This Day in Goodlove History, December 25
Jeff Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), and Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clarke, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,and ancestors Andrew Jackson, and William Henry Harrison.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
• • Books written about our unique DNA include:
• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.
“Jacob’s Legacy, A Genetic View of Jewish History” by David B. Goldstein, 2008.
Birthday: Nancy A. Godlove Taylor 182
Anniversary: Inez Jones and George E. Booth 94
December 17-25, 217: Saturnalia
By the beginning of December, writes Columella, the farmer should have finished his autumn planting (De Re Rustica, III.14). Now, at the time of the winter solstice (December 25 in the Julian calendar), Saturnus, the god of seed and sowing, was honored with a festival. The Saturnalia officially was celebrated on December 17 (XVI Kal. Jan.) and, in Cicero's time, lasted seven days, from December 17-23. Augustus limited the holiday to three days, so the civil courts would not have to be closed any longer than necessary, and Caligula extended it to five (Suetonius, XVII; Cassius Dio, LIX.6), which Claudius restored after it had been abolished (Dio, LX.25). Still, everyone seems to have continued to celebrate for a full week, extended, says Macrobius (I.10.24), by celebration of the Sigillaria, so named for the small earthenware figurines that were sold then.
Macrobius, in his Saturnalia, creates an imaginary symposium among pagan intellectuals in which he offers an explanation for the varying length of the holiday. Originally, it was celebrated on only one day, the fourteenth before the Kalends of January. With the Julian reform of the calendar, however, two days were added to December, and the Saturnalia was celebrated sixteen days before the Kalends (December 17), "with the result that, since the exact day was not commonly known—some observing the addition which Caesar had made to the calendar and others following the old usage—the festival came to be regarded as lasting for more days than one" (I.10.2). The original day now was given over to the Opalia, honoring Ops, who personified abundance and the fruits of the earth, and was the consort of Saturn. As the two deities represented the produce of the fields and orchards, so they also were thought to represent heaven and earth. It was for this reason, says Macrobius (I.10.20), that the two festivals were celebrated at the same time, the worshipers of Ops always sitting in prayer so that they touched the earth, mother of all.
In the Roman calendar, the Saturnalia was designated a holy day, or holiday, on which religious rites were performed. Saturn, himself, was identified with Kronos, and sacrificed to according to Greek ritual, with the head uncovered. The Temple of Saturn, the oldest temple recorded by the pontiffs, had been dedicated on the Saturnalia, and the woolen bonds which fettered the feet of the ivory cult statue within were loosened on that day to symbolize the liberation of the god. It also was a festival day. After sacrifice at the temple, there was a public banquet, which Livy says was introduced in 217 BC (there also may have been a lectisternium, a banquet for the god in which its image is placed in attendance, as if a guest). Afterwards, according to Macrobius (I.10.18), the celebrants shouted Io, Saturnalia at a riotous feast in the temple.
The Saturnalia was the most popular holiday of the Roman year. Catullus (XIV) describes it as "the best of days," and Seneca complains that the "whole mob has let itself go in pleasures" (Epistles, XVIII.3). Pliny the Younger writes that he retired to his room while the rest of the household celebrated (Epistles, II.17.24). It was an occasion for celebration, visits to friends, and the presentation of gifts, particularly wax candles (cerei), perhaps to signify the returning light after the solstice, and sigillaria. Martial wrote Xenia and Apophoreta for the Saturnalia. Both were published in December and intended to accompany the "guest gifts" which were given at that time of year. Aulus Gellius relates that he and his Roman compatriots would gather at the baths in Athens, where they were studying, and pose difficult questions to one another on the ancient poets, a crown of laurel being dedicated to Saturn if no-one could answer them (Attic Nights, XVIII.2).
During the holiday, restrictions were relaxed and the social order inverted. Gambling was allowed in public. Slaves were permitted to use dice and did not have to work. Instead of the toga, less formal dinner clothes (synthesis) were permitted, as was the pileus, a felt cap normally worn by the manumitted slave that symbolized the freedom of the season. Within the family, a Lord of Misrule was chosen. Slaves were treated as equals, allowed to wear their masters' clothing, and be waited on at meal time in remembrance of an earlier golden age thought to have been ushered in by the god. In the Saturnalia, Lucian relates that "During My week the serious is barred; no business allowed. Drinking, noise and games and dice, appointing of kings and feasting of slaves, singing naked, clapping of frenzied hands, an occasional ducking of corked faces in icy water—such are the functions over which I preside."
This equality was temporary, of course. Petronius speaks of an impudent slave, who had burst out laughing, being asked whether it was December yet (Satyricon, LVIII). Dio writes of Aulus Plautius cajoling his troops in his invasion of Britain. But they hesitated, "indignant at the thought of carrying on a campaign outside the limits of the known world." Only when they were entreated by a former slave dispatched by Claudius did they relent, shouting Io, Saturnalia (LX.19.3).
If a time of merriment, the season also was an occasion for murder. The Catiline conspirators intended to fire the city and kill the Senate on the Saturnalia, when many would be preoccupied with the celebration. Caracalla plotted to murder his brother then, and Commodus was strangled in his bath on New Year's eve.
At the end of the first century AD, Statius still could proclaim: "For how many years shall this festival abide! Never shall age destroy so holy a day! While the hills of Latium remain and father Tiber, while thy Rome stands and the Capitol thou hast restored to the world, it shall continue" (Silvae, I.6.98ff). And the Saturnalia did continue to be celebrated as Brumalia (from bruma, "the shortest day," winter solstice) down to the Christian era, when, by the middle of the fourth century AD, its festivities had become absorbed in the celebration of Christmas.
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217 B.C.: Saturnalia underwent a major reform in 217 BC, after the Battle of Lake Trasimene, when the Romans suffered one of their most crushing defeats by Carthage during the Second Punic War. Until that time, they had celebrated the holiday according to Roman custom (more Romano). It was after a consultation of the Sibylline books that they adopted "Greek rite", introducing sacrifices carried out in the Greek manner, the public banquet, and the continual shouts of io Saturnalia that became characteristic of the celebration.[51] Cato the Elder (234–149 BC) was aware of a time before the so-called "Greek" elements had been added to the Roman Saturnalia.[52] It was not unusual for the Romans to offer cult to the gods of other nations in the hope of redirecting their favor (see evocatio), and the Second Punic War in particular created pressures on Roman society that led to a number of religious innovations and reforms.[53] Robert E.A. Palmer has argued that the introduction of new rites at this time was in part an effort to appease Ba'al Hammon, the Carthaginian god who was regarded as the counterpart of the Roman Saturn and Greek Cronus.[54] The table service that masters offered their slaves thus would have extended to Carthaginian or African war captives.[55][1]
0 A.D.
There is also a question of the exact timing of Jesus’s birth. Jesus was not born on December 25, in the year zero. We know this because the Monk who devised our calendar in the sixth century, made a mistake in his math when he calculated the first year A.D. [2]
[3]
[4]
Credit: Photographed by Aurel Stein, circa 1910
The Tarim Mummies
During an excavation beneath the Tarim Basin in western China, archaeologists were surprised to discover more than 100 mummified corpses that dated back 2000 years. But a college professor named Victor Mair was downright stupefied when he came skull-to-skull with some of the blonde-haired and long nosed Tarim mummies after they were dug up and put on display at a museum. So in 1993, Mair returned to collect DNA samples from the mummies. Test results ultimately validated his hunch that the bodies were of European genetic stock. While Ancient Chinese texts from as early as the first millennium BC describe groups of far-east dwelling Caucasian people, there is no mention of how or why they ended up there.[5]
2000 YEARS AGO…Visible Only From Above, Mystifying 'Nazca Lines' Discovered in Mideast
Owen Jarus, LiveScience Contributor
Date: 14 September 2011 Time: 10:33 AM ET
The giant stone structures form wheel shapes with spokes often radiating inside. Here a cluster of wheels in the Azraq Oasis.
CREDIT: David D. Boyer APAAME_20080925_DDB-02372
They stretch from Syria to Saudi Arabia, can be seen from the air but not the ground, and are virtually unknown to the public.
They are the Middle East's own version of the Nazca Lines — ancient "geolyphs," or drawings, that span deserts in southern Peru — and now, thanks to new satellite-mapping technologies, and an aerial photography program in Jordan, researchers are discovering more of them than ever before. They number well into the thousands.
Referred to by archaeologists as "wheels," these stone structures have a wide variety of designs, with a common one being a circle with spokes radiating inside. Researchers believe that they date back to antiquity, at least 2,000 years ago. They are often found on lava fields and range from 82 feet to 230 feet (25 meters to 70 meters) across. [See gallery of wheel structures]
"In Jordan alone we've got stone-built structures that are far more numerous than (the) Nazca Lines, far more extensive in the area that they cover, and far older," said David Kennedy, a professor of classics and ancient history at the University of Western Australia.
Kennedy's new research, which will be published in a forthcoming issue of the Journal of Archaeological Science, reveals that these wheels form part of a variety of stone landscapes. These include kites (stone structures used for funnelling and killing animals); pendants (lines of stone cairns that run from burials); and walls, mysterious structures that meander across the landscape for up to several hundred feet and have no apparent practical use.
His team's studies are part of a long-term aerial reconnaissance project that is looking at archaeological sites across Jordan. As of now, Kennedy and his colleagues are puzzled as to what the structures may have been used for or what meaning they held. [History's Most Overlooked Mysteries]
Fascinating structures
Kennedy's main area of expertise is in Roman archaeology, but he became fascinated by these structures when, as a student, he read accounts of Royal Air Force pilots flying over them in the 1920s on airmail routes across Jordan. "You can't not be fascinated by these things," Kennedy said.
Indeed, in 1927 RAF Flight Lt. Percy Maitland published an account of the ruins in the journal Antiquity. He reported encountering them over "lava country" and said that they, along with the other stone structures, are known to the Bedouin as the "works of the old men."
Kennedy and his team have been studying the structures using aerial photography and Google Earth, as the wheels are hard to pick up from the ground, Kennedy said.
"Sometimes when you're actually there on the site you can make out something of a pattern but not very easily," he said. "Whereas if you go up just a hundred feet or so it, for me, comes sharply into focus what the shape is."
The designs must have been clearer when they were originally built. "People have probably walked over them, walked past them, for centuries, millennia, without having any clear idea what the shape was."
(The team has created an archive of images of the wheels from various sites in the Middle East.)
What were they used for?
So far, none of the wheels appears to have been excavated, something that makes dating them, and finding out their purpose, more difficult. Archaeologists studying them in the pre-Google Earth era speculated that they could be the remains of houses or cemeteries. Kennedy said that neither of these explanations seems to work out well.
"There seems to be some overarching cultural continuum in this area in which people felt there was a need to build structures that were circular."
Some of the wheels are found in isolation while others are clustered together. At one location, near the Azraq Oasis, hundreds of them can be found clustered into a dozen groups. "Some of these collections around Azraq are really quite remarkable," Kennedy said.
In Saudi Arabia, Kennedy's team has found wheel styles that are quite different: Some are rectangular and are not wheels at all; others are circular but contain two spokes forming a bar often aligned in the same direction that the sun rises and sets in the Middle East.
The ones in Jordan and Syria, on the other hand, have numerous spokes and do not seem to be aligned with any astronomical phenomena. "On looking at large numbers of these, over a number of years, I wasn't struck by any pattern in the way in which the spokes were laid out," Kennedy said.
Cairns are often found associated with the wheels. Sometimes they circle the perimeter of the wheel, other times they are in among the spokes. In Saudi Arabia some of the cairns look, from the air, like they are associated with ancient burials.
Dating the wheels is difficult, since they appear to be prehistoric, but could date to as recently as 2,000 years ago. The researchers have noted that the wheels are often found on top of kites, which date as far back as 9,000 years, but never vice versa. "That suggests that wheels are more recent than the kites," Kennedy said.
Amelia Sparavigna, a physics professor at Politecnico di Torino in Italy, told Live Science in an email that she agrees these structures can be referred to as geoglyphs in the same way as the Nazca Lines are. "If we define a 'geoglyph' as a wide sign on the ground of artificial origin, the stone circles are geoglyphs," Sparavignawrote in her email.
The function of the wheels may also have been similar to the enigmatic drawings in the Nazca desert. [Science as Art: A Gallery]
"If we consider, more generally, the stone circles as worship places of ancestors, or places for rituals connected with astronomical events or with seasons, they could have the same function of [the] geoglyphs of South America, the Nazca Lines for instance. The design is different, but the function could be the same," she wrote in her email.
Kennedy said that for now the meaning of the wheels remains a mystery. "The question is what was the purpose?"[6]
1 CE: The Greek story of Joseph and Asenath resolves the apparent problem that in Genesis the patriarch Joseph marries the daughter of an Egyptian priest. Here Asanath resolves the apparent problem that in Genesis the patriarch Joseph marries the daughter of an Egyptian priest. Here Asanath embraces the reputedly compassionate, patient God of Joseph before her marriage. The story, in which Asanath’s exemplary conversion brings her immortality, may serve as a tract for proselytes.[7]
1 A.D.
Following the defeat of Babylonia by the Persians, the Jews in exile were allowed to return to their homeland and rebuild their state. Over the next few centuries many Middle Eastern people converted to Judaism, not only in Israel but in the Jewish communities scattered throughout the Middle East. By 1 A.D. the total Jewish population in the Middle East probably exceeded 5 million. [8]
1 C.E.: Popular myth puts Jesus’ birth on December 25th in the year 1 C.E.[9]
[10]
1-200 A.D.: Vessel in the Form of a Clabash, Colima, Mexico, Ceramic and pigment.
[11]
1 to 200 A.D.: Figure of a Dog, Colima, Mexico, Ceramic and pigment.
2,000 years ago…
Compiled by R.S. Bradley and J.A. Eddy based on J.T. Houghton et al., Climate Change: The IPCC Assessment, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990 and published in EarthQuest, vo. 1, 1991. Courtesy of Thomas Crowley, Remembrance of Things Past: Greenhouse Lessons from the Geologic Record[12]
[13]
First Century A.D.
The name of Crawford was created in Scotland sometime during the first century, A.D., when the Roman Conquest was in full swing. The place is known to be along the River Clyde, but more research is needed to pinpoint the exact spot. Since the River Clyde drains several shires, while winding its way northward to meet the Firth of Clyde, it is almost reasonable to choose one of these shires (or counties), preferably Lanarkshire. Here we find the site on which a very ferociaous battle was fought, between the Picks (Scots) and the Romans. During one of the conflicts, a tribe known as the Crow Tribe, engaged in the heaviest warfare, helping to bring a decisive victory in favor of the Scots.
The Romans, during their occupation of the British Islands, built two walls in defense of the Scottish area. One reaching from the Solvay Firth to the River Tyne. The second wall ‘Wall of Pius’ created a barrier between the Firth of Clyde and the Firth of Forth. Here we find our River Clyde and Lanarkshire between the two walls. One has difficulty in realizing the bloodshed caused by the warfare at this time. The Crow Tribe is most likely to have been the thickest of the fight and had no choice in the matter, due to their location in Lanark.
The Crow Tribe rallied and fought under a Crow totem for such they are named. In consideration of the Crow, this noted tribe produced family names as :Crowfoot, Crawfoot, Crawford, Crowford, Crafford, Crauford, ets… The ‘ford’ the climax of the name, represents the ford or crossing at the River Clyde, where some of their bloodiest battles were maneuvered. The Crow Tribe is likely to have been most trampled down, if it had not been for their gallantry and spirit. Thus, the production of brave soldiers by the name of Crawford. Centuries have passed and the Crawford name still ranks among those of outstanding military events of world history.
The Romans left very little in Scotland by which to be remembered. Except for the ruins of the two walls before mentioned and the name of Caledonia; and to this day the Scottish people are often referred to as Caledonians.
The Caledonians suffered plundering, raids and wars at the hands of other nations, from every direction and from exploitations originating on the mainland of Europe. The Gauls, Britons, Celts, Angles, Saxons and Norsemen, all of whom have made an impression on the Scots, until the former Scottish people compared to the Caledonians of today, might never be recognized. It may be stated that the Gayuls have accomplished more in Scotland than any other race. Gaulic influence has endured for generations on the Scottish soil.[14]
4 CE
Roman Emperor Augustus adopt his stepson Tiberius, who has demontrated military capabilities in central and eastern Europe.[15]
5 CE
The retelling of Genesis is composed in Aramaic and is found among the Dead Sea Scrolls. Similar to works such as 1 Ewpoch and Jubilees, the Genesis Apocryphon has Noah born of angels and Abram a healer and dream interpreter.[16]
James was born around 5 A.D. with the rest to follow.[17]
5-6 CE: Joazar ben Boethus ? - 6 CE (Sadducee) under Herodians and Romans.[18]. Joazar (reappointed) high priest of Israel. These local officials were expected to represent Roman interests (as when Joazar persuaded the people not to join in the rebellion in 6 C.E.) and to carry out whatever directives might be issued. [19]’
5 A.D. to 8 CE: When Jesus was about 12 years old he was taken to Jerusalem, where he listened to learned rabbis discuss the Torah, but, as in the case of Moses, we know little else of his childhood and nothing about his early manhood.[1][20]
There is just one mention of boy Jesus and it is only in a single gospel. At age 12 Jesus gets separated from his parents in Jerusalem. They discover him three days later in the temple. “They found him sitting among the teachers…all who heard him were amazed at his understanding…[21]
About 2000 years ago: One day about 2,000 years ago, a non Jew asked the great teach Rabbi Hillil to quickly teach him as much about Judaism as he could. “What is hateful to you, do not do to your neighbor,” Hillil said. “This is the whole of Jewish Law; the rest is commentary. Now go and study it.”[22]
There were alternative movements to Rabbinic Judaism in Rabbi Hillel’s time. Most of these movements for reform or change died out, but one sect would survive and ultimately thrive. As Judaism turned inward to establish the laws that would protect the religion from misinterpretation, this sect would spread outward, eventually becoming the dominant religion of the Roman world.[23]
5-10 A.D: Birth of Saul-Paul at Tarsus in Cilicia.[24]
About 6 A.D. : When Jesus was about 12 years old he was taken to Jerusalem, where he listened to learned rabbis discuss the Torah, but, as in the case of Moses, we know little else of his childhood and nothing about his early manhood.[25] Next to the events surrounding Jesus’ birth, this is the only other event from his childhood recorded in the Bible. Jesus was twelve years old, not quite a man according to Jewish custom, when this event occurred around A.D. 6. Luke 2:41-52.[26]
[27] Pulpit atTrinity Church, Boston MA. Designed by Charles Coolidge, executed by John Evans, 1916
“Every year his parents went to Jerusalem for the Feast of the Passover.[28] When he was twelve years old[29], they went up to the Feast, according to the custom. After the Feast was over, while his parents were returning home, the boy Jesus stayed behind in Jerusalem, thus they were unaware of it.Thinking he was in their company they traveled on for a day. Then they began looking for him among their relatives and friends. When they did not find him, they went back to Jerusalem to look for him. After three days they found him in the temple courts, sitting among the teachers[30], listening to them and asking them questions. Everyone who heard him was amazed at his understanding and his answers. When his parents saw him, they were astonished. His mother said to him, “Son, why have you treated us like this? Your father and I have been anxiously searching for you.”
Why were you searching for me? He asked. “Didn’t you know I had to be in my Father’s house?” But they did not understand what he was saying to them.”[31]
6 CE: Rome annexes Judea and Samaria and conducts census. When Judaea became a province in A.D. 6 and a census was held by Coponius, the first procurator, together with P. Sulpicius Quirinius, legate of Syria, Joazar the high Priest succeeded in persuading the Jews, who resented the census to submit to it quietly, except for a few extremists, who rebelled at the instigation of a Galilean named Judas. When the census was completed, Quirinius deposed Joazar because the people objected to him, and appointed Ananus in his place before leaving the province in Coponius’ care.[32]
6 A.D.: After the banishment of Archelaus to Vienna in Gaul in 6 A.D., the ephemeral rule of Judea by a Herodian ethnarch was replaced by a direct Roman take over. Following the census ordered in the same year by Publius Sulpicius Quirinius of Gospel fame, the legate of Syria, a Roman knight, Coponius, was appointed prefect of Judea, and as much, made directly responsible to the emperor for the military, financial and judicial administration of the region.Thus, despite the real power still possessed by the Sanhedrin and the aristocratic chief priests and Temple officials, Judea could not help but be humiliated by the presence of imperial Rome.[33]
6 CE: Roman Emperor Augustus reorganizes Judea as a Roman province after Samaritans and Judeans adamantly protest the administration of the ethnarch, Herod’s son Archelaus. The capital The capital is moved from Jerusalem to more Hellenized Caesarea. Herod’s other sons, Herod Antipas and Philipo, continue to govern Galilee and Transjordan, respectively.[34]
6 CE:A Roman census frives home the provincial status of Israel and, according to the Jewish Historeian Josephus[35], sparks the seditious Zealot movement. Led by Judah of Gamala and Zadok the Pharisee from Jerusalem, the Zealots see Jewish freedom and hastening trhe reign of God as intertwined goals.[36]
6 BCE: After his death in 4 BC, his son Archelaus was deposed as ruler of Judaea after ten turbulent years. Another son, Philip, inherited Galilee and Paraea. Philip was more successful, and ruled for thirty-three years. About the time of his death, and in the first year of the reign of the emperor Caligula, Joseph ben Matthias was born, scion of an ancient priestly family and son of a mother descended from Israel’s Maccabean kings. [37]
6 A.D.: Annas had officially served as high priest from 6 A.D., until the Romans removed him in 15 A.D.[38]
6 to 15: Ananus ben Seth, High Priest of Israel 6-15 A.D. under Herodians and Romans.[39]. Ananus, son of Seth, appointed high priest (the Annas of the New Testament) by Quirinius served in the post for nine years until some time in the first half of the procuratorship of Gratus, and whose son in law Caiaphas was the last of Gratus’ appointments. Later on, no less than five of his sons also assumed this position on and off until shortly before the war: Eleazar for one year under Gratus; Jonathan for a short time early in 37; Theophilus as Jonathan’s successor until 41; Matthias from 41 to 44; and Ananus in 62.[40]
After 6: The situation after 6 C.E. was, on the one hand, a continuation of what had held true since Herodian times; the high priesthood was not a hereditary position but was determined by outside forces, either the Herodians or the Romans.[41]
6 to 41: From 6 to 41 A.D. the religious leaders of the Jews were appointed by the representatives of the enemy and oppressor, and they could retain their position only by keeping in their good books. [42]
On the other hand, however, the first century priestly leadership was a throwback to pre-Herodian days, when the high priest was the most eminent political and religious figure in the city. The form of leadership that held sway throughout most of the Persian era and flourished in the Hellenistic era was now reintroduced, albeit with the important proviso that ultimate control of this office was in the hands of Rome or its appointees.[43]
December 25, 3rd Century: But Saturn also had a less benevolent aspect. Another of his consorts was Lua, sometimes called Lua Saturni ("Saturn's Lua") and identified with Lua Mater, "Mother Destruction," a goddess in whose honor the weapons of enemies killed in war were burned, perhaps as expiation.[67] Saturn's chthonic nature connected him to the underworld and its ruler Dis Pater, the Roman equivalent of Greek Plouton (Pluto in Latin) who was also a god of hidden wealth.[68] In 3rd-century AD sources and later, Saturn is recorded as receiving dead gladiators as offerings (munera) during or near the Saturnalia.[69] These gladiatorial events, ten days in all throughout December, were presented by the quaestors and sponsored with funds from the treasury of Saturn.[70] The practice of gladiatorial munera was criticized by Christian apologists as a form of human sacrifice.[71] Although there is no evidence of this practice during the Republic, the offering of gladiators led to later theorizing that the primeval Saturn had demanded human victims. Macrobius says that Dis Pater was placated with human heads and Saturn with sacrificial victims consisting of men (virorum victimis).[72] The figurines that were exchanged as gifts (sigillaria) may have represented token substitutes.[73]
Roman disc in silver depicting Sol Invictus (from Pessinus in Phrygia, 3rd century AD)
The Neoplatonic philosopher Porphyry, however, took an allegorical view of the Saturnalia. He saw the the festival's theme of liberation and dissolution as representing the "freeing of souls into immortality"—an interpretation that Mithraists also may have followed, since they included a significant number of slaves and freedmen.[74] According to Porphyry, the Saturnalia occurred near the winter solstice because the sun enters Capricorn, the astrological house of Saturn, at that time.[75] In the Saturnalia of Macrobius, the proximity of the Saturnalia to the winter solstice leads to an exposition of solar monotheism,[76] the belief that the Sun (see Sol Invictus) ultimately encompasses all divinities as one. Perceived relations among the Mithraic mysteries, the Dies Natalis of Sol Invictus (the "Birthday of the Unconquered Sun") on December 25, and the Christian Nativity as celebrated in December are a matter of longstanding and complex scholarly debate.
The Mishna and Talmud (Avodah Zara 8a) describe a pagan festival called Saturna which occurs 8 days before the winter solstice. It is followed 8 days after the solstice with a festival called Kalenda. The Talmud ascribes the origins of this festival to Adam, who saw that the days were getting shorter and thought it was punishment for his sin. He was afraid that the world was returning to the chaos and emptiness that existed before creation. He sat and fasted for 8 days. Once he saw that the days were getting longer again he realized that this was the natural cycle of the world, so made 8 days of celebration. The Talmud states that this festival was later turned into a pagan festival.[77][78][44]
December 25, 337 (14th of Tevet, 4098): Earliest possible date on which Christmas was reported to have been celebrated on December 25th.[45]
337-361: Jews began to be widely treated as second class citizens during the rule of Constantine’s son Constantius II (337-361). Taxes on Jews were increased, and Jews lost some of the rights of other Roman citizens. Jews could not marry Christians, they could not participate in the government, and they were no longer permitted to proselytize. [46]
341 CE: Interest in Yahweh as Creator did not enter Judaism until the exile to Babylon. It was a conception that was alien to the Greek world; creation exs nihilo was not an official doctrine of Christianity until the Council of Nicaea in 341.[47]
Before December 25, 352 A.D.: In the early years of Christianity, Easter was the main holiday; the birth of Jesus was not celebrated. In the fourth century, church officials decided to institute the birth of Jesus as a holiday. Unfortunately, the Bible does not mention date for his birth (a fact Puritans later pointed out in order to deny the legitimacy of the celebration). Although some evidence suggests that his birth may have occurred in the spring (why would shepherds be herding in the middle of winter?), Pope Julius I chose December 25. It is commonly believed that the church chose this date in an effort to adopt and absorb the traditions of the pagan Saturnalia festival. First called the Feast of the Nativity, the custom spread to Egypt by 432 and to England by the end of the sixth century. By the end of the eighth century, the celebration of Christmas had spread all the way to Scandinavia. Today, in the Greek and Russian orthodox churches, Christmas is celebrated 13 days after the 25th, which is also referred to as the Epiphany or Three Kings Day. This is the day it is believed that the three wise men finally found Jesus in the manger.
By holding Christmas at the same time as traditional winter solstice festivals, church leaders increased the chances that Christmas would be popularly embraced, but gave up the ability to dictate how it was celebrated. By the Middle Ages, Christianity had, for the most part, replaced pagan religion. On Christmas, believers attended church, then celebrated raucously in a drunken, carnival-like atmosphere similar to today's Mardi Gras. Each year, a beggar or student would be crowned the "lord of misrule" and eager celebrants played the part of his subjects. The poor would go to the houses of the rich and demand their best food and drink. If owners failed to comply, their visitors would most likely terrorize them with mischief. Christmas became the time of year when the upper classes could repay their real or imagined "debt" to society by entertaining less fortunate citizens.[48]
December 25, 380: In Cappadocia, Gregory of Nyssa's sermons on St. Basil (who died before 1 January, 379) and the two following, preached on St. Stephen's feast (P.G., XLVI, 788; cf, 701, 721), prove that in 380 the 25th December was already celebrated there, unless, following Usener's too ingenious arguments (Religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Bonn, 1889, 247-250), one were to place those sermons in 383. Also, Asterius of Amaseia (fifth century) and Amphilochius of Iconium (contemporary of Basil and Gregory) show that in their dioceses both the feasts of Epiphany and Nativity were separate (P.G., XL, 337 XXXIX, 36).[49]
381 CE: Christianity officially became the state religion in 381, and other religions were outlawed. (Ecumenical councils of bishops, Constantinople).[50]
382 CE: Octagonal Church, Church of the Apostles, Jerusalem, built by Emperor Thodosius who made Christianity the official religion.[51]
December 25, 385: In 385, Silvia of Bordeaux (or Etheria, as it seems clear she should be called) was profoundly impressed by the splendid Childhood feasts at Jerusalem. They had a definitely "Nativity" colouring; the bishop proceeded nightly to Bethlehem, returning to Jerusalem for the day celebrations. The Presentation was celebrated forty days after. But this calculation starts from 6 January, and the feast lasted during the octave of that date. (Peregr. Sylv., ed. Geyer, pp. 75 sq.) Again (p. 101) she mentions as high festivals Easter and Epiphany alone. In 385, therefore, 25 December was not observed at Jerusalem.[52]
386 A.D.: Tradition tells us the date of St. Patricks birth as 386 A.D. in a civilized town by the sea but like everything in his life the location is widely disputed.[53]
387 AD: The influential church leader of Constantinople, John Chrysostom (345-407) at Antioch writes in 387 eight homilies ‘Adversus Judaeos’ (lit: Against the Judaizers). The major source of Chrysostom’s anti-Jewish statements, together with other Christian writers, was the New Testament.[54]
Chrysostom:
I know that a great number of the faithful have for the Jews a certain respect and hold their ceremonies in reverence. This provokes me to eradicate completerly such a disastrous opinion. I have already brought forward that the synagogoue is worth no more than the theater. Here is what the prophet says, and the prophets are more to ber respected than the Jews [sic]: “But because you have a harlot’s brow, you refused to blush” (Jer. 3:3). But the place where the harlot is prostitueted is the brothel. The synagogue therefore is not only a theater, it is a place of prostituion. , den of thieves and a hiding place of wild animals,…not simpy of animals, but of impure beasts. We read: “ I abandon my house, cast off my heritage” (Jer. 12:7). Now if God has abandoned them, what hope of salvation have they left? They say that they too worship God; but this is not so. None of the Jews, not one of them, is a worshiper of God. It was the Soin of God who told them: “If you knew the Father, you would know me also, but you know either me nor my Father” (cf. John 8:19). Since thay have disowned the Father, crucified the Son, and rejected the Spir4it’s help, who would dare to assert that the synagogue is not a home of demons! God is not worshiped there; it is simply a house of idolatry… The Jews live for their bellies, they crave for the goods of this world. In shamelessness and greed they surpass even pigs and goats… The Jews are possessed by demons, they are handed over to impure spirits…Instead of greeting them and addressing them as much as a word, you should turn away from them as fropm the pest and a plague of the human race.[55]
388 CE: Jews were forbidden from possessing Christian slaves, an attempt to curtail the common practice of taking non-Jewish wives or concubines. The law, which prevented Judaism from competing for converts, ironically promoted Jewish genealogical “purity,” because by the custom of the times, wives automatically became Jews, as did slaves when enfranchised. The enforced separation of Jews and Christians was formalized in 388, when the empire passed a law making intermarriage with Jews a capital offense. Many Jews, increasingly seen as social outcasts, assimilated or converted. From this point forward, Christianity and Judaism would evolve along distinctly different biological as well as religious and cultural tracks.[56]
388 CE: A Christian mob incited by the local bishop plunders and burns down a synagogue in Callinicum. Theodosius I orders punishment for those responsible, and rebuilding the synagogue at the Christian expense. Ambrose of Milan insists in his letter that the whole case be dropped. He interrupts the liturgy in the emperor’s presence with an ultimatum that he would not continue until the case was dropped. Theodosius complies. [57]
December 25 and January 1, 418-427: John Cassian records in his "Collations" (X, 2 in P.L., XLIX, 820), written 418-427, that the Egyptian monasteries still observe the "ancient custom" of Christs birth; but on 29 Choiak (25 December) and 1 January.[58]
December 25, 496 A.D.: On Christmas Day in 496 A.D. The Basilica in Reams in Northern France is bathed in the light of a thousand candles. The air inside the sanctuary is thick with insence as the local bishop sends up a silent prayer of thanksgiving. This is a red letter day for the Catholic Church. This morning the king of Europes newest barbarian superpower, the Franks, will renounce his pagen roots and become a Christian. Clovis will cement not only his own spiritual allegiance but that of an entire nation. In France this is seen as the beginning of France becoming a Christian nation. It was a very strategic move. By choosing Catholism Clovis united his people.[59]
December 25, Christmas Day, 800 AD :In St. Peters Basilica in Rome a new Emperor is crowned, the first in nearly 300 years. The Pope is on hand to do the crowning and to announce the formation of a new Roman empire. The new emperor and the most powerful man in Europe since the days of ancient Rome is Charlemagne.[60] Charlemagne’s domain stretched from the North Sea to the Mediterranean and it encompassed modern France, Germany, Holland, Switzerland, Austria, Poland and most of Italy. Not since the fall of Rome had so much of the continent under one man.[61]
800 to 1000 C.E. Interestingly, a distinct HEXA mutation is common among Moroccan Jews. That a mutation different from the one carried by Ashkenazim is prevalent among Moroccan Jews suggests that Tay-Sachs disease originated in these populations after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 C.E. but before the rise of the Ashkenazim in 800-1000 C.E.[62]
800 to 1400 A.D.
Illinois once had the largest most sophisticated Native American civilization north of Mexico. According to archealogical finds the city of Cahokia was inhabited from 800 A.D. to about 1400 A.D. It covered nearly six square miles with a population of about 20,000 people. This was a center of religion and learning and its people built huge pyramids, designed solar observatories, even practiced human sacrifice. The exact fate of the prehistoric Cahokians remains a mystery.[68]
December 25, 800: Coronation of Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor, in Rome. Charlemagne supported most of the policies and edicts Pope Gregory the Great and Pope Stephen IV. However, he ignored their edicts concerning Jews. For the most part, Jews were allowed to participate in the economic and social life of the Empire within the limits of Medieval Society. The Jews of Narbonne (France) supported Charlemagne’s father Pepin in his war with the Moslems and Charlemagne remembered this. Unfortunately, Charlemagne’s policies toward the Jews died with him in 814.[74]
804: Saxons finally conquered by Charlemagne.[75]
C. 796-806 Muhammad Ibn Ibrahim Al-Fazari
Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Fazari. Son of the astronomer Ibrahim dealt with above, for whom he is sometimes mistaken (he may be the author of the astrological poem ascribed to his father). Died c. 796 to 806. Muslim scientist and astronomer. He was ordered by the Caliph al-Mansur in 772/3 to translate the Sanskrit astronomical work Siddhanta. This translation was possibly the vehicle by means of which the Hindu numerals were transmitted from India to Islam.
H. Suter: Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber (p. 4,1900).
Cantor: Geschichte der Mathematik (I, 3rd ed., 698, 1907).
D. E. Smith and L. C. Karpinski: The Hindu-Arabic Numerals (p.92, Boston, 1911)[76]
807: Abbassid Caliph Harun al-Rashid orders all Jews in the Caliphate to wear a yellow belt, with Christians to wear a blue one. [77]
809: While the tenth-century Muslim scholars Ibn Rustah and Al-Masudi date the royal conversion to around 809, they make no claim that Khazaria had suddenly become a significant Jewish outpost. [78]
• “Surely those who believe
• And those who are Jews and Christians…
• Whoever believes in God
• And the last day and does good,
• They shall have their reward from God.”
• Koran 2:62
809: Harun al-Rashid, born in 763 or 766 at al-Ray; died at Tus in 809. Caliph from 786 to his death; the fifth and one of the greatest 'Abbasid monarchs. Magnificent patron of science, art, and literature. Many more Greek works were translated by his order. In 807 he presented a very remarkable water-clock to Charlemange (King of the Franks since 768; crowned Emperor of the West on Christmas 800 by Leo III in Rome)[79]
December 25, 1000: At the start of the 11th century, Hungary was established as a Christian kingdom by Stephen I of Hungary. In this case, Christian means Roman Catholic. Religious belief aside, Stephen used Catholicism as an instrument of national unification as he established his rule over pagans and those of his subjects who sought support from the Byzantine (Eastern Orthodox) Empire. Based on archeological evidence Jews had probably been living in what was now Hungary since the third century. The first written mention of Jews living in Hungary is found in a letter from the end of 10th century written by the famous Sephard, Hasdai ibn Shaprut. There were enough Jews living in Hungary by the end of the 11th century that at the council of Szabolcs, the Church prohibited marriages between Jews and Christians, work on Christian festivals, and the purchase of slaves. At the same time, the Hungarian King Kolman took measures to protect Hungarian Jews from Crusaders passing through the kingdom.[80]
1000
The wording of the first sentence of the Lord’s Prayer, in the Anglo-Saxopn Version (c. 1000) reads: “Faeder ure thu the eart on heofonum, si thin nama gehalgod.”[81]
Like Cahokia, the communities of Etowah in Georgia, Spiro in Oklahoma, and Moundville in Alabama manaqged exgten sikve gtrade networks and b uilt large ceremonial centers with grand architecture. Each community was distinct from the others politically, but all shared simislar architecture, artistic traditions and styles of leasdership, a suite of traits archeaolost call mississippian.[85]
1000-1500: Middle Mississippian Farming economy. Permanent stockade villages. Pyrimidal and Flat Topped mounds. Well made pottery. Hyerarchical social organization. Astalan (Wisconsin) Cahokia (Missouri).[86]
1000-1500 A.D.: Oneota (Wisconsin) Corn Agriculture. Hunting. Fishing. Collecting also important. Permant villages and a variety of distinctive Artifact types. Less complex social organization.[87]
1001: Chola king Rajaraja I conquers Sri Lanka, Hakin mosque built in Cairo, Leif Ericssen in Vinland.[88]
1002: Death of Almanzor (Mohammed ibn abi-Amir al-Mansur) the chief minister of Omayyad caliphate at Cordoba – beginning of fall of caliphate, Death of 19 year old HRE Otto III – cousin Henry II the Saint rules, Birth of Edward the confessor, Massacre of St. Brice’s Day as Danishe settlers in England are murdered on order of Ethelred II, Basil II defeats Bulgarians at Vidin, start of Muzaffar as caliph of Cordoba, Leif Ericsson explores North American coast possibly as far south as Maryland, Ethelred marries Emma sister of Duke Richard of Normandy, Death of Otto III, Duke Henry of Bavaria becomes King Henry II of Germany (St. Henry), [89]
December 25, 1066: Coronation of William the Conqueror as king of England. There is no record of a Jewish community in England before Norman conquests. A group of Jews arrived from Rouen (France) in London at the start of William’s reign. There is no record as to why William allowed this and his immediate successors followed policies that were inimical to Jewish interests.[90]
December 25, 1100: Baldwin of Boulogne is crowned as the first King of Jerusalem in the Church of the Nativity. This is one of those events loaded with subtle irony. This coronation was the culmination of the First Crusade, during which the Christian warriors drove the Jews from the City of David.[91]
Mississippian society, 1050-1100[92]
1100: Pueblos build circular rooms in N America, decline of Ghana empire in W Africa, probable founding of Katanga in Zaire, Height of Chimu civilization at Chan Chan, Peru, Anasazi build cliff dwellings, Rise of Incas in Peru, Hohokam people build religious platforms in AZ, first statues erected on Easter Island, Beginning of Hawaiian societies, Earliest Polynesian settlements on Pitcairn islands, Death of William II Rufus of England killed accidentally by Sir Walter Tyrel in the New Forest – succeeded by Henry I, Baldwin becomes King of Jerusalem, Baldin I becomes King of Jerusalem, Indian love poem “Gitagocinda”, “Chanson de Roland” the French heroic poem written, “Play of the Wise and Silly Virgins”, Indian allegorical play written, Ile-de-France becomes prevailing dialect, Old English gives way to Middle English, Gothic architecture, Castle Chillon in Switzerland, baptistery created in Florence, beginnings of secular music school in polyphonic style, start of decline of Islamic science, Sinchi ROca civilization in Peru, Third Pueblo Period in SW US, Munich and Stettin mentioned in records, probable colonization of Polynesia from S. America, Chinese invent magnifying glass, Shona people construct stone walls in Great Zimbabwe, Chinese publish illustrated texts in Botany, Song of Roland completed, Gothic architecture peaks, Old English replaced by Middle English, Start of period of architecture known as Gothic until 1500s, Hanseatic League (guilds) forms and starts to dominate trade, Polynesian islands colonized, end of William II Rufus of England – Henry I rules following his brother’s assassination to 1135, Baldwin of Bouillon Count of Edessa, Raymond of Toulouse named Count of Tripoli, Bohemund of Otranto Prince of Antioch, Colonization of Polynesian islands continues, Building of Great Zimbabwe, Godfrey of Jerusalem dies, brother Baldwin rules, Death of William Rufus (unliked son ofWilliam the Conqueror) of England - buried in Winchester Cathedral, brother Henry I becomes king of England, Robert I (brother) returns from crusades, Wm II killed by arrow... "accident?" Brother Henry I becomes king, issues charter of liberties, promising good government, Marries Edith, dau Malcolm III of Scotland, End of the Toltec civilization, rise of the Incan civilization, Khmer kingdom built, Begin Gothic style, The Numic peoples (Utes, Goshutes, Piutes) move into Utah, artesian and graftsmen's guilds developin European towns, Godfrey, crusader and leader of Jerusalem dies, brother Baldwin rules and accepts title of King, accidental death of William Rufus of England, younger brother Henry (the First) rules, Gunpowder used to build rockets, Chinese start work on mulit-colored printing. [93]
1100 A.D. Cahokia
With upwards of 30,000 inhabitants at its peak in about 1100 AD, Cahokia, Illinois remained the United States' first and biggest real city until the Northeast's population exploded in the late 18th century. This urban center of the Mississippi culture had organized leadership, commerce and a penchant for mound-building. Monk's Mound, the largest at 100 feet tall, dominates the site and was probably a mighty foundation for the home of the resident spiritual leader.[94]
[95]
AD 1100-1200
Cahokia is at the height of its power, and mound building continues at a fast pace.[96]
In southern Illinois, across the Mississippi River from present day St. Louis, Missouri, stood the settlement of Cahokia. It was not only the largest Mississippian town, but also the largest community north of Mexico in the ancient Americas. From AD 900 to 1350, Cahokia’s powerful leaders oversaw a bustling society. By exchanging goods with leaders of other Mississippian centers, they built ties, both economic and political, with communities far and wide. [97]
The Knights templar eliminated the need for carrying coin by establishing the first system of credit. In the city of Jerusalem the Knights were given shelter by the Christian King of Jerusalem, Baldwin II. Shelter in the stables of the old Jewish Temple at the Temple mount, the most sacred of sites.
Nobody really knows what the first knights were doing there though it has been suggested that they were digging below the Temple mount. History tells of treasure buried below the Temple mount, atop the ruins of Solomons Temple.[98]
All of sudden the leading Sistergian, a man by the name of Bernard de Clairvaux, suddenly declaring that he wants to create this band of religious Knights called the Knights Templar. The Knights Templer were an offshoot of the Sistergian monastic movement. [99]
1101: Treaty of Alton – Robert of Normandy bought off after invading England, King Conrad dies, Roger II becomes count of Sicily, Minsk becomes new capital, Accession of Emperor Hai-tsung, Su Tung-p’o Chinese poet dies, Robert of England confronts Henry, Robert pushed back to Normandy, Robert of Normandy (Brother) invades, is unsuccessful, Robert, son of William the Conqueror and brother of England's Henry invades England, but settled peacefully. [100]
1102: Boleslav III Duke of Poland rules. [101]
1103: Death of Eric I as king of Denmark, Magnus III of Norway invades Ireland and is killed, Public Peace of Mainz for the Holy Roman Empire, “Method of Architecture” published in China. [102]
1104: Acre taken by Crusaders. [103]
1105: Henry IV captured by son and abdicates, colonization of Eastern Germany begins, Angouleme Cathedral built. [104]
December 25, 1312: Anti-Jewish riots broke out in different parts of Austria.[105]
1313: Henry VII of Luxembourg dies, death of Hugo von Trimberg the German poet, German Grey Friar Berthold Schwartz (re) invents gunpowder, Dante's Divine Comedy begun/[106]
December 25, 1369: The King of Sicily required Jews to wear a special badge.[107]
1370: Treaty of Stralsund ends war between Hanseatic League and the Danes.[108] 1370-1377 As will be shown, we can assume the correctness of this thesis of Weyl and Ginsburger. However the newst partial volume of the Germania Judaica, a detailed lexicon of towns for the medieval history of the German Jewish communities, in spite of citing the Ginsburger study, does not mention in the article abouyt Colmar the evidence of Gutleben in this city any more than the Jew Eberlin of Colmar who was well acquainted with Gutleben/Vivelin, and who after all could have been the ancestor of the Basel patrician family line of Eberler’s gen. [genealogy?] Grunenzwig. In the article about the town “Basel,” on the other hand, there is a relativiely extensive passage about the city physician Gutleben who lived there, but also without the slightest reference to his earlier professional work in Colmar. At the same time it is surprising that the Germania Judaica says nothing of the fact, as Moses Ginsburger has asserted, that Master Gutleben was the son of the physician Master Josset from Freiburg in Uchtland who was employed in Basel from 1370—1377.[109] Why did the Basel magisytrate not elect the fellow citizen Gutleben himself to the position of city physician in 1370?[110] 1370 to 1373 Perhaps, since the latter was at that time not yet a medical practitioner, and for that reason does not appear in the sources as “Master Gutleben the physician” before this time; furthermore, he will have learned this profession from 1370-1373 as a student of his father and finally practiced it for the first time in Freiburg in Breisgau.[111]1370-1390 Soon after these events, Lachlan of Duart and Eachin of Lockbui, Sons of Maqqillimore (MacLean), came to live in Skye in the reign of Robert II., A.D. 1370-90 but the usual consequence of a stranger entering into the country of another clan followed, and a bitter feud took place between them and the chief of the MacKinnons, which led to one of the most daring actions which has ever been recorded of any Highland chief. The Lord of the Isles had set out on some expedition to the mainland in a single galley, or as some think, to return to his castle of Ardtornis from hunting. He desired the MacLeans and MacKinnons to follow him, and the MacLeans resolved upon taking this opportunity of avenging many injuries which they had received from MacKinnon, or, as some suppose, to curb the rising influence of the MacKinnons. they killed the chief while in the act of mounting into his galley. Afraid of the vengeance of the Lord of the Isles for this deed of treachery, they proceeded to follow up their act by one more daring, and accordingly set sail after him. No sooner had they overtaken his galley than they at once boarded it and succeeded in taking the Macdonald himself prisoner in the very centre of his islands, and within sight of many of his castles.[112] Geoffrey Chaucer writes Book of the Duchess, Acamapitchtli chosen as king of Aztecs, Death of Casmir III of Poland, Black Prince sacks Limoges, Casimir III of Poland last of the House of Piasts dies – Louis of Hungary elected king, Death of Pope Urban V – Pope Gregory Xi elected, Carthusian monks build the Charterhouse in London, steel crossbow used as weapon of war, first use of the word “million”, Japanese playwrights Kanami Kiyotsugu and Zeami Motokiyo establish, Theologian Nicole Oresme publishes book detailing natural phenomena discouraging attribution to God or demons, Peace of Stralsund establishes power of Hanse towns with right to veto Danish kings, Edward the Black Prince sacks Limoges, Gregory XI pope to 1378, Pope Urban V dies, December 30 Pope Gregory Xi appointed (Pierre Roger de Beaufort Limoges) French, Turkish Timur the Lame terrorized Middle East, Sicán state (Andes) conquered by Chimú, Kingdom of Vijayanagara dominates southern India, Geoffrey Chaucer writes Book of the Duchess, Acamapitchtli chosen as king of Aztecs. [113]
December 25, 1599: Portuguese settlers establish the village of Natal in Brazil. At this time, the only Jews living in Brazil were New Christians or Conversos. Dutch forces would occupy Natal from1633 to 1654, a period during which Jewish communities flourished under the religious toleration brought from Holland.[114]
December 25, 1620: The pilgrims, English separatists that came to America, were even more orthodox in their Puritan beliefs than Cromwell. As a result, Christmas was not a holiday in early America.[115]
December 25, 1645: In the early 17th century, a wave of religious reform changed the way Christmas was celebrated in Europe. When Oliver Cromwell and his Puritan forces took over England in 1645, they vowed to rid England of decadence and, as part of their effort, cancelled Christmas. By popular demand, Charles II was restored to the throne and, with him, came the return of the popular holiday.[116]
At the battle of Worcester, in 1646, Lauchlan Mackinnon was made knight banneret. His son Daniel had two sons, John, whose great-great-grandson died in India, unmarried, in 1808, and Daniel, who emigrated to Antigua, and died in 1720. His eldest son and heir, William, of Antigua, an eminent member of the Legislature of the Islands, died at Bath, in 1767. [117]
December 25, 1659 to 1681: From 1659 to 1681, the celebration of Christmas was actually outlawed in Boston. Anyone exhibiting the Christmas spirit was fined five shillings. By contrast, in the Jamestown settlement, Captain John Smith reported that Christmas was enjoyed by all and passed without incident.[118]
1660: The first Africans were brought to Virginia in 1619. While initially not defined as perpetual slaves whose children would share their status, by the 1660’s Africans had become exactly that. The colony’s legislature and the courts recognized slavery as an “appropriate” and “normal” condition for Africans. The practice soon spread to all the colonies, except for Rhode Island. African slavery became the engine that drove the economic development of British North America. It brought great riches to some. It enabled relatively poor white farmers to acquire land and wealth and to enjoy a comfortable social status. Its existence profoundly shaped American ideas about freedom. And obviously the system of slavery was predicated on skin color, with whiteness the badge of privilege.[119]
1660: Volcano Long Island (Papua New Guinea), Northeast of New Guinea; Bismarck Volcanic Arc 1660 ±20; VEI 6; 30 cubic kilometers (7.2 cu mi) of tephra[5] [120]
December 25, 1775: William Rowland, born December 25, 1775, died November 27, 1856. [121]
Before December 25, 1802:
• "Conrad Cutliff aged nineteen years Deposeth &
• Saith that before Christmas in the year 1802
• he heard the Defdt [defendant]ask the Complt [complaintant] for
• the old deed to which the Complt replied
• let us go up to Moorfield & I will deliver
• the old deed when you make me a
• new one.
• (Transcription by Jim Funkhouser
• J.a.funkhouser@worldnet.att.net)
From the compiler…: I can remember sitting at my Grandma B’s and Grandpa Co’s table when I was 4 or 5 years old and first hearing about how our name is German and is from the Gottlieb and that Gott means “god or good” and Lieb means love. I suppose I started piecing it together, albeit unknowingly, ever since.
1803: In Werneck, there were six families (together 28 persons) .[122]
1803
In addition to the owners of slaves already mentioned, there are found the the names of persons registering slaves in FayetteCounty in and prior to 1803;
Hannah Crawford, widow.[123]
1803
John Crawford’s record in the Ohio State Auditor’s office; 1803, No. 2862, 300 acres to John Beasley, Vol. 3, page 342. , No. 2679, 175 acres to John Beasley, Vol. 3.[124]
In 1803, James Foley, a native of Virginia, born 1779, came to the county, selected land in MoorefieldTownship, upon which he settled permanently in 1805.
1803-1805
James FOLEY, b. 1779 in VA. d. 1864, age 84
Marr in 1808 to Mary MARSH b.1784 VA
Griffith, Catherine, Susan, John & James
1st Co. Commissioner in 1818, also served Legislature, two terms
Catherine Godlove was born in 1803 in Hardy County.
I must have overlooked or not located any military involvement or occupation of Daniel McKinnon, Sr. Prior to 1803 at which time Daniel, Sr. would have been age 36 when he moved to Clarke County, Ohio, with daughter Catherine, then six years of age. Since he came into possession of four sections of land consisting of 640 acres per section in Clarke County, I am suggesting we may find it was “Bounty Land” received for military pay.[125]
1803-1804 [126]
Foot Grenadiers
(General Davout)
Chasseurs
(General Soult)
- Regiment of Foot Grenadiers
(Colonel Hulin)
- Regiment of Foot Chasseurs
(Colonel Soules)
Joseph LeClere was said to have been one of Napoleon’s Bodyguards.
December 25, 1817: "the Senate received a message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. Hawkins:" Mr. Speaker, the House of Representatives have passed the bill entitled an act to erect the county of Clark." Thursday, December 25, 1817, the bill was signed by the Speakers of both branches of the Legislature, as being duly enrolled; Mr. Lucas from the joint committee of enrollment deposited it with the Secretary of State, and took his receipt therefore.
And so the long fight was ended. Ohio had gleaned another wisp for the sheaf on her escutcheon, and had added one more dart to its bundle of arrows. As a "Christmas gift" she had granted the right of local representation and self-government to the plucky pioneers of "Little Clark," and made them a community by themselves with a "local habitation and a name," the retrospect of which confirms even the brightest visions of those who struggled for this conclusion.
The creation of Clark County was the most bitterly contested of any of the early counties of Ohio. The nominal objection urged was that the territory proposed did not fill the constitutional requirements of 400 square miles. The real trouble seems to have been personal dislike and jealousy, between the leading citizens of the principal settlements in Green and the proposed county of Clark. It is unfortunate that the names of the principal actors in the controversy cannot be learned from the journals of the Legislature of that day, for, names excepted, the records furnish, to an active mind, a detailed history of the long struggle.
Perhaps more Governors of Ohio participated, in one way or another, in the passage of this bill than in that erecting any other county in the State; they were Thomas Kirker, Othniel Looker, Thomas Worthington, Jeremiah Morrow,. Duncan McArthur, Robert Lucas and Joseph Vance. The passage of the bill and its excellent management throughout the unequal contest was more directly attributable to Daniel McKinnon, Senator from Champaign County, and one of the first Associate Judges of Clark County; Joseph Tatman also did good work, as a Representative, and was made one of the first Associate Judges. At the time of its erection, the taxable acreage of the county was 229,624 acres, then valued at $528,644, or an average price of less than $2 per acre.
The whole number of voters was 4,648, and the total population amounted to 8065.
"When the news of the passage of the bill reached Springfield, the citizens assembled at the tavern kept by my father (Cooper Ludlow), on the northwest corner of Main and Factory streets, and celebrated the occasion by the burning of tar barrels in the street, and a free use of apple toddy and the other accompaniments belonging to a great jollification of that day."*
Of the authors of the petition, or those who signed it, or any of the details, there is no known evidence, except that of hearsay. At this late day it would be interesting to know who first suggested the name of Clark, who circulated the petition, and some of the incidents concerning its rise and progress at home, as well as in the Legislature. [127]
December 25, 1830: Nancy GODLOVE b: DECember 25, 1830 in Ohio. [128]
December 25, 1729: [Note 1: 1 Born in Country Donegal, Ireland, December 25, 1729; died at his home, Smithfields, in Montgomery Country, Va., July 28, 1783. Colonel Preston, himself a man of no little prominence, was the father of Governor James Patton Preston and General Francis Preston, and the grandfather of General John Smith Preston, Major Thomas Lewis Preston, Senator William Campbell Preston, William Ballard Preston, Secretary of the Navy during the latter part of Zachary Taylor’s administration, and William Preston, U. S. Minister to Spain under Buchanan. In 1761, Colonel Preston married Susanna Smith, of HanoverCounty.]
December 25, 1740
George Washington’s correspondence hints that a fire struck his home in Fredricksburg, Virginia, December 25th, 1740, destroying much of the living quarters. He is only eight years old and life has already struck him a severe blow.[129]
December 25, 1758: Hailey’s Comet returns, just as Hailey said it would to great fanfare. Hailey didn’t see it however, he died 17 years previous. [130]
December 25, 1772 David Lindsay/Lindsey signs Dec. 25, 1772 Petition to employ peacher David McClure along with two other Bedford County communities. David's Signature is different from that of the one found on the 1788 Ruddle's Mill petition. Stewarts Crossing. Bedford, PA.[131]
December 25, 1776 (William Crawford) crossed the Delaware River with Washington.[132]
December 25, 1776: WILLIAM CRAWFORD, my 5th Great Grandfather
*Crossed the Delaware in retreat and again in victory on Christmas Day, 1776. [133]
Christmas Eve, 1776
We do not know how long he remained in England, nor how long the voyage lasted, but history tells us that on Christmas eve, 1776, the Hessians under Col. Rahl were keeping the vigil of the Nativity in their customary manner at Trenton, N.J., when General Washington with a handful of troops crossed the Delaware River amidst floating ice, surprised the hilarious (intoxicated) Hessians, killed a few and captured more than a thousand and fled back to Philadelphia. [134]
“December 25, 1777 - Toward evening we arrived at New York. Lieutenant Schotten, Ensign [Hieronymus] Berner, Ship Surgeon [Regimental Surgeon?] Gechter, Auditor [Johannes] Heinemann, and I at once debarked and took lodgings at Grimm’s Tavern..”[135]
December 25, 1778: John Dodson voluntarily enlisted on February 5, 1778. The marriage license to John and Eleanor was
issued on February 17, 1778. John passed muster on February 27, 1778. John Dodson, the first child
of Eleanor and John was bom on December 25. 1778(65). Thus, Eleanor was about three months
pregnant and probably the reason for John's discharge on June 11, 1778.
But why would Eleanor have used the surname Howard rather than McKinnon when obtaining the
marriage license? [136]
December 25, 1779: On the 25th all the commanders of the troops and the ships’ captains received their instructions concerning the signals. The call was “59” and the reply “Lord Hawke,” which were assigned so that in case a ship should drift away from the fleet and encounter another ship at night they could recognize each other. In the event they met in the daytime, a certain flag was to be hoisted and answered by another designated one. Moreover, each commander of troops on a ship received a sealed letter which he might open if he had been driven off course and was twice twenty-four hours distant from the fleet, in which he finds the rendezvous of the fleet. Should his ship face the danger of falling into enemy hands, it is his responsibility to destroy these instructions, including the signals and the sealed letter.[137]
THOMAS JEFFERSON TO CLARK, DECEMBER 25, 1780 [138]
[Letter Book of Thomas Jefferson, 1781, p. 10, Va. State Archives To COLO GEORGE ROGERS CLARKE,
RICHMOND December 25th. 1780
A powerful army forming by our enemies in the south renders it necessary for us to reserve as much of our militia as possible free to act in that quarter. at the same time we have reason to believe that a very extensive combination of british and indian savages is preparing to invest our western frontier to prevent the cruel murders and devastations which attend the latter species of war and at the same time to prevent its producing a powerful diversion of our force from the southern quarter in which they mean to make their principal effort and where alone success can be decisive of their ultimate object. it becomes necessary that we aim the first stroke in the western country and throw the enemy under the embarrassments of a defensive war rather than labour under them ourselves, we have therefore determined that an expedition shall be under taken under your command in a very early season of the approaching year into the hostile country beyond the Ohio, the principal object of which is to be the reduction of the British post at Detroit, and incidental to it the acquire possession of Lake Erie. the force destined for this enterprise is the Ilinois battalion. Colo. Crocket’s battalion, major Slaughter’s corps, with detachments of militia from the counties of Fayette, Lincoln militia, Jefferson, Ohio, Monongalia, Hampshire, Berkeley Frederic and Greenbrier making in the whole 2000 men. necessary garrisons only to be deducted our desire is that the execution of this may be so timed as that you may have the advantage of that interval of time, which intervenes between the breaking up of the ice in the wabache, and in the lake so as that you may avail yourself of the navigation of the former the moment it is open for the transportation of your Men and baggage and still find the latter blocked up and the vessels of the Enemy therein of course liable to be destroyed. That you may be fully possessed of the means which are to be in your hands for the purposes before mentioned, you are furnished with Copies of the orders given to the Lieutenants Commissaries & Quarter Masters in the Counties before enumerated; the substance of them is as follows Mr Rowland Madison is employed to carry 1000 lb of Rifle powder from New London & 1500 lbs. of lead from the lead Mines to Montgomery Court house, to purchase 300 pack horses with pack Saddles Halters and Bells ready and to lay in subsistence for them and for 137 Militia from Greenbriar County, who, by orders given to the Lieutenant of that County are to rendezvous, at Montgomery Court House by the 20th day of February there to take under their escort the ammunition and packhorses before mentioned and to be with them at the Falls of Ohio by the 15tb day of March Mr Madison is furnished with Money to purchase the horses and furniture and to lay in subsistende and forage from Montgomery Court House to the Falls of Ohio, where his duties cease.
Forty bell tents, 40 common tents, a Chest of Medicine, some Summer clothing will be sent from this place; 1000 lb of Rifle powder from Staunton 400 Camp kettles from Fredericksburg to the County Lieutenant of Frederick who is ordered to send them with 285 of his Militia to Pittsburg at which place they are to be the first day of March.
The County Lieutenants of Berkley and Hampshire are ordered to send the former 275 and the latter 255 of their respective Militias to be at Pittsburg by the first day of March.
Proper instructions are prepared for such persons as each of the County Lieutenants of Frederick Berkley and Hampshire shall appoint to act in the joint offices of Commissary and Quarter Master to Pittsburg where their Offices determine and Money is sent to each for the purpose of subsistence and transportation.
The County Lieutenants of Monongalia and Ohio are ordered to rendezvous one fourth of their Militia at Pittsburg by the first day of March. All these Militia are ordered to go under proper Officers well armed with Arms suitable to western service and to serve during the continuance of the expedition as herein described. Colo. Crocket is ordered to be with his battalion at Pittsburg by the same day, and Money to enable him to proceed is sent to him.
An Agent is sent to Baltimore and Philadelphia to purchase four tons of Canon powder and to send it to Pittsburg by the first day of March.
Application is made to Gen’ Washington to lend us of the Continental Stores at Pittsburg, 4 Cannon, six pounders mounted on field Carriages with ball suitable, a mortar with Shells, 2 Howitz, grape shot and other necessary furnitures, 1000 Spades, 200 pick axes, 500 axes, a travelling Forge, Ship Carpenter’s tools, and Boats for transportation down the river should we fail in having a sufficient number in readiness and to send us skilful persons to manage the Mortars.
John Francis Moore who was sometime ago sent to purchase in the vicinities of Fort Pitt provisions for the Western Posts, is now ordered to extend his purchases to 200000 rations of Beef & Flour, and to provide 100 light Barges fit for transporting Men and Stores either down or up stream. These to be all in readiness by the 1st of March as we are not certain whether he may not be gone down the river, these powers were directed to himself, or in case of his absence to any Agent he should have appointed and if he appointed none, then to Mr William Harrison of Monongalia.
At Pittsburg we depend on orders to be given by you for the removal of Men and Stores to the Falls of Ohio by the 15 of March.
The County Lieutenants of Fayette, Lincoln and Jefferson are ordered to rendezvous at the Falls of Ohio by the 15 March (March 15) 500 of their Militia, to be furnished between those Counties in proportion to their numbers, & to have ready at the same place and by the same day 50 Canoes each: Money is sent to pay for these. In those Counties you inform us you expect 100000 rations will be provided for you, you will of course order them to the falls of Ohio.
All the preceeding orders (except as to the numbers of Men from each County) are submitted to any alterations you may think necessary, and you are authorized to supply any deficiencies in them. The Staff Officers are submitted absolutely to you, and on removal of any of them by you or their death, resignation or declining to act you are to appoint others. The County Lieutenants are desired to keep up a constant correspondence with you, & the Staff Officers to inform you from time to time of their progress and to receive your orders. Thus you will perceive that we expect all to be in readiness at the Falls of Ohio by the 15 of March.
What number of Men and whether of Regulars or Militia you shall leave to garrison the Posts at the falls & Mouth of the Ohio, is left to yourself. As the latter however is exposed to attack from an Enemy against whom this expedition will be no diversion of force, and as it is distant from succour, it is recommended to you to leave it surely garrisoned, and to take measures for its being supported from the Spanish side of the Missisipi should it be necessary.
You will then with such part of your force as you shall not leave in garrison proceed down the Ohio and up the Wabache or along such other route as you shall think best against Detroit. By the construction of a fort or forts for retreat at such place or places as you shall think best, and by such other cautions as you find necessary, you will provide for the ultimate safety of your men in case of a repulse. Should you succeed in the reduction of fort Detroit, and a hopeful prospect open to you of acquiring possession of Lake Erie, or should such prospect open during the investiture of the fort you are to pursue it. As soon as you shall have accomplished both Objects of the fort and Lake, or shall have accomplished the one and find the other impracticable; or as soon • as you shall find that neither is practicable you are to consider your expedition as ended, and to withdraw your whole force if you attain neither Object, or, if you acquire one or both of them, to retain for a Garrison at Detroit so many of the Illinois & Crochets battalions as you may think necessary and to send the rest back accross the Ohio; in the event indeed of declining to attempt the reduction of Detroit YOU are at liberty to consider whether some cnterprize against the hostile Nations of Indians may not he undertaken with your force, and if you think it can, and that it will be expedient for the public good and eligible on view of all circumstances you will undertake it and detain your force ‘till you shall have finished it. In every event, the Militia on their return are to be marched back to their
• Counties under their own Officers and there to be discharged.
Should you succeed in the reduction of the Post, you are to
• promise protection to the Persons and property of the French and American Inhabitants, or of such at least as shall not on tender refuse to take the Oath of fidelity to this Commonwealth. You are to permit them to continue under the laws and form of Goverment under which they at present live, only substituting the authority of this Commonwealth in all instances in lieu of that of his Britannic Majesty, and exercising yourself under that authority till further order those powers which the British Commandant of the post, or his Principal in Canada hath used regularly to exercise: To the Indian Neighbors you will hold out either fear or friendship as their disposition. and your actual situation may render most expedient.
Finally, our distance from the scene of action, the impossibility of foreseeing the many circumstances which may render proper a change of plan or direliction of object, and above all our full confidence in your bravery, discretion, and abilities induce us to submit the whole of our instructions to your own Judgment, to be altered or abandoned whenever any event shall turn up which may appear to you to render such alteration or abandonment necessary; remembering that we confide to you the persons of our Troops and Citizens which we think it a duty to risque as long as no longer than t.he object and prospect of attaining it may seem worthy of risque. If that Post be reduced we shall be quiet in future on our frontiers, and thereby immense Treasures of blood and Money be saved, we shall be at leisure to know our whole force to the rescue of our eastern Country from subjugation, we shall divert through our own Country a branch of commerce which the European States have thought worthy of the most important struggles and sacrifices, and in the event of peace on terms which have been contemplated by some powers we shall form to the American union a barrier against the dangerous extension of the British Province of Canada and add to the Empire of liberty an extensive and fertile Country, thereby converting dangerous Enemies into valuable Friends.
(Signed) T. J.[139]
December 25, 1830: Nancy Godlove was born to Joseph and Hannah Bumbardner Godlove at Guernsey County, Ohio.
1831: Cook County IL established. [140]
1831-1847: The Associate Judges of Clark County from 1831 to 1847 were Daniel McKinnon…
Early 1831 – The State of Georgia passes a law requiring whites living within the Cherokee Nation to take a loyalty oath and to obtain permission from the State in order to continue living inside the Nation. The law was directed at missionaries, particularly those at Brainerd Mission near Chickamauga town.[141]
December 25, 1839 – Last battle of the Cherokee War with the Republic of Texas.[142]
Colonial to 1840s: Rate of Intermarriage : Another sign of the acceptance of Jews was the rate of intermarriage. According to Malcolm Stern, almost 16 percent of marriages by Jews in America from the colonial period until 1840 were with Christians. The rate was highest in rural areas, where it was particularly difficult for Jews to find spouses within their religion.[143]
1840: Theopolis McKinnon voted for Harrison in 1840.[144]
1840, William Henry Harrison elected president of the United States.[145]
1840: Richard Gray, Marion Iowa, became a resident of Linn County, 1840, source, Marion Sentinel, August 26, 1937, page 5.
1840
Chicago in 1840.[146]
1840 - Guns begin to use pin-fire cartridges.[147]
1840s: By the 1840’s nearly half of the immigrants arriving in the United States were from Ireland and a quarter of all New Yorkers were Irish. In Philadelphia Irish Catholic population doubled in thirty years. Boston’s Catholics tripled in just 10 years. There had been riots in Philadelphia in St. Mary’s church.[148]
1840s: During the 1840s, the Hardy County Turnpike was completed. It ran from Moorefield to Winchester, Virginia. These turnpikes and their extensions enabled the expansion of the cattle industry that was rapidly replacing small scale agriculture as the primary means of earning a living in Hardy County.[149]
1840 to 1920: The largest mass migration in human history took place between 1840 and 1920 when nearly 40 million people (more than double the U.S. population in 1840) moved from Europe to the United States. These immigrants included 4.5 million Irish spurred on by the devastating effects of the potato famine, 5 million Italians escaping poverty, and 2 million Jews fleeing the pogroms of eastern Europe. [150]
December 25, 1865
The Union Stockyards open in Chicago, making that city the center of transcontinental commerce.[151]
December 25, 1868
President Johnson grants unqualified amnesty to all those who participated in the “rebellion.”[152]
December 25, 1891: A second document used as A. P. A. anti-Catholic propaganda was a pseudo-encyclical of Pope Leo XIII, dated December 25th, 1891, in which the Pope is made to assert that the American continent belongs to him and his church by virtue of its discovery by a Catholic, Columbus, and that the time is soon coming when he will take forcible possession, at which time “it will be the duty of the faithful to exterminate all heretics found within the jurisdiction of the United States.” [153]
December 25, 1896
Mr. and Mrs. Goodlove and daughter, Cora, attended the Aid Society at A. M. Plummers, Wednesday. (Pleasant Valley.[154]
1897: First Zionist Congress in Basle, Switzerland.[155] Theodore Herzl shared his vision of a Jewish state in Palestine, which he said would occur in 50 years time.[156] Jewish leaders, moved by Theodore Herzl, formally organized the Zionist movement at the First Zionist Congress in Basle, Switzerland. They called for the restoration of the Jewish National Home in Palestine where Jews could have sanctuary, self-determination, and the renascence of their ancient civilization and culture. [157]
December 25, 1901: Anna Coleman STEPHENSON. Born on February 14, 1884 in Chariton County, Missouri. Anna Coleman died in Kelso, Washington on November 1, 1960; she was 76. Buried on November 5, 1960 in Cowlitz View Memorial Garden Cemetery, Kelso, Washington.
On December 25, 1901 when Anna Coleman was 17, she married Edward Franklin SHANNON. Born on January 1, 1882 in Bosworth, Chariton County, Missouri. Edward Franklin died in Washington on September 28, 1972; he was 90.
They had the following children:
i. Rector F. (1903-1954)
ii. Agnes Tressa (1904-1989)
iii. Hattie Coleman (1906-1981)
iv. Ned Jay (1910-)
v. Gwendolyn (1912-)
vi. Anna Irene [5] (1916-2000)
vii. Hugh E. (1919-1973) [158]
December 25, 1913
(Rogers News) Mr. Martin Nielson attended the lodge at Cedar Rapids Saturday evening.[159]
1914
The Russians were looking for scapegoats and the Jews of Eastern Europe fitted the bill. They didn’t look Russian and their language, Yiddish, sounded suspiciously like German. In 1914 there were four million Jews in the Russian Empire. Battered by pogroms and denied rights allowed to the Czars other minorities Jews were forced to live in specified areas, known as the Pale of Settlement. And even though 650,000 Jews served in the army, many Russian officers and men saw Jews as dirty, half human creatures. [160]
1914: Just as the rural school problem was one of too many small, inefficient schools, the rural church problem was one of too many small, inefficient churches, “over churching” as it was usually called. I f over churching were not eliminated, the rural church would become as much a derelict from a bygone era as the country school was already though to be.
These ideas found a particularly receptive audience among Methodist church leaders in northeast Iowa. The Methodist Episcopal Church was the dominant Protestyant church in nbortheast Iowa, as it was throughout most rural areas and small towns in the state. In 1914 it still remained a powerful force in the daily lives of ordinary people. Delaware County Iowa was no exception.[161]
1914: Forest Preserve of Cook County, IL established.[162]
December 25, 1978: In Iran, Dr. Gholam Hossein Sadigi, who had been charged by the Shah with examining the possibilities of forming a civilian government, asked for more time. To facilitate his task he reportedly obtained concessions from the Shah over the lifting of press censorship and legal action against former ministers accused of corruption.[163]
December 25, 2009
Sherri, Jacqulin, Anna, Jillian, and Jeff celebrate Christmas Dinner 2009 in Elgin.
December 25, 2010. Christmas at Meadowview.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnalia
[2] Who was Jesus, Green, 4/5/2009
[3] Ice Age Museum, Dundee, WI, July 23,2011.
[4] Volo Bog, IL June 24, 2012
[5] http://www.livescience.com/11361-history-overlooked-mysteries.html
[6] http://www.livescience.com/16046-nazca-lines-wheels-google-earth.html
[7] The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 56.
[8] Mapping Human History by Steve Olson, 110.
[9] http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/Christmas_TheRealStory.htm
[10] The Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[11] The Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011.
[12] http://www.geocraft.com/WVFossils/ice_ages.html
[13] The Grand Canyon, September 5, 2011
[14] From River Clyde to Tymotchtee and Col. William Crawford by Grace U. Emahiser, 1969, pg. 1-2.
[15] The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 56.
[16] The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 56.
[17] The Hidden History of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Chrisitanity, The Jesus Dynasty, by James D. Tabor page 292.
[18] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel
[19] Smallwood, “High Priests and Politics” page 32. Jerusalem, by Lee I Levine, pg 353.
[20] [1] Jews, God and History by Max I. Dimont, 1962 pg. 137.
[21] Jesus:The Man. NTGEO 10/12/2005
[22] Introducing Islam, Dr. Shams Inati, page 42.
[23] Introducing Islam, Dr. Shams Inati, page 42.
[24] The world Before and After Jesus, Desire of the Everlasting Hills by Thomas Cahill, page 336.
[25] Jews, God and History by Max I. Dimont, 1962 pg. 137.
[26] The One Year Chronology Bible, NIV, page 1304.
[27] Photo by Jeff Goodlove, November 14, 2009
[28] Feast of the Passover. Annual attendance at three feast by all adult males (normally accompanied by their families) was commanded in the law: Passover, Pentecost and Tabernacles, Distance prevented many from attending all three, but most Jews tried to be at Passover.
[29] At age 12 boys began preparing to take their place in the religious community the following year.
[30] The Rabbis, experts in Judaism.
[31] Luke 2:41-250 Zondervan New International Version Study Bible, 2008
[32] The Historical Jesus for Dummies, by Catherine M. Murphy, PhD, Smallwood, “High Priests and Politics” page 17.
[33] Jesus the Jew, A Historian’s Reading of the Gospels by Geza Vermes, page 45.
[34] The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 56.
[35] Josephus was from a priestly family. At the age of 29 he was appointed the Commander of Gallilee by the Jewish revolutionary government. He was a reluctant fighter. He believed that opposition to Rome was national suicide. (The Naked Archaeologist, Histi, 11/28/2005.
[36] The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 56.
[37] The Enemies of Rome, by Philip Matyszak, page 193.
[38] The Hidden History of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Christianity, The Jesus Dynasty, by James D. Tabor. Page 211.
[39] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel
[40] Jerusalem, by Lee I Levine, pg 353., Smallwood, “High Priests and Politics” page 15.
[41] Jerusalem, by Lee I Levine, pg 353.
[42] Smallwood, “High Priests and Politics” page 22.
[43] Jerusalem, by Lee I Levine, pg 353.
[44] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnalia
[45] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[46] Introducing Islam, Dr. Shams Inati, page 84.
[47] A History of God by Karen Armstrong, pg 395
[48] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_I
[49] http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03724b.htm
[50] Introducing Islam, Dr. Shams Inati, page 58-59.
[51] The Naked Archaeologist, What Happened to the JC Bunch, Part 1, 8/8/2008.
[52] http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03724b.htm
[53] Saint Patrick: The Man, the Myth, 1997, HISTI.
[54] www.wikipedia.com, Your People, My People by A. Roy Eckardt, page 17.
[55] Your People, My People by A. Roy Eckardt, page 17-18.
[56] Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity and the DNA of the Chosen People, by Jon Entine. Page 127.
[57] www.wikipedia.org
[58] http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03724b.htm
[59] The Dark Ages, HIST, 3/4/2007
[60] The Dark Ages, HISTI, 03-04-07
[61] The Dark Ages, HISTI, 03-04-07
[62] Jacob’s Legacy, A Genetic View of Jewish History, by David B. Goldstein, page 87.
[63] The Grand Canyon, September 5, 2011
[64] The Grand Canyon, September 5, 2011
[65] The Grand Canyon, September 5, 2011
[66] The Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[67] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
[68] The States, Part 7 of 10.HISTI, 6/2/2007
[69] Ottawa Historical Museum, 11/13/2011
[70] The Historical Museum, Utica, Illinois, 11/13/2011
[71] The Historical Museum, Utica, Illinois, 11/13/2011
[72] The Historical Museum, Utica, Illinois, 11/13/2011
[73] The Historical Museum, Utica, Illinois. 11/13/2011
[74] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[75] http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~bonsteinandgilpin/germany.htm
[76] http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam12.html
[77] www.wikipedia.org
[78] Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People, by Jon Entine, page 200.
[79] http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam12.html
[80] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[81] Trial by Fire, by Harold Rawlings, page 24.
[82] The Field Museum, Photo by Jeff Goodlove 12/27/2009
[83] The Field Museum, Photo by Jeff Goodlove 12/27/2009
[84] The Field Museum, Photo by Jeff Goodlove 12/27/2009
[85] The Field Museum, Photo by Jeff Goodove, 12/27/2009
[86] Henshel’s Indian Museum, Elkhart Lake, WI July 26, 2011.
[87] Henshel’s Indian Museum, Elkhart Lake, WI July 26, 2011.
[88] mike@abcomputers.com
[89] mike@abcomputers.com
[90] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[91] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[92] The Field Museum, Photo by Jeff Goodlove, 12/27/2009
[93] mike@abcomputers.com
[94] http://www.livescience.com/11347-top-10-ancient-capitals.html
[95] The Field Museum, Photo by Jeff Goodlove, 12/31/2009
[96] The Field Museum.
[97] The Field Museum, Photo by Jeff Goodlove 1227/2009
[98] Holy Grail in America, HISTI, 9/20/2009
[99] Holy Grail in America, HISTI, 9/20/2009
[100] mike@abcomputers.com
[101] mike@abcomputers.com
[102] mike@abcomputers.com
[103] mike@abcomputers.com
[104] mike@abcomputers.com
[105] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[106] mike@abcomputers.com
[107] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[108] http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~bonsteinandgilpin/germany.htm
[109] The Gutleben Family of Physicians in Medieval Times, by Gerd Mentgen, page 1-2.
[110] The Gutleben Family of Physicians in Medieval Times, by Gerd Mentgen, page 3.
[111] The Gutleben Family of Physicians in Medieval Times, by Gerd Mentgen, page 3.
[112] M E M O I R S OF C LAN F I N G O N BY REV. DONALD D. MACKINNON, M.A. Circa 1888
[113] mike@abcomputers.com
[114] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[115] http://www.history.com/topics/christmas
[116] http://www.history.com/topics/christmas
[117] Torrence and Allied Families, Robert M. Torrence pg 478.
[118] http://www.history.com/topics/christmas
[119] The Jews of the United States, Hasia R. Diner, page 25.
[120] Timetable of worldwide volcanic activity. Wikipedia.
[121] (Ancestors of Forrest Roger Garnett pge. 454.21)
[122] http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=de&to=en&a=http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/werneck_synagoge.htm
[123] History of Fayette County, Pennsylvania, by Franklin Ellis, 1882
[124] From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford by Grace U. Emahiser, 1969. p. 186.
[125] Gerol “Gary” Goodlove Conrad and Caty, 2003
[126] http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/IMPERIAL_GUARD_infantry_1.htm
[127] HCCO
[128] http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=mp648&id=I9416
[129] The Real George Washington, NTGEO 11/19/2008.
[130] Comets: Prophets of Doom, H2, 3/13/2006
[131]http://doclindsay.com/spread_sheets/2_davids_spreadsheet.html
[132] The Brothers Crawford
[133] Gerol “Gary” Goodlove:Conrad and Caty, 2003
[134] http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~rosemarypro/spaid/beginning.htm
[135] Lieutenant Rueffer, Enemy Views by Bruce Burgoyne, pgs. 244-245.
[136] http://washburnhill.freehomepage.com/custom3.html
[137] Diary of the American War, A Hessian Journal by Captain Johann Ewald pgs.191-196.
[138] Printed also in Jefferson, Works (fed. ed.), III. 383.
[139] Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library, Volume III, Virginia Series, Volume III George Rogers Clark Papers. 1771-1781. James Alton James, Editor. Pg. 485-490.
[140] Nature Center, Crabtree Forest Preserve, Barrington, IL, March 11, 2012
[141] Timetable of Cherokee Removal
[142] Timetable of Cherokee Removal.
[143] http://www.acjna.org/acjna/articles_detail.aspx?id=319
[144] Theopolis McKinnon, August 6, 1880, London, Ohio. History of Clark County, page 384.
[145] http://www.in.gov/history/markers/515.htm
[146] The Field Museum, Chicago, March 21, 2010.
[147] http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/technique/gun-timeline/
[148] God in America, How Religious Liberty Shaped America, PBS.
[149] http://www.polsci.wvu.edu/wv/Hardy/harhistory.html
[150] Deep Ancestry, Inside the Genographic Project by Spencer Wells, page 11.
[151] On This Day in America by John Wagman
[152] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[153] The Ku Klux Klan: A Study of the American Mind, by John Moffatt Mecklin, Ph. D, 1924, page 139.
[154] Winton Goodlove papers.
[155] http://www.zionism-israel.com/his/Israel_and_Jews_before_the_state_timeline.htm
[156] Fascinating Facts about the Holy Land by Clarence H. Wagner, Jr.
[157] 365 Fascinating Facts about the Holy Land by Clarence H. Wagner, Jr.
[158] www.frontierfolk.net/ramsha_research/families/Stephenson.rtf
[159] Winton Goodlove Papers.
[160]The First World War Part 5 of 10, 10/18/2003
[161] There Goes the Neighborhood, Rural School Consolidatipon at the Grass Roots in Early Twentieth century Iowa, by David R. Reynolds
[162] Nature Center, Crabtree Forest Preserve, Barrington, IL March 11, 2012
[163] Jimmy Carter, The Liberal Left and World Chaos by Mike Evans, page 504
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