Picts and Saxons when Findgaine, son of Deleroitb, was killed A.D. 711; that Ainbceallach, son of Fearchar Fada, was slain by his brother A.D. 719; that Finguine, sone of Drostan, and Ferot, son of Finguine, officers of King Nechtan, were slain in battle A.D. 729;[18]

December 17, 1187: The ruler of Kerak was arguably the most importand lord in the entire Crusader kingdom. In 1187 that ruler was Reginald of Chatillon. He was the most hated man in all the Muslim world.[19] Chatillon a rich camel train was attacked on the hajj road, its armed escort slaughtered, its rich hoard seized, and travelers, including Saladin’s sister, taken prisoner to the confines of the Crow’s Castle. The King of Jerusalem insisted that he make restitution. Chatillon refused to surrender his spoils. A chain reaction began.[20] Death of Pope Urban III – Pope Gregory VIII – Pope Clement III, Punjab conquered by Mohammed of Ghor, completion of Verona Cathedral, Mexico - fall of the toltecs at Chichén Itzá - second Mayan period begins at Mayapan, Blanche of Castile born, Delhi sultanate in N India, October 19 Pope Urban III dies, Pope Gregory VIII ( Alberto di Morra Benevento) appointed October 21, dies December 17 Pope Clement III (Paulino Scolari) appointed, third Crusade planned, Richard I sets out of crusade. [21]

Early 1187: After the betrayal of a peace treaty by a Western knight, the jihad was declared in the beginning of 1187. [22]

December 1760: Lawrence Taliaferro9 [Sarah Smith8, Lawrence Smith7, Christopher Smith6, Thomas Smythe5, Thomas Smythe4, John Smythe3, Richard2, William1] (b. 1682 in Stafford Co. VA / d. abt. May 1726 in Essex Co. VA) married Sarah Thornton (b. December 17, 1680 in Gloucester Co. VA) on August 31, 1703 in Richmond, VA.

A. Children of Lawrence Taliaferro and Sarah Thornton:
. i. Francis Taliaferro
. ii. John Taliaferro
. iii. Sarah Taliaferro
. iv. William Taliaferro
. v. Elizabeth Taliaferro
. vi. Mary Taliaferro
. vii. Alice Taliaferro[23]



Tuesday December 17, 1755:

George Washington sets up a rental agreement with the wife of his late brother Lawrence for the Mount Vernon estate. The rent will consist of 15,000 pounds of tobacco per year for use of the lands, house, and the eighteen resident slaves. The rent is also payable in money at the rate of twelve shillings and six pence per hundred pounds. [24]

December 17, 1771; Killed my pork and distributed the overseers their shares.[25]

1771-1773

It is important that I note here that a conflict between Pennsylvania and Virginia resulted in what was Bedford County in 1771 was changed to Westmoreland in 1773 then to Fayette County in 1783.[o1]

What was Westmoreland County, Virginia, when Daniel McKinnon and Nancy Harrison were married about 1789, was still Bedford County in 1772 until 1773, then Westmoreland, then Fayette County, PA.[26]

1772

In 1772, Jacob Hite pursued his claim against Crawford and the executors of Harrison’s estate. Jacob Hite thought of Lawrence Harrison’s widow as Katharina. Papers recorded in later years in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, support Jacob Hite’s idea. Although she sometimes appeared in the record as Catherine, Lawrence Harrison’s widow called herself Katherina.[27]



Bedford County was erected in 1771 and from it, later Fayette County was erected in 1783. While the lands which he (Lawrence3 Harrison) and his children owned are in what is known as Fayette County now, they were during his lifetime in Bedford County, where "Letters of Administration were granted to Catherine Harrison, his wife, and son, William4 Harrison, January 14, 1772." (The Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania Publications, Vol 10, p. 66.) Research has, so far, failed to disclose the family name of Catherine, wife of Lawrence Harrison. Sometime following her husband's death, Catherine Harrison, went to Kentucky and was residing with her sister, Mary (Harrison) Moore, wife of Captain Thomas Moore, where she died in 1836. [28]



1772

LIST OF SETTLERS IN FAYETTE
AND TN CONTIGUOUS PARTS OF

GREENE, WASHINGTON & WESTMORELAND COUNTIES,

IN 1772:

COPIED FROM THE OFFICIAL ASSESSMENT ROLLS OF BEDFORD COUNTY FOR 1771.

In 1772; and until the erection of Westmoreland in 1773, Bedford county embraced all of South-western Pennsylvania.

All of what Is now Fayette county, east of a straight line from the mouth of Redstone to the mouth of Jacob’s creek, composed two townships, Spring-hill and Tyrone, between which the division line was Redstone creek, from Its mouth to where it was crossed by Burd’s Road, thence Burd’s Road to Gist’s, thence Braddock’s Road to the Great Crossings. That part of Fayette which is west (or north-west) of the line from the mouth of Redstone to the mouth of Jacob’s creek, was included in Rostraver township; which then embraced all of the “Forks of Yough” to the junction.

All of Greene and of Washington counties, which were then supposed to be within the limits of Pennsylvania, and lying west of Fayette, seem to have been included in Springhill.

We give the entire lists for Springhill, Tyrone and Rostraver.(a)

SPRINGHILL TOWNSHIP.

John Allen, John Artman, Samuel Adams,

William Allen, Tchabod Ashcraft, Robert Adams,

John Armstrong, John Ally,

Edward Askins, John Allison, George Boydston,

(a)As a curiosity, and to contrast the eastern part of Allegheny county, including Pittsburgh, &c., with Fayette county, in 1772, and with herself and city now, we give the names then on the roll for Pitt township, in all 79, viz:

John Barr, Jacob Bausman[29], Col. Bird, Richard Butler, Wm. Butler; John Cavet, Jas. Cavet, Wm. Cunningham, Wm. Christy, Geo. Croghan, John Campbell; Wm. Elliott, Joseph Erwin; Mary Ferree; Thomas Gibson, Elizabeth Gibson; Samuel Heath; Thomas Lyon, Wm. Lyon; Jas. Myers, E,leazcr Myers, Wm. Martin, Aeneas Mackay, Robt. M’Kinney, Jno.M’Callister, John M’Daniel, Thos. M’Camish, Thos. M’Bride, Charles M’Ginness, Lachlan M’Lean; John Ormshy; Wm. Powell, Jonathan Plummer; James Royal, Jas. Reed, Wm. Ramage, Peter Roletter, Andrew Robeson; John Sampson. Robert Semple, Samuel Semple, Geo. Sly, Devereaux Smith, Joseph Spear, John Small; Wm. Teagarden, Wm. Thompson, Benjamin Tate; Rinard Undus; Conrad Winebiddle, Conrad Windmiller, Philip Whitesell. Inmates—Andrew Boggs, Charles Bruce; John Crawford, John Crawford, Joseph Closing, David Critelow; Jacob Divilbiss; Wm. Edwards; Geo. Kerr, Wm. Kerr; Wm. Owens; Geo. Phelps, Ab’m. Powers; Jas. Rice, Henry Rites, Jacob Ribold; Abrm. Slover, Charles Smith; Christian Tubb, John Thompson. Single Freemen—Richard Butler, Wm. Butler; Geo. Croghan, Moses Coe; Ephr’m. Hunter; Geo. Kerr; Wm. Martin; Hugh O’Hara; Alex’r. Ross; John Sampson, Alex’r. Steel, John Thousman; Jacob Windmiller.



Peter Backus[30], Wm. Crawford, Capt. Nathan Frlggs,

Wm. Crawford, Quaker, Henry Friggs,

Brazil Brown, Hugh Ferry,

Jas. Brown, (Dunlap’s Wm. Crawford,

creek,) Joslas Crawford, James Flannegan,

Thomas Brown, (Ten Oliver Crawford, David Flowers,

Mile creek,) Richard Chinner, Thomas Flowers,

Joseph Brown, Peter Cleam, Thomas Gaddis,

Samuel Brown, Jacob Cleam, Samuel Glasby,

Adam Brown, John William Garrat,

Maunus Brown, George Church, John Garrard,

Thomas Brown, Michael Cox. John Garrard, Jr.

John Brown, Joseph Cox, William Goodwin,

Walter Brisco, Michael Catt, Joseph Goodwin,

Peter Baker, Abraham Cills, Thomas Gooden,

Nicholas Baker, Anthony Cills, John Glasgo,

James Burdin, William Conwell, Fred’k. Garrison,

John Burns, Jehu Conwell, Leonard Garrison,

Robert Brownfield, Michael Cresap, Jacob Grow,

Edward Brownfleld, William Colvin, Zachariah Gobean,

Empeon Brownfield, George Colvin, John Griffith,

Charles Brownileld, Hugh Gilmore,

Jeremiah Beek, Peter Drago , Robert Gilmore,

Charles Burkham, John Drago, Thomas Gregg,

Henry Beeson, Samuel Douglass, Charles Gause,

Jacob Beeson, Jeremiah Downs, Daniel Goble,

Alexander Buchanan, Augustus Dillaner, Nicholas Gilbert,

James Black, Edward Death, Andrew Gudgel,

John Barkley, John Death,

Nicholas Bauk, Owen David, Henry Hart,

Thomas Banfleld, Jesse Dument, David Hatfield, Jr.

Thomas Batton, William Downard, John Hendricks,

William Brashears, Jacob Downard, Henry Hall,

Joseph Barker, Henry Debolt, John Hall,

Lewis Briznet, George Debolt, Adam Henthorn,

James Branton, Henry Dever, James Henthorn,

Henry Brenton, Lewis Davison, Jas. Ilenthorn, (the less.)

John Braddock, Andrew Davison, John Henthorn,

William Dawson, Charles Hickman,

Michael Cam, Jacob Dicks, Aaron Hackney,

George Craft, Lewis Deem, Martin Hardin,

Wm. Case, Benjamin Hardin,

Adam Cumbert,

Henry Enoch, William Hardin,

John Craig

John Evans, John Hardin, Jr.

Joseph Caidwell,

Richard Evans, John Harman,

James Crooks,

Hugh Evans, Geo. Huckleberry,

William Campbell,

Edward Elliott, John Huffman,

John Carr,

John Carr, Jr. Michael Franks, John Harrison,

Moses Carr, Jacob Franks, David Hawkins,

William Cochran, James ~‘leeharty, James Herod,

George Conn, John Fisher, William Herod,

Nicholas Crowshoe, Levi Herod,

Anthony Coshaw, James Frame,

SPRINOHILL. 201

Henson Hobbs, S Samuel M’Cray, John Smith,

Samuel Howard, James M’Coy, Robert Smith.

William House, Hugh M’Cleary, James Smith,

Philip Smith,

Pbllemon Hughes, Tunis Newkirk, William Smith,

Thos. Hughes, (Muddy Barnet Newkirk, Conrad Seix,



creek,)

Peter Newkirk, Isaac Sutton,

Thomas Hughes,

James Neal, Isaac Sutton, Jr.

Owen Hughes,

George Newell, Jacob Sutton,

John Huston,

James Notts, Lewis Saltser,

Hugh Jackson, James Notts, Jr. Samuel Stilwell,

David Jennings, Charles Nelson, William Spangler,

Aaron Jenkins, Adam Newlon, John Swearingen,

Jonathan Jones, Bernard O’Neal, William Shepperd,

John Jones, John Swan,

Jacob Poundstone,

John Swan, Jr.

Thomas Lane, Frederick Parker,

Thomas Swan,

Absalom Little, Philip Pearce,

Robert Sayre,

Samuel Lucas, Tbeophilus Phillips,

Stephen Styles,

Thomas Lucas, Thomas Phillips,

Samuel Sampson,

Richard Lucas, Adam Penter,

Joseph Starkey,

Hugh Laughlin, Richard Parr, David Shelby,

David tong, Henry Peters,

Elias Stone,

John , John Peters,

John Long, Jr. Christian Pitser, Obadiah Truax,

Jacob Link, Ahimon Pollock, John Thompson,

John Pollock, Michael Tuck,

Aaron Moore, Samuel Paine, Abraham Teagarden,

John Moore, John Wm. Provance, George eagarden,



Jno. Mqore, (over the

Edward Taylor,

river,) Ieronemus Rimley,

Michael Thomas,

Simon Moore, Casper Rather,

Hans Moore, Telab Rood, Henry Vanmeter,

David Morgan, Jesse Rood, Abraham Vanmeter,

Charles Morgan, Daniel Robbins, Jacob Vanmeter,

William Masters, John Robbins, John Vantrees,

John Masterson, Roger Roberts, John Varvill,

Henry Myers, Jacob Riffle,

George Myers, Ralph Riffle, David White,

Ulrick Myers, William Rail, James White,

MartinMason, David Rogers, George Williams,

Jobn Mason, Thomas Roch, David Walters,

Alexander Miller, Edward Roland, Ephraim Walters,

John Messmore, William Rees, David Wright,

John Mene, Jonathan Hees, George Wilson, Esq.

Daniel Moredock, Jacob Rich, James Wilson,

James Moredock, John Waits,

Adam Mannon, Thomas Scott, John Watson,

John Mannon, Edward Scott, George Watson,

John Marr, Andrew Scott,

William M’Dowell, Joseph Yauger,

John M’Farland, James Scott,

Francis M’Ginness, John Smith, (Dunlap’s Telah Yourk.—105.

Nathaniel M’Carty, creek,)



jnmates—(Boanders’not heads of families.)

Richard Ashcraft, Zephaniah Dunn, Samuel Merrifield,

Ephraim Ashcraft, Timothy Downing, John Main, Jr.

Samuel Adams, Jeremiah Davis, William Martin,

James Davia, John Morris,

John Bachus, Jacob Morris,

William Burt, Thomas Edwards, George M’Coy,

John Beeson, Bernard Eckley, John M’Fall,

Samuel Bridgewater, Alexander M’Donald,

Coleman Brown, James Fugate, William M’Claman,

William Brown,

Bazil Brown, John Guthrey, John Pettyjohn,

Benjamin Braahears, William Groom, Baltzer Peters,

Richard Brownfield, Richard Powell,

Benjamin Brooks, Captain John Hardin, Thomas Pyburn,

Alexander Bryan, William Henthorn, John Phillips,

William Bells, William Hogland, Thomas Provance,

Edward Hatfield,

Gabriel Cox, Thomas Rail,

John Hawkins,

Israel Cox, Samuel Herod, Noah Rood,

Samuel Colson,

John Hargess, William Spencer,

Joseph Coon, Thomas Hargess,

Alexander Smith,



Robert Cavines,

John Smith,

John Cross, Joseph Jackson, Francis Stannater,

Edward Cam, Jacob Jacobs,

Christian Coffman,

John Taylor

John Curley, John Kinneson, William Thompson,

Nathaniel Case, Thomas Kendle,

John Crossley, Jonah Webb,

Christopher Capley, William Lee, John Williamson,

George Catt, Andrew Link, Alexander White,

John Chadwick, Benjamin Wells,

Jonathan Chambers, Elijah Mickle, Michael Whitelock,

John Cline, William Murphy,

John Morgan, Jeremiah tourk,

Bensjah Dunn, Morgan Morgan, Ezekiel Yourk.





Single Freemen.

John Brown, John Catch, Joseph Gwin,

Joseph Patton, Bartlett Griffith,

Isher Budd, John Dicker,

David Elackston, John Donglass, John Holton,

Edward Dublin, Abraham Holt,

Hugh Crawford, John Holt,

John Crawford, Elias Eaton, Joshua Hudson,

Francis Chain, Alexander Ellener, John Hupp,

William Cheny, Samuel Eckerly,

Daniel Christy, Cornelius Johnson,

James Chamberlain, Thomas Foster,

James Carmichael, Jacob Funk, Josiah Little,

James qampbell, Martin Funk,

TYRONE. 203

William Marshall, “ James Peters, John Shively,

James Morgan, Isaac Pritchard, Christopher Swoop,

Hugh Munphey, Jonathan Paddox, Ralph Smith,

George Morris, Ebenezer Paddox, John Sultzer,

Joseph Morris,

David M’Donald, Noble Rail, William Teaganden,

Abraham M’Farland, Nathan Rinehart, John Taylor,

John M’Gilty, Samuel Robb,

James Robertson, John Verville, Jr.

John Notts, Philip Rogers, John Williams.

Philip Nicholas, Total 452





TYRONE’ TOWNSHIP.

Jonathan Arnold, Reason Gale, Isaac Pearce,

Andrew Arnold, Thomas Gist, Esq. George Paull,

David Allen,

Charles Harrison, Andrew Robertson,

Andrew Byers, William Harrison, Edmund Rice,

Christopher Beeler, Ezekiel Hickman, Robert Ross,

Henry Beeson, Henry Hartley, Samuel Rankin,

John Boggs, James Harper, William Hankin,

Thomas Brownfield, Joseph Huston,

William Hanshaw, Dennis Springer,

Bernard Cunningham, Josiah Springer,

Daniel Canon, John Keith, George Smith,

Edward Conn, Moses Smith,

Andrew Linn,

George Clark, Isaac Sparks,

George Clark, Jr. David Lindsay, William Sparks,[31]

John Cherry, John Laughlin, John Stephenson,

James Cravin, Samuel Lyon, Richard Stephenson,

John Clem, John Stewart,

Alexander Moreland;

John Cornwall, Philip Shute,

Augustine Moore,

John Castleman,

Edmund Martin,

William Crawford, Esq. Philip Tanner,

Michael Martin,

Valentine Crawford, James Torrance,

Hugh Masterson,

William Collins, Thomas Tilton,

Isaac Meason,

George Dawson, Philip Meason,

John Vance[32],

Edward Doyle, Providence Mounts,

Joshua Dickenson, William Massey,

Conrad Walker,

John Dickenson, William Miller,

Henry White,

Thomas Davis, Robert M’Glaughlin,

William White,

William M’Kee,

Joseph Wells,

Robert Erwin,

Robert O’Gullion, John Waller,

Thomas Freeman, Richard WaIler,

Adam Payne, Lund Washington,

James Gamble, Elisha Pearce, George Young.—89.



Inmates.

Reding Blunt, Smith Conbit. Joseph Reily,

Zechariah Connell, Francis Lovejoy, Edward Stewart,—8.

Peter Castner, Agney Maloney,



Single Freemen.

Robert Beall, Patrick Masterson,

James Berwick, Elijah Lucas, Alexander MClean,

George Brown,

Francis Main, Daniel Stephens,

William Castleman, James Mock, William Shepherd.—13.

Thomas Moore,

John Felty, Total 110..





Uncultivated Lands.

George Washington, (~) 1500 acres. Nicholas Dawson, 300 acres.

John A, Washington, 600 “ Sniveley’s Administrators, 300[33]



1772

Some Pennsylvanians in 1772:

Settlers in Fayette, Greene,

Washington, and Westmoreland Counties



From James Veach's The Monongahela of Old or Historical Sketches of Southwestern Pennsylvania to the Year 1800 (Pittsburgh, 1910 edition)



In 1772, and until Westmoreland County was established in 1773, Bedford County encompassed all of southwestern Pennsylvania.

All of present Fayette County — east of a straight line from the mouth of Redstone to the mouth of Jacob's Creek — consisted of two townships, Springhill and Tyrone. Here, the division line was Redstone Creek, from its mouth to where it was crossed by Burd's Road, and from Burd's Road to Gist's, then Braddock's Road to the Great Crossing. That part of Fayette County, northwest of Redstone to the mouth of Jacob's Creek, was a part of Rostraver Township.

The counties of Greene and Washington, west of Fayette, were evidently included in Springhill.

SPRINGHILL TOWNSHIP John Allen, William Allen, John Armstrong, Edward Askins, John Artman, Ichabod Ashcraft, John Ally, John Allison, Samuel Adams, Robert Adams, George Boydston, Peter Backus, Brazil Brown, James Brown, Dunlap's Creek; Thomas Brown, Ten Mile Creek; Joseph Brown, Samuel Brown, Adam Brown, Maunus Brown, Thomas Brown, John Brown, Walter Brisco, Peter Baker, Nicholas Baker, James Burdin, John Burris, Robert Brownfield, Edward Brownfield, Empson Brownfield, Charles Brownfield, Jeremiah Beek, Charles Burkham, Henry Beeson, Jacob Beeson, Alexander Buchanan, James Black, John Barkley, Nicholas Bauk, Thomas Banfield, Thomas Batton, William Brashears, Joseph Barker, Lewis Brimet, James Branton, Henry Brenton, John Braddock, Michael Carn, George Craft, William Case, Adam Cumbert, John Craig, Joseph Caldwell, James Crooks, William Campbell, John Carr, John Carr, Jr.; Moses Carr, William Cochran, George Conn, Nicholas Crowshoe, Anthony Coshaw, William Crawford, Capt.; William Crawford, Quaker; William Crawford, Josias Crawford, Oliver Crawford, Richard Chinner, Peter Cleam, Jacob Cleam, John Casteel, George Church, Michael Cox, Joseph Cox, Michael Catt, Abraham Cills, Anthony Cills, William Conwell, Jehu Conwell, Michael Cresap, William Colvin, George Colvin, Peter Drago, John Drago, Samuel Douglass, Jeremiah Downs, Augustus Dillener, Edward Death, John Death, Owen David, Jesse Dument, William Downard, Jacob Downard, Henry Debolt, George Debolt, Henry Dever, Lewis Davison, Andrew Davison, William Davison, William Dawson, Jacob Dicks, Lewis Deem, Henry Enoch, John Evans, Richard Evans, Hugh Evans, Edward Elliott, Michael Franks, Jacob Franks, James Fleeharty, John Fisher, James Frame, Nathan Friggs, Henry Friggs, Hugh Ferry, James Flannegan, David Flowers, Thomas Flowers, Thomas Gaddis, Samuel Glasby, William Garrat, John Garrard, John Garrard, Jr., William Goodwin, Joseph Goodwin, Thomas Gooden, John Glasgo, Fred'k Garrison, Leonard Garrison, Jacob Grow, Zachariah Gobean, John Griffith, Hugh Gilmore, Robert Gilmore, Thomas Gregg, Charles Gause, Daniel Goble, Nicholas Gilbert, Andrew Gudgel, Henry Hart, David Hartfield, Jr., John Hendricks, Henry Hall, John Hall, Adam Henthorn, James Henthorn, Jas. Henthorn (the less.), John Henthorn, Charles Hickman, Aaron Hackney, Martin Hardin, Benjamin Hardin, William Hardin, John Hardin, Jr., John Harman, Geo. Huckleberry, John Huffman, John Harrison, David Hawkins, James Herod, William Herod, Levi Herod, Henson Hobbs, Samuel Howard, William House, Philemon Hughes, Thomas. Hughes (Muddy Creek), Thomas Hughes, Owen Hughes, John Huston, Hugh Jackson, David Jennings, Aaron Jenkins, Jonathan Jones, John Jones, Thomas Lane, Absalom Little, Samuel Lucas, Thomas Lucas, Richard Lucas, Hugh Laughlin, David Long, John Long, John Long, Jr., Jacob Link

Aaron Moore, Joh Moore, Jno. Moore (over the river), Simon Moore, Hans Moore, David Morgan, Charles Morgan, William Masters, John Masterson, Henry Myers, George Myers, Ulrick Myers, Martin Mason, John Mason, Alexander Miller, John Messmore, John Mene, Daniel Moredock, James Moredock, Adam Mannon, John Mannon, John Marr, William M'Dowell, John M'Farland, Francis M'Ginness, Nathaniel M'Carty, Samuel M'Cray, James M'Coy, Hugh M'Cleary, Tunis Newkirk, Barnet Newkirk, Peter Newkirk, James Neal, George Newell, James Notts, James Notts, Jr., Charles Nelson, Adam Newton, Bernard O'Neal, Jacob Poundstone, Frederick Parker, Phillip Pearce, Theophilus Phillips, Thomas Phillips, Adam Penter, Ricahrd Parr, Henry Peters, John Peters, Christian Pitser, Ahimon Pollock, John Pollock, Samuel Paine, John Wm. Provance, Ieronemus Rimley, Casper Rather, Telah Rood, Jesse Rood, Daniel Robbins, John Robbins, Roger Roberts, Jacob Riffle, Ralph Riffle, William Rail, David Rogers, Thomas Roch, Edwdard Roland, William Rees, Jonathan Rees, Jacob Rich, Thomas Scott, Edward Scott, Andrew Scott, James Scott, John Smith (Dunlap's Creek), John Smith, Robert Smith, James Smith, Phillip Smith, William Smith, Conrad Seix, Isaac Sutton, Isaac Sutton, Jr., Jacob Sutton, Lewis Saltser, Samuel Stilwell, William Spangler, John Swearingen, William Shepperd, John Swan, John Swan, Jr., Thomas Swan, Robert Sayre, Stephen Styles, Samuel Sampson, Joseph Starkey, David Shelby, Elias Stone, Obadiah Truax, John Thompson, Michael Tuck, Abraham Teagarden, George Teagarden, Edward Taylor, Michael Thomas, Henry Vanmeter, Jacob Vanmeter, John Vantress, John Varvill, David White, James White, George Williams, David Walters, Ephriam Walters, David Wright, George Wilson, Esq., James Wilson, John Waits, John Watson, George Watson, Joseph Yauger, Telah Yourk

Inmates. (Boarders not heads of families.) Richard Ashcraft, Ephriam Ashcraft, Samuel Adams, John Bachus, William Burt, John Beeson, Samuel Bridgewater, Coleman Brown, William Brown, Benjamin Brashears, Richard Brownfield, Benjamin Brooks, Alexander Bryan, William Bells, Gabriel Cox, Israel Cox, Samuel Colson, Joseph Coon, Robert Cavines, John Cross, Edward Carn, Christian Coffman, John Curley, Nathaniel Case, John Crossley, Christopher Capley, George Catt, John Chadwick, Jonathan Chambers, John Cline, Benajah Dunn, Zephaniah Dunn, Timothy Downing, Jeremiah Davis, James Davis, Thomas Edwards, Bernard Eckley, James Fugate, John Guthrey, William Groom, Captain John Hardin, William Henthron, William Hogland, Edward Hatfield, John Hawkins, Samuel Herod, John Hargress, Thomas Hargress, Joseph Jackson, Jacob Jacobs, John Kinneson, Thomas Kendle, William Lee, Andrew Link, Elijah Mickle, William Murphy, John Morgan, Morgan Morgan, Samuel Merrifield, John Main, Jr., William Martin, John Morris, Jacob Morris, George M'Coy, John M'Fall, Alexander M'Donald, William M'Claman, John Pettyjohn, Baltzer Peters, Richard Powell, Thomas Pyburn, John Phillips, Thoams Provance, Thomas Rail, Noah Rood, William Spencer, Alexander Smith, Francis Stannater, John Taylor, William Thompson, Jonah Webb, John Williamson, Alexander White, Benjamin Wells, Michael Whitelock, Jeremiah Yourk, Ezekiel Yourk

Single Freeman John Brown, Joseph Batton, Isher Budd, David Blackston, Hugh Crawford, John Crawford, Francis Chain, Wiliam Cheny, Daniel Christy, James Chamberlain, James Carmichael, James Campbell, John Catch, John Dicker, John Douglass, Edward Dublin, Elias Eaton, Alexander Ellener, Samuel Eckerly, Thomas Foster, Jacob Funk, Martin Funk, Joseph Gwin, Bartlett Griffith, John Holton, Abraham Holt, John Holt, Joshua Hudson, John Hupp, Cornelius Johnson, Josiah Little

TYRONE William Marshall, James Morgan, Hugh Murphey, George Morris, Joseph Morris, David M'Donald, Abraham M'Farland, John M'Gilty, John Notts, Phillip Nicholas, James Peters, Isaac Pritchard, Jonathan Paddox, Ebenezer Paddox, Noble Rall, Nathan Rhinehart, Samuel Robb, James Robertson, Phillip Rogers, John Shively, Christopher Swoop, Ralph Smith, John Sultzer, William Teagarden, John Taylor, John Verville, Jr., John Williams

TYRONE TOWNSHIP Jonathan Arnold, Andrew Arnold, David Allen, Andrew Byers, Christopher Beeler, Henry Beeson, John Boggs, Thomas Brownfield, Bernard Cunningham, Daniel Canon, Edward Conn, George Clark, George Clark, Jr., John Cherry, James Cravin, John Clem, John Cornwall, John Castleman, Wiliam Crawford, Esq., Valentine Crawford, William Collins, George Dawson, Edward Doyle, Joshua Dickenson, Thomas Davis, Robert Erwin, Thomas Freeman, James Gamble, Reason Gale, Tomas Gist, Esq., Charles Harrison, William Harrison, Ezekiel Hickman, Henry Hartley, James Harper, Joseph Huston, William Hanshaw, John Keith, Andrew Linn, David Lindsay, John Laughlin, Samuel Lyon, Alexander Moreland, Augustine Moore, Edmund Martin, Michael Martin, Hugh Masterson, Isaac Meason, Philip Meason, Providence Mounts, William Massey, William Miller, Robert McGlaughlin, William McKee, Robert O'Guillon, Adam Payne, Elisha Pearce, Isaac Pearce, George Paull, Andrew Robertson, Edmund Rice, Robert Ross, Samuel Rankin, William Rankin, Dennis Springer, Josiah Springer, George Smith, Moses Smith, Isaac Sparks, William Sparks, John Stephenson, John Stewart, Philip Shute, Philip Tanner, James Torrance, Thomas Tilton, John Vance, Conrad Walker, Henry White, William White, Joseph Wells, John Waller, Richard Waller, Lund Washington, George Young

Inmates Reding Blunt, Zechariah Connell, Peter Castner, Smith Corbit, Francis Lovejoy, Agney Maloney, Joseph Reily, Edward Stewart

Single Freeman Robert Beall, James Berwick, George Brown, William Castleman, John Felty, Elijah Lucas, Francis Main, James Mock, Thomas Moore, Patrick Masterson, Alexander McClean, Daniel Stephens, William Shepherd

Uncultivated Lands George Washington, 1500 acres; John A. Washington, 600 acres; Samuel Washington, 600 acres; Lund Washington, 300 acres; Thomas Gist, Esq., 600 acres; Nicholas Dawson, 300 acres; Sniveley's Administrators, Halvert Adams, Joseph Hunter,

Rostraver Township Benjamin Applegate, Daniel Applegate, William Applegate, Thomas Applegate, Alexander Bowling, Andrew Baker, Samuel Burns, James Burns, Isham Barnett, Morris Brady, Samuel Biggon, Samuel Beckett, Edward Cook, Andrew Dye, James Devoir, John Dogtauch, William Dunn, Peter Elrod, Peter Easman, Paul Froman, Rev. Jas. Finley, Samuel Glass, Samuel Grissey, John Greer, James Gragh, Christopher Houseman, Thomas Houseman, Thomas Hind, Peter Hildebrand, Joseph Hill, Llewellen Howell, Deverich Johnson, James Johnson, Jacob Johnson, Joseph Jones, John Kiles, John Kilton, Andrew Linn, William Linn, Nathan Linn, Frederick Lamb, John Miller, Oliver Miller, Abraham Miller, Alexander Miller, Alexander Morehand, Alexander Mitchell, John Mitchell, Jesse Martin, Morgan Morgan, Robert Mays, Daniel McGogan, James McKinley, Robert McConnell, Ralph Nisley, Dorsey Pentecost, Benjamin Pelton, David Price, John Perry, Samuel Perry, Joseph Pearce, John Pearce, James Peers, Andrew Pearce, Edward Smith, Samuel Sinclair, Henry Speer, John Shannon, Michael Springer, Richard Sparks, William Sultzman, Van Swearingen, Wiliam Turner, Philip Tanner, Joseph Vanmeter, Jacob Vanmeter, John Vanmeter, Peter Vandola

ROSTRAVER Adam Wickenhimen, David Williams, George Weddel, John Weddel, James Wall, Samuel Wilson, James Wilson, Isaac Wilson, John Wiseman, Thomas Wells, James Young

Inmates Benjamin Allen, Nathaniel Brown, Benajah Burkham, John Bleasor, Samuel Clem, Thomas Cummins, Benajah Dumont, Samuel Davis, Thomas Dobin, Hugh Dunn, Peter Hanks, Joseph Hill, Joseph Lemon, William Moore, John McClellan, Felty McCormick, Martin Owens, Abraham Ritchey, Peter Skinner

Single Freeman William Bolling, Jesse Dumont, John Finn, Isaac Greer, Moses Holliday, Peter Johnson, Ignatius Jones, Thomas Miller, Jacob McMeen, Baltser Shilling, Levi Stephens, Cornelius Thompson, Robert Turner

Reprinted from American Genealogy Magazine, Vol. 5, Nos. 1 & 2[34]

Abt. 1772

Lt. John Crawford[35] (son of Col. William Cra

wford), married the second time to Effie Grimes, after being left a widower about 1772, after his first marriage to Frances Bradford, by whom he had two sons, Moses and Richard. Lt. John Crawford and Effie Grimes (his second wife), had one son, William. (See Richard Crawford’s letter to his uncle David Bradford).[36]

1772

Berkely[37] Co, VA, is really Berkely Co, W VA which was formed in 1772, from Frederick Co VA.[38]

1772

When but nineteen years of age and while still serving an apprenticeship he suddenly decided to embark for America, and landed at Annapolis, MD in 1771. From the fact that a Dodson family was then prominent in the vicicnity of Annapolis, having settled there in the latter part of 1600, said John, of Shrewsbury, England may have been attracted there from a probable kinship and knowledge of them.[39]

1772

In 1772 Daniel McKinnon is listed as the Minister at St. Margaret's Westminister (Broad Neck) Parish in back in . (This parish is a penensula of land on the Anne Arundel County Maryland Chesapeake Bay between the Severn and Magothy Rivers and near Annapolis.)[40]

1772

Richar Challoner’s fifth(and last) revision of Rheims New Testament.[41]

1772

Prussia’s power grew and in 1772, under King Friedrich II (Frederick the Great), consisted of the provinces of Brandenburg, Pomerania, Danzig, West Prussia and East Prussia (modern day East Germany, northern Poland, and a small portion of the Soviet Union).[42]


1772 Jews deported to the Pale of Settlement (Russia).[43]

1772: the anti-Russian movement "Confederation of Bar" is crushed by Russia that partitions one fourth of Poland with Prussia and Austria (Galicia, Krakow) [1] [44]

1772:

The map of Central Europe in 1772. The Kingdom of Poland is marked in white; Russia - in green, Austria - in yellow and Prussia - in blue. Present-day political boundaries are shown as red lines. Present names of cities are also given. [1][45]

1772: In the last 23 years of his rule until 1786, Frederick II, who understood himself as the "first servant of the state", promoted the development and further settling of Prussian areas, such as the Oderbruch. At the same time he built up Prussia's military power and participated in the First Partition of Poland with Austria and Russia (1772), an act which finally connected the Brandenburg territories with those of Prussia proper. During this period, he also opened Prussia's borders to immigrants fleeing from religious persecution in other parts of Europe, such as the Huguenots. Prussia became a safe haven in much the same way that the United States welcomed immigrants seeking freedom in the 19th century.[1][46]

During the First Polish Republic (1569-1795), this area was known as Cracow and Sandomierz palatinates. Between 1772 and 1795 Poland was partitioned between the three neighboring European Empires: Russia, Prussia and Austria. In the first partition of 1772, one third of Poland's territory was taken. The area occupied by Austria was given the name of Galicia. In the second partition of 1793, Russia obtained one half on the remaining territory of Poland, while Prussia took the province of Poznan. [1] [47]

1772 – Treaty with Virginia, ceding land in Virginia and eastern Kentucky; Watauga Lease.[48]

1772-1795: Between 1772 and 1795 the entire territory of the Kingdom of Poland was divided between Prussia, Austria and Russia. During those so-called Partitions of Poland, Prussia acquired the western regions of Poland, esp. those, which were later renamed to West Prussia (formerly Royal Prussia) and Province of Posen (the area around Poznan, the Polish name being Wielkopolska, i.e. Greater Poland). The southern Polish territories around Kraków and Lwów were incorporated into the Austrian Empire and renamed "Galicia". The central and eastern provinces of Poland were taken over by the Russian Empire. Only during a short period when Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Central Europe, [1]he restored Poland as a Duchy of Warsaw, dependent on himself, consisting of the territories Prussia and Austria had annexed in 1793-95. [49]


December 1774

In December, 1774, he had been commissioned by Dunmore a justice of the peace and a justice of Oyer and Terminer for the county of Augusta, the court to he held at Fort Dunmore (Pittsburgh). He did not qualify, however, for these offices, until after lie had been super­seded in those held by him under Pennsylvania authority.

• Augusta county, as claimed by Virginia, included Crawford’s ‘ home upon the Yougbiogheny; afterwards it was in the District of West Augusta, and finally in Yohogania county, until Virginia, in 1779, relinquished her claim to Southwestern Pennsylvania. Crawford not only took office under Virginia, but he became an active partisan in extending the jurisdiction of his native province over the disputed territory. Some of his acts were doubtless oppressive, though he soon atoned for them in his patriotic course upon the breaking out of the Revolution. The partisan feeling in his breast immediately gave place to the noble one of patriotism. He struck hands with Pennsylvanians in the cause of liberty.[50]

December 1777

HESSE-CASSEL sent in 1776....................12,805
" " " December, 1777.......403
" " " March, 1779..............993
" " " May, 1780..................915
" " " April, 1781.................915
" " " April, 1782.................961
Total......................................................................6,992
Returned in the autumn of 1783
and the spring of 1784....................................10,492
Did not return......................................................6,500

The Hessians by Edward Lowell

Also, it could be argued that if she learned of the content of Joseph Howard Sr.'s December 1777 will and that she was not included, this could have been her motivation for declaring it on the marriage license.



In light of the evidence found which applies to both Eleanor McKinnon and Eleanor Howard and the fact that no evidence found contradict the assumption that Eleanor McKinnon are the same, it is a reasonable conclusion that they are in fact the same person.

Unfortunately, the above still leaves many questions open such as when and by whom were they married, what happened between 1778 and when they arrived in Hamilton County, Ohio in 1795, why William had the middle name Beal, etc. But, a s anyone experienced in research knows, all questions are rarely answered.[51]

December 17, 1777:General George Washinton leads his troops into winter quarters at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.[52]

December 17, 1825: Isaac Sparks, eldest son of William and Rachel Sparks, was born, according to the inscription on his tombstone, on November 24, 1768, and he died in or near Cincinnati, Ohio, on August 21, 1834. The will of Isaac Sparks was printed in the Quarterly of June 1962 (Vol. X, No. 2, Whole No. 38, p. 657) and additional notes appeared in the Quarterly of September 1966 (Vol. XIV, No. 3, Whole No. 55, pp. 1009-1010). A descendant of Isaac Sparks, Buell McCash of Columbia, Missouri, descends from Isaac's eldest daughter, Elizabeth (born 1793, died 1825) who married James McCash (1788-1871). Mr. McCash owns the Bible which Isaac Sparks purchased, according to a notation made at the time, in Cincinnati in the year 1819. Isaac had settled in springfield Township, Hamilton County, Ohio, by the spring of 1818. He was a justice of the peace there from 1818 to 1820. Isaac Sparks married Sarah Hankins (or Hawkins) who died on December 17, 1825; she was called Sally. Isaac later married as his second wife Sarah who died on March 14, 1839, aged 31 years and 5 months.

We have no references to 7.2 William Sparks, second son of William Sparks other than the reference to him in 1788 in his father's will. [53]

December 17, 1867: On this date in 1867, the Grand Lodge of Idaho was formed.[54]

Spring 1868

By Spring of 1868 the Klu Klux Klan had spread to every Southern State. They emabarked on a campaign of terror, a war of clandestine attacts to intimidate Blacks and keep them from the voting booths. The first tactic was usually a warning, a threatening message left on the door of a target. When intimidation failed the Klan resorted to violent acts. The most common abuse was flogging. [55]

December 17, 1871: Sara Gottlieb, born December 17, 1871 in Lichenroth, Hessen-Nassau, Prenzlauer Berg, Schonhauser Allee 127 a; 9. . Resided Berlin. Deportation: from Berlin, January 19, 1942, Riga. Toedesort: Riga, missing.[56]

December 17, 1885: Epilogue

The surviving members of the Twenty-fourth Regiment of Iowa Volunteer Infantry assembled in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, on December 17, 1865. (1885) Twenty years had passed since the Temperance Regiment had been mustered out of service. Nostalgia enveloped the proceedings as the veterans gathered in front of a large oil portrait, draped with the tattered and worn battle flag of the regiment, of Colonel John Q. Wilds. Ed Wright was the guest of honor. Wright had been breveted brigadier general prior to the mustering out, and distinguished officer had continued his career of public service in civilian life. General Wright had been elected to the Iowa’s State General Assembly, where he was chosen Speaker of the House. Although every company was represented at the evening roll call, fewer than 200 members were present. nThe aging survivors tole a glowing story of their three years of service. Not until three o’clock in the morning was the glorious record of the old 24th completely recounted. While the reminiscences suffered from the clouded memories of veterans proud of difficult service, the historic record of the fighting regiment needed no embellishment. [57]

The soldiers who had served in the 24th Iowa, in many respects, mirrored the image of most Iowa soldiers in the Civil War. The recruits were small farmers or mechanics, merchants, lawyers, students, and teachers who lived in Iowa’s small rural villages. The average age of the regiment was 25 years. This average is nearly a year younger than the one Wiley gives for 1862 in Life of Billy Yank. The large number of Cornell College student s who enlisted in Company B accounts for part of the youthful average. The younhgest member of the regiment was Colonel Byam’s son, Commodore Perry Byam, who was listed on the muster rol as being twelve, As with many Civil War drummer boys, Commondore becamke a legendary figure to the regiment, and a Des Moines Tribue artivle of his death in February, 1922, reported he was the youngest drummer boy to serve in the Civil War. If Commodore was indeed sixty nine when he died in 1922, he would have been only nine years old when hi enlisted in the 24th Iowa. As Wiley pointed out, however, the claim to “Youngest Yank” would be impossible to establish. Young Byam was discharged for disability on July 26 1863, at Vicksburg, Mississippi.The date corresponded with the similar discharge of his father and older brother Charles, the regiment’s adjutant, thougnh only Colonel byam’s third son, William, enlisted at seventeen as a drummer in Company G and served untgil he was musgtered out on July 17, 1865, in Savannah, Georgia.[58]

The honor of being the oldest recruit was jointly shared by Dr. John M. Witherwax and First lieutenant Thomas Green. Both men were fifty-one when they resigned for disability. Green resigned during the Vicksburg Campaing, and Witherwax resigned while the regiment was serving in the Shenandoah Valley. Fifty four men who enlisted in the Temperance Regiment were between forty and forty five years old. The number whose age fell in the thirty’s range totaled 244. Volunteers between twenty and twenty nine comprised the largest number, totaling 607. Teenagers enlisting numbered 296. Mirroring Wiley’s figures, the eighteen year olds were the largest age group, nbumbering 168; twenty one year olds followed with a total of 112[59]

Despite its youthful statistics, the regiment had many men leave wives and children to enlist, and several fathers served together with their sons. Ovwer eighty per cent of the regiment listed their nativity as Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, or one of the New England States, reflecting the recent patternj of settlement in Iowa. Scotland, Germany, Ireland, England, and Cananda accounted for most fo the foreign born in the regiment. However, Switzerland, Belgium, Nova Scotia, Bohemia, Norway, and South wales were also listed.[60]

Most of the men of the 24th had not been caught up in the first emotional appeal for troops. Some experienced veterans did, however, join the regiment. Appointed Lieutenant Cololnel, John Q. Wilds, a former dcaptain in the 13th Iowa, had been wounded at the Battle of Shiloh. Colonel Byam’s son Charles, the regimant’s adjutant, had had his leg shattered while serving with the 6th Iowa. Private Ezra Webb had seen service with the 11th Iowa in Missouri[61], and he had been discharged for disability after the Battle of Shiloh. When these battle-tested veterans joined the 24th, they no longer held a romantic view of warfare.[62]

Although many Civil War regiments were religiously inspired, the 24th Iowa was the only known Methodist “Temperance Regiment.” The unit’s organizer, Reverend Eber Byuam, was a respected temperance worker in east-central Iowa. He was probabloy correct in his claim that the regiment’s termerance ideals caused many to volunteer woul would not have otherwise. The popularity of a Temperance Regiment was evidenced by the fract that more than twice the number of companies sought acceptance than were needed. With the aid of Governor Kirkwood, Colonel Byam selected ten companies which they felt represented the Methosist ideazls of temperance. The selection was done apparently more on the basis of company commanders than on any real scrutiny of individual recruits. Governor Kirkwood was apparently thwarted in his attempt to organize a second temperance regiment from the companies that Byam had rejected. Secretary of War Stanton, in correspondence with the governor in the Official Records, stated that a new temperance regiment would not be entitiled to the federal bounty unless all the other regiments were full and replacements had been recruited for those Iowa regiments already in the dfield. To avoid the humiliation of a draft for replacements and to insure the companies that had already been raised received their bounty, Kirkwood apparently divided these companies among the regiments still forming which lacked a full roster of ten companies.

Of the ten companies accepted by Byam, five were captained by Methodist ministers. And two were headed by ministers’sons. Unlike Byam who was absent much of the time and who faltered under fire in the Vicksburg Campaing, these men of the cloth proved able field officers and were revered by the men who served under them. Of the original company commanders, only two survived to be mustered out at Savannah. Captain Leander Clark had attained the rani of lieutenant colonel, and Captain James Martin was acting as major. Both officers had been ministers prior to joining the regiment. Twenty three officers resigned form the 24th Iowa. Most resignations were due to illness; however, Captain Henderson resigned to accept a position lieutenant colonel in the 44th Iowa after the Battle of Vicksburg. Nine officers were killed in the line of duty and died of wounds; three died of disease. Five officers were captured. Although the change in commanders was substantial, such transition was not uncommon, especially among regiments that saw as much action as sdid the 24th Iowa.

The temperance rules forbidding drinking of any alcoholic bereages were strickly enforced by Colonel Byam. Temperance cventered around the prohibition of all intoxicatin liquors to insure an atmosphere of good moral character in the regiment. Drunkards were often bucked and gagged, and even card players suffered fines, extra duty, and demotion. Byams resignation tempered the rules but certainly did not change the chacter of the 24th. Although Lieutenant Colonel Wilds, who succeeded the first commander, was not known as a termperance worker, he did expel a sutler for openly selling liquor to some of the regiments backsliders. At least one private was court-martialled for repeatedly returning to camp intoxicated. Occasionally a whiskey ration was distributed on long marches or during tiring construction of fortification. On holidays beer was sometimes sold to the enlisted men, but the problems with alcohol which plagued some Union commands were never prevalent in the 24th. It would not be proper, however, to claim that the 24th Iowa was any better or any worse, because of its temperance, that the other fighting regiments in the Civil War.

The temperance characteristic was probably retained more because of the Methodist background of most of the men in the 24th Iowa, than because of the rules and regulations imposed by the officers. Through out their three years of service, Sunday church services and weekly prayer meeting were always well attended by the men. When a chaplain was not present or a local preacher would not speak, one of the captains would assume his old civiliam role of preaxcher and deliver the sermon. Captain James Martin was probably most remembered for gathering the survivors of the terrible Battle of Champion’s Hill for a customary prayer after the sad calling of the roll. These men were fundamentalist who took their religion seriousxly. Although the pious among them were often shocked by sertain indiscretions, the rogues of the temperance regiment were probably far from exceptional problem.

The 24th Iowa was one of only three Iowa regiments to serve in botyh the Western and Eastern Theaters. The 22nd, 28th, and 24th Iowa shared a similar fate of fighting in a number of departments under a variety of commanders. The 24th viewed General Grant as their most able commander., followed almost equally by General Sherican General Sherman. General McClernand, the regiments’s first corps commander, was well liked, but the men did not seem to be overawed by this political general and adjusted readikly to his replacement by Genreal Ord. Western commanders were readily accepted, by eastern generals were viewed with disfdain. The most detersted commander that the regiment served under was General Banks, uneder whose command the 24th suffered its first defeat in battle. The XIII Corps wasz disbanded after the Red River Campaing, and the 24th was one of the few western regiments transferred to tnhe XIX Corps, which was comprised mostly of eastern regiments.

The harshest criticism by the regiment was reserved for commanders who protected Confederate property while profiting from cottn confiscation and speculation. The Vicksburg Campaign made the 24th master foragers, and wherever they marched, Confederate property suffered. The marching ability of the Iowans rivaled any regiment with which it served, and the hawkeyes rarly complained as long as the pace of the march was not too rapid to allow occasional jayhawking.

The courage of the regiment stood the test of battle. Though superior forces occasionally broke the 24th’s ranks, the scattered elemnts remained on the field, often fighting with other units or rallying once again around it own banner until the enemy fire took a heavy tol in officers and men. The original colonel was broken physically, and his courage was criticized. Lieutenant Colonel Wilds proved an able replacement when Colonel Byam resigned. Wilds lost his life in the regiment’s final battle at Cedar Creek. Major Wright, the regiment’s last commander, was himself wounded three times in battle. Com[pany officers paid a heavy price for their courage, as evidenced by Second Sergeant Charles Lucas’ rise to the rank of captain due to the death or resignation for disability of his superiosr. Seven captain and four first lieutenants were killed or died of wounds suffered in combat. The number of killed and wounded amounted to 10.6 per cent of the regiments total enrollments. The total number of battle casualties equaled 476. In the toal deaths due to wounds, disease, accidents, and imprisonment, the 24th ranked third highest among Iowa regiments.[63]

As disease and battle took their toll, the attitudes of the Iowans hardened against the South. Political feeling which had run the gamut from Peace Democrat to Radical Republican, became more radical and less moderate. The Union party candidates in eashelection reflected the sentiments of those still in Iowa. The men’s nineteenth century attitude toward Negroes remained, however, one of freedom but not equality.

Like most norther soldiers, the Iowans had had little contact with Negroes prior to their arrival in the South. The first encounters produced marvel and awe at the “foreign” creatures. The regiment delighted in freeing the Negroes from the bonds of slavery, but at the same time they saw nothing wrong with relegatin many to the sevant class for little more than room and board. Supporting the sentinement in Governor Kirkwood’s desire to have “some dead niggers as well as dead white men,” the 24th enthusiastically approved the use of black troops, and a few even applied to command these new Negro regiments.[64]

They generally discounted the ability of black regiments and were thoroughly amazed at the quality of the South Carolina Colored Regiment that relieved the 24th at Augusta, Georgia. After being shoked by such aspects ofr slavery as the auction block and master’ cruelties, many felt that black reconstruction was perfect justice. The Iowans also returned home with bitter memories of their treatment by southern whites in Louisiana and Georgia.

With little fanfare these citizen soldiers returned to Iowa and returned to their civilian occupations. Officially, only recorded troop movements, battle reports, and company rosters noted the history of one of Iowa’s most interesting regiments. The story of the 24th was preserved most appropriately in the diaries and letters of the common soldiers who served their country, not for adventure of glory, but out of a deep sense of duty to their country.[65]

December 17, 1875: John Simon GUTLEBEN was born on December 17, 1875 in Colmar,Upper Rhine,Alsace and died on January 9, 1955 in , Alameda,CA at age 79.

John married Charlotte J. FROHLIGER on July 11, 1916 in ,,CA. Charlotte was born in 1897 in ,,OH and died on January 3, 1943 in ,Alameda,CA at age 46.

John next married Lucy MULKEY in September 1948 in ,,CA. Lucy was born on August 27, 1876 in ,Butler,KS and died on August 29, 1974 in Forest Grove,Lane,OR at age 98. [66]

December 17, 1908: Rev. John GUTLEBEN was born on June 29, 1847 in Muhlbach,Munster,Colmar,Upper Rhine,Alsace and died after 1920 in Fruitvale,Alameda,CA.

John married Madeleine Frederique HELMSTADER (d. December 17, 1908) on October 26, 1871. [67]

December 17, 1912: It was necessary to create leadership among the congregation by organization and definite assignments for work. The pastor called together the young folks. “Let’s have an Epworth League,” he said. He was greeted by a chorus of “Oh, no’s!”

“Impossible,” said one. “It can’t be done!” Said another. “We had a League and it died out,” came the final dismal wail.

HOPKINTON to CHINA

The New Republic

See John Chinaman at Home.

Nearly 100 Years of China’s Teeming Millions

December 17, 1912[68]

1913: Lenox College had mounted a major fund raising campaign, obtaining pledges from Hopkinton residents, college alumni, and former students totaling over $75,000.[69]

1913: The report of the Palestine Royal Commission (British) quotes and account of the condition of the coastal plain along the Mediterranean Sea in 1913: “The road leading from Gaza to the north was only a summer track suitable for transport by camels and carts…no orange groves, orchards, or vineyards were to be seen until one reached Yavne village…houses were all of mud. Schools did not exist…. The western part, towards the sea was almost a desert…The Villages in this area were few and thinly populated…many villages were deserted by their inhabitants.”[70]

The French author Voltaire described Palestine as “a hopes, dreary place,” In short, under the Turks, the land suffered both from neglect and a low population.[71]

December 17, 1942: An Allied declaration is made condemning the Nazis’ “bestial policy of cold-blooded extermination.”[72]

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[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnalia

[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnalia

[3] http://www.theatlanticwire.com/technology/2012/07/2000-years-climate-change-graphed-being-overweight-isnt-unhealthy/54347/

[4] [1] http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/english/04.html

[5] The Dark Ages, History International, 3-4-2007

[6] The Dark Ages, HIST, 3/4/2007

[7] The Dark Ages, History International, 3-4-2007

[8] From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford by Grace U. Emahiser, 1969 page 3

[9] http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/english/04.html

[10] Heritage:Civilization and the Jews by Abba Eban. 1984, page 99.

[11] [2]Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity and the DNA of the Chosen People, by Jon Entine. Page 127.

[12] The Field Museum, Photo by Jeff Goodlove 12/27/2009

[13] The Field Museum, 12/27/2009

[14] The Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011

[15] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

[16] Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity and the DNA of the Chosen People, by Jon Entine. Page 203..

[17] http://www.mackinnon.org/mackinnon-short-history.html

[18] M E M O I R S OF C LAN F I N G O N BY REV. DONALD D. MACKINNON, M.A. Circa 1888

[19] Warriors of God by James Reston Jr, page 19.

[20] Warriors of God by James Reston Jr, page 25.

[21] mike@abcomputers.com

[22] Islam: History Society and Civilization, DISC, 2/20/2004

[23] Proposed Descendants of William Smith.

[24] http://www.nps.gov/archive/fone/1754.htm

[25] (From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford, by Grace U. Emahiser, 1969, page 119.)

[26] Gerol “Gary” Goodlove Conrad and Caty, 2003

[27] Ref. 31.6 Conrad and Caty by Gary Goodlove, Author Unknown.

[28] (Deposition of John Cord, of Bedford County Pennsylvania. (Ibid.) [Genealogies of Virginia Families, From the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 5 volumes (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1981), 3: 951.]
A Chronological listing of Events in the Lives of Andrew1,Andrew2 and Lawrence Harrison by Daniel Robert Harrison, Milford, Ohio, November, 1998.

[29] Bausman. Jacob Bausman was approved to maintain a ferry across the Monongahela River in 1775 at the foot of Wood Street where John Ormsby had operated the prior two years. He had the authority of the Virginia Court.

Bausman Street. Pittsburgh. Knoxville.

http://www.thelittlelist.net/bactoblu.htm

[30] My Pennsylvania Dutch Contingent

The Backus, Swiger and Related Families
of Northern Harrison County

By Diane Hill Zimmerman

“A plump wife and a big barn never did a man harm.”
Pennsylvania Dutch saying

The Backus and Swiger families are of German extraction. Peter was the first Backus emigrant and John William Swiger the first of that family to emigrate. Their migration route was largely the same and the two families later connected in marriages. They eventually settled in Harrison County.

PETER BACKUS and SARAH Peter Backus was b. abt. 1720, prob. in the Palatinate, Germany, and d. 22 Mar 1785 in Fayette County, Pennsylvania.
He md. Sarah abt. 1739 in Germany. She was b. abt. 1720 prob. in the Palatinate,[1] Germany, and d. 1788 in Fayette County.
They are both buried in the Great Bethel Baptist cemetery in Uniontown, Fayette, Pennsylvania. Children: John, William and Sarah Ann.

[1] A palatinate is a territory administered by a count palatine, originally the direct representative of the sovereign, but later the hereditary ruler of the territory subject to the crowns over lordship. It's territory was chiefly on the left bank of the Rhine. Later in included territory that lay on the right bank of the Rhine, containing the cities of Heidelberg and Mannheim.
Previously an entirely Catholic region, the Palatinate accepted Calvinism during the 1560's. The Thirty Years War, touched off in 1618, was a complicated catastrophe from which the Palatinate never really recovered. The Palatinate became a spoil, fought over by other states and countries including France and Britain. These struggles became known as the War of the Palatinate (or the War of the Grand Alliance or War of the League of Augsburg, 1688 -


Peter Backus was probably from the region of Germany where the Palatinate Crop failures sent many down the Rhine to Rotterdam where they were housed in shacks covered with reeds. Queen Anne of Britain had extended an invitation to Protestant Palatines to settle in the British Commonwealth. The ones who made it to London were housed in 1,600 tents surrounding the city. Londoners were resentful. Other Palatines were sent to other places, such as Ireland, the Scilly Isles, the West Indies, and New York. region in

Current Pennsylvania counties of Green and Fayette, in the corner of WV panhandles, were in the disputed area.

Germany. He sailed on the ship Ranier, on September 26, 1749, from Rotterdam, previously from England, with Henry Browning, Master. There were 227 passengers listed as foreigners from Hanau, Wirtemberg, Darmstadt and Heisenberg. He was naturalized at the Philadelphia County Supreme Court, before the judges in the April term of 1753.
The majority of German immigrants before the Revolution landed at Philadelphia - a few at Annapolis, Maryland. Peter may be one of the latter as he traveled to Winchester in Frederick County, Maryland before continuing to what is now Fayette County, Pennsylvania.
In The Horn Papers biographical sketches: “Peter Backus, a German from German Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania, but registered as a Virginian, lived in what is now Monongalia County, West Virginia, from 1766 to 1773.” This territory was the cause of a dispute between Pennsylvania and Virginia. It later became Frederick County, Maryland.
He is also listed in the Poll Returns made by D. Moredock, Sr. on August 24, 1773 and as serving in “the Virginia Militia, in 1777, for home guard duty.”

Concerning the land dispute: In October 1747, Christopher Gist and Dr. Samuel Eckerlin completed their survey and estimation of the distance westward of Penn's claims and made their report to the House of Burgesses. This report found the western limits of Pennsylvania to be twenty-two miles east of the Monongahela River, and by this understanding it was agreed in April 1766 to have the same surveying party continue the extension of the Mason and Dixon Line westward to that point. When Pennsylvania and Virginia became the contracting parties, much new interest was awakened in the result of the extension of the survey and the exact location of the southwest corner of the full claims of Pennsylvania.
When the site of Gist's Ridge was reached where the surveyors were to end their labors and set their findings to the end of [William] Penn's claims, they kept on until they had crossed the divide beyond the Cheat River and at last reached the Monongahela River. Here the Virginia authorities ordered the surveyors to cease, but they claimed they had several miles to go to reach the western limits of Penn's five degrees. This caused consternation through the colony of Virginia and open rebellion in the Monongahela Valley.
For a time, this area was the scene of a battleground between the governments of Pennsylvania and Virginia, both of whom wanted to claim this choice land. From 1774 to 1776, the bewildered settlers “. . . were under the jurisdiction of two governments, differing in principle, with two sets of laws, and two sets of magistrates to enforce them. Pennsylvania authorities seized and imprisoned the Virginia magistrates, who, in turn, seized the officers of the Pennsylvania government.”[2]


Fort DuQuesne/Fort Pitt

[2] Samuel T. Wiley, History of Monongalia County, West Virginia, from its first settlements to the present time with numerous biographical and family sketches. (kingwood, West Virginia, Preston Publishing Co., 1883) pp.45-46

Fort Pitt was captured by Captain John Connolly in the name of Virginia and the name changed to Fort Dunmore, after the governor of Virginia. This farce was finally ended by the Revolutionary War.


West (Western) Virginia in 1794.

In 1763, Christopher Gist succeeded in planting sixty-three settlers on the east side of the Monongahela River in Fayette County, between the mouth of Cheat River (Gist Point) and Fairchance. These were formerly from New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia - all loyal Virginians. Having come through Staunton and received their free land grant to claims in this territory, they took homesteads, fully believing this to be Virginia’s territory. These homesteaders lived on their claims during the years of 1763 to 1765.
In October 1765, it was reported that through William Crawford and two of his Cumberland County frontiersmen, Virginia had agreed to make the Monongahela River the boundary line between that colony and Pennsylvania. This caused great confusion, general open rebellion, and a determination by the settlers to leave the east side of the river and cross over into their territory on the west side of the Monongahela into what is now Greene County, Pennsylvania. Peter then traveled to southwest Pennsylvania in 1765 and settled in German Township where he and Sarah lived out their lives.
The Van Meters, Armstrongs, Swans, Teegardens, Thomas Hughes, William Minor, John Doughty, Samuel Jacobson, Enoch and Nathan O'Brine, James Carmichael, Jacob Clarstow, Morgan Estle, Edward Dought, Gist Culver, Peter Backus, George Brown and Theophilus Phillips were among the settlers who took up their homesteads [in Green County, PA] in March and April 1766. They lived on their tomahawked claims until their patents were taken out after January 1785, when the first land patents were issued to the settlers. This was after the final settlement of the boundary question and the last act of the Mason and Dixon Line had been staged at the setting of the post of Dec. 24, 1784.[3]

[3] W.F. Horn, The Horn papers; early westward movement on the Monongahela and upper Ohio, 1765-1795 (Waynesburg, Pennsylvania: Committee of the Greene County Historical society, 1945) p.448.



In his will, Peter left his farm [4]divided into three parts for his three children. William got one part; Peter, son of John [deceased] and Catherine, got the middle part; and Silas Bailey, husband of Peter's daughter, Sarah Ann, got the third part.

Peter Backus’s will is as follows:

IN THE NAME OF GOD AMEN, I, PETER BECHUES of the county of Fayette and the State of Pennsylvania and in the year of Our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred and eighty-five being weak in body but sound of mind and memory, Blessed be God, do this 10th day of March and year written above do constitute, make and publish this my last will and testament in manner and form following. And first I give and bequeath unto my loving wife all the flax that I now have and likewise the linen that is now in the loom and her full third of all the movables to her and her heirs or assigns forever and likewise her third in the land as the law in that case directs - Also I give and bequeath unto Peter Bechues, eldest (son) of John Bechues (deceased) one hundred acres of land, more or less whereon the Relict of said John Bechues now lives and divided by a line made in the presence of Silas Bailey. To have and to hold the said tract of land the said Peter Bechues, his heirs and assigns forever. Also I give and bequeath to Catherine Bechues, widow of John Bechues, deceased, the full sum of five shillings. Also I give and bequeath unto my son, William Bechues, the two thirds of all the movables after the legacies and just debts are discharged to him and his heirs forever. Also I give and bequeath unto my daughter, Anna Bailey, the thirty pounds that is due me from Silas Bailey, her husband, to their heirs or assigns forever - and I make and ordain Sarah, my wife, Executrix and my son, William Bechues, Executor of my last will and Testament according to the instant and meaning hereof. In witness whereof, I, the said Peter Bechues, have to his my last will and Testament set my hand and seal this day and year written. Zadook Springer Basil Powel
Peter Backus X His Mark[5]

[4]Fayette County, Pennsylvania Deed Book, Vol.G.,p.66
[5] Will dated March 10, 1785, Court Records, Uniontown, Fayette Co., PA.

Peter’s son, John, was probably killed during the Revolutionary War. John had married Catherine Franks in Maryland and also settled in German Township in 1765 with Catherine’s father, Michael Franks, Michael’s two sons, Jacob and Michael, Jr., and their families from Frederick County, Maryland.
John was accepted as a newly discovered Revolutionary War soldier by the DAR and a reference to him was published in the March issue of the DAR Magazine, page 154, in 1984. Research was submitted by Frances Brunelle Lawrance. John Backus was listed under the command of Capt. William Harrod, at the Falls of the Ohio, in May 1779. (Vol. 17 in the George Rogers Clark Papers: Series J in the Draper Collection). Both the Pay Roll and Muster Roll contain the name, John Bechus.
Apparently, he was dead in 1783, at age 43, when Catherine's name was listed as head of family in the tax list for Fayette County. John was on the Assessment rolls 1773-1784 p. 126-138 and Roster of Revolutionary Soldiers 14-19, 255, 303-306.
As the experiences of the Backus and Franks families were similar, I’ll include some excerpts from the Michael Franks Family History by Alice Rowley Franks.

They came across the Allegheny Mountains the summer of 1765 settling in the vicinity of what is now the Jacobs Lutheran church in September or October of 1765. At once they erected a block house for their comfort and protection against the depredations of Indians and wild beasts which prowled around the cabin at night. This was the first white settlement in what is now known as German Township. Here the Franks’ two sons and a son-in-law, each 'tomahawked' a large tract of land, for which they later received a patent of deed.
Prior to the opening of the land office in Fayette County in 1769, settlers west of the Allegheny Mountains held their claims which they occupied by 'tomahawk' right. These were called 'tomahawked improvement' claims. To record his claim, a settler had to deaden a few trees near a spring and cut his initials in the bark of other trees. This marking of trees indicated his intentions to hold or occupy the lands adjacent to or surrounded by these marked trees. Although these claims were not sanctioned by law, they were respected by the



other settlers. The Franks and Baccus families had barely gotten settled and their land cleared sufficiently when the Revolutionary War broke out. Both John and his brother, William, served in the war. Although John paid taxes to Pennsylvania, he fought with his neighbors in the Virginia Militia. The Monongahela area where the Baccus’ lived was claimed by both states for many years.
The five sons of John and Catherine Backus appear to have been born in the following order: Peter II, Michael, John II, Christian, James. Little information has been



found about their two daughters. One daughter, Sarah Baccus, married William Snyder. From Fayette County PA Deed Records---William Snyder and wife, Sarah, signed a release (Quit Claim Deed), together with Christian Backus and wife, Sarah, May 24, 1806. It is believed there was another daughter, but her name is unknown.[6]

[6] Dean D. and Jean Bacus, Peter Bacuss' Descendants and Related Families (indianapolis [Indiana]: D, Bacus, 1989) pp. 4-8.



William [2], Peter [1]
WILLIAM BACKUS and MARY

William Backus was b. prop. in the Palatinate, Germany abt. 1748, son of Peter Backus and Sarah, and d. in Harrison County, Virginia 13 Apr 1814.
He md. Mary, b. abt. 1758 and d. 1814 in Harrison, Virginia. Children: Henry, William, Nancy, Eleanor, Searcy, Thomas, Sanford, Thomas, Sally and Sarah.

William Backus was granted 400 acres in Harrison Co. on the West Fork River in 1788, b. 3, p. 79 of the State Auditors Deed Books.[7] In a deed record, Charles and Hannah McIntire, of Harrison County Virginia to William BACHUS of same for $100.00, Simpson Creek . . . up to land claimed by William McIntire. Signed Charles McIntire and Hannah McIntire. Recorded Sept. 1803, dated 31 Aug 1803.[8] In Harrison Co. Grantee Index, 93, 11, John G. Jackson grantee and William Bacchus, grantor on 15 Sep 1809, 400 acres on Lamberts Run.

Will of William Backus: (Backas, Bacchus): Dated April 13, 1814: Devisees: Mary, wife, one-third of all property, real and personal, for her life time; William second son, $2.00; Nancy Swiger and Eleanor Swiger, daughters, $2.00 each; Sanford and Thomas, youngest sons, all lands, equally; Sallie and Sarah, youngest daughters, $40.00 each; Henry, eldest son, $20.00; and Thomas, son, and Sallie and Sarah, daughters, all other personal property. Witnesses: Jacob, Israel, David Tichenal, Mordecai Madden and Benjamin N. Madden.[9]

I couldn't find a pension record for William Backus in the National Archives so he may not have applied for one. In August 2003, Dorothy Wilson forwarded evidence to the DAR of his service in the Revolutionary War in Ichabod Ashcraft's Company as a private. He is also listed on the payroll of Ensign Charles Mitchell's Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania Militia in 1782. He received sums for services rendered 1782 and before.
He also received a land grant of 400 acres for Revolutionary War Service.[10] Also listed in Navy and Line, Militia and Rangers, 1775-1783 on page 284 under Rangers on the Frontiers - 1778-1783.[11] In the 1810 Harrison Co. Tax list, William Backus, is listed with 2 white tithable males; 3 horses and 1 slave over 12.
"After immigrating from Germany, he first settled in Pennsylvania. He married at about age 20. Afterward they migrated southward and settled on a pioneer farm near Brown, Sardis District, Harrison County, now West Virginia and here they spent the remainder of their lives and reared their family."[12]

[7] M.H. Dyer, Dyer's Index to land grants in West Virginia. (Salem, Massachusetts: Higginson, 1996) p.74
[8]Harrison County, West Virginia Deed Records, 1785-1830, p. 321
[9] Harrison County WV Estate Settlements 1785-1830, West Virginia Review vol. 1, No. 2, p.18
[10]Pennsylvania Archives, 6th Series, vol. 2, p. 354
[11] William Henry Egle, editor, Pennsylvania Archives, 3rd Series, (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. Severns, 1852-1856, 1874-1935) vol. XX III.
[12]Ethel Swiger, Elkins, WV.

Jacob[2], John William[1]
JACOB SWIGER and NANCY BACKUS

Jacob Swiger was b. abt. 1768 in Loudoun County, Virginia, son of John William Swiger and Mary and d. aft. 1832 in Harrison County, Virginia.
He md. Nancy Backus on 6 Aug 1793 in Harrison County. She was b. abt. 1778 in Harrison County, dau. of William Backus and Mary. She d. bef. 1833 in Harrison County. Children: Mary Ann, Sarah, Jeriah, John, Christopher, Sanford, Reuben, Nancy, Jacob, Eleanor and Austin.

Jacob Swiger came thither from [Fayette County] Pennsylvania at age six, in a very early day and located in the woods near Sardis, [Lambert's Run in Eagle District] where he improved a farm on which the remainder of his life was spent. He was of German-Dutch descent; was a man of fine physique and vigorous constitution, and his children inherited these qualities, seven of whom lived to be over eighty years of age. He became quite a noted Nimrod and many of the wild animals that roamed the woods at that time fell victim to his unerring aim. His wife's father was a Pennsylvanian and on coming to this section located and spent the rest of his life on Tenmile Creek. He was a consistent reader of and believer in the Bible, having read it through more than fifteen times.
Jacob weighed more than 300 pounds [which makes one wonder about the “fine physique”]and on a very hot day, he rode into Clarksburg and was overcome with heat and died that same day. He was at an advanced age. Soon after his marriage, he settled near the mouth of Gregory's Run in a cabin, the main part of which is still standing (1916) and had several hundred of acres of land. He spent the remainder of his life here. It is also known as the "Old Coffman Farm."[13]

“Jacob Swiger is bridegroom to Nancy Barnes on 5 Aug 1793. She is daughter of William Barnes [actually Backus].”[14]
“Jacob Swiger bought 60 acres on Lambert's Run in Harrison Co. On 4 May 1825, he purchased 40 acres on Lambert's Run.”[15]

Christopher[3], Jacob[2], John[1]
CHRISTOPHER or STUFFIELD SWIGER and SUSANNAH BLACK

Christopher Swiger was b. 4 Sep 1804 at Gregory’s Run, Harrison, Virginia, son of Jacob Swiger and Nancy Backus. He d. 22 Aug 1882 at Caldwell Run, Harrison, West Virginia. He md. Susannah Black in 1829. She was b. 27 May 1810 in Lewis County, Virginia and d. 17 Aug 1856 at Caldwell Run, Harrison, Virginia. Children: Edmund, Asenith or Sena, Margaret Eliza, Mary E., Delilah R., William H., George W., Elmus Hamilton, and Harriet.

He was called "Stuffield,” supposedly German for Christopher. “According to Mr. Barrett (not identified) Christopher and his wife and family of four in about 1841 set out to greener pastures, migrated west by way of Crawford County, Indiana, and on to the State of Illinois. Dolly, (Delilah) their daughter, was born in Crawford County. They then headed for Greene County, Virginia, where he states that William was born.” [The 1870 Harrison Co. WV census, lists William as being born in Indiana. Greene County, VA is a long way from Indiana so I wonder if he wasn’t born in Greene County, IN or even Greene County PA].
Anyway, this family returned to their roots in Harrison County and settled on a farm near the mouth of Caldwell Run near Brown. Here Christopher and Susannah lived the remainder of their lives. They appeared on the census of 15 Jun 1850 at Harrison County, Virginia, listed as farmers.
Also on the census of 1860 at Harrison County, West Virginia, listed as a farm laborer, with two children.
In 1833 he was granted 75 acres on the waters of Tenmile Creek.

[13]Ibid.
[14]West Virginia Review, vol. 2, No. 3
[15]Harrison County Deed Records, b. 4, p. 512 and b. 5, p. 60.
[16]Danny Jenkins, The Swiger Connection, pp. 532-533
[17]WV State Auditor's Book 7, p.24.

JOHN WILLIAM SWIGER AND MARY

John William Swiger was b. abt. 1730 in Bayern, Germany and d. aft. 1773. He md. Mary abt. 1755 prob. in Bayern, Germany. She was b. abt.1730 and d. near Hepzibah, Harrison County, Virginia at an unknown date. Children: Christopher Columbus, John, Eve, Elizabeth, Jacob, Lavinia or Libby and Mary.

Ira L. Swiger began his research for his book by interviewing the oldest members of the family and found two distinct accounts, differing in details, from widely separated sources who were not acquainted with each other. He found them both to be true -

. . . in the main after checking the records of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Both accounts declare that the Swiger family was one of the prominent families of the German Empire, and that John William Swiger and Mary Swiger, his wife, sometime prior to the Revolutionary War, emigrated to America and first settled, one account has it, in Fayette County, Pennsylvania; the other, that they first settled in Virginia, removing from there to Fayette County.
Information from the Pension Department at Washington, establishes the fact that the Swiger family first established themselves in America in Loudoun County, Virginia in about the year 1755, where, no doubt, all the children were born, except Christopher, before the family removed to Fayette County, Pennsylvania. It is not certain that Christopher is the oldest son or was born in Pennsylvania but both accounts declare they had one son when they came to America. Jacob was definitely the youngest and John has a birth record in Loudoun County.
In an old historical volume which came into [Ira Swiger’s] hands a few years ago, which was written sometime in the sixties [1860s] --we find the following biographical sketch: “Prior to and during the war John William Swiger was engaged in mercantile pursuits and had a large distillery in Greene County, Pennsylvania, and in this way came into possession of considerable Continental money. His executors invested it in a large tract of land, in what is now Barbour County, WV (then VA), this being the only way in which the government would redeem the money. The heirs of this land failed to look after and pay the taxes and revenues upon it and the land reverted to the government.”
. . .tradition has it that he, finding that his stock of wares was becoming short and desiring to replenish it-sailed back to his native land for that purpose; but was never heard from again. It is supposed that he and his little craft were swallowed up by the waters of the ocean.
In a "Special Report of the Department of Archives and History of Virginia for 1911," by Hon. H. J. Eckenrode, Archivist, is a list of the Revolutionary soldiers furnished by the State of Virginia. Both the names of John and Christopher Swiger, sons of John William, and that the latter's name appeared on a manuscript list with others that were paid off at Pittsburgh [Fort Pitt] after the war was over.
John William’s family had settled on Coon's Run, in what is now Clay District, Harrison County,
West Virginia.[18] “After Mr. Swiger failed to return [from his business trip to Germany], tradition from two distinct and different sources have it that his widow soon married Joshua Barnes Allen, a Scotsman and a widower, who had one son, Barnes, born in Scotland, who . . . married Eve Swiger, the daughter of the stepmother. Mary and Joshua settled on what is yet known as the old Allen farm, near Hepzibah.”[19] [Sarah Allen, sister of Joshua Barnes Allen is another of my ancestors. She married Aaron Smith, Sr.]

[18]Harrison County Genealogical Society Newsletter, June 1997, p. 26.
[19]Ira L. Swiger, A genealogical and biographical history of the Swiger family in the United States of America, (Fairmont, West Virginia: Fairmont Printing & Pub. Co. C.1916) pp. 207, 208 & 315.

L-R: Hallie & Bob Harbert, Annie Thompson Harbert & Joseph R. Thompson
JOSEPH REZIN THOMPSON and MARGARET ELIZA SWIGER

Joseph Rezin Thompson was b. on 4 Oct 1836 at Boothsville, Marion County, Virginia, son of John W. Thompson and Frances T. Gray and d. 12 Mar 1918 at Little Rock Camp, Harrison, West Virginia.
He md. Margaret Eliza Swiger on 8 Apr 1858 at Flag Run, Harrison, Virginia. She was b. 22 Dec 1836 in Sardis District, Harrison, Virginia, dau. of Christopher Swiger and Susannah Black She d. 21 Mar 1906 in Harrison County.
They are both buried in the old Odd Fellows cemetery at Brown, Harrison, West Virginia. Children: Harriet Anna, Lloyd G., Floyd E., Ella May, Ellsworth, Mattie E., Rosie L. and Claudius Melvin.
Joseph and Margaret’s story was on the website previously so won’t be repeated here.

JOHN W. THOMPSON and FRANCES T. GRAY

John W. Thompson was b. abt. 1800 in Rockingham County, Virginia and d. bef. 1858 in Harrison County, Virginia.
He md. Frances T. Gray abt. 1824. She was B. abt. 1804 in Fauquier County, Virginia, dau. Of Thomas Gray and Martha “Patty” . She d. in Harrison, West Virginia. Children: John G., Joseph Rezin, Lorenzo, Jane, Henry and Marcellus. Frances md. 2nd to Anthony W. Garrett on 16 Aug 1858 in Harrison County.

John Thompson is buried near Tenmile Creek near Brown, possibly in the old cemetery where his son is buried. He came from Culpepper Co., VA, in 1834 and settled on the Daniel Whiteman place on Coons Run. Frances is buried at Salt Well, West Virginia. [20]Frances or “Fanny” was living with her son, Lorenzo, at the 1870 census.
Thompson researcher, James McIntyre, thinks they settled briefly in Hampshire Co. after moving from Culpepper Co. A message on the Fauquier Co. list by Debbie Malic stated they moved to Harrison Co. around 1830 and that John G. Thompson was born Rockingham Co., VA.

THOMAS GRAY and MARTHA or PATTY PAYNE


Thomas Gray was b. abt. 1770 in Fauquier County, Virginia and d. abt. 1811 in Fauquier County.
He md. Martha or Patty Payne dau. of John Payne Sr. and Floweree on 30 Jan 1792 in Fauquier County. She was born abt.1771 in Fauquier County and survived her husband. Children: Frances T. and others.

Patty is a nickname for Martha. Augustine Payne was the bondsman for this marriage. He is probably her brother as he is listed in John Payne’s will. ; Thomas Gray first appeared in the Fauquier tax list in 1787 and was taxed thru 1791. There were several adult male Gray's in Fauquier Co. in 1787, but Thomas was the only one on the "B" tax list. Alcock from Fauquier Families identifies this list as in the northwest district of the county; tax was taken by Edward Humston in 1791. In 1791, Thomas Gray was on the "H" list.
--- still Edward Humston"s district. [22]

[20] Harrison County Genealogical Records collected by Guy Tetrick
[21] Fauquier County, Virginia Will Book 5, p.203.
[22]John Alcock, Fauquier Families,1759-1799 (Athens, Georgia: Iberian Publishing company c1994, 2001)

JOHN PAYNE and MISS FLOWEREE

John Payne was b. abt. 1736 in , King George County, Virginia, son of William Payne and Mary Jones. He d. in Apr or May 1811 in , Fauquier County, Virginia.
He prob. md. abt. 1757, a Miss Floweree, dau. Of Daniel Floweree of Salem (now Marshall) County, Virginia. Children: William, Augustine, Daniel Floweree, Martha or Patty, Molly and Susannah.

John was SAID to have married a Miss Floweree, dau. of Daniel Floweree of Salem, now Marshall, Fauquier County, Virginia. No evidence of this marriage other than a son named Daniel Floweree.
I have a book of abstracts of Fauquier Co wills 1800-1865. According to this book, John Payne's will was written 25 Apr 1811 and probated 27 May 1811. His wife was mentioned, but not named. Children named were William, Augustine, [Daniel] Floweree, Patty, Molly, and Susannah. Witnesses were Joseph Chilton and Wm. G. Johnston.[23]
When the assets of the estate were distributed in Feb 1812, they were divided among Daniel F. Payne, William Payne of John, Reuben Gutridge, Augustine Payne, William Payne of Francis, and Patty Gray.[She was married to Thomas Gray by this time].[24]
Alcock identifies several John Payne's prior to 1800 in Fauquier. The one that seems likely to be the above John is John Payne Sr., who, in 1767 obtained a lease in the manor of Leeds for three lives -- his own life and his sons William and Augustine. The lease was for 100 a. on the southwest side of Cobler Mountain in Fauquier County. He was also in the 1770 rent roll.

[23]Fauquier County, Virginia will Book 5, p. 203.
[24]Brooke Payne, The Paynes of Virginia, (Harrisonburg, Virginia: C.J. Carrier, 1977)

[31] WILL OF WILLIAM SPARKS (DIED 1788)
OF FAYETTE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(Editor's Note: This copy has been made from a photostat of the original will of 7 William Sparks (died 1788) on file among the probate records of Fayette County, Pennsylvania. An attempt has been made to copy the spelling, capitalization, and punctuation exactly as they appear on the original.)

In the Name of God Amen, I William Sparks of Franklin Township Fayette County & State of Pennsylvania Being Weak in Body but of Sound Memory & mind blessed be god for the same: Do make & Publish this my Last Will & Testament in Form Following (that is to say) First I Gitve & Bequeath unto my beloved Wife Rachel Sparks During her Natural Life My Mansion house where I now live & the Use of all the Improved Land & Woodland to the Amount of One hundred And forty five Acres on that End of my Place that is Improved She is to School & Bring up my son James Sparks & Daughters Rachel Sparks Margaret Sparks Elizabeth Sparks Sarah Sparks & my son John Sparks; I will & Bequeath to my Eldest Son Isaac Sparks one hundred Acres of Land on the South Side of the Great Road joining the Lands of Joseph Barker & also one Young Bay Mare & my Sadle & Gunn & Two Cows & a bed & Beding. I will & Bequeath to my Daughter Ann Sparks one Black Mare a Saddle & Bridle also a feather Bed & Beding & Two Cows I Will & Bequeath to my Second son William Sparks one hundred Acres of Land upon North East End of my place joining the land of John Allen & Edward Parish & also a Yearling Colt of a Bay Coulor & Two Milk Cows & I will and Bequeath to my third Son James Sparks the one half of that part of my Place that Remains after the Other Two hundred Acres of is Taken ofn [sic], and I will & Bequeath to my Son John Sparks all the Residue of My lands I further I Will [sic] that each of the Above Legacies be made good as Soon as the Legatees are of Age & I further will that all the Remainder of my Personall Estate be Distributed Amongst my Little Girls as their Mother shall think Right & I further Will that Each of my sons Shall pay an Equal Share Toward their mothers Support (provided She Should Survive my Son John Sparks being of Age - - And I Do hereby Appoint my son Isaac Sparks & John Allen Esquire Executors of this my Last Will & Testament hereby Revoking former Wills by me made In Witness where of I have hereunto Set my hand & Seal this Twenty fourth Day of March in the Year our Lord [sic] One Thousand Seven hundred & Eighty Eight.

his
[signed], William Sparks X (Seal)
mark

Signed Sealed published & declared by the above named William Sparks to be his Last Will & Testament in the presence of us Who have hereunto Subscribed our names as Witness in Presence of the Testator

[signed] John Gibson
his
Patrick Brannon 0
mark
her
Mary Underhill 0
mark

Fayette County Ss
The Sixth Day of May Anno Domini 1788 Before me personally came Patrick Brannon & Mary Underhill two of the Signing Witnesses to the foregoing last Will & Testament and on their Solemn Oaths being Separately Examined declare they Saw & heard the said William Sparks Sign & Acknowledge the same as his last Will and Testament & that they saw John gibson Sign the same as a Witness & that they Signed it in the presence of the Testator as Witnesses thereto also iri the Presence of each other.

Witness my Hand the same Day [signed] Alexander McClean

Inventory Returned 22 0~t 1791

Memorandum--That Letters Testamentary in Common Form were granted unto Isaac Sparks and John Allen Esq. same day Inventory to be exhibited the 6th day of June next And an Accurate Calculation and Reckoning on the sixth day of May 1789 thereunto Lawfully required.

NOTES ON WILLIAM SPARKS (DIED 1788)

By Russell E. Bidlack

Fayette County, where William Sparks was living at the time of his death in 1788, is located in the southwest corner of Pennsylvania; it borders West Virginia on the south, Green County, Pennsylvania, on the west, Washington and Westmore land Counties on the north, and Somerset County on the east. Franklin Township is in the northern portion of Fayette County; Redstone Creek separates it from Redstone Township on the south-east. The following additional townships adjoin Franklin Township: Menallen, also on the south-east; North Union on the south; Dunbar on the west; Lower Tyrone and Perry on the north, and Jefferson on the north-west. The Youghiogheny River flows between Franklin Township and Lower Tyrone Township.

Fayette County was created in 1783, being cut off that year from Westmoreland County; Westmoreland County had been created in 1773, being cut off that year from Bedford County.

Volume 3 of the Horn Papers compiled by W. F. Horn and published in 1945, consists of detailed maps of the original farms in Fayette, Greene, and Washington Counties. These maps were drawn by Mr. Horn on the basis of the original warrantees and patentees. William Sparks's farm, which he described in his will, is clearly shown on Horn's map of Franklin Township. (A portion of this map showing William Sparks's farm and the farms around him has been copied and appears on the following page.)

A number of the farms in the area where William Sparks lived were given names by their owners. William Sparks called his tract of land 'Choice.' The custom of giving names to tracts of land was common in Maryland and those settlers in Pennsylvania who followed this custom were often from Maryland. For this and other reasons, it seems highly probable that William Sparks was originally from Maryland.

The farm which William Sparks describes in his will comprised 345 and 3/4 acres; the warrant far this land was dated April 8, 1785, and it was surveyed on October 21, 1785. Horn added that it was patented to Hugh Shotwell et al on March 16, 1806. (Perhaps Hugh Shotwell had married one of Sparks's daughters.)

William Sparks' s farm was located on the far southwest side of Franklin Township; Redstone Creek flowed through the farm of Joseph Barker which adjoined Sparks's farm on the southwest. Farms owned by the following individuals adjoined the farm owned by William Sparks:
On the south, Henry Grier.
On the southwest, Joseph Barker (by 1829 this was owned by Edward Jordun)
On the west, Elijah Barkley (by 1810 this was owned by Jonathan Sharpless)
Also on the west, James McCormick (by 1791 this was owned by William Ross)
On the north, John Wilkin.
On the north-east, John Allen.
Also on the north-east, Sparks's farm barely touched the land of Job Russell.
On the east, Theophilus Phillips (by 1799 this was owned by John Gibson)
On the south-east, James Rittenhouse.

Other close neighbors of William Sparks were: Robert Tate, Isaac Hill, James Dunlap, Thomas Grier, John M. Austin, Matthew McCoy, Thomas Muir, Jonathan Addis, Daniel Wetzel, George Wetzel, Isaac Quick, John Lowrey, and John Shotwell.

Little is known regarding the farm on which William Sparks lived other than its location and the fact that William Sparks received the warrant for it in 1785. In all probability, however, be had lived on this land for a number of years prior to his receiving the warrant. The section of Pennsylvania in which William Sparks lived was claimed by both Pennsylvania and Virginia prior to the American Revolution, and it was only after the war with Great Britain was ended that Congress ruled that the area belonged to Pennsylvania. It was only then that Warrants were finally issued to settlers by the state of Pennsylvania.

Few records have been found pertaining to the ownership of William Sparks's farm following his death in 1788. On August 30, 1796, William's son, 7.3 James Sparks, sold the 80 acres which he bad inherited as his portion of his father's farm to Joe Hill for 200 pounds. James Sparks was identified in this deed (recorded in Fayette County Deed Book E, page 121) as 'of Mason County, Kentucky'; James's wife is called Anna Sparks (also Annie Sparks) in this deed, and the 80 acres are described as being 'on Redstone Creek' and adjoining Richard Phillips, Joseph Barker, Elizabeth Barkley, and James's brother, 7.8 John Sparks. The witnesses were Hugh Shotwell, Richard Phillips, and Edward Jordan.

Two other references have been found among the official records of Fayette County which pertain to children of William Sparks. When William's daughter, 7.4 Rachel Sparks, was fourteen years old, she requested the court to appoint Edward Hall as her guardian. (Hall's farm was located on Redstone Creek, a few farms below that of William Sparks.) There is the possibility that Rachel Sparks, William's widow, had married Edward Hall.

On March 25, 1799, John Allen petitioned the Orphan' s Court of Fayette County to have a guardian appointed for John Sparks, whom he described in his petition as a minor who 'hath a Certain Tract of Land Left to him by his Father William Sparks Deceased, which Land is very much Abused &c & said lad having been Exceedingly hurt by a Wound he Received the Beginning of this last Winter.' Allen suggested that either David Arnold or James Byers be chosen as guardian, but no-record has been found to reveal what action was taken.

William Sparks was a militia officer at the time of the American Revolution. By January 3, 1778, he was Captain of the First Company of the Fourth Battalion of the Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, Militia. (Note that until 1783, the area that became Fayette County was included in Westmoreland County.) According to the Pennsylvania Archives, 6th Series, Vol. 2, p. 306, William Sparks was elected and commissioned captain on January 3, 1778. The colonel in command was named Davis. In the book called Frontier Defense in the Upper Ohio, 1777-1778, Vol. III, Draper Series, by Reuben Gold Thwaites and Louise P. Kellogg, published by the Wisconsin Historical Society in 1912, page 305, there is a muster roll 'of Wèstmoreland Militia ordered out on an expedition to Indian Country by Brigadier General Edward Hand commanded by Col. Alex Barr from 10 February to 10 March 1778'; here, also, Captain William Sparks and Company are listed in the 4th Battalion. Another reference appears on page 335 of the Pennsylvania Archives, 6th Series, Vol. 2; this is a payroll of the Westmoreland County Militia for a mission which had lasted for 10 days, from October 16, 1781, to October 25, 1781; here also William Sparks is listed as a Captain.

There are a number of references in the years following the American Revolution to Sparks Fort in some instances it was called Sparks Blockhouse. According to The Indian Wars of Pennsylvania by C. Hale Sipe, published in 1931, Sparks Blockhouse 'was erected about the beginning of the Revolutionary War in Perry Township, Fayette County.' In the Report of the Commission to Locate the Sites of the Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania, published in 1896 by the State Printing Office, Vol. 2, pages 396-397, Sparks Fort is identified as 'on the south side of the Youghiogheny' and is mentioned 'as one of the places where the people of one of the districts into which Westmoreland County was divided for the election of a representative in the convention of 1776 to form a Constitution met and held their election.' The authors go on to state that Sparks Fort 'was near Burn's Ford in what is now Perry Township.' Among the Draper Papers in the Wisconsin State Historical Library is an interview which Draper had with John Crawford who recalled that he had settled in the 'Red Stone country in 1772;' by this he meant he had settled along Redstone Creek which flowed through the farm adjoining that of William Sparks. Crawford stated that the Indians did a great deal of mischief in 1777 and that his family had lived during that time 'In Sparks's Fort.' (Crawford explained that the reason the creek was named Redstone was that the Indians had got the red paint from there which they used for war paint.)

It would seem very probable that Sparks Fort was named for Captain William Sparks, although it was located, apparently, in Perry Township while we know that William Sparks's farm was located in Franklin Township. These two townships do adjoin, however.

The tax list of 1783 for Franklin Township, Westmoreland County (now in Fayette County) has been preserved and has been published in the Pennsylvania Archives, Series, Vol. 22. On page 388, William Sparks is listed as taxed on 300 acres of land, 2 horses, 3 cattle, and 7 sheep. It is also stated that there were 9 white inhabitants in his household. On this same tax list there is an Isaac Sparks listed as taxed on 100 acres, 1 horse, 3 cattle, and 6 sheep. In Isaac's household there were 7 white inhabitants. It seems highly unlikely that this Isaac Sparks could have been William' son, since Isaac was only fifteen years old in 1783. Only William Sparks appeared on the 1785 tax list (page 548) and on the 1786 tax list (page 601). Perhaps the name Isaac Sparks was incorrectly copied from the 1783 tax list and was intended for someone else.

Although conclusive documentary evidence has not been found, there is strong circumstantial evidence, and the writer of these notes is convinced that Captain William Sparks (died 1788) of Franklin Township, Fayette County, is the same William Sparks who was living on Coxes Creek near the present site of Somerset in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, in 1771. (Somerset County adjoins Fayette County on the east; in 1771 both were included in Bedford County.) Our limited information regarding William Sparks on Coxes Creek is found in the published extracts of a diary kept by Herman Husband, a rather famous Quaker from North Carolina, who settled on Coxes Creek in 1771. Unfortunately, the diary was lost in a fire many years ago, so we must rely only on portions of it that had been published earlier. In 1906, before the diary was burned, extracts were published in a History of Somerset County by Welfley. According to this account, Husband greatly opposed slavery, and the governor of North Carolina (Tryon) became so angry with his agitation against slavery that he called for his arrest. Husband fled North Carolina, and he eventually appeared on Coxes Creek in what is now Somerset County, Pennsylvania. This creek had been named for Isaac Cox, a native of Cecil County, Maryland, and Cox and Husband had once been friends. According to the Husband diary, he arrived at this creek on June 6, 1771.

Upon his arrival on Coxes Creek, Herman Husband found a small cabin roofed with bark and grass; since a storm was coming up, he entered the cabin and spent the night. He wrote the following in his diary the next day: 'I passed the night very comfortably, and awoke about dawn. The rain had subsided, but the atmosphere was dense with fog and twilight lingered around my couch. I lay for some time watching the increase of day as the light forced its way through each crevice in the hut, until I could at length distinguish objects and the interior arrangements of my sleeping room. The first and most agreeable sight was a half-dozen of venison hams that were suspended from the ridge pole of the roof. This at once removed my apprehensions of suffering for want of food, even if the hunter did not soon return. In another place was a heavy rifle, hung on wooden hooks fastened to the sides of the cabin. In one corner stood a hoe and an axe, and above them hung a pair of steel traps. A bundle of skins rolled up in another place made up the principal amount of stock on hand at this time.'

Husband later noted in his diary that the owner of the cabin appeared the following noon and that the owner' s name was WILLIAM SPARKS. Sparks told Husband that Isaac Cox lived about three miles to the northwest, but that Cox had just left for a week of hunting. In his diary, Husband referred to Sparks and Cox as hunters, and the implication is that Sparks had come from Maryland as had Cox. Other individuals mentioned in the diary as being neighbors of Sparks and Cox were three brothers named Wright, Quilla White, John Penrod, Sr. & Jr., John Vansel, Peter Bucher, Wilson, Wills, Purzley, and Rhoads. Since Husband was running away from arrest, he asked Sparks not to reveal his name, suggested that he introduce him as 'Tuscape Death,' but Sparks called him the 'Old Quaker' instead.

We learn through Husband's diary that William Sparks, Isaac Cox, and the other settlers on Coxes Creek were interested primarily in trapping beaver. He did note that Sparks had a good patch of potatoes, however. He also noted that in the fall of 1771, Sparks and Cox made a journey to Bedford Village (which is now the seat of justice of Bedford County) and there learned that their settlement would be part of the new County of Bedford, and that other settlers would soon be coming in. Cox then sold his camp to Husband, and William Sparks made plans to move further west. Husband quoted Sparks as saying: 'It is just as Cox said, as soon as settlers come the beaver will leave, and I don't care to follow them any further.'

In the Spring of 1772, according to Husband's diary, William Sparks, the two Penrods (father and son), and John Vansel, loaded up their stock of beaver and deer skins and left 'for his annual visit to the settlements.' When Sparks came back, Husband noted that he brought with him a mare which he had bought and some cattle that he had purchased from a man named Stoner who lived on the Juniata River in what is now Huntingdon County. Then in the fall of 1772, Mrs. Husband joined her husband and William Sparks went to fetch his wife. Mrs. Husband and Mrs. Sparks were the only women in the settlement that winter. Mrs. Husband had five children by that time, but no mention is made of any Sparks children nor is the first name of Mrs. Sparks ever mentioned in the portion of Husband's diary that was published before it was lost.

According to Husband's diary, during the winter of 1773 one of the parents of Mrs. Sparks died, leaving family matters in such shape that it was decided that William Sparks and his wife should move to the homestead in the Juniata country. Husband then purchased his improvements and Sparks is mentioned no more in the diary.

It is the belief of the present writer (R.E.B.) that sometime after 1773, William Sparks moved from his father-in-law's homestead 'in the Juniata country' to what became Franklin Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania, a distance of about 70 miles. There is also reason to believe that the maiden name of Mrs. Sparks was Stoner. Husband stated in his diary that Sparks had purchased his cattle from a man named Stoner. We have also found a deed recorded in Bedford County (Book C, p. 133) dated June 26, 1770, by which William Sparks sold to Fillip Stoner, late of Cannegojigg (?) Settlement, Tanner, for five shillings 'my right to application dated 6 February 1767 for 100 acres on South side Juniata, including my improvement, in Cumberland County.'

William Sparks died sometime between March 24, 1788, the day on which he made his will, and May 6, 1788, the day on which the will was filed for probate. He was probably very ill when he decided he should make his will. Two years later, when the 1790 census was taken, William Sparks's widow, Rachel Sparks, was listed as 'Widow Sparks'; her household was enumerated as consisting of 1 male over 16 years of age; 2 males under 16, and 5 females. She herself would have been one of the females, leaving 4 daughters. Since William Sparks named 5 daughters in his will, we may assume that one had probably married by 1790. The male over 16 would have been the son, 7.2 William Jr., and the 2 males under 16 were 7.3 James and 7.8 John. The oldest son, 7.1 Isaac Sparks, had married by 1790 and was living in his own home near his mother. Isaac's household was enumerated as consisting of one male over 16 (himself) and one female (probably his wife).

We have searched the 1800, the 1810, and 1820 census records of Fayette County and in none of these are there persons named Sparks in Franklin Township. There were Sparkses in Washington Township, but that family came from New Jersey and was in no way connected with the family of William Sparks in Franklin Twp. Rachel Sparks, widow of William, may have re-married prior to 1800, or perhaps she had died. Since only the heads of households were named in census reports prior to 1850, she might have been living with a married daughter in 1800. (See the Quarterly of December, 1964, Vol. XII, No. 4, Whole No. 48, pages 865-872, for material on the Washington Township Sparks family.)

It would seem that none of the sons of William Sparks remained permanently in Franklin Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania.

From William Sparks's will, we know that he had four sons (7.1 Isaac, William, James, and John) and five daughters (7.4 Rachel, 7.5 Margaret, 7.6 Elizabeth, 7.7 Sarah, and 7.9 Ann).

7.1 Isaac Sparks, eldest son of William and Rachel Sparks, was born, according to the inscription on his tombstone, on November 24, 1768, and he died in or near Cincinnati, Ohio, on August 21, 1834. The will of Isaac Sparks was printed in the Quarterly of June 1962 (Vol. X, No. 2, Whole No. 38, p. 657) and additional notes appeared in the Quarterly of September 1966 (Vol. XIV, No. 3, Whole No. 55, pp. 1009-1010). A descendant of Isaac Sparks, Buell McCash of Columbia, Missouri, descends from Isaac's eldest daughter, Elizabeth (born 1793, died 1825) who married James McCash (1788-1871). Mr. McCash owns the Bible which Isaac Sparks purchased, according to a notation made at the time, in Cincinnati in the year 1819. Isaac had settled in springfield Township, Hamilton County, Ohio, by the spring of 1818. He was a justice of the peace there from 1818 to 1820. Isaac Sparks married Sarah Hankins (or Hawkins) who died on December 17, 1825; she was called Sally. Isaac later married as his second wife Sarah who died on March 14, 1839, aged 31 years and 5 months.

We have no references to 7.2 William Sparks, second son of William Sparks other than the reference to him in 1788 in his father's will.

7.3 James Sparks, third son of William and Rachel Sparks, had married Anna and was living in Mason County, Kentucky, in 1796 when he sold a portion of his father's farm. There are references to James Sparks among the land records of Mason County as late as 1807, but we have not been able to locate him in subsequent records.

The fourth son of William and Rachel Sparks was named 7.8 John. As noted earlier, a neighbor named John Allen petitioned the Orphans' Court of Fayette County on March 25, 1799, to have a guardian appointed for John, still a minor at that time, and he referred to the fact that John had been injured in some way the previous winter. We have no further record of John Sparks in Franklin Township, but when the 1810 census of German Township, Fayette County, was taken, a John Sparks was listed as aged between 16 and 26 (born 1784-1794). In his household was a female aged 16 to 26 (born 1784-1794) and two females under 10 years (born 1800-1810). German Township borders Redstone and Menallen Townships on southwest and is only about ten miles from Franklin Township. What became of John Sparks after 1810 is not known.

Nothing is known of the five daughters of William Sparks, although a query appeared in the Hartford Times (C9850-3) a number of years ago asking for the parentage of Nancy Sparks who had been born in 1772 and had married George Beal (born 1767) who died in Guernsey County, Ohio. In this query it was stated that 'Nancy has been called daughter of William and Rachel Sparks, also of John Sparks, Jr.' In his will, of course, William Sparks did not name a daughter as Nancy, but his daughter Ann could have been called Nancy.

Although additional information on William Sparks (died. 1788) will probably be found, it has been thought wise to publish these notes at this time in the hope that someone may obtain clues from then to enable us to provide a more complete record at a later date.

http://www.sparksfamilyassn.org/pages/061-D.html

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[32] East Huntingdon Township, PO Box 9, Alverton PA 15612; phone: 724-887-6141.

Beginnings [1]

East Huntingdon Township was formed by a division of the original Huntingdon Township, and was taken from South Huntingdon Township in 1798. Efforts had been made to have this township formed in 1794. It is bounded on the north by Hempfield Township; on the east by Mt. Pleasant Township; on the south by Fayette County, and on the west by South Huntingdon Township. The township is almost entirely underlaid with a rich and productive seam of bituminous coal.

The first settlers in the township were Scotch-Irish who came from the eastern part of Pennsylvania. Among them were John Vance, a magistrate for many years; William and Franklin Vance, and the Fosters, Barrs, Cochrans, McClains and McCormicks. After these first settlers, that is about 1800, came many Germans belonging to the Mennonite church, who also came from the eastern part of the state. They were thrifty farmers and brought with them good supplies of live stock and farming implements. They purchased much of the land that had formerly been owned by the Scotch-Irish pioneers, and opened up many new tracts which had not yet been purchased from the state. These settled largely between Stonerville and the Fayette County line. It is estimated that the members of this one denomination owned twenty-five thousand acres of land near and surrounding Stonerville. Among their leading men were such names as Overholt, Funk, Stauffer, Welty, Dillinger, Strohm, Ruth, Shupe, Sherrick Loucks, Mumaw, Stoner, Fretts, Fox, etc., many of whose descendants are yet residents of this community. The Lutheran and Reformed settlers were located mostly in the northwestern part of East Huntingdon Township. Among them were Mark Leighty, Henry Lowe, Henry Null, Joseph Suter, Nicholas Swope, and also the Altmans, Klines, Harbaughs, Ruffs, Snyders, Hunkers, etc.

One of the oldest families in the township is the Stauffer family, and it has given its name to Stauffer's Run, a stream which flows from near Stonerville and empties into Jacob's Creek near Scottdale. Abraham Stauffer came from Bucks County, and settled near Scottdale. He died July 9, 1851.

Another early family were the Sterretts, who resided near Scottdale. They were related to Daniel Boone, the first settler of Kentucky. Boone once came to this region and passed several days visiting his relatives, the Sterretts in their cabin home in the southwestern part of the county.

The early schools of East Huntingdon Township were similar to those of all other localities in the county. One of the first schoolhouses was built in 1802 on the Gaut farm, and the school was taught by a German named Leighty.. Other early teachers were John Selby and Peter Showalter. The East Huntingdon Township took early action with regard to the free school system. They held an election at the house of Peter Pool, on September 19, 1834, at which they elected Jacob Tinsman, Jacob Overholt, Solomon Luter, Peter Pool, Gasper Tarr and Henry Fretts as directors. These directors met at the house of Christian Fox, on October 6, 1834. After they had, they appointed Jacob Tinsman as a delegate to meet other delegates in Greensburg on the first Tuesday of November in order that a general system of education might be established in the county. A vote of the citizens was taken at the house of Peter Pool, on May 21, 1836, to decide whether school tax should be levied or not, seventy-four of them voting against tax, and two voting for tax. Nevertheless, the schools were kept open from 1834 until 1837, and directors were elected each year. Another election was then ordered to determine whether the schools should be continued or not. This election was also held at the house of Peter Pool, on the first Tuesday of May, 1837, at which fifty-six voted for no schools and thirtyfour voted for schools, but the law required that in order to defeat the system a majority of the citizens in the district must vote against it, and fifty-six not being by any means a majority of all in the district, the system was adoptod by a minority vote. Shortly after this the school directors divided the township into districts and began to erect school houses, and the East Huntingdon Township has since advanced to one of the leading townships in the county in educational matters.

The Lutheran and Zion's Reformed Church is located about four miles southwest of Mt. Pleasant, and was organized in 1789, but it kept no records that are accessible prior to 1822. The first structure was a log house, and a brick house on the opposite side of the road was built on land of Jacob Leighty in 1862. It has since been improved, and is even yet a comfortable building. This church was organized by Rev. John William Weber. They were afterwards ministered to by Revs. Weinel, Voight, Keafauver, S.K. Levan, C.C. Russell, J.A. Peters, A.J. Heller. D.P. Lady and others. Rev. Weinel took charge in 1817 and continued pastor until 1825. They were often preached to also by Rev. N.P. Hacke, of Greensburg.

The Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1817, in a log structure erected the same year, and it was the only meeting house of this denomination in all that section of the country. The present brick structure was built during the Civil War, on the site of the old church, and is near Scottdale.

The Presbyterian Church at Scottdale was organized in 1874 by Rev. John McMillan. The Trinity Reformed Church was organized July 20, 1873, by Rev. J.B. Leasure. The United Brethren Church was organized in 1874, when they built a neat frame structure, which has since been razed to the ground and supplanted by a very beautiful edifice with a parsonage under the same roof. The Baptist Church of Scottdale was organized April 17, 1875, with Rev. T. Hugus as pastor. The United Presbyterian Church was the first church organized in the new town of Scottdale.

In the town of Stonerville the Mennonites and the Church of God have each old places of worship, and although they have not held their own with other churches in members they are, nevertheless, a most respectable and religious element in the community.

1. Boucher, John N., History of Westmoreland County Pennsylvania, Volume I, The Lewis Publishing Company, New York, 1906.

http://www.livingplaces.com/PA/Westmoreland_County/East_Huntingdon_Township.html


[33] THE MONONGAHELA OF OLD. pp. 200-203


[34] http://www.genealogymagazine.com/sompenin17.html


[35] John Crawford was born December 27, 1744, Aug 17, 1750, May 1750, or 1752 in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. He died Sept 22, 1816 at Iron Ridge, overlooking the Ohio River at the mouth of Brush Creek, in Adams County, Ohio, where he had settled after selling his family farm in Fayette County, PA. He is the only son of Col. William Crawford.

Johns descendants filed for bounty land saying that John was the sole heir of William Crawford. Warrant 8649 for 2037 acres was issued to them Dec. 15, 1838. Information contained in the application is included in the following account of John's descendants. A pulished account can be found in L. A. Burgess, Virginia Soldiers of 1776, Vol. !, pp. 463-465, Reprint Co., Spartanburg, S. C.

Much confusion has been created about John BY THE BOOK OF GRACE EMAHISER, WHO CLAIMED THAT JOHN AND EFFY DID NOT MARRY UNTIL 1797, THAT JOHN SON OF WILLIAM DIED C. 1796, AND THAT MOSES HIS SON LIVED UNTIL 1830. a COMPLETE AND CAREFUL SEARCH OF ADAMS COUNTY AND OTHER RECORDS WILL OF ROBERTA SMITH'S EVIDENCE, WHICH IS NOT INCLUDED HERE FOR SPACE CONSIDERATIONS.

He married twice. It appears to me (Karen Garnett) that John Crawford was first married to Frances Bradford, and she died in PA, probably by 1778. John then married Effie, though official record was lost. She is probably the vivacious Miss Grimes always about the Crawford household in 1775. In 1797 in Adams County, John, for legal reasons had to prove his identity, and Effie is then registered as his wife. It is also possible that there was a common law marriage here, since Col. Wm. in his will makes special mention of "heirs lawfully begotten." Emahiser seems to think that they married as early as 1767.

Much information concerning John's family is preserved in a application for Bounty Land granted Dec 15, 1838. A synopsis of the petition is recorded in L. A. Burgess Virginia Soldiers of 1776, vol. 1, pp. 463-465. (Reprint Co, Spartanburg, S.C. The heirs who made the petition were residents of lewis Co KY, Owens Co KY and Adams Co OH. The following information concerning John's descendants corresponds with the information in that petition.

John's first wife was Frances Bradford, born in Fanquir Co., VA. They were married in 1774, either in Virginia or Pennsylvania. She died in present day Fayette Co. PA after 1790 (if G. W. Crawford is her son)... They had seven children.

Ancestors of Forrest Roger Garnett Page 454.7.


[36] From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford by Grace U. Emahiser, 1969. p. 250.


[37] Named for Norborn (sp) Berkely the colonial Governor of Virginia from 1768 to 1770


[38] Ancestors of Forest Roger Garnett, Page 908.21.


[39] (http://washburnhill.freehomepage.com/custom3.html)


[40] (Maryland State Archives, MSA SC 5300, School Teachers of Early Maryland, Robert Barnes Directory of Ministers and the Maryland Church They Served, Vol. ll, Page 73, citing "Maryland's Established Church", The Church Historical Society for the Diocese of Maryland, Baltimore. Nelson Wait Righmyer, 1956, Page 239.)


[41] Trial by Fire, by Harold Rawlings, page 304.


[42] http://www.kolpack.com/packnet/prussia.html


[43] http://christianparty.net/jewsexpelled.htm


[44] [1] http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/polish.html


[45] [1] http://www.polishroots.com/genpoland/polhistory.htm


[46] [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia#Kingdom_of_Prussia


[47] http://www.jewishgen.org/krsig/articles/GeographicHistory.htm


[48] Timetable of Cherokee Removal.


[49] [1] http://www.polishroots.com/genpoland/polhistory.htm


[50] The Washington-Crawford Letters, C. W. Butterfield


[51] (http://washburnhill.freehomepage.com/custom3.html)


[52] On This Day in America by John Wagman.


[53] http://www.sparksfamilyassn.org/pages/061-D.html


[54] http://www.bessel.org/datemas.htm


[55] Klu Klux Klan: A Secret History.1998 HIST.


[56] [1] Gedenkbuch, Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945. 2., wesentlich erweiterte Auflage, Band II G-K, Bearbeitet und herausgegben vom Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, 2006, pg. 1033-1035,.{2}Der judishchen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus “Ihre Namen mogen nie vergessen werden!”

[57] William T. Rigby, compiler, “Proceedings and Roster of the Second Reunion of the Twenty-forth Iowas Volunteers, held at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Thursday, December 17, 1885” 9PRINTED BY Chas. L. Longly at Tipton, Iowas, 1886, pp. 1-33.


[58] Roster and Record, Vol. AIII, p. 795-0899; Wiley, Life of Billy Yank, pp. 296-303.

( The History of the 24th Iowa Infantry by Harvey H Kimball, August 1974, page 212.)

[59] Roster and Record, Vol. AIII, p. 795-0899; ( The History of the 24th Iowa Infantry by Harvey H Kimball, August 1974, page 212.)

[60] Roster and record, Vol. III, p. 795-899.


[61] Neither the Union nor the Confederacy was able to dominate Missouri and lower Kansas, so lawlessness reigned. Amon the infamous men who rose to partisan leadership at this time was William Anderson, known as “Bloody Bill,” a murderer, cattle rustler, and highwayman. The Civil War 2010 Calendar.


[62] Roster and Record, Vol. AIII, p. 795-0899; ( The History of the 24th Iowa Infantry by Harvey H Kimball, August 1974, page 213.)

[63] Fox, Regimental Losses in the Civil War, p. 412 ( The History of the 24th Iowa Infantry by Harvey H Kimball, August 1974, page 214-218.)


[64] Hesseltine, Lincoln and the War Governors, p. 203 ( The History of the 24th Iowa Infantry by Harvey H Kimball, August 1974, page 218-219.)

65] ( The History of the 24th Iowa Infantry by Harvey H Kimball, August 1974, page 219-220.)

[66] Descendants of Elias Gutleben, Alice Email, May 2010.

67] Descendants of Elias Gutleben, Alice Email, May 2010.

[68] Buck Creek Parish, The Department of Rural Work of The Board of Home Missions and Church Extension of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1919, page 2-3.

[69] There goes the neighborhood: Rural School Consolidation a the Grass Roots in Early Twentieth Century Iowa, by David R. Reynolds, page 162.

[70] 365 Fascinating Facts about the Holy Land by Clarence H. Wagner, Jr.

[71] 365 Fascinating Facts about the Holy Land by Clarence H. Wagner, Jr.

[72] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1775