This Day in Goodlove History: January 2013

Thursday, January 31, 2013

TThis Day in Goodlove History, February 1

This Day in Goodlove History, January 31

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Jeff Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com

Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove

The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), and Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clarke, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,and ancestors Andrew Jackson, and William Henry Harrison.

The Goodlove Family History Website:

http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html

The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:

• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx

• • Books written about our unique DNA include:

• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.

“Jacob’s Legacy, A Genetic View of Jewish History” by David B. Goldstein, 2008.

February 1, 50 BC: The image of long-haired, moustachioed Celts depicted in the cartoon tales of Asterix and Obelix actually has a basis in historical records.
Classical texts mention that both Celtic men and women had long hair, with the men sporting beards or moustaches.

One Roman, Diodorus Siculus, wrote: ‘When they are eating the moustache becomes entangled in the food, and when they are drinking the drink passes, as it were, through a sort of strainer’.
With Christianity not coming to northern Europe until the 6th century AD, the Celts worshipped a variety of pagan Gods and practised polygamy.

Important religious festivals included Beltane, May 1, the beginning of the warm season, and Lugnasad, August 1, celebrating the ripening of the crops.

Other feasts included Imbolc, February 1, when sheep begin to lactate, and Samhain, November 1, a festival when spirits could pass between the worlds, thought to have carried on in the tradition of Halloween.

As for leisure activities for both the young and old, glass gaming pieces have been found in later Iron Age burials, suggesting the Celts played board games.

Children may have occupied their free time by practising their skill at the slingshot - a common Iron Age weapon.[1]

February 1, 682: Visigoth King Erwig pressed for the "utter extirpation of the pest of the Jews," and made it illegal to practice any Jewish rites in an area that corresponds to much of modern day Spain. This put further pressure on the Jews to convert or emigrate.[2]

683:
Death of Yazid. Accession of Mu'awiyah II.[3]

684:
Abdullah b Zubair declares himself aS the Caliph at'Makkah. Marwan I becomes the Caliph' at Damascus. Battle of Marj Rahat.[4]

685:
Death of Marwan I. Abdul Malik becomes the Caliph at Damascus. Battle of Ain ul Wada. [5]

686:
Mukhtar declares himself as the Caliph at Kufa. [6]

February 1, 1733: King Augustus II of Poland passed away. Born in 1670, Augustus II was the Elector of Saxony (Germany) before gaining Augustus gained the Polish throne. His rise to power was facilitated by his “court Jew” and financier Issachar Berend Lehmann.[7]

February 1 - 14 February 1777
Washington's headquarters is at Morristown, New Jersey.[8]

Month of February. February 1st.1780: Toward morning the air was fair and the course set W by N. As soon as the air cleared up, the tongues of the men loosened again. About half past three we passed the men-of-war, which had anchored before the bar because of the lack of depth. At last, about four o’clock, we caught sight with true joy of the lighthouse of Tybee on the coast of Georgia. Toward six o’clock in the evening a large part of the fleet anchored safely in the mouth of the Savannah River, where to our ? we found over eighteen sail of the fleet which we had given up for lost. [9]

February 1, 1794

Harrison County, Kentucky created 1793 from Bourbon and Scott Counties to commence Feb. 1. 1794.

Harrison County was named for Col. Benjamin Harrison, an early resident of Bourbon, the first Sheriff of that county, and its representative in the State at the time of the formation of HarrisonCounty. He was a native of Pennsylvania and removed to Bourbon prior to its formation as a county in 1785, where he held many prominent positions, etc.[10]

February 1, 1799: The French army under Napoleon left for Palestine to forestall a Turco-British invasion through the Palestinian land-bridge.[11] Ancestor Joseph LeClere was said to have been in Napoleon’s Body Guard unit.

1804 - February 1 - Letter, Charles Dehault Delassus to Henry Peyroux. Have received suit of Messrs. Waters and Olive vs. Benjamin Harrison, Sr. but pressing current work has prevented paying any attention to it. [12]

February 1, 1809: Ordered that Daniel McKinnon be allowed Eight Dollars and ninety cts for his Services done for the County from the first of December 1808 till February 1, 1809 Summoning the grandjury at January Term 1809.[13]

February 1, 1813: Ancestor and future President, William Henry Harrison advanced to the site of Fort Meigs with an army which ultimately numbered 4,000 men (mainly militia) and began construction of the fort on February 1, 1813. Harrison contemplated a hit-and-run attack across the frozen Lake Erie against the British position at Amherstburg, but found that the ice was breaking up and returned to the half-finished fort.[1] He found the officer he had left in charge, Joel B. Leftwich, had left with all his men because the enlistment period of the militia units assigned to the task had expired. Construction had halted, and the wood that had been cut was being used as firewood.

As the enlistments of Harrison's Ohio and Kentucky militia were also about to expire, Harrison disbanded his force and departed for Cincinnati, Ohio, to raise a fresh army. He left Engineer Major Eleazer D. Wood to complete the construction of the fort. The garrison consisted of several hundred men from the 17th and 19th U.S. Infantry, who were inadequately clothed, plus militia from Pennsylvania and Virginia whose own enlistments were soon to expire.

The fort was on the south bank of the Maumee, near the Miami Rapids. Across the river were the ruins of the old British Fort Miami and the site of the 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers. Fort Meigs occupied an area of 8 acres (32,000 m2), the largest constructed in North America to that date. The perimeter consisted of a fifteen-foot picket fence, linking eight blockhouses. The north face was protected by the Maumee, and the east and west faces by ravines. The south face was cleared of all timber to create an open glacis.[2]

The poor weather of early spring prevented a British attack while the fort was still vulnerable.[3] The British commander on the Detroit frontier, Major General Henry Procter, had been urged to attack Presque Isle (present day Erie, Pennsylvania), where the Americans were constructing a flotilla intended to seize control of Lake Erie, but Procter refused unless he received substantial reinforcements. Instead, he decided upon an attack on Fort Meigs, to disrupt American preparations for a summer campaign and hopefully capture supplies.[4] Harrison received word of Procter's preparations, and hastened to the fort with 300 reinforcements, increasing the garrison to a total of 1,100 men.[2] Embankments were hastily thrown up inside the fort as a protection against artillery fire. Harrison had persuaded Isaac Shelby, the Governor of Kentucky, to call up a brigade of 1,200 Kentucky militia under Brigadier General Green Clay. Clay's brigade had followed Harrison down the Maumee, but had not reached the fort before it was besieged. [14]

February 1, 1861: Texas secedes from the Union.[15]

February 1, 1861
To Zebulon Baird Vance
From Wm. L. Love
Webster No. Ca.
Menny of your former political supporters are secessionists. I still stand firm for the Union and find many Dems as I am-But the leaders of Dem. In Jackson-such as Fisher, Dills, Allison, &c are Dimunionists. “Thad” is sound.
On the 16th or 17 ult sen. Simons made a Speech in the U.S. Senate in which he said the first “Liberty Law” was enacted by a Dem. Legislature signed by a Dem Gov. &c. This is a sweet morsel. I relish any thing that makes Dem. Look damnable. Who was this Dem. Gov. What appointments did “Polk” give him? I would very much like to know what was the political character of “The “ several Leg’s that passed these Laws-who was then Gov&c. that is if they were Dem.
Let me hear from you-
Washington

Zebulon Vance to James A. Seddon, February 1, 1865:

(Zebulon Vance is at the time, the Governor of North Carolina.)

Dear Sir:

I beg leave to call your attention to the conditions of the Federal prisoners of war at Salisbury, N.C. Accounts read me of the most distressing character in regard to their suffering and destitution. I earnestly request you to have the matter inquired into and if in our power, to relieve them, that it be done. If they are willfully left to suffer when we can avoid it, it would be not only a blot in our humanity, but would lay us open to severe retaliation. I know how strained our means are, however, it will cast no blame upon any one without further information.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

Z. B. Vance

(Zebulon Vance to James A. Seddon, February 1, 1865.)

(Zebulon Vance is the compilers 3rd cousin, six times removed. JG)

ZEBULON VANCE AS A YOUNG MAN, WITH HIS RIGHT HAND INSIDE VEST.

http://ncmuseumofhistory.org/MOH/vfpcgi.exe?IDCFile=/moh/DETAILS.IDC,SPECIFIC=1079,DATABASE=40381957,

February 1, 1865

Job Kirby[16], son of William Kirby, was born in 1816, and came to America with his mother in 1849. He was unmarried, and when the Civil War broke out, he enlisted in a New York State regiment (Company G, 104th Regiment, New York Volunteers), and went to the front. After one year of service he was taken prisoner by Confederates. He was paroled, but his patriotism led him back into the army and he was taken prisoner a second time. He was held in a stockade at Salisbury[17], North Carolina, where from exposure and neglect he died and was buried February 1, 1865, aged forty-eight years.[18]

In February 1865 a new exchange program was finally approved. Men at the Salisbury Prison were divided into two groups in order to be liberated. The largest group consisted of 3729 of the more able-bodied prisoners who were marched to Greensboro, North Carolina and then taken by train to Wilmington, North Carolina to be received by Confederate Major Robert F. Hoke. The second group, containing 1420 of the sickest prisoners was sent to Richmond. The Prison then became a supply depot, but it had no prisoners when on April 12, 1865 (3 days after Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox) Union General George Stoneman arrived in Salisbury to free the Federals. The Prison was burned, the only one recorded as having been destroyed in this manner. A confederate Government flag that once flew over the gates is now housed at the North Carolina Museum of History in Raleigh. [19]

CSA NATIONAL, 2ND DESIGN; ASSOCIATED W/ THE SALISBURY PRISON.[20]

The young lady visiting the Salisbury prison where Job Kirby died and William Harrison Goodlove arrived only weeks later to rescue and guard the trains carrying the former prisoners to safety is descendant Jacqulin Kirby Goodlove, my daughter.

11,700 unknown Union soldiers are thought to be buried in 18 trenches, each 240 feet long, dug in an abandoned corn field outside the Confederate Prison stockades. Government records indicate about half that many. Salisbury National Cemetery encompassed this mass grave site, now a grassy expanse marked by a head and foot stone for each trench.

In the upper end of the stockade was a spring that supplied the water for the prison. The lower end of the stream was the latrine area. There were also trips made outside the prison to a nearby stream for fresh water. Unaware that bacteria could travel upstream, the rest is history.

General George Stoneman burned the prison buildings April 12-13, 1865

February 1, 1865

Illinois becomes the first state to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, abolishing slavery in the United States.[21]

February 1, 1879: Catherine Ann “Kitty” STEPHENSON. Born on October 12, 1837 in Missouri. Catherine Ann “Kitty” died in Keytsville, Missouri on December 12, 1881; she was 44. Buried on December 15, 1881 in Keytsville, Missouri.

Information on the 7 children of Levi Flowers and Catherine Ann Stephenson was taken from the Capt. Hugh Stephenson Estate Court Records. A copy of these records are in the possession of Mabel Hoover.--REF

On September 20, 1855 when Catherine Ann “Kitty” was 17, she married Dr. Levi FLOWERS, in Carroll County, Missouri.

They had the following children:

i. Mary C. Born on October 12, 1859. Mary C. died in Dean Lake, Chariton County, Missouri on February 1, 1879; she was 19. Buried in Stephenson Cemetery, Dean Lake, Chariton County, Missouri.

ii. Emma.

Emma married HAWKINS.

iii. Joe.

iv. Thomas.

v. Agnes.

vi. Scott.

21 vii. Charles (-<1914) [22] February 1, 1941: Prime Minister Churchill instructed his Foreign Minister, Anthony Eden, to send a warning to Romanian dictator Ion Antonescu telling him “that we will hold him and immediate circle personally responsible in life and limb” if the Iron Cross did not stop their murderous attacks on the Jews.[23] February 1, 1942: The SS Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt (Economic-Administrative Main Office; WVHA) is established, under Oswald Pohl. Also, a nationalist government is formed in Norway under Vidkun Quisling.[24]

[25]

Drancy, 1942

[26]

Drancy today.

USS Enterprise CV-6
The Most Decorated Ship of the Second World War

1942 - Marshall Islands

Marshall Islands Raid
February 1, 1942

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"It was one of those plans which are called 'brilliant' if they succeed and 'foolhardy' if they fail."
Vice Admiral William F. Halsey

For a moment, imagine being gifted with extraordinary vision, standing in the center of Tokyo, Japan, on January 1, 1942, and being lifted well above the surface of the earth. Gazing to the southeast, towards the central Pacific, one might first pick out the smudge of Marcus Island, not quite a thousand miles distant, a Japanese possession since 1898. Peering further into the distance, still directly southeast, a string of coral atolls appears some 3000 miles away. These are the Marshall Islands, which Japan seized from Germany in 1914 (Japan aligned itself with the Allies in World War I), and which were formally mandated to Japan's control by the Treaty of Versailles, signed in June 1919.

Beyond the Marshalls are the Gilbert Islands - which Japan seized two days after Pearl Harbor - and, still further southeast, the Ellice Islands. South and east of the Ellice Islands lie Fiji and Samoa, which in turn straddle the critical shipping lanes between the United States and Australia. It was these shipping lanes, and the obvious possibility of Japan severing them, that occupied the minds of American military planners from Washington, DC to Hawaii during the first weeks of the war.

1 February 1942: an Enterprise Dauntless dive bomber prepares for launch during the Marshall Islands raid.

The night passed uneventfully until, at 0220, the officer of the watch reported sand blowing in his face. Halsey ordered the ship's position checked: its course based on old maps of questionable accuracy, the ship could have been moments from running aground. The officer then thought to taste a few grains of the "sand". Finding they were suspiciously sweet, he soon traced their source to a sailor on watch, stirring sugar into his coffee. Forty minutes later, at 0300, the ship's crew was awakened, and the Big E - still underway - prepared to launch her first strikes of the war.

Enterprise's flight deck bustles with activity during the Marshall Islands raid.

The first missions were timed to reach their targets throughout the northern Marshall Islands simultaneously, just before 0700: the same time that Spruance's cruiser force was to commence bombardment of Wotje and Taroa. At 0430, Enterprise turned into the wind. Thirteen minutes later, six F4F Wildcats roared into the black night for Combat Air Patrol, followed immediately 36 Scouting Six and Bombing Six SBDs led by Enterprise Air Group commander CDR Howard L. Young. Just after 0500, a second strike of nine TBD Devastators from Torpedo Six, and an SBD delayed by engine trouble, rumbled down the Big E's flight deck. These 46 planes formed up in the dark - no easy task - and headed for Kwajalein Atoll, 155 miles away. At 0610, still nearly an hour before sunrise, twelve Fighting Six Wildcats were launched for Wotje and Taroa. One Wildcat pilot, ENS David W. Criswell, apparently became disoriented in the dark. His plane stalled shortly after takeoff and plunged into the sea: Criswell was never found. Considering the limited training given pilots in night operations before the war, it's remarkable there weren't further mishaps.

On this first strike, each Devastator torpedo plane was armed with three 500 lb instantaneous-fused bombs - rather than the usual torpedo - while the Dauntlesses each lugged a single 500 lb bomb as well as two 200 lb bombs. The Wildcats carried two 100 lb bombs each.

As the planes droned through the pre-dawn darkness, Spruance's cruisers closed range with Wotje and Taroa: Northampton and Salt Lake City would take Wotje, while Chester and several destroyers sidled up to Taroa.

Shortly before 0700, Gene Lindsey's torpedo planes broke off from the main body of Dauntlesses and headed for Kwajalein anchorage, some 44 miles south of Roi at the northern end of the atoll. "Brigham" Young's SBDs, meanwhile, grappled with darkness, low-lying fog, and decades-old maps, trying to identify Roi itself. At 0705, seven minutes after the strikes were scheduled to begin, and - more importantly - after the defenders on the ground had been alerted to their approach, they succeeded.

In a steep, gliding run, LCDR Halstead L. Hopping led his division of six SBDs through increasing anti-aircraft fire, releasing his bombs over the enemy's airfield, where even as the attack begin, fighters were scrambling into the air. As the lead plane, Hopping's SBD drew much of the defenders' fire and plunged into the sea after releasing its bomb: Hopping and his gunner, RM 1/c Harold Thomas, were lost. Scouting Six continued the attack, with Earl Gallaher and C. E. Dickinson each leading six SBDs into the fray. The bombers pummeled the airfield - destroying an ammunition dump, two hangars, and a radio station - and swung back around to strafe the base and parked planes on the ground. Enemy fighters and anti-aircraft fire claimed three more SBDs, but Enterprise's airmen put on a spirited defense and claimed three "Claudes" in exchange.

With Roi in a shambles, seven marauding VS-6 SBDs - their big 500 lb bombs still slung under their bellies - made off for Kwajalein anchorage, where more substantial targets had been reported by Torpedo Six commander Gene Lindsey. Discovering several merchant ships, submarines, and the cruiser Katori in the anchorage, Lindsey had immediately called for more planes. Over Roi, Young picked up and repeated Lindsey's alert - "Targets suitable for heavy bombs at Kwajalein anchorage" - before detaching Bombing Six with the seven accompanying Scouting Six planes. Young's broadcast was heard aboard Enterprise, where the remaining nine VT-6 Devastators were armed with torpedoes and readied for launch.

Lindsey's Devastators had surprised the anchorage, damaging several of the ships there while encountering only poorly-directed defensive fire. Bombing Six, led by LCDR William R. Hollingsworth, and the remaining planes of VS-6, followed up with a dive-bombing attack from 14,000 feet. On their departure, the transport Bordeaux Maru and subchaser Shonan Maru appeared to be sinking, a half dozen other ships were damaged, and 90 men including the area commander lay dead.[27]

In close coordination with the strikes against Roi and Kwajalein, Fighting Six had swept over Taroa and Wotje - the latter occasionally in sight of Enterprise - just before 0700. At Wotje, VF-6 commander LT C. Wade McClusky, had led six planes in two high-speed bombing runs over the slumbering island, targeting the airfield (still under construction), before returning once more to strafe buildings and suspected gun placements.

A quad-1.1" anti-aircraft gun mount on Enterprise, in early 1942. These guns were replaced by 40mm Bofors by October.

However, it fell to LT James S. Gray and his flight of five Wildcats to stir up the Marshall's real hotspot: Taroa. Shortly before 0700, Gray and his wingman, LT(jg) Wilmer Rawie, mistakenly bombed the unoccupied island of Tjan, which Gray had misidentified as Taroa. Somewhat chagrined, Gray roared away to the southeast, stringing out the other Wildcats in a long, thin line, as they scrambled to keep up. Fifteen miles from Tjan, they found their target.

Expecting to find a lightly-defended seaplane base, as intelligence reports had suggested, Gray and his flight were thrilled and alarmed to behold a fully operational airfield, two new mile-long runways and an ample complement of warplanes. Barely 100 miles southeast of the Big E, Taroa was a genuine threat, and its defenders were wide awake.

Streaking in from 8,000 feet, the Wildcats targeted the island's small navy yard and airfield with their remaining 100 lb bombs, then swung back around to deliberately strafe the neat rows of planes parked on the airfield, including an estimated 30-40 twin-engine bombers. With no incendiary shells, the fighters were able to set only one parked plane on fire, but rendered many others inoperable, an accomplishment that would prove of vital importance later in the day.

Recovering from his first pass over the island, Rawie identified a pair of enemy planes - Type 96 "Claude" fixed-gear fighters - about a mile ahead. Undetected, Rawie approached from below and crippled one fighter with a long burst of .50-caliber shells, before hurtling past the second plane and abruptly reversing course to approach it head-on. Neither airman gave way until the last possible moment, and even then the Wildcat's belly clipped the Claude's wing, barely perturbing the Wildcat but forcing the enemy plane to stagger in retreat.

Taking remarkable risks, the Taroa's ground crews and airmen scrambled six more fighters into the air despite Fighting Six's repeated strafing runs. As these fighters came to grips with Gray's Wildcats, a flaw which had plagued the F4F's guns for months came into play. One by one, the .50-caliber guns jammed: all four of Rawie's guns jammed on his second pass over the airfield, ENS Ralph Rich's failed him as well, and both pilots soon turned for home, along with two other VF-6 airmen in similar straits. Unintentionally, they left LT Gray behind, who soon found himself the center of attention for Taroa's angry fighters. Outmatched by the more maneuverable Japanese planes, Gray struggled to break free, turning into and firing his one operating gun at each Claude as it streaked by. By 0720, Gray was finally in the clear and on his way home, his plane sporting over thirty holes and numerous dents in the seat armor installed just a day earlier.

With Fighting Six's retirement from Wotje and Taroa, Spruance's bombardment force - which had been observing the aerial action over the atolls - went to work. Off Wotje, Northampton and Salt Lake City sent their first salvos hurtling towards the island at 0715, before turning their attention to several slow-moving merchant ships slipping out of the anchorage. Off Taroa, the cruiser Chester and two destroyers picked up where the Wildcats had left off, targeting the airfield and planes on the ground. Like Gray's fighters, Chester received a warm welcome from Taroa's airmen, suffering some casualties from a small bomb which struck her deck aft, and getting a real scare from a formation of eight planes which made a level bombing run on the cruiser at 0830. The latter attack scored no hits, but was enough to convince Chester and her escorts to back away from the swarming enemy base.

Aboard Enterprise, Halsey and his staff interrogated the returning pilots, beginning with Rawie who returned at about 0800, and quickly singled out Taroa as deserving of additional strikes. By this time, LCDR Lance Massey was well on his way to Kwajalein with nine torpedo-laden Devastators, to follow up on the earlier attacks on shipping there. With most of VF-6 now needed for Combat Air Patrol, Bombing and Scouting Six were called on to continue the attack.

As she did twenty-one other times during the raid, Enterprise turned into the easterly wind at about 0930 to launch planes. This strike was led by Bombing Six's commander, LCDR Hollingsworth, who had just returned from the Roi strike. The nine SBDs - two from VS-6, the rest from Hollingsworth's VB-6 - arrived over Taroa to find the most of the enemy's fighters on the ground, being refueled and rearmed. Attacking from out of the sun, the heavily laden bombers devastated two hangars, as many as nine planes on the ground, and a number of smaller buildings. Five Claudes engaged the SBDs but without success, and all nine in Hollingsworth's flight returned safely to the Big E.

At 1030, a third strike against the beleaguered atoll rumbled down Enterprise's flight deck. Led by Bombing Six's Richard Best, the SBDs finished the job Hollingsworth's had started, wrecking a radio tower, fuel tanks, and airfield installations. Taroa's fighters lashed out, engaging two of Best's SBDs in sustained aerial combat, and finally cornering the last SBD in formation, flown by ENS John Doherty. The Dauntlesses could claim two Claudes, but Doherty and his gunner AOM 3/c Will Hunt failed to return. Taroa, it was believed, was in ruins.

With the return of Best's strike, and a second strike against Wotje led by Air Group Commander Young, the Big E began retiring from the Marshalls, or, as it was colorfully referred to in some quarters, "hauling ass with Halsey". Having operated for nearly ten hours in a narrow rectangle of ocean in range of several enemy airfields, sometimes even in sight of Wotje itself, Halsey had stretched his luck as far as he dared, which was far indeed. Enterprise left the area much as she had arrived, racing north at 30 knots.

This Scouting Six dive bomber had its tail clipped by a crashing enemy bomber, even as AMM 2/c Bruno Gaido manned its rear gun in the carrier's defense.

Since well before dawn, the Big E's company had been at battle stations, awaiting the Japanese response, which to this point had been practically nil. In mid-morning, radar had indicated a bogey northwest of the Task Force, but fighters sent to investigate returned empty-handed. On several occasions, friendly planes returning from strikes had caused some alarm, but all were correctly identified before any mishaps could occur. A little past 1330, there was again confusion when a bogey appeared on Enterprise's radar, closing range rapidly. This time, however, the planes were not friendly: from Taroa's battered airfield, five big twin-engined Type 96 "Nell" bombers bore down on the island's tormentor.

Four VF-6 Wildcats made contact with the bombers 15 miles from the Big E, but jammed guns and cloud cover allowed the Nells to elude the CAP. Approaching in a shallow dive, the bombers burst from the clouds 3500 yards off Enterprise's starboard bow, hurtling towards their target at 250 knots. Every five inch gun that could be brought to bear opened fire, but the gunners' inexperience, the stress of battle and the high speed of the approaching planes led to the shells trailing their target, where they were of more danger to the CAP than to the enemy. Captain George Murray ordered hard left rudder quickly followed by hard right; the ship responded with reassuring nimbleness and neatly "stepped aside" from the approaching bombers. As the 1.1" gun mounts began their deafening fire, the five planes let fall a loose "stick" of three 60 kg bombs each. Most fell harmlessly to port, the concussions pounding the ship's hull and lifting her in the water. One bomb exploded close enough to severe a gasoline line, starting a small fire and mortally wounding BM 2/c George Smith.

Recovering from their dive a scant 1500 feet above the Big E's flight deck, four of the five bombers sped away, but the fifth plane - piloted by the flight leader LT Kazuo Nakai - turned sharply to the left and circled back towards the carrier as if to land. Despite the combined fire of every gun that could bear, the plane kept coming on, clearly intending to crash into the ship. At the last moment, Enterprise veered hard to the right, and the plane - whether due to mechanical damage or an incapacitated pilot - failed to match her turn. Hurtling mere feet over the aft flight deck, the bomber's right wing clipped the tail of parked Scouting Six Dauntless (whose rear gun had been manned by AMM 2/c Bruno Gaido), and snapped off, drenching the island and flight deck forward with gasoline, before coming to rest in a port catwalk. The Nell, Nakai, and his crew plunged into the sea off Enterprise's port quarter and were quickly left behind.

A little scuffed up from the attack, Enterprise and her escorts returned to their course and made away from Taroa at high speed, under the protection of a wary CAP. A little more than an hour after the bombers' appearance, two Wildcats played cat-and-mouse with an enemy seaplane, eventually forcing it down. Additional contacts kept the CAP busy through the afternoon, including two bombers which made a level-bombing run at 1600. With some spotting assistance from Fighting Six commander McClusky, the ship's gunners damaged one of the planes. Like their predecessors, the two Nells could manage only near misses. As they retired, McClusky and his men sent the undamaged bomber down in flames; the other bomber evaded the CAP and got away, still trailing smoke from a damaged engine.

As dusk drew near, the wary CAP also became the weary CAP. By sunset at 1835, all fourteen Fighting Six Grummans were on patrol, the fifth mission of the day for some of the pilots. By 1902, the last of the CAP had landed, aided by a full moon which illuminated the ships' wakes as well. To throw any enemy snoopers off, Halsey briefly set the Task Force on a northwest course - away from home - and gratefully found shelter under a damp cold front. Under the cover of what would become known as "Enterprise weather", the Big E turned northeast and headed for home. [28] Uncle Howard Snell was on board the Enterprise.

February 1, 1943: Most of the 1,500 Jews remaining in Buczacz who had not been sent to Belzac were murdered.[29]

February 1, 1943: On January 25, 1943 Gunther, Eichmann’s assistant, replied (XXVI-70) that the Reich’s Transportation Ministry had given the green light for the transport in freight cars of 1,500 to 2,000 Jews from Drancy to Auschwitz. There was no objection, cabled Gunther, to the deportation of French Jews if it were undertaken in accordance with the guidelines for the evacuation of the Jews from France. Moreover, he indicated that the escort from Drancy to the Reich’s border would be a commando from the SD of Metz and that after the border, the Ordnungspolizei would escort the convly to Auschwitz. On January 26 (XXVc-198), Knochen telexed to all the regional Gestapo offices: arrest all deportable Jews and transfer them to Drancy. Thus, for example, on January 28, 170 persons arrived from Bordeau (XXVc-198); on January 29, Merdsche, the Commander of Orleans, sent 67 Jews to Drancy, among them 25 women and 4 children; from Poitiers 22 internees arrived; from Dijon, on February 1, 70 Jews (XXVc-199); and from Angers, 9 (XXVc-202). [30]

1942 Chronology

Gilbert and Marshall Islands
February 1, 1942

February 1, 1968

[31]

[32]

February 1, 1979: In the spirit of a new freedom for Iran, Prime Minister Bakhtar has allowed the Ayatollah Khomeini to return.[33] Khomeini returns to Iran.[34] Millions greet Khomeini, who calls for expelling all foreigners from Iran.[35]

Kyle Berger. "Tracing roots to Aaron: Kohanim represent the original Jewish priesthood." The Western Jewish Bulletin (Vancouver, B.C., Canada, February 1, 2002). Excerpts:

"Today, it is estimated that approximately five per cent or 350,000 men of the seven million male Jews around the world are kohanim.... So, now I know that, not only am I a direct descendant of Moses' brother, but I am a member of the Jewish priesthood who carries the heavy responsibilities of keeping the traditions of the kohanim alive.... In early 1997, Nature reported that a research team had found a unique genetic chromosome linking kohanim across the globe. Prof. Karl Skorecki... along with his researchers, found that the 188 unrelated kohanim they tested shared a variation of the Y chromosome which linked them to Aaron, who was born in 2365 BCE. This specific chromosome would only be passed from father to son. This research provided proof that the priesthood established by Aaron probably did exist as the Torah details it. However, not everyone in the scientific world agreed with Skorecki's conclusions. Dr. Avshalom Zoossmann-Diskin... attempted to cast doubt on Skorecki's findings. In an article published in the Jerusalem Post, Feb. 28, 2001, Zoossmann-Diskin claimed that studies of kohanim are 'problematic and arrive at conclusions that are not supported by all available data.'... But Skorecki maintained his claims to be true and said the findings of his research team have been corroborated several times since then. OK. So, now I accept that I probably really am a descendant of Aaron and that kohanim are supposed to be the role models of the Jewish people."

Dr. Levon Yepiskoposyan (Yerevan, Armenia), Head of the Institute of Man and President of the Armenian Anthropological Society:

"Indeed there are some evidences of genetic relation between Armenians and Jews. Jewish population could preserve 'genetic signature' of their ancient ancestors in male Y chromosome - in genetically isolated communities of Cohanim. It is so called 'Cohanim modal haplotype' - CMH. We found the presence of CMH in modern Armenians as well. This is a strong evidence of ancient genetic contacts between Armenians and Hebrews. We suppose that these contacts took place about 3-4k years ago. Our paper on Y chromosome diversity in the Armenian population is in press. It is impossible to establish the ethnic origin of any person according to blood ABO groups." [36]

Fullersburg Forest Preserve, Oakbrook Il, February 1, 2012

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

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[1] Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2164897/Iron-Age-coins-worth-10m-discovered-Jersey-metal-detector-friends.html#ixzz1z1ORUxqL

[2] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[3] http://barkati.net/english/chronology.htm

[4] http://barkati.net/english/chronology.htm

[5] http://barkati.net/english/chronology.htm

[6] http://barkati.net/english/chronology.htm

[7] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[8] http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/AMREV-HESSIANS/1999-03/0922729801

[9] Diary of the American War, A Hessian Journal by Captain Johann Ewald pgs.191-196.

[10] (History Bourbon etc., p. 220) Chronology of Benjamin Harrison compiled by Isobel Stebbins Giuvezan. Afton, Missouri, 1973 http://www.shawhan.com/benharrison.html

[11] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[12] (New Madrid Archives #1359) Chronology of Benjamin Harrison compiled by Isobel Stebbins Giuvezan. Afton, Missouri, 1973 http://www.shawhan.com/benharrison.html

[13] Champaign County Clerk

[14] Antal, Sandy (1997). A Wampum Denied: Proctor's War of 1812. Carleton University Press. ISBN 0-87013-443-4.

Berton, Pierre (2001). Flames Across the Border. Anchor Canada. ISBN 978-0385658386.

Elting, John R. (1995). Amateurs to Arms: A military history of the War of 1812. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80653-3.

Hitsman, J. Mackay; Donald E. Graves (1999). The Incredible War of 1812. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. ISBN 1-896941-13-3.
•Latimer, Jon (2007). 1812: War with America''. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-67402-584-9.

[15] On This Day in America by John Wagman.

[16] By coincidence, on the same day that I discovered that Job Kirby was at the Salisbury Prison, I found out that that my daughter, Anna Lee Goodlove was to play in a soccer tournament the weekend of July 22, 2006 and be staying in nearby Winston-Salem.

Upon arrival to Salisbury, North Carolina:

The librarian at the History room at the Rowan County Library in Salisbury N.C. had done some research for me prior to our arrival. Upon our arrival, she shared some interesting information that was not what we had suspected.

Phillip Barton

Library Director

Rowan Public Library

PO Box 4039

201 West Fisher Street

Salisbury, NC 28145-4039

There was no record of Job at the Salisbury National Cemetery. There was a record of his being treated at the Salisbury Prison Hospital and being released.

There was a record of him in the “Index of Prisoners of War of the United States Army Who Enlisted in the Rebel Service at Salisbury, N.C.”

This of course was not what we expected and after doing additional research at the Salisbury Library, my 15 year old daughter, Jacqulin Kirby Goodlove and I made our way to the nearby Salisbury National Cemetery.

There is strangeness that permeates this place that is difficult to explain. It is clearly a

memorial to those who gave their lives for the ideals of the Union, located in a place surrounded by those who fought for the south or were from descendants of slaves and slave owners and their families. It represents more than that however, to those who have friends or family members who were POW’s or soldier’s that are missing or whereabouts are “unknown.” There are many unanswered questions at this place. More questions than answers. “Unknown” graves and unknown stories. What is Job’s story?

During our visit I learned from a former employee of the cemetery that the museum at the cemetery has been closed for years. We arrived prior to the 4:30 PM closing time however we learned that the people that assist in finding graves often leave early. There are many markers that indicate “Unknown Soldier” at the cemetery. Also there is a large area with no markers. These are the eighteen trenches that many were buried without markers because there were too many. The lady at the library said that they know virtually everyone that died at Salisbury. Perhaps they just don’t know who was buried where. It is a solemn place that stretches about sixteen acres. This is not the prison, or the yard. Only the grave area that was outside the prison, across the train tracks in a nearby corn field. A train passed on those tracks while we stood and watched. It reminded me of how that sound of the train must have made those feel that were already in the prison while it brought more men to an already starved and overcrowded prison yard. There are now many more questions than answers. Questions about Job Kirby, of how and where he died. Questions about his desertion to the confederate army and when he was admitted and released from the Salisbury prison hospital.

[17] On a knoll in the beautifully maintained Historic Salisbury National Cemetery lies an area marked by the absence of individual tombstones. Under the grassy mantle and stately tree are the remains of some of the men who died at the Salisbury Confederate Prison.

[18] The Career of a Family, History of William and Esther Kirby and their Family up to the Present time (December, 1914) by John Kirby, Adrian, Michigan. Page 10.

[19] (www.salisburyprison.org/prisonhistory,htm)

[20] http://ncmuseumofhistory.org/MOH/vfpcgi.exe?IDCFile=/moh/DETAILS.IDC,SPECIFIC=62169,DATABASE=40016926,

[21] On This Day in America by John Wagman.

[22] www.frontierfolk.net/ramsha_research/families/Stephenson.rtf

[23] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[24] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1770.

[25] History International

[26] History International

[27] http://www.cv6.org/1942/marshalls/default.htm

[28] http://www.cv6.org/1942/marshalls/marshalls_2.htm

[29] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[30] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 360-361.

[31] LBJ Presidential Library, Austin, TX February 11, 2012

[32] LBJ Presidential Library, Austin TX. February 11, 2012

[33] Jimmy Carter, The Liberal Left and World Chaos by Mike Evans, page 504

[34] Jimmy Carter, The Liberal Left and World Chaos by Mike Evans, page 498.

[35] Jimmy Carter, The Liberal Left and World Chaos by Mike Evans, page 504

[36] http://www.khazaria.com/genetics/abstracts-cohen-levite.html

[37] Fullersburg Woods Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

[38] Fullersburg Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

[39] Fullersburg Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

[40] Fullersburg Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

[41] Fullersburg Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

[42] Fullersburg Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

[43] Fullersburg Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

[44] Fullersburg Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

[45] Fullersburg Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

[46] Fullersburge Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

[47] Fullersburg Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

[48] Fullersburge Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

[49] Fullersburg Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

[50] Fullersburg Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

[51] Fullersburg Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

[52] Fullersburg Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

[53] Fullersburg Forest Preserve, Oakbrrok, IL

[54] Fullersburg Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

[55] Fullersburg Woods Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

[56] Fullersburg Woods Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

[57] Fullersburg Woods Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

[58] Fullersburg Woods Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

[59] Fullersburg Woods Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

[60] Fullersburg Woods Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

[61] Fullersburg Woods Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

[62] Fullersburg Woods Forest Preserve, Oakbrook IL

[63] Fullersburg Woods Forest Preserve, Oakbrook, IL

Wednesday, January 30, 2013

This Day in Goodlove History, January 31

A variation on the "Church versus Synagogue" theme: the Church is a knight riding a horse, threatening the Synagogue, a Jew riding a pig, with his sword.

Cathedral of Erfurt, Germany , ca. 1420.

[12]

1420: All Jews are expelled from Lyon.[13] 1420: At the behest of the Church, Duke Albrecht ordered the forcible conversion of the Jews of Austria. Those that had not converted or escaped or been sent off in the boats were burned at the stake on March 12, 1421, and their beautiful synagogue destroyed.[14]

With the death of Vivelin/Gutleben the history of our Swiss-Upper Rhine physician family is not yet at its end, however. Let us turn next to the physician Peter Gutleben, who practiced in the first half of the 15th century for several decades in Colmar. As the first name Peter already dindicates, this Gutleben was not a Jew, but a Christian. The last name and place of his activity indicate that we are dealing in all likelihood with Master Gutleben’s son Isaak, with whom the former had acquired the right to citizenship in Freiburg in Breisgau in 1373. Thus Isaak may have converted to Christianity in the last quarter of the 14th century at a date not exactly known to us a step which also the descendants of the Basel Jew Mathis of Colmar, who had been in personal contact with Gutleben, perhaps took, contrary to Ginsburger’s doubts. In a Basel document, in the year 1420, we encounter this Peter Gutleben as the husband of a certain Grete Pfetterhusen, a fact from which one must again conclude that Peter Gutleben was a Christian. However, in addition to that, he is given the identification of “from Friburg,” although he lived in Colmar at that time. Likely this classification comes from the time that Peter Gutleben, alias Isaak, spent in Freiburg. It is also possible that Isaak was baptized in Freiburg, as for example the infamous convert Hans from Strassburg who received baptism in that city in the 15th century, but in no way could have been a Jew from Strassburg.[15]

Portuguese sailors explore west coast of Africa, Songhai people in Gao region of W Africa begin raids in Mali empire, Ming capital moves to Beijing, Treaty of Troyes – Henry V recognized by Charles VI as heir apparent to the French throne – marries Catherine of France and enters Paris, Hussites defeat Sigismund at Bysehrad, erection of Great Temple of the Dragon in Peking, Brunelleschi creates cupola of Florence Cathedral, Ming capital moves to Beijing, Chinese ships reach East Africa, Treaty of Troyes – Henry V acknowledged as heir to French throne – marries Charles VI’s daughter Catherine, Henry Treaty of Troyes named heir of France under Charles VI, Henry marries Cathrine of France, England controls France, Hussite wars begin in Bohemia, Crusade proclaimed against the Hussite heretics in Bohemia, Brunelleschi builds dome on Florence cathedral, Europeans navigate into Indian ocean by sea, Portuguese sailors explore west coast of Africa, Songhai people in Gao region of W Africa begin raids in Mali empire, Ming capital moves to Beijing. [16]

In 1420, Danish geographer Claudius Clavus Swart wrote that he personally had seen "pygmies" from Greenland who were caught by Norsemen in a small skin boat. Their boat was hung in Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim along with another, longer boat also taken from "pygmies". Clavus Swart's description fits the Inuit and two of their types of boats, the kayak and the umiak.[26][27[17]

January 31, 1493: Jews fleeing Spain were no longer allowed to enter to enter Genoa. During the previous year Jews fleeing Spain were allowed to land in Genoa for three days. As of this date the special consideration was cancelled due to the “fear” that the Jews may introduce the Plague.[18]

January 31, 1773: Preached at Laury Irwin’s-the week past Mr. F. came to see me.

Saw a large Indian fortification at Stewart’s Crossings. Saw an Indian, Joseph Wapee, who informed me, that the forts in the Ohio country were places of retreat and defence, made by the ancient inhabitants, against the Catawbas[19]. This probably he received by tradition from his ancestors. Visited the settlement until February 4. [20]

January 31, 1780: On January 31st a heavy fog arose, forcing the admiral to put to sea again because a storm might develop. [21]

January 31, 1799: Catherine Gottleab (d. date unknown)

Catherine Gottleab died date unknown. She married Henry Keck on 1784, son of George Keck and Helenia Catherine Shaub.

More About Catherine Gottleab and Henry Keck:
Marriage: 1784

Children of Catherine Gottleab and Henry Keck are:
i.Ester Keck, b. January 31, 1799, d. date unknown.
ii.John Keck, b. May 04, 1801, d. date unknown.
iii.Henry Keck, b. April 14, 1804, d. date unknown.
iv.Samuel Keck, b. August 12, 1806, d. date unknown.
v.Peter Keck, b. September 10, 1808, d. date unknown.
vi.George Keck, b. June 09, 1810, d. date unknown.
vii.Elizabeth KECK, b. November 15, 1812, d. date unknown.[22]

January 31, 1872: Zane Grey, author of Riders of the Purple Sage, is born in Zanesville, Ohio.

The son of a successful dentist, Grey enjoyed a happy and solid upper-middle-class childhood, marred only by occasional fistfights with boys who teased him about his unusual first name, Pearl. (Grey later replaced it with his mother's maiden name, Zane.) A talented baseball player as teen, Grey caught the eye of a scout for the University of Pennsylvania college team, who convinced him to study there. In 1886, he graduated with a degree in dentistry and moved to New York to begin his practice.

Grey's interest in dentistry was half-hearted at best, and he did not relish the idea of replicating his father's safe but unexciting career path. Searching for an alternative, Grey decided to try his hand at writing; his first attempt was an uninspiring historical novel about a family ancestress. At that point, Grey might well have been doomed to a life of dentistry, had he not met Colonel C. J. "Buffalo" Jones in 1908, who convinced Grey to write Jones' biography. More importantly, Jones took him out West to gather material for the book, and Grey became deeply fascinated with the people and landscape of the region.

Grey's biography of Jones debuted in 1908 as The Last of the Plainsmen to little attention, but he was inspired to concentrate his efforts on writing historical romances of the West. In 1912, he published the novel that earned him lasting fame, Riders of the Purple Sage. Like the equally popular Owen Wister novel, The Virginian (1902), the basic theme of Riders revolves around the transformation of a weak and effeminate easterner into a man of character and strength through his exposure to the culture and land of the American West. Grey's protagonist, the Ohio-born Bern Venters, spends several weeks being tested by the rugged canyon country of southern Utah before finding his way back to civilization. Venters, Grey writes, "had gone away a boy-he had returned a man."

Though Riders of the Purple Sage was Grey's most popular novel, he wrote 78 other books during his prolific career, most of them Westerns. He died in 1939, but Grey's work continued to be extraordinarily popular for decades to come, and by 1955, his books had sold more than 31 millions copies around the world. With the possible exception of Riders, today Grey's books are little read, and most modern readers find them insufferably pompous, moralizing, and sentimental. Nonetheless, Grey played a pivotal role in creating the Western genre that, in the hands of more recent authors like Louis L'Amour, continues to charm many dedicated fans.[23]

January 31, 1863

August S. Merrimon to Zebulon Baird Vance[24]

Asheville N.C.

Gov. Z. B. Vance

Governor;

The Arms &c. have at length reach Asheville and I have turned the whole over to Col. W. R. Young,[25] in persueance of your instructions. I have forwarded his recp’t. to Maj. T. D. Hogg.[26]

I learn that the Laurel expedition is about over. I can’t give you any of the details of the affair. I suppose the proper officers will report to you. I learn that a number of prisoners were shot without any trial or hearing whatever. I hope this is not true, but if so, the parties guilty of so dark a crime should be punished. Humanity revolts at so savage a crime. Our Militia had nothing to do with what was done in Laurel. I am glad of this. It turns out that the Militia were not really needed. So I thought in the outset and advised our people, but they & Genl. Polk[27] Could not be satisfied without calling our the Militia.

Nothing new-All well.

I Am &c Yrs. Truly,

A.S. Merrimont[28]

January 31, 1863

William H. Richardson to Zebulon Baird Vance

Adjutant Generals Office

To His Excellency Z B. Vance

Governor of North Carolina

Sir

Pursuant to the instructions of the Governor of Virginia, I have the honor to transmit herewith, orders for the officers referred to in your letter of the 27th. Inst. To the Governor. And as the proper address of these officers is not known here, to request that your Excellency will cause them to be delivered.

These proceedings were without authority and unknown to the Governor, who begs your Excellency to be assured that no officer of the State of Virginia will be permitted to do any act in the State of North Carolina which is not sanctioned by yourself

I have the honor to be

With high respect

Your obt. Servt.

Wm. H. Rchardson A. G. V. [29]

Sun. January 31, 1864

Mrs Harvey widow of gov of Wisconsn proprietors of soldiers home at vixburg[30]

January 31st. 1865: The duty is heavy on the regiment just now. The men has to go on picket every other day or on patrols. The rest of the time they have to work on the breastworks.[31]

January 31, 1950: U.S. President Harry S. Truman publicly announces his decision to support the development of the hydrogen bomb, a weapon theorized to be hundreds of times more powerful than the atomic bombs dropped on Japan during World War II.

Five months earlier, the United States had lost its nuclear supremacy when the Soviet Union successfully detonated an atomic bomb at their test site in Kazakhstan. Then, several weeks after that, British and U.S. intelligence came to the staggering conclusion that German-born Klaus Fuchs, a top-ranking scientist in the U.S. nuclear program, was a spy for the Soviet Union. These two events, and the fact that the Soviets now knew everything that the Americans did about how to build a hydrogen bomb, led Truman to approve massive funding for the superpower race to complete the world's first "superbomb," as he described it in his public announcement on January 31.

On November 1, 1952, the United States successfully detonated "Mike," the world's first hydrogen bomb, on the Elugelab Atoll in the Pacific Marshall Islands. The 10.4-megaton thermonuclear device, built upon the Teller-Ulam principles of staged radiation implosion, instantly vaporized an entire island and left behind a crater more than a mile wide. The incredible explosive force of Mike was also apparent from the sheer magnitude of its mushroom cloud--within 90 seconds the mushroom cloud climbed to 57,000 feet and entered the stratosphere. One minute later, it reached 108,000 feet, eventually stabilizing at a ceiling of 120,000 feet. Half an hour after the test, the mushroom stretched 60 miles across, with the base of the head joining the stem at 45,000 feet. [32]

January 31, 1934

Congress passes the Farm Mortgage Refinancing Act, providing easier credit terms to farmers.[33]

January 31, 1938: The Palestine Post reported that Romania officially denounced the Minorities Treaty intowhich it had entered upon gaining independence at the Peace Conference at Versailles, and claimed that the Jewish question was now "a purely internal matter" over which the League of Nations had no more jurisdiction. This meant that Romania now felt free to implement still more severe anti-Semitic discriminatory measures.[34]

1938: The Palestine Post reported on the rise of anti-Jewish feelings and vandalism in Yugoslavia including the fact that "local Nazis" had smashed the windows out of the Sephardic synagogue of Belgrade.[35]

January 31, 1941: Three thousand Jews were taken from their villages and moved into the Warsaw Ghetto. Another 70,000 Jews would be uprooted and moved into the Warsaw Ghetto by the end of March.[36]

January 31, 1942: Einsatzgruppe A commanding officer, Franz W. Stahlecker, sent a detailed report about activities in the Baltic and White Russian countries. It stated that between July 23 and October 15, 1941, 135,567 Jews were killed. Eichmann sent out a letter making official the conclusions of the Wannsee Conference, "The evacuation of the Jews . . . is the beginning of the final solution of the Jewish problem."[37]

JANUARY 31, 1942: Yorktown, Enterprise, and their respective task forces parted ways, and early the next morning swept across the International Date Line into January 31. With less than 24 hours remaining before their first offensive mission of the war, the men of Enterprise and her Air Group prepared. Fighting Six installed homemade armor - literally made of boilerplate - behind the seat of each Wildcat, a vital if weighty addition their Japanese counterparts would never consider. Halsey ordered each ship rigged for towing and for being towed, not wanting to waste a minute should any ship need help escaping after the raid. Navigators and airmen poured over aged maps, picking out reefs and targets. At 1830, Task Force 8 began its final run-in to the launching point, the ocean waves hissing past hulls at 30 knots, each of Enterprise's four 13-ton propellers revolving 275 times a minute. [38] Uncle Pearl Harbor and Howard Snell is on board.

January 31, 1943

German General Paulus surrenders his army to the Soviets in Stalingrad.[39]

January 31, 1971: LEANDER10 WHITSETT (LAURA F.9 CRAWFORD, JEPTHA M.8, VALENTINE "VOL"7, JOSEPH "JOSIAH"6, VALENTINE5, VALENTINE4, WILLIAM3, MAJOR GENERAL LAWRENCE2, HUGH1) was born 1854 in Jackson County, Missouri. He married SUSIE JANE VANDEVER March 06, 1878 in Jackson County, Missouri, daughter of THOMAS VANDEVER and SUSAN CRAWFORD.

Marriage Notes for LEANDER WHITSETT and SUSIE VANDEVER:
Recording of their marriage

Lee's Summit A. D. 1878
State of Missouri
County of Jackson---This is certify that on the 6th day of March, A.D. 1878, Mr. Lee Whitsett and Miss Susan Vandiver were by me united in marriage according to the laws of God and the State of Missouri. At Lee's Summit, Jackson county, Missouri.
N. H. C. Dryen J. P.
Prairie Township, J. C. MO

Children of LEANDER WHITSETT and SUSIE VANDEVER are:
i. WILLIAM LEE11 WHITSETT, b. April 1881.
ii. THOMAS LEWIS WHITSETT, b. September 1884, Jackson County, Missouri; m. JESSIE.
iii. MINNIE ELIZABETH WHITSETT, b. June 01, 1886, Jackson County, Missouri; d. January 31, 1971, Kansas City, Missouri; m. WILLIAM EDWARD PENNINGTON, 1906, Jackson county, Missouri.

Notes for WILLIAM EDWARD PENNINGTON:
William Edward joined his brother and sister in Missouri in 1903. He married Minnie Whitsett whose grand father was a pioneer settler in Jackson County. In 1906 they honeymooned in North Carolina and brought the youngest sister, Josie Anna, back with them. [40]

January 31, 1984 the Grand Lodge of Utah repealed its long standing anti-Mormon resolution.[41]

January 31, 2012

Journalists and policemen enter the Sednaya monastery built in 547 AD, north of Damascus, January 31, 2012, during a tour organized by the Ministry of Information to see the damage caused by a shell fired at the monastery on Sunday. Officials say the shell was fired by rebels causing a one-meter hole in the wall of one of the convent's rooms.[42]

Lutheran Cemetery, was situated about one hundred and fifty yards northwest of the railroad depot. The exact number of graves of Union soldiers buried in this Cemetery could not be ascertained, on account of the indiscriminate burial of rebels in the same ground; also on account of the irregularity of the graves, and of the want of head-boards.

In this (Lutheran Cemetery, North Carolina) Cemetery were buried fourteen (14) Union soldiers, who, upon taking the oath of allegiance to the rebel government, were admitted into the rebel hospital, where they afterwards died. There is no record of State, regiment, or arm of service of these men; no head-boards at their graves; and therefore they cannot be identified.

The bodies from this Cemetery, and some others from the vicinity of Salisbury, estimated in all at about one hundred (100) in number, are now being re-interred in the principal Cemetery.[43]

[44]

In January 1865, Colonel York, who had lost an arm in the service, complained to General Robert E. Lee that he had between six and seven hundred recruits (Official Records, 4, III, 1029) but was unable to obtain any quartermaster's supplies for them. (Quartermaster's Letters, chapter V, vol. 20, p. 410.)

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[1] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[2] http://www.jogg.info/11/coffman.htm

[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timetable_of_major_worldwide_volcanic_eruptions

[4] The First Crusade by Steven Runciman, page 12.

[5] www.wikipedia.org

[6] Introducing Islam, Dr. Shams Inati, page 59.

[7] Introducing Islam, Dr. Shams Inati, page 59.

[8] Who really discovered America, HIST, 6/22/2010.

[9] Chasing Temple Booty, The Naked Archaeologist, HISTI, 4/30/2008

[10] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[11] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[12] http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/english/08.html

[13] www.wikipedia.org

[14] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[15] The Gutleben Family of Physicians in Medieval Times, by Gerd Mentgen, page 5-6.

[16] mike@abcomputers.com

[17] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact

[18] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[19] Catawba. Southern Indian tribe. Living in piedmont area of Virginia south to South Carolina (Catawba River). Other Southern Indians—see Cherokee, Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Seminoles. With the exception of the Cherokees, the Southern Indians spoke a Muskogee language (also given as Muskhogean). Catawbas and Delawares were long-time enemies. This enmity was used to the colonist’s advantage when fighting the Delaware. Another Catawba enemy was the Iroquois who traveled south from NY on the “Catawba Path” on war parties. The Catawba Path generally started at Olean, NY (on the upper Allegheny River) and south through Indiana, PA and Uniontown, PA, south to Morgantown, WVA and on south. Some historians view the Catawba as a confederation of small tribes combining due to losses from disease and fights against the settlers. This combining would have taken place around 1650. The “Catawba” is a name given to the group by the European settlers. The word Catawba is from the Choctaw.

Another story has it that the Catawba were formed from remnants of the Erie Nation. When the Erie were defeated by the Iroquois in the 1650s many were chased south and came to rest in northwestern South Carolina. The Iroquois spoke of the Catawba as being “bad Indian” or “devil Catawba.” In the 1700s when the Iroquois would treat with Virginia officials they would always insist on rights to travel through the colony on their way to fight the Catawba. Fighting the Catawba seemed to be a right of passage for an Iroquois warrior.

Catawba War Path. County Route 39, Mason-Dixon Historical Park. West Virginia Memory Project - Highway Markers. Photo by compiler with Joyce Chandler. Enlarged photo

"Branch of Warrior Trail of the Great Catawba Indian War Path located here where Mason and Dixon Survey crossed Dunkard Creek for third time. Guide, Six Nations Indians' chief, declared he 'would not proceed one step further,' because hostile Delaware and Shawnee Indians had ordered them to halt. On Oct. 18, 1767, western end of original Mason-Dixon Line was set on the next high peak, Brown's Hill."

This area is in Monongalia County, WV and is located southwest of Mt. Morris in Greene County, PA and a few miles east of Blacksville, WV on County Road 39. At the intersection leading to the park is a marker titled: "Border Heroine." The inscription is "During the Indian raids in 1779 upon the settlements on Dunkard Creek, savages attacked the cabin of John Bozarth. Armed only with an axe, in a brief hand-to-hand fight, Mrs. Bozarth; killed three of the men." (See Anna Bozarth.)

Note: Catawba grapes are light-red in color and grow in the Carolinas as well as on the Lake Erie Islands and Sandusky area of Ohio. A light, dry wine is made from this grape. If you're in the area of Put-in-Bay, Ohio—visit the winery on Catawba Avenue. (JC)

[20] Diary of David McClure, New York, Knickerbocker Press, 1899, p. 108 The Brothers Crawford, Scholl, 1995, p. 24-25.

[21] Diary of the American War, A Hessian Journal by Captain Johann Ewald pgs.191-196.

[22] http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/k/e/c/Robert-Keck-Pa/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0711.html

[23] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/author-zane-grey-is-born

[24] Zebulon Baird Vance, Governors Papers, State Archives, Division of Archives and History, Raleigh

[25] William R. Young, commander of 108th Regiment, Novth Carolina Militia, Hohnston, Papers of Vance, I:341n.

[26] Thomas Devereux Hogg, chief commissary of the Subsistence Department of North Carolina, Dictionary of North Carolina Biography, s.v. “Hogg, Thomas Devereux.”

[27] Leonidas Polk, corps commander, Army of Tennessee. Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. “Polk, Leonidas.”

[28] Augustus Summerfield Merrimon, lawyer and future U.S. senator and chief justice of the state supreme court. As solicitor of the Eighth District, he prosecuted the marauders who raided Marshall. Dictionary of North Carolina Biography. This letter was the first news that ZBV received of the Shelton Laurel massacre. See also ZBV to Merriomon, February 9.

[29] Zebulon Baird Vance, Governors Letter Books, State Archives, Division of Archives and History, Raleigh

[30] Mrs. Cordelia A. P. Harvey

Among the women whom the Civil War brought to the front as leaders, such as Louisa Lee Schuyler, Dorothea Dix, and Anna Dickinson, Mrs. Cordelia A. Perrine Harvey from Wisconsin, deserves a place.

In some respects she was a national flgure, one of the great army-nurses whose work was not limited by state lines.

Early Life

The early life of this remarkable woman did not differ from that of other Wisconsin women of her day, who spent their lives in small towns, busy with the daily routine. She lived for many years in Kenosha, where her father's family, the Perrines, were prominent in the decade of the forties.
The Perrine's were Huguenots that had settled in New Jersey and earlier generations had fought in the Battle Of Monmouth during the Revolution as it was fought on their farm.( Rev. K. L. Schaub)
There she taught school, and there she was married to a school-teacher, Louis P. Harvey. In 1845, the young couple moved to Clinton Junction where Mr. Harvey kept a country store. Thence they removed their home to Shopiere in Rock County, where they remained until 1859, when Mr. Harvey's election as Secretary of State made his presence in Madison necessary. Mr. Harvey was a person of strong personality and political sagacity, and in 1861 the people of Wisconsin elected him Governor. From the day of the firing on Fort Sumter both he and his wife showed a deep interest in the Civil War. A company of volunteers were named for the Governor, the "Harvey Zouaves; " to each of its members Mrs. Harvey presented a Bible and a Testament; with additional remembrances for the officer.

In the busy days which followed the first call for troops, Mrs. Harvey entered with enthusiasm into work for the soldiers and their families. She was enabled to give her time, because she and her husband were boarding, and she was not ecumbered with household duties.

Governor Harvey's Death

Governor Harvey went to the South in the spring of 1862 in order to learn whether the sick and wounded Wisconsin men were well cared for. He stopped at Cairo, Mound City, and Paducah, in each case making visits to hospitals, where the sick of Wisconsin regiments were located. The Governor's deep sympathy is shown by the following comment in one of the reports from the front:

'It would have moved a heart of stone to witness the Interviews between the Governor and our wounded heroes. There was something more than formality about these visits, and the men knew it by sure instinct.

At Pittsburg Landing the same was even more evident:

The news of the Governor's arrival spread as if by magic, and at every house those who could stand clustered around him, and those who had not raised their heads for days, sat up, their faces aglow with gratitude for the kind looks, and words and acts, which showed the Governor's tender care of them. At times these scenes were so affecting, that even the Governor's self-control failed him, and he could not trust himself to talk.'

When he had done everything in his power for the Wisconsin men, he went to Savannah, seven miles away, his heart filled with well-earned satisfaction as a result of his labors. From there he wrote to his wife: "Yesterday was the day of my life. Thank God for the impulse that brought me here. I am well, and have done more good by coming, than I can well tell you." At Savannah, Tennessee, as he was about to pass from one boat to another, his foot slipped, and he fell into the water and was drowned, before help could be secured. While this tragic event was taking place, his wife, totally unconscious of the shocking incident, was busily engaged in collecting money for the relief of soldiers' families. When the dispatch containing the distressing news was received by Adjutant-General Gaylord, Mrs. Harvey was at the Capitol, securing subscriptions in order to aid a destitute family in the city. An attempt was made to get her to her boarding house, before the contents of the dispatch were made known, but Mrs. Harvey understood at once,by the faces of the men present, that some bad news had been received. Her friends tried to accompany her home, and Mr. Gaylord told her that a rumor had been received, which gave him some anxiety in regard to the Governor.

While they were attempting to conceal the full extent of the calamity, she stopped and said, "Tell me if he is dead!" Mr. Gaylord evaded a direct reply, but she read the fatal news in the expression of his face and fainted.

She was taken home, where for a short time her grief unsettled her mind.

MRS. HARVEY

She was not a woman to spend her life in mourning, however, and when the intensity of her grief had somewhat lessened, she began to ask herself what her duties in life were to be. While in this state of mind, she came to realize the whole import of her husband's character, of which his last letter to her was but an index. This feeling took such a strong possession of her, that a settled conviction possessed her that her duty in life was to finish the work which he had left undone. With a woman of her temperament, to will was to act. She soon therefore began to inquire where and how she could be most helpful to Wisconsin soldiers.

An extract from a letter of Judge Howe, dated August 27, 1862, shows what plans her friends made for her:

"Mrs. Harvey is visiting us. You can imagine something how she suffers from the loss of her husband. Her friends desire that she should find employment with which to occupy her mind. But what employment can a woman find? She is urged to try a school for young ladies, but she fears the derangement of the times will forbid success, and so do I. She has thought of a hospital, but you know General Hammond is taking them under his own care exclusively, and her strength will not warrant her in contracting for day labor. This morning I suggested to her the idea of being appointed allotment commissioner in place of Mr. Holton. It pleases her. It is a kind of missionary labor, to which she is fully equal, and in which she will be, I am confident, very successful. I know no one more energetic than she is in whatever interests her. You know how deeply she has interested herself In the welfare of the army. She could plead the cause of a soldier's family to the soldier himself, I think, with great effect."

letter of Judge Howe to Judge Doolittle (Green Bay. Aug. 27, 1862).

The duties of an allotment commissioner were to visit the different companies in order to ascertain what proportion of the soldier's wages he would send home in monthly or other installments. This money was to be placed at the disposal of the families of the volunteers.

Considering the soldier's temptation, this system was a very useful one; it apportioned part of his pay by his own act, in order to support his family.

Sanitary Agent

This was not, however, to be her work. September 10, 1862, Governor Salomon appointed her sanitary agent at St. Louis, and for the succeeding four years she rendered acceptable service in the Southland for Wisconsin soldiers. It will be easier to understand the secret of her success in the South, if we realize what manner of woman she was. From all accounts she was not beautiful, although possessed of a strong, magnetic personality, and delightfully frank, yet charming manners. Her tact was unusual,therefore she succeeded in accomplishing things in which other people failed. United with this tact was an indomitable will and an untiring persistence. With such characteristics it might be imagined that she lacked in tenderness and sympathy. Such was not the case however. Her motherly heart and sympathetic nature caused the men to call her the "Wisconsin Angel." United to these qualities of character and temperament was her experience in social affairs; she knew how to approach those in high official positions as well as the humblest private.

Withal, she had a fine sense of humor, a fund of homely common sense, and a deep religious feeling, which expressed itself in deeds rather than in words. She was always modest and often said that every patriotic woman in Wisconsin deserved as much praise as she. In short, she was an extremely human, lovable person, of the highest type of womanhood, unselfish, unconsciously great, and Wisconsin can forever be proud of having the honor to claim her as its daughter. Early in the fall of 1862, Mrs. Harvey went to St. Louis as sanitary agent. Timidly and carefully she felt her way, at first seeking to comprehend the necessities of the situation, for other. intelligent and worthy women had failed when attempting what she was assigned to undertake. She found the medical department poorly organized, and hampered by many incompetent surgeons. Although she realized the delicacy of the situation she was firm in her opinion that conditions must be radically changed, even if the sacred red-tape of government rules had to be cut. She began by visiting hospitals, in order that she might find out where improvements were most needed. She stayed for several weary weeks at St. Louis, where she visited the hospitals at Benton Barracks and Fifth Street; these were crowded with men from the camps and battlfields of Missouri and Tennessee.

At Cape Girardeau

Afterwards Mrs. Harvey proceeded to Cape Girardeau, where hospitals were being improvised for the immediate use of the sick and dying, then being brought in from the swamps by the returning regiments, and up the rivers in closely-crowded hospital boats. These hospitals were mere sheds filled with cots, side by side; so close, there was scarcely room for a person to pass between them. Mrs. Harvey describes their conditions as follows: "Pneumonia, typhoid, and camp fevers, and that fearful scourge of the Southern swamps and rivers, chronic diarrhoea, occupied every bed. A surgeon once said to me, "There is nothing else there; here I see pneumonia and there fever, and on that cot another disease, and I see nothing else! You had better stay away; the air is full of contagion; and contagion and sympathy not go well together." One day a woman passed through these uncomfortable, unventilated, hot, unclean, infected, wretched rooms; and she saw something else there. A hand reached out and clutched her dress. One caught her shawl and kissed it, another her hand, and pressed it to his fevered cheek; another in wild delirium cried, "I want to go home! I want to go home! Lady! Lady! Take me in your chariot; take me away!" This woman failed to see on these cots aught but the human (beings] they were to her; the sons, brothers, husbands, and fathers of anxious weeping ones at home, and as such she cared for, and thought of them. Arm in arm with health, she visited day by day everyones's cot, doing, it is true, very little, but always taking with her from the outside world fresh air, fresh flowers, and all the hope and comfort she could find in her heart to give them." Although Mrs. Harvey speaks thus modestly of her labors at Cape Girardeau, her work there was really heroic, for the conditions with which she had to contend were more distressing than can be described. In the intensely warm climate, contagious diseases flourished. Mrs. Harvey found on her arrival that the body of a dead soldier had lain for hours unattended to, because those in charge had afraid to touch it. But Mrs. Harvey was not afraid; were with her own hands she bound up the face, and encouraged by her coolness the burial party was induced to coffin the body and remove it from the house.

Secures Reforms

Worse than all was the fact that the sick and wounded had nothing to subsist on but the common army rations. One of Mrs. Harvey's first acts was to telegraph to the president of the Western Sanitary Commission for hospital stores; such were sent immediately to her in liberal measure. Soon after returning to St. Louis, Mrs. Harvey came back to Wisconsin, where she did much to arouse enthusiasm among the women and to give direction to their work. In October she again revisted the hospitals, where she did all in her power to comfort the soldiers by writing to their friends and procuring discharges for those who were unfit for service. She returned to St. Louis on November 1, when the surgeon in charge of the hositais wrote to Governor Salomon, commending her efforts. During the same month General Curtis gave her permission to visit all the hospitals in his command, and he sent orders to quartermasters and transportation companies to afford her and her sanitary articles free transmission. So she started on a tour of inspection, which embraced all the general hospitals on the Mississippi River as well as the regimental hospitals for Wisconsin soldiers. On this tour she visited those at Helena, St. Louis, Rolla, Ironton, and Memphis. While on a steamer from Cape Girardeau to Helena, Mrs. Harvey heard a young major in the regular army coolly remarked that it was much cheaper for the Government to keep her sick soldiers in hospitals on the river, than to furlough them. Upon which she quietly remarked: "That is true, Major, if all were faithful to the Government, but unfortunately a majority of the surgeons in the army have conscientious scruples, and verily believe it to be their duty to keep these sick men alive as long as possible...... Don't you think, sir, that it would be a trifle more economical to send these poor fellows North for a few weeks, to regain their strength, that they might return at once to active service?"

Mrs. Harvey was prevented from hearing the Major's reply on account of the other officers' laughter. It seems that the Major was the medical director at Helena, where over 2,000 Northern soldiers lay buried. It was Mrs. Harvey's opinion that two-thirds of these men might have been saved if they had been sent North. Upon inquiry she learned from the surgeon in charge of the hospital that he had several times made out certificates of disability in order to secure furloughs for some of the men in his hospital; but when these were sent to the medical director for his signature, they had been invariably disapproved. He had also permitted the men, to submit their papers in person; only to have them severely reproved, and ordered back by the director, "and, " he continued with tears in his eves, "many of them never returned, for broken. hearted, they have lain down by the roadside and died."

Influence with Officials

Mrs. Harvey had one memorable experience in securing the discharge of a sick boy. His mother had succeeded in getting her son as far as St. Louis, where his papers were to be sent; but here she met with reverses, for the papers sent to the medical director were improperly made out, consequently his approval was not secured. The broken-hearted mother told her story to Mrs. Harvey that same night. She impulsively said, "Give me the papers," and off she went to the offlce of the medical director. "He was a man fully six feet high, over fifty years of age, [with] a beard like Oliver Cromwell's, a face as stern as fate, and of the regular army." She entered his office,seated herself and waited till he spoke to her. After a curt question or two the general went on writing; finally he turned and said: "May as well hear it now as ever, what is it?" Whereupon Mrs. Harvey stated the case as well as she could, interrupted only by the half-rude, half impatient remarks of the inspector. Finally he said, as if in self-defense, "We have army regulations; we cannot go behind them. You know, if I do, they will rap me over the knuckles at Washington." To this the quick-witted, earnest little woman replied, "Oh, that your knuckles were mine. I would be willing to have them skinned; the skin will grow again you know." "Where are these papers?" he said sharply. "I have them here in my pocket." "Let me see them." Mrs. Harvey took them out slowly and handed them over to him, blank side up. He turned them, and his face flushed as he said, "Why I have had these papers and disapproved them. This is my signature." Tremblingly she replied, "I knew it, but forgive me. I thought maybe when you knew about it, General, and the mother was weeping with the skeleton arms of the boy around her neck-I thought maybe you would do something or tell me something to do." "Suppose I do approve these papers, it will do no good. The general in command will stop them and censure me." "But you will have done all you could and have obeyed the higher law." She had won, for the remorseful man crossed out with a firm stroke of his pen "disapproved," and wrote "approved" upon the discharge, after which he said in a quick, husky tone, "Take it, and don't you come here again today." As Mrs. Harvey raised her eyes to thank him, she saw a scowl on his brow, a smile on his lips, but tears in his eyes.

Another story shows how Mrs. Harvey succeeded in securing the assistance she wanted. An erring boy of nineteen had deserted from a Minnesota regiment; later he had joined a Wisconsin regiment, from which he had been honorably discharged after having been wounded in a battle. In one of the lowest dens in St. Louis he had been drugged, robbed, and left lying on a filthy mattress. There he was found tossing from side to side, strcken by disease and in a delirious condition. Mrs. Harvey soothed him as best she could. Recognizing the hand of kindness on his burning brow, he cried "Mother." After a touching scene she left, promising to return in half an hour and take him away. This was easier said than done; the boy was at that time only a citizen and not a soldier, and therefore he could not be admitted to a military hospital. But he was dying, and in order to prevent his mother from knowing that he had died in such a state, Mrs. Harvey determined to make a desperate effort to get him admitted to the hospital.

So she went to her old friend the medical director, and told her story, saying, "General, write an order quick to the surgeon in charge of the Fifth Street hospital, that the boy may be received. I also want an ambulance, mattress, and bedding, and some men to help me to move him. Yes, yes, but listen, I have no right; I can't do" "I know-I know, but please do hurry-I promised to be back in half an hour, and the boy will expect me."

The General imitating her voice, gave the order and continned, "Here is the paper; what else do you want? Henceforth we do what you wish and no questions asked. It is the easiest way and I guess the only way to get along with you.

At Memphis

Early in February, 1863, Mrs. Harvey went to Memphis from which place she sent a letter to the Governor of our State urging him to establish a hospital at that place. Here she also succeeded in procuring furloughs for men who would otherwise have died. In fact, her influence was so great that the poor and ignorant ones had a strange, almost superstitious reverence for her as one who used her great power for the good of the common soldier. The estimate formed of her authority by some of the more ignorant class showed itself sometimes in a ludicrous manner. For instance she received letters from homesick men, begging her to give them a furlough in order to visit their families; even deserters and men confined in military prisons, asked her to help them and set them at liberty, promising her that they would reform. A Wisconsin soldier who had been left in a convalescent camp at Memphis, gives a glimpse of Mrs. Harvey at her labors. He saw her at the camp several times, carrying fruits and wine in a basket; he saw her also at the general hospital, where she again carried her basket, full of delicacies. When the soldiers heard she was in the room, they used to raise themselves from their pillows and call her the "Wisconsin Angel." Each Wisconsin soldier received a treat from the basket,.and Mrs. Harvey was sorry when she was unable to dispense her charity to all the Union soldiers in the hospital. There was a surgeon from Wisconsin at this same hospital, who was proving untrustworthy on account of his fondness for drink; Mrs. Harvey was determined to have him removed. She sent for him to come to see her and informed him that she had written to the authorities at Madison, and that he was to leave at once, as he was unfit for duty."'

Brings Sick Soldiers to the North

After visiting Memphis, Mrs. Harvey inspected hospitals at Corinth, Jackson, and La Grange. She met General Grant at Vicksburg in March, 1863; here she succeeded finally in securing from him an order that patients who suffered from chronic dysentery should be sent to Northern hospitals, and that the convalescent camp at Memphis should be cleared out by discharging the men who were unfit for service, and by sending others to their regiments; that medical inspectors should he appointed for every army corps, and that they should have full power to discharge disabled men. Mrs. Harvey began her task at Memphis, where she found 100 men in a convalescent camp at Fort Pickering. These men could not live unless they were taken North. She accompanied them up the river to Cairo; from there they went by rail to St. Louis, where a transport awaited theIn the meantime Mrs. Harvey had not only secured transportation for the as they were needy and had not been paid, she procured a change of clothing for each one from the Western Sanitary Commission. The experiment was a success, for out of the whole number released from this camp only seven died.

Inspects Hospitals

In the spring of 1863, General Grant was making his approaches upon Vicksburg. At that time Young's Point,across the river, was the limit of uninterrupted navigation, and there much sickness existed caused by the high water covering the low lands. bout April 1, Mrs Harvey began her work at this point, but after a few weeks she was overcome by the miasma, and was obliged to return to the North, where after a few months of rest in New York and Wisconsin, she recovered her health. It was on her return trip from the North that she visited Washington and obtained from President Lincoln permission to establish a hospital in Wisconsin for convalescent soldiers.

Returning to the South Mrs. Harvey again visited all of the hospitals on the river, down as far as New Orleans, making Vicksburg the centre of her field of labor. Here her presence was in itself a power for good, so great was the reputation she had won in the army. Hospital officers and attendants were especially affected by her return; they knew how quickly she would find out and condemn any delinquency on their part, and they acted accordingly. During the summer of 1864, the garrison at Vicksburg suffered intensely from various diseases; the mortality was especially great among the men of the Second Wisconsin Cavalry. "Strong men sickened and died within a few days, others lingered for weeks, wasting by degrees, till only skin and bone were left." The survivors, as evidence of their appreciation of the services of Mrs. Harvey, presented her with an enamelled watch, set with diamonds. She disliked a presentation ceremony, but could not avoid it in this case; those present must have been astonished when observing the poor appearance she made in public. For this woman, who was "resolute, impetuous, confident to a degree, bordering on the imperious, with power of denunciation to equip an orator," seemed to lose all her power of effective speech on this occasion, and to be quite overcome by her feelings. Although Mrs. Harvey was the sanitary agent for Wisconsin, she paid little regard to state lines, and her work may truly be regarded as national. Wisconsin citizens consider her as the highest embodiment of womanly helpfulness and virtue which our State produced during the Civi War period.

Mrs. Harvey's Interview with Lincoln

Throughout Mrs. Harvey's narrative of her experiences in the early years of the war, runs a thread of criticism of existing conditions, especially of that military regulation which kept sick soldiers in Southern hospitals instead of sending them North, where the bracing atmosphere might restore them to health. To her the idea of military hospitals in the North seemed eminently practicable, and she could see no reason why the authorities should oppose such a project. She was not the only one who tried to secure such an arrangement; Governor Salomon had from the beginning of his term of office done everything in his power to further this matter, but his efforts were of no avail. "Finally Mrs. Harvey and Mrs. Eliza Porter proposed to Senator Howe that he draw up a petition praying for the establishment of such hospitals. This was done, and through the efforts of these two women and other friends of the enterprise, eight thousand signatures were secured." It was then proposed that Mrs. Porter should take the petition to Washington, for as Mrs. Harvey said:

"By sending it.... by this officer and that one, we began to feel that the message lost the flavor of the truth and got cold, before it reached the deciding power, and because it was so luke-warm, he spued it out of his mouth. It is always best, if you wish to secure an object.... to go at once to the highest power, be your own petitioner, in temporal as in spiritual matters, officiate at your own altar, be your own priest."

Seeing the President, Mrs. Porter having refused to be the bearer of the petition, Mrs. Harvey went instead. "By the advice of friends, and with the intense feeling that something must be done I went to Washington. I entered the White House, not with fear and trembling, but strong and self possessed, fully conscious of the righteousness of my mission."

When I first saw him [President Lincoln] his head was bent forward, his chin resting on his breast, and in his hand a letter, which I had just sent in to him. He raised his eyes, saying, "Mrs. Harvey." I hastened forward, and replied, "Yes, and I am glad to see you, Mr. Lincoln!" So much for Republican presentation and ceremony. The President took my hand, hoped I was well, but there was no smile of welcome on his face. It was rather the stern look of the judge, who had decided against me.

His face was peculiar - bone, nerve, vein, and muscle were all so plainly seen; deep lines of thought and care were around his mouth and eyes. The word justice came into my mind, as though I could read it upon his face - I mean, that extended sense of the word, that comprehends the practice of every virtue which reason prescribes and society should expect. The debt we owe to God, to man, to ourselves, when paid is but a simple act of justice, a duty performed. This attribute seemed the source of Mr. Lincoln's strength."

After he had read the paper introducing Mrs. Harvey and her mission, he looked at her with a good deal of sad severity and said: "Madam, this matter of Northern hospitals has been talked of a great deal, and I thought it was settled; but it seems not. What have you got to say about it?" "Only this, Mr. Lincoln, that many soldiers- in our Western army, on the Mississippi River, must have Northern air or die. There are thousands of graves all along our Southern rivers, and in the swamps, for which the Government is responsible; ignorantly, undoubtedly, but this ignorance must not continue. If you will permit these men to come North, you will have ten men where you have one now."

The President could not comprehend this forceful argument; he could not understand that by sending one sick man to the North, this North would produce in a year ten healthy men. Mrs. Harvey made her point clear, but Lincoln answered: "Yes, yes, I understand you; but if they are sent North, they will desert; where is the difference?"

"Dead men cannot fight, and they may not desert," she answered.

Interview with Stanton

Thus the war of argument ran on, Mrs. Harvey valiantly defending her position, the President attacking it. Finally both parties to the debate realized that they had reached a deadlock, and Mr. Lincoln said:"Well, well, Mrs. Harvey, you go see the Secretary of War and talk with him, and hear what he has to say."

I left him for the War Department. I found written on the back of the letter these words, "Admit Mrs. Harvey at once; listen to what she says; she is a lady of intelligence and talks sense.

Not displeased with this introduction Mrs. Harvey went to see the Secretary of War, who informed her that he had sent the Surgeon-General to New Orleans on a tour of hospital inspection. Mrs. Harvey knew that this procedure would practically have no effect on existing conditioris, whereupon she replied, "The truth is, the medical authorities know the heads of departments do not wish hospitals established so far away from army lines, and report accordingly. I wish this could be overruled; can nothing be done?" "Nothing until the Surgeon-General returns," Mr. Stanton replied. So the valiant woman left him, not at all disappointed with her day's work, because she felt that she had made a deep impression on both these earnest and conscientious men, and could afford to wait for the result of her interviews. On that memorable day she met a friend in the street, who said to her, "How long are you going to stay here?" "Until I get what I came after." "That's right, that's right; go on; I believe in the final perseverance of the saints."

The President Unconvinced

The next morning she returned to the White House full of hope, but no smile greeted her. The President had been annoyed and worried by a woman pleading for the life of her son, and was not the genial, open-minded man he had been the night before. Mrs. Harvey relates her interview as follows:

After a moment he said, "Well," with a peculiar contortion of the face, I never saw in any one else. I replied, "Well," and he looked at me a little astonished, I fancied, and said, "Have you nothing to say?" "Nothing, Mr. President, until I hear your decision. You bade me come this morning; have you decided?"

"No, but I believe this idea of Northern hospitals is a great humbug, and I am tired of hearing about it." He spoke impatiently. I replied, "I regret to add a feathers weight to your already overwhelming care and responsibility. I would rather have stayed at home." With a kind of half smile, he said, "I wish you had." I answered him as though he had not smiled, "Nothing would have given me greater pleasure; but a keen sense of duty to this Government, justice and mercy to its most loyal supporters, and regard for your honor and position made me come. The people cannot understand why their friends are left to die, when with proper care they might live and do good service for their country. * * *

"Many on their cots, faint, sick and dying say, 'We would gladly do more, but suppose that it is all right.'- I know that the majority of them would live and be strong men again, it they could be sent North. I say, I know, because I was sick among them last spring; surrounded by every comfort, with the best of care, and determined to get well. I grew weaker, day by day, until not being under military law, my friends brought me North. I recovered entirely, simply by breathing the Northern air.,'

While I was speaking the expression of Mr. Lincoln's face had changed many times. He had never taken his eyes from me. Now every muscle of his face seemed to contract, and then suddenly expand. As he opened his mouth, you could almost hear them snap, as he said, "You assume to know more than I do," and closed his mouth as though he never expected to open it again, sort of slammed it to; I could scarcely reply. I was hurt and tbought the tears would come, but rallied in a moment and said, "You must pardon me, Mr. President, I intend no disrespect, but it is because of this knowledge - because I do know what you do not know, that I come to you. If you knew what I do, and had not ordered what I ask for, I should know that an appeal to you would be vain; but I believe that the people have not trusted you for naught. The question only is, whether you believe me or not. If you believe me, you will give me hospitals; if not, not." With the same snapping of muscle, he again said, "You assume to know more than surgeons do."

To this Mrs. Harvey replied, that the medical authorities knew that Lincoln was opposed to establishing hospitals in the North, and that they reported so as to please him, and she continued:

"I come to you from no casual tour of inspection passing rapidly through the general hospitals, with a cigar in my mouth, and a rattan in my hand, talking to the surgeon-in-charge of the price of cotton, and abusing the generals in our army, for not knowing and performing their duty better, and finally coming into the open air, with a long-drawn breath as though they had just escaped suffocation, and complacently saying, 'You have a very fine hospital here; the boys seem to be doing well, a little more attention to ventilation is perhaps desirable.'

"It is not thus I have visited hospitals; but from early morning until late at night sometimes, I have visited the regimental and general hospitals on the Mississippi River from Quincy to Vicksburg, and I come to you from the cots of men who have died, who might have lived had you permitted. This is hard to say, but it is none the less true." During the time that I had been speaking Mr. Lincoln's brow had become very much contracted, and a severe scowl had settled over his whole face. He sharply asked, how many men Wisconsin had in the field; that is, how many did she send. I replied, "About fifty thousand, I think. I do not know exactly." "That means, she has about twenty thousand now." He looked at me, and said, "You need not look so sober; they are not all dead." I did not reply.

After some conversation of a more general nature Mrs. Harvey left the President with the understanding that she would receive her answer at twelve the next day.

Mrs. Harvey Successful

The next morning she arose with a terribly depressed feeling that perhaps she would fail in her great mission. She was nervous and impatient and found herself looking at her watch, and wondering if twelve o'clock would never come. Finally she went to the White House, where she was informed by a messenger that a cabinet meeting was in session, and that she was to await the adjournment. After three hours, during which she felt more and more certain of defeat, Mr. Lincoln came into the room where she was waiting. He came forward, rubbing his hands and saying, "My dear Madam, I am very sorry to have kept you waiting. We have but this moment adjourned." She replied, "My waiting is no matter, but you must be very tired and we will not talk tonight." But the President. asked her to sit down and said, "Mrs. Harvey, I only wish to tell you, that an order equivalent to granting a hospital in your State has been issued nearly twenty-four hours." Let Mrs. Harvey continue the story in her own words:

I could not speak, I was so entirely unprepared for it. I wept for Joy, I could not help It. When I could speak I said, 'God bless you! I thank you in the name of thousands, who will bless you for the act.' ....I was so much agitated, I could not talk with him. He noticed it and commenced talking upon other subjects....

I shortly after left with the promise to call next morning, as he desired me to do at nine o'clock. I suppose the excitement caused the intense suffering of that night. I was very ill, and it was ten o'clock the next morning before I was able to send for a carriage to keep my appointment with the President.

More than fifty people were in the waiting room, so Mrs. Harvey turned to go; but a voice said, "Mrs. Harvey, the President will see you now." As she passed through the crowd, one person said, "She has been here every day and what is more, she is going to win." Mr. Lincoln greeted her cordially and gave her a copy of the order he had just issued. She thanked him for it and apologized to being late, whereupon he asked, "Did joy make you sick?" to which she answered, "I don't know, very likely it was the relaxation of nerve after intense excitement." Still looking at her he said, "I suppose you would have been mad if I had said 'no'?" "No, Mr. Lincoln, I should neither have been angry nor sick." "What would you have done?" be asked curiously. "I should have been here at nine o'clock, Mr. President." "Well," he laughingly said, "I think I acted wisely then. Don't you ever get angry?" he asked. "I know a little woman, not very unlike you, who gets mad sometimes." Mrs. Harvey answered, "I never get angry, when I have an object to gain of the importance of the one under consideration; to get angry, you know, would only weaken my cause and destroy my influence." "That is true, that is true, " he said decidedly. "This hospital I shall name for you." But Mrs. Harvey said modestly, "If you would not consider the request indelicate, I would like to have it named for Mr. Harvey." "Yes, just as well, it shall be so understood, if you prefer it. I honored your husband and felt his loss." After some further conversation Mr. Lincoln looked at her from under his eyebrows and said, "You almost think me handsome, don't you?" His face then beamed with such kind benevolence, and was lighted by such a pleasant smile, that she looked at him and said impulsively, "You are perfectly lovely to me now, Mr Lincoln," at which he blushed a little, and laughed most heartily.

As she arose to go, he reached out his hand - that hand in which there was so much power and little beauty - and held hers clasped and covered in his own. Mrs. Harvey relates further: "I bowed my head and pressed my lips most reverently upon the sacred shield, even as I would upon my country's shrine. A silent prayer went up from my heart, "God bless you, Abraham Lincoln!" I heard him say goodbye, and I was gone. Thus ended the most interesting interview of my life, with one of the most remarkable men of the age. My impressions of him had been so varied, his character had assumed so many different phases, his very looks had changed so frequently, and so entirely, that it almost seemed to me I had been conversing with half a dozen different men. He blended in his character the most yielding flexibility with the most unflinching firmness; child-like simplicity and weakness, with statesman-like wisdom and masterly strength; but over and around all was thrown the mantle of an unquestioned integrity."

It is almost superfluous to comment upon Mrs. Harvey's part in these memorable interviews, for the reader of her descriptions cannot but feel her power and strength of character. She was like a wise general who is not over-confident by apparent success, nor unduly depressed by apparent defeat. Moreover, in her was united a masculine grasp of a situation and a remarkable power of argument, with womanly tact and patience, which finally secured the victory. Wisconsin people may feel that in this interview with Abraham Lincoln, Mrs. Harvey rose to the situation with a greatness not below that of the President, whom she so truly called "one of the most remarkable men of the age."

Northern Hospitals

As a result of Mrs. Harvey's intercession with President Lincoln, three convalescent camps or hospitals were established in Wisconsin - at Madison, at Milwaukee, and at Prairie du Chien. The Harvey United States Army General Hospital, as it was called, was established at Madison in October, 1863. After several buildings were examined, the Farwell house was chosen, a three-storied octagonal building near Lake Monona. Within a month Dr. Howard Culbertson was placed at its head, and his conduct of the institution was thus endorsed by Surgeon-General Wolcott: "I have frequently visited the Harvey Hospital, and it affords me great pleasure to bear testimony to the untiring zeal and ability of the Surgeon In charge, and the medical officers and sub-ordinates under him. The essential excellence of a Hospital consists in the successful results of efforts to restore the inmates to health, or the nearest approximation to it, if possible.

The general policy, hygienic regulations, orders, rules, etc., should all tend to this grand result. Viewed in this light, although there are many much more spacious and commodious, hospitals in the country, very few will be found superior to the Harvey Hospital. Remediable cases, whether requiring surgical or medicinal means or both, are seasonably and skilfully treated. ...Those of our gallant sick and wounded boys, who are so fortunate as to be inmates of the Harvey Hospital, have abundant reason for self-congratulation. Of such there are at this time about 630, including those at the Branch, Camp Randall."

This admirably conducted institution was in operation until the close of the war, when it was discontinued - its patients either discharged, or transferred to the Post Hospital at Camp Randall. The hospitals at Milwaukee and Prairie du Chien were established in 1864, the former being designed as an officers' hospital. The one at Prairie du Chien was known as the Swift Hospital; its buildings are now a part of the Sacred Heart Academy. There were five wards in its main building, and four regular nurses. As far as can be learned it was well managed.

Soldiers' Orphans' Home

During the last two years of the war. Mrs. Harvey had been considering the establishment of a home in Wisconsin for the orphans of soldiers. When she returned from the South in 1865, she brought with her six or seven orphans of the war, whom she had found there, not inquiring on which side their fathers fought. Having learned that the Government was about to discontinue the several hospitals in the Northern states, she thought the Harvey Hospital so well adapted for an orphanage, that negotiations were at once began with the owners of the property.

So liberal was the offer made by them, that Governor Lewis decided to send Mrs. Harvey to Washington in order to secure a title to the three wings that had been erected by the United States. The War Department had no authority to make such a donation, but upon investigation it was ascertained that these additions when torn down would have no value to the Goverment, except as old lumber. An arrangement was tbereupon made, by which the proprietors received the buildings in lieu of rent and repairs, on condition that the property should be used as a home for soldiers' orphans.

Through the generosity of interested friends in Madison and other places the property was purchased for such a home. Repairs were immediately begun, and the building was ready by January 1, 1866, to receive soldiers' orphans. The personal exertions of Mrs. Harvey and the liberality of her friends, thus resulted in starting a charitable enterprise which was conducted as a private institution until March 31, 1866, when its maintenance was assumed by the State. The building contained dormitories, sleeping rooms, a schoolroom capable of seating 150 children, an infirmary, and a sewing-room. In April, 1866, the home housed eighty-five children with Mrs. Harvey in charge. As superintendent, she was "the chief executive officer of the home, to have control and authority over all assistants connected with the institution below the grade designated in the by-laws as officers; to employ or discharge as [she] may see fit, being responsible to the trustees -for the proper discharge of that duty."

The qualifications for admission to the institution were: "All orphans over the age of four and under fourteen years, whose fathers enlisted from the State, and who have either been killed or died while in the military or naval services of the United States, or of this State, during the late rebellion, or who have since died of diseases contracted while in such service, and who have no means of support, shall be entitled to the benefits of this institution, giving the preference to those having neither father nor mother, in deciding upon applications."

During the year that Mrs. Harvey was superintendent the institution was well established. She gave personal supervision to even the smallest details and took the trouble to learn the name of every child, although their number soon increased to 300. On May 1, 1867, she resigned, and from that time on the office of superintendent was filled by men whose wives acted as matrons, giving in all instances "their whole strength and energy and tenderest care to their work."

Women were always employed as teachers, and regarded their task as a labor of love, in which no effort was spared to supply the place of real mothers to the children. In 1872 Mr. and Mrs. R. W. Burton became superintendent and matron respectively. By this time some of the girls were approaching womanhood, and Mrs. Burton, like her predecessor, spared no pains in surrounding the children with elevating and refining influences. Many of the children having grown up and gone out from the home to find their places in society, the State in 1874, feeling the need for retrenchment, closed the institution.

The home was exceediny well managed during its entire eight years' existence; the sanitary condition was excellent, so that during the whole period but eight deaths occurred. There were often as many as 300 children residing within its walls, whose training, both in school work and in domestic science, was effective. Many of those who left the home, became teachers, or entered higher schools for further study. The State supported the institution generouly by all annual grant Of $25,000; and both the State authorities and the officials of the home made a special effort to impress on the children that it was not a charitable institution, but was accorded to them as a debt of gratitude by the State for the loss of their fathers.

The establishment of the Wisconsin Soldiers' Orphans' Home was a part of a national movement in the direction of such charities. Toward the close of the war soldier's homes, soldier's orphans' homes, pensions for veterans, and employment of veterans in the civil service, became important subjects in the public mind. The need for soldiers' orphan asylums was urged throughout the country, and many such state and institutions were erected.

(May 29, 1908, on the Madison site of this hospital and orphans' home a tablet was erected, the gift of the school children of the city, who attended the exercises in large numbers, and took part in the patriotic songs. An oration was delivered by Attorney-General Frank L. Gilbert, who bad himself been one of the boys reared in the home. The tablet reads: "On this city block, during the Civil War, stood Harvey Hospital, and later the Wisconsin Soldiers' Orphans' Home, both established through the influence of Mrs. Harvey, whose honored husband, Governor Louis P. Harvey. had accidentally been drowned in Tennessee River, near Shiloh battlefield, April 19, 1862, where he had gone after the battle, with supplies for the comfort of the sick and wounded Wisconsin soldiers.')

Wisconsin Women in the War, 1911

Mrs. Harvey was born December 7, 1824 in Barre, Orleans Co., New York to John Perrine and Mary Hebard. She had 3 younger sisters and 2 half-sisters. The family moved to Wisconsin in 1842 and became a prosperous farmer in the Southport (Kenosha) area. She was teaching school in the city when she met Mr. Harvey. They had one daughter who died in infancy.
Leaving Wisconsin, she resettled in Buffalo, New York and returned to teaching, later marrying Rev. Albert T. Chester. After his death, she returned to Wisconsin and taught classes in Congregational Sunday School in Ft. Atkinson. One of her students remembered her as "a little woman with a sweet face.... a loving personality, quick, keen & jolly." She spent her remaining years in Clinton, Rock County, in the home she had shared with the governor and died there February 27, 1895 at age 70. She is buried in Forest Hills Cemetery in Madison with the governor.
The brief biography I was able to locate indicated the Clinton location for Mrs. Harvey's declining years. We have been lucky to be contacted by Rev. Kenneth L. Schaub of Lodi, WI, who is descended from one of her sisters and relates that Mrs. Harvey returned to Rock County, but to the home of his ancestors, the Bensons,outside of Clinton, her home in Shopiere with Louis having been abandoned when they moved to Madison.
(for Gov. Harvey's story, please see his page in our "People" section)

http://secondwi.com/wisconsinpeople/mrs_louis_harvey.htm

[31] Joseph W. Crowther, Co. H. 128th NY Vols.

[32] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history

[33] On This Day in America by John Wagman.

[34] Thisdayinjewishhistory.com

[35] Thisdayinjewishhistory.com

[36] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[37] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/

[38] http://www.cv6.org/1942/marshalls/marshalls_2.htm

[39] On This Day in America by John Wagman.

[40] http://penningtons.tripod.com/jepthagenealogy.htm

[41] http://www.mastermason.com/bridgeportlodge181/MASHST11.HTM

[42] http://news.yahoo.com/photos/ancient-finds-slideshow/#crsl=%252Fphotos%252Fancient-finds-slideshow%252Fancient-finds-photo-1328407686.html

[43] (U.S. Quartermaster's Department, Roll of Honor (No. XIV.) Names of Soldiers who, In Defence of the American Union Suffered Martyrdom in the Prison Pens Throughout The South., Washington: Government Printing Office 1868.)

[44] The date of 01/13/2004 is incorrectly indicated on the photographs. The date is July 23, of 2006.

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