This Day in Goodlove History, March 13

This Day in Goodlove History, March 13

http://Thisdayingoodlovehistory.blogspot.com

Like us on Facebook!

https://www.facebook.com/ThisDayInGoodloveHistory

Jeff Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com

Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove

The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, Thomas Jefferson, and ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson and George Washington.

The Goodlove Family History Website:

http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html

The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:

• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx

Anniversary: Sarah Denny and William C. McKinnon

Birthday: Elizabeth Godlove

March 13, 4 B.C: Josephus gives the following account of the High Priest Joazar. On 13 March 4 B.C. Herod the Great deposed the High Priest Matthias, whom he suspected of complicity in the attack on the golden eagle which he had had erected over the over the Temple gate, and replaced him by Matthias’ brother in law, Joazar.

4 BC: Joazar ben Boethus High Priest of Israel 4 BC (Sadducee) under Herodians and Romans.[1] Joazar, son (?) of Boethus, was High Priest for less than a year (brother-in-law of Matthias).[2]

4 B.C.: During his last illness Herod the Great devised a scheme to plunge the entire kingdom into mourning when he died, ordering his army to imprison a crowd of leading Judaean citizens in the hippodrome in Jericho, and to massacre them when his death was announced. (Fortunately for his command was not carried out.)[3]



4 B.C.: Elaborate masonry foundations beneath a bathhouse in Herod’s winter palace hint at luxuries savored 2,000 years ago. The great builder died here in 4. B.C., celebrated and despised, a despot and a genius.[4]



4 B.C.: Death of Herod.[1[5]] In Jericho, where Herod died in 4.B.C. his body was placed on a golden bier studded with gemstones and draped in royal purple, with a scepter in his right hand and a gold crown on his head. His numerous family ranged themselves around the bier, together with his army dressed in full battle array and 500 servants and freed slaves carrying spices. Together thy escorted Herod 25 long, hot miles southwest, to a cone shaped hill at the edge of the desert that gleamed with white stonework. Here they laid him to rest. {3}[6] The country was divided into four provinces, each under Caesar’s thumb. It was the last time a Jew would rule over a united Palestine until the founding of the modern State of Israel in 1948.[2] [7]

March 13, 1615: Birthdate of Antonio Pignatelli who as Pope Innocent XII abolished Jewish loan-banks in Rome 1682. In the following year he extended the ban to Ferrara and other Jewish ghettos under his authority. He also prohibited the Jews under his control from serving as shopkeeper and banned them most trades and crafts, causing the Roman Jewish community to shrink.[8]

March 13, 1656: The Jews were denied the right to build a synagogue in New Amsterdam.[9]

March 13, 1741: Birthdate of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor. On the positive side, Joseph did away with numerous humiliating conditions for his Jewish subjects including the special badges and taxes. He wanted to liberate the Jews from “humiliating and oppressive laws and to assure that all Austrian subjects could contribute to the public welfare without any distinction with regard to nationality and religion.” The thrust of his reforms were intended to make Germans out of his Jewish subjects. This liberalization worried the empire’s anti-Semites. But it also bothered Jewish leaders including Moses Mendelssohn. They feared that the price of being free was a diluted Judaism.[10]

March 13, 1749: Joseph Howard Sr. is reported to have had four children: Margaret born April 4, 1746, Joseph Jr. born March 13, 1749, Magery born March 17, 1752/3, and Benjamin born August 26, 1761.[11]

Joseph Howard Jr. is himself listed on Page 9 in the 1776 Census. Margery married Henry Hll on December 27, 1774 and they are listed on Page 4 of the 1776 Census. Joseph Howard Sr.s wife Margaret Williams died about 1762 shortly after the birth of their youngest son Benjamin. Based on the foregoing the 1776 Census should only show three individuals for Joseph Howard Sr. (Joseph Sr., Benjamin, and Margaret) instead of the five that are listed. No data can be found which explain these additional persons in the 1776 Census for Joseph Howard Sr. Could the additional male and female listings be Eleanor and her half-brother Daniel (who married in Anne ArundelCounty in 1777? [12]

-------------------

Also, it should be noted that Joseph Howard Sr. and his wife Margaret had children in 1746, 1749 and 1752/3. Their next child was born in the late summer of 1761. That leaves a period of eight or nine years between births when no children were born to Margaret. Could Eleanor McKinnon have been the result of an affair that Joseph Sr. was having during that period?

Joseph Howard Sr. was a wealthy person and a large landholder. This alone made him well respected in the area. Among his land holdings was "Howards inheritance", willed to him by his father, and consisting of 380 acres of land on or near South River in All Hallows Parish. At the time of Eleanor McKinnon's birth, Joseph Howard Sr. and his family resided there. The mentioned will also perovided that Joseph Sr. be "instructed to the knowledge of physick" by his father's friend, Dr Richard Hill.[13] Whether his vocation was pursued was not further researched.[14]

--------------

Surprisingly for the times there is no evidence that Ruth McKinnon and Eleanor's father were in anyway held criminally responsible for the adultery which was considered a serious crime at the time. The only punishment that can be found is Daniels' publication of the illegitimate birth and the resulting scandal. Could it be that Eleanor's father was of such influence that the crime was not further pursued?

All of the above strongly suggests that Eleanor's father was a man of position and respect such as Joseph Howard Sr.[15]

Finally, Rev. Ege reported that "some time after the marriage of John and Eleanor they resided in Baltimore". A search of the 1790 Census and other resources fails to show any John Dodson living in Baltimore County, Maryland. However, the 1790 Federal Census on page 85 lists a John Dodson with one white male over 16, four white males under 16, two females and no slaves living in Montgomery County, Maryland. [16]

Accordingly, the writer proposes the recorded information for Eleanor Howard and Eleanor McKinnon be modified in accordance with the above.

March 13, 1754: The Chartiers Creek Fort was never built Even though authorized, the Chartiers Creek Fort was never built. In lieu of that location, construction on a fort commenced at the forks of the Ohio. According to Darlington‘s book, in a March 13, 1754 letter to Lieutenant-Governor Dinwiddie, Governor Hamilton wrote: In January I commissioned William Trent to raise one Hundred men; he had got Seventy and had begun a Fort at the Forks of the Monhongialo. His Majesty sent me out Thirty pieces of Cannon, Four-Pounders, with Carriages and all necessary Impliments, with Eighty Barrells of Gun Powder.[17]


March 13, 1774: William McGachen[18] to George Washington, March 13, 1774

BALTIMORE March 13th. 1774

DEAR SIR

I received your very agreeable favour by Mr Crawford I have done my self the pleasure to give him every assistance in my power and has purchased for you Four men convicts four Indented servants for three years and a man & his wife for four years the price Is I think rather high but as they are country likely people and you at present wanted them Mr Crawford said he imagined you would be well satisfied with our Bargain I have agreed to pay £110 Sterling for them the first of next may which I hope you will be pleased with should you want any more there is a ship expected this month with country convicts I suppose six months credit may [bel got for a parcel of them on the same terms 1 have bought the parcel now sent you as they are at present scarce and in demand I shall always take pleasure in doing every thing in my power to serve you here I am respectfully

Dear sir Your most Obdt Hum Servt

WILL MCGACHEN[19]

Cambridge, March 13, 1776.

Sir: In my letter of the 7th. and 9th. Instant, which I had the honor of Addressing you, I mentioned the Intelligence I had received respecting the embarkation of the Troops from Boston and fully expected before this, that the Town would have

been entirely evacuated. Altho' I have been deceived and was rather premature in the Opinion I had then formed I have little reason to doubt but the event will take place in a very short time, as other Accounts which have come to hand since,

the sailing of a great number of Transports from the Harbour to Nantasket Road and many circumstances corresponding therewith seem to confirm & render it unquestionable.

Whether the Town will be destroyed is a matter of much uncertainty, but it would seem from the destruction they are making of sundry pieces of furniture, of many of their Waggons, Carts &ca. which they cannot take with 'em, as it is said, that it will not; For if they intended it, the whole might be involved in one general ruin.

Holding it of the last importance in the present contest, that we should secure New York and prevent the Enemy from possessing it, and conjecturing they have views of that sort and their embarkation to be for that purpose, I judged it necessary under the situation of things here, to call a Council of General Officers to consult of such measures as are expedient to be taken at this interesting conjuncture of Affairs. A copy of the proceedings I have the honor to inclose you.[20]


Agreeable to the Opinion of the Council, I shall detach the Rifle Regiment tomorrow under the Command of Brigadier General Sullivan with orders to repair to New York, with all possible expedition, which will be succeeded the day after by the other five in one Brigade, they being all that it was thought advisable to send from hence until the Enemy shall have quitted the Town. Immediately upon their departure, I shall send forward Major General Putnam and will follow myself with the remainder of the Army as soon as I have it in my power; leaving here only such a number of men as circumstances may seem to require.

As the badness of the roads at this Season will greatly retard the March of our men, I have by advice of the General Officers wrote to Governor Trumbull by this express to use his utmost exertions for throwing a reinforcement of two Thousand Men into New York from the Western parts of Connecticut, and to the Commanding Officer there, to apply to the Provincial Convention or Committee of Safety of New Jersey, for a thousand more, for the same purpose, to oppose the Enemy and prevent their getting possession, in case they arrive before our Troops get there, of which there's a probability unless they are impeded by Contrary Winds. This Measure, tho it will be attended with considerable expence, I flatter myself will meet the Approbation of Congress. The Lines in Boston and on Boston Neck point out the propriety and suggest the necessity of keeping them from gaining possession and making a Lodgement. Should their destination be further southward or for Halifax for the purpose of going into Canada, the March of our Troops to New York, will place them nearer the scene of Action and more convenient for affording succours.

We have not taken post on Nuke [Nook's] Hill and fortified it, as mentioned we should in my last. On hearing that the Enemy were about to retreat and leave the Town, It was thought imprudent and unadvisable to force them with too much precipitation, that we might gain a little time and prepare for a March. To morrow Evening we shall take possession of it unless they are gone. As New York is of such importance; prudence and policy require, that every precaution that can be devised, should be adopted to frustrate the designs which the Enemy may have of obtaining possession of it. To this End I have ordered Vessels to be provided and held ready at Norwich for the embarkation and Transportation of our Troops
thither. This I have done with a view not only of expediting their arrival, as it will save several days marching but also that they may be fresh and fit for intrenching and throwing up Works of defence, as soon as they got there, If they do meet the Enemy to contend with, for neither of which would they be in a proper condition after a long and fatiguing March in bad roads. If Wallace with his Ships should be apprized of the measure and attempt to prevent it by stopping up the Harbour at New London, they can but pursue their March by Land.


You will be pleased to observe, that it is the Opinion of the General Officers, If the Enemy abandon the Town, that it will be unnecessary to employ or keep any of this Army for its defence, and that I have mentioned on, that event's happening,I shall immediately repair to New York with the remainder of the Army not now detached, leaving only such a Number of Men here as circumstances may seem to require. What I partly allude to is, that as it will take a considerable time for the removal of such a large body of men, as the Divisions must precede each other in such order as to allow intermediate time sufficient for 'era to be covered and provided for on the route, and many things done previous to the march of the whole
for securing and forwarding such necessaries, as can not be carried Immediately, (if proper to be carried at all) That some directions might be received from Congress, as to the number which they may judge necessary to be kept here for these or any other purposes. I could wish to have their commands upon the Subject and in time, as I may be under some degree of embarrassment as to their views.

Congress having been pleased to appoint Col. Thompson a Brigadier General, there is a Vacancy for a Colonel in the Regiment he commanded, to which I would beg leave to recommend the Lieut. Col. Hand[21] I shall also take the Liberty of recommending Captain Hugh Stevenson of the Virginia Riflemen to succeed Col. Hand & to be appointed in his place as Lieut. Col. (there being no Major, Magaw[22] the late one being appointed Lt. Col. of one of the Pennsylvania Battalions and gone from hence) He is in my Opinion the fittest person in this Army for it, as well as the oldest Captain in the service, having distinguished himself at the Head of a Rifle Company Col. Mifflin Informed me to day, of his having received Tent Cloths from Mr. Barrett of Philadelphia to the amount of 7,500 Ð of Pennsylvania Currency and applied for a Warrant for Payment of it. But our Fund being low & many demands against it, which must be satisfied and our calls for Money will be exceedingly great, I could not grant it, thinking it might be convenient for payment to be made in Philadelphia by your order, on the Treasury there.[23] I have the Honor &ca.[24]

March 13, 1777

That the Council of the Massachusetts State erect at the Expence of the United States in some convenient place in the County of Worcester in said State, Barracks with a Stockade or enclosure surrounding the same, capable of containing 1,500 Prisoners, to be built of wood, as may appear to them most conducive to the public service and in the end least expensive to the Public.

Whereas applications are frequently made to Congress for employment in the continental army by gentlemen from Europe of various nations, who may very probably have great merit, but, not understanding our language, can be of no use in the army of these States; therefore,

Resolved, That the Committee of Secret Correspondence be directed forthwith to write to all their ministers and agents abroad, to discourage all gentlemen from coming to America with expectation of employment in the service, unless they are masters of our language, and have the best recommendations.

Resolved, That the two German Officers mentioned in the Letter of his Excellency Governor Henry, not understanding our Language, cannot be provided for by Congress in the Army of the United States.[25]



Werneck, Hesse[26]-Cassel (Franciscus Gottlob’s home?)

March 13, 1824: Anglo-American convention to suppress the slave trade signed; not ratified. [27]

On March 13, 1826, William Morgan of Batavia, N.Y. signed a book contract for a publication he said would expose the Freemasons’ secrets. When word got out, a rogue group of men professing to be Freemasons burned the printer’s shop and threatened Morgan. When the New York author was jailed for non-payment of debts, a benefactor bailed him out, but Morgan was kidnapped off of the streets as he left the jail and never seen again. Five men later confessed that they had taken him to the old Fort Niagara, but that he had escaped. As the arrests were made and the men brought to trial, anti Masonic sentiments were enraged when it was discovered that the local judge, sheriff, and some jurors belonged to the fraternity. Seeing a political opportunity to permanently damage Andrew Jackson, who was elected and had served as Grand Master of the Tennessee Masonic Lodge in 1822 and 23, President John Quincy Adams immediately began a campaign of written opinions denouncing the organization and calling on its members to leave the lodges, in spite of the fact that Adams’ former colleagues George Washington and other American colonial leaders were members. Adams was joined in his efforts by fundamentalist evangelists who tried to persuade the people that the Masonic fraternity was a diabolical organization. For two years, the sentiment was pushed across the country by Adams and eventually led to the formation of the Anti-Masonic Political Party.[28]



March 13, 1834 – An emigration party under Lt. Joseph Harris departs from the Cherokee Agency. Through later accessions, it eventually numbers 903.[29]

Spring 1834 – John Ross proposes to Secretary Cass that the Nation be allowed to remain in the East on a small part of their land, subject to the laws of the respective states in which they live, and eventually assimilate into American society. His brother Andrew, on the other hand, signs a removal treaty that even the other removal advocated boycott. Major Ridge takes the middle way, condemning both extremes, citing, to John Ross, the extreme destitution and dissolution of the Catawba who had followed that course.[30]

March 13, 1845: Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto is premièred in Leipzig with Ferdinand David as soloist. Born in 1809 Felix Mendelssohn was the grandson of Moses Mendelssohn. His Jewish parents had him baptized as a Lutheran in 1816. The violinist Ferdinand David was Jewish.[31] The unique Cohen DNA that the Goodlloves carry indicate Jewish ancestry. It is not known when the conversion to Christianity took place but it would probably be before 1800.

March 13, 1852: LAURA F.9 CRAWFORD (JEPTHA M.8, VALENTINE "VOL"7, JOSEPH "JOSIAH"6, VALENTINE5, VALENTINE4, WILLIAM3, MAJOR GENERAL LAWRENCE2, HUGH1) was born 1833 in Jackson County, Missouri. She married STEWART WHITSETT March 13, 1852 in Jackson county, Missouri, son of ISAAC WHITSETT and CYNTHIA NOLAND.

Marriage Notes for LAURA CRAWFORD and STEWART WHITSETT:
Married by Joab Powell

Children of LAURA CRAWFORD and STEWART WHITSETT are:
20. i. LEANDER10 WHITSETT, b. 1854, Jackson County, Missouri.
ii. ISAAC J. WHITSETT, b. 1856.
iii. CYNTHIA A. WHITSETT, b. 1858.
iv. WILLIAM M. WHITSETT, b. 1860.
v. ELIZABETH WHITSETT, b. 1863.
vi. MARY A. WHITSETT, b. 1865. [32]



Map of Louisiana.[33]



Sun. March 13[34][35], 1864

Started at 7 am – marched 15 miles

Camped on the byo tash[36] at 3 pm had

Preaching at 5 pm pretty campground[37]



March 13, 1865: William McKinnon Goodlove, on March 7, 1864 enlisted in the Union Army, K Co. 57th Inf Reg. in Ohio at the age of 18. Battle at Fayetteville, North Carolina on March 13, 1865[38]



March 13, 1881: Alexander II of Russia was assassinated, which put an end to his half-hearted liberalism. He was succeeded by Alexander III who was devoted to medievalism and urged a return to “Russian civilization.” The most influential person during his reign was Pobestonostov, his financier and procurator of the Holy Synod, who earned the title "the Second Torquemada." The newspapers in Moscow, Kiev and Odessa began a campaign against the Jews which would only lead to greater outbreaks of anti-Semitism as the Czarist regime swirled forward on its downward dance with destruction that ended in 1917.[39]



March 13, 1896: On Convoy 42 was Syra Gotlib was born March 13, 1896 in Dzindow, Poland. .[40]



There were 18 sublists, reflecting the different areas people were taken from.



1. Drancy 1—90 names.

2. Drancy 2—54 names.

3. Drancy 3—13 names.

4. Poitiers—200 names. They were among the 617 Jews arrested in mid-October by the SiPo-SD commando of Poitiers (XXVc-253). The ones here were transferred to Drancy and deported with this convoy. There were families, children, and old people.

5. Haute-Saone—8 names. Seven of the
people were German; all were elderly.
6. Angers –45 names. They were mainly Poles and were among the 296 people arrested in Angers in mid-October.

7. Angouleme—55 names. Among them were several children.

8. Alencon—16 names.

9. Le Creusot—25 names. Children without parents.

10. Dijon—13 names, from amonmg the 122 Jews arrested in Dijon in mid-October.

11. Chalon-sur=-Saone—8 names.

12. Le Mans—62 names. This group contained Poles and French.

13. Melun—52 names.

14. Merignac—69 names.

15. Nancy—142 names. In mid-October, 234 people had been interned in Ecrouves. This group, mainly French and Polish, was transferred to Drancy for deportation.

16. Rouen—28 names, for the most part Romanian. Some were small children.

17. Rivesaltes—94 names, mainly Germans, Austrians, and Poles.

18. Last minute departures; 16 names.



The routine telex reporting the departure of Convoy 42 is numbered XXVc-193. Composed by SS Heinrichsohn and signed by his superior, Rothke, it notified Berlin, Oranienburg, and Auschwitz that convoy 901/36 left the staion at Le Bourget/Drancy on November 6 at 8:55 AM, with 1,000 Jews for Auschwitz, escorted by Feldwebel Ullmeier. Other related docuemtns are XXVc-192 (of October 31 and November 2).



When they arrived in Auschwitz, 145 men were selected and given numbers 74021 through 74165. As with Convoy 40, this number indicates that there was no prior selection at Kosel. Eighty two women were selected and given numbers 23963 through 24044; none returned.



In 1945 there were four survivors, all men.[41]

March 13, 1898: Karl Gottlieb, bornMarch 13, 1898 in Fulda. Resided Frankfurt am Main

Deportation: from Drancy, Marz 1943, Majdanek/Lublin. Declared legally dead.[42]



March 13, 1901: Benjamin Harrison, twenty-third President of the United States, dies in Indianapolis, Indiana[43].



March 13, 1933: Jewish lawyers and judges were expelled from court in Breslau.[44]

March 13, 1938: the Anschluss was proclaimed. Austria existed as a federal state of Germany until the end of World War II, when the Allied powers declared the Anschluss void and reestablished an independent Austria. Schuschnigg, who had been imprisoned soon after resigning, was released in 1945.[45]

November 30-March 13, 1940: Invasion of Finland by the USSR, followed by the Winter War. [46]



March 13, 1942[47]: At a press conference held by S. Bertrand Jacobson in mid-March, 1942, based a report on eyewitness statements. Estimating that the Nazis had already massacred 240,000 Jews in the Ukrain alone, Jacobson stated that the killing in eastern Europe was continuing at full fury. Among the most horrifyuin relevations to appear in the United States until that time (but omitted from the Times’s account) was a description by a Hungarian soldier who had seen a vast burial site near Kiev. Seven thousnad Jews, some shot dead but others wounded and still alive, had been thrown into the shallow grave and covered thinly with dirt. Burned into the soldier’s membory was the sight of the field, “heaving like a living sea.”[48]



March 13, 1943: Ostindustrie GmbH is founded by the SS to exploit Jewish labor in the Generalgouvernement.[49]



March 13, 1989: The entire Canadian province of Quebec experienced a 12 hour blackout caused by a CME(chrononal mass ejection). [50]



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel


[2] High Priests and Politics in Roman Palestine by E. Mary Smallwood, 1962, page 14, 17, 31.


[3] National Geographic, December 2008, page 46.


[4] National Geographic, December, 2008, page 59


[5] [1]The world Before and After Jesus, Desire of the Everlasting Hills by Thomas Cahill, page 337.


[6] [3] National Geographic, December 2008, page 46.


[7] [2] Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People, by Jon Entine, page 117-118.


[8] http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/italytime.html


[9] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/


[10]


[11] (FamilySearch Ancestral File v 4.19 (AFN: 1563- F73.)


[12] (Maryland State Archives. Register of Queen Anne Parish, M 389, Page 97 original or Page 341 revised.) (http://washburnhill.freehomepage.com/custom3.html)


[13] (The Founders of Anne Arundel and Howard Counties. Maryland. J. D. Warfielde. A. M. Kohn & Pollock.)


[14] (http://washburnhill.freehomepage.com/custom3.html)


[15] (http://washburnhill.freehomepage.com/custom3.html)


[16] (Heads of Family at First U.S. Census for Maryland, 1790, U.S. Bureau of Census, Washington D.C. 1907. Page 85. (http://washburnhill.freehomepage.com/custom3.html)


[17] In Search of Turkey Foot Road, pages 89-90.


[18] [Note 1: 1 This name in vol. iii. is erroneously given as William M. Gachen.]


[19] The George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741-1799Letters to Washington and Accompanying Papers. Published by the Society of the Colonial Dames of America. Edited by Stanislaus Murray Hamilton.--vol. 04


[20] [The proceedings of this council are in theWashington Papers.]




[21] [Note: Lieut. Col. Edward Hand.]


[22] [Robert Magaw, of Thompson's rifle regiment.] all the last War and highly merited the approbation of his superior officers.


[23] [In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]


[24] The George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741-1799, George Washington to Continental Congress, March 13, 1776 , The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745-1799. John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor.--vol. 04


[25]Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789


[26] Hesse



Hessen
Hessen


www.hessen.de


Hesse /ˈhɛs/ or Hessia (German: Hessen [ˈhɛsən], Hessian dialect: Hesse [ˈhɛzə]) is both a cultural region of Germany and the name of an individual German state.
•The cultural region of Hesse includes both the State of Hesse and the area known as Rhine-Hesse in the neighbouring Rhineland-Palatinate state. The oldest and fourth largest Hessian city, Mainz, is in Rhine-Hesse.
•The State of Hesse (German: Land Hessen, literally "Country of Hesse") is part of the larger cultural region. It has an area of 21,110 km2 (8,150 sq mi) and just over six million inhabitants. The capital is Wiesbaden. Hesse's largest city is Frankfurt am Main.

The English name "Hesse" comes from the Hessian dialect. The variant "Hessia" comes from the medieval latin Hassia. The German term Hessen is used by the European Commission because their policy is to leave regional names untranslated (paragraphs 1.31 & 1.35).[3] The term "Hesse" ultimately derives from a Germanic tribe called the Chatti, who settled in the region in the first century B.C.



•An inhabitant of Hesse is called a Hessian (German: Hesse (masculine) or Hessin (feminine)) (see also Hessian (soldiers)).


History

As early as the Paleolithic period, the Central Hessian region was inhabited. Due to the favorable climate of the location, people lived there about 50,000 years ago during the last glacial period, as burial sites show from this era. Finds of paleolitical tools in southern Hesse in Rüsselsheim suggest Pleistocene hunters about 13,000 years ago. The Züschen tomb (German: Steinkammergrab von Züschen, sometimes also Lohne-Züschen) is a prehistoric burial monument, located between Lohne and Züschen, near Fritzlar, Hesse, Germany. Classified as a gallery grave or a Hessian-Westphalian stone cist (hessisch-westfälische Steinkiste), it is one of the most important megalithic monuments in Central Europe. Dating to the late 4th millennium BC (and possibly remaining in use until the early 3rd), it belongs to the Late Neolithic Wartberg culture.

An early Celtic presence in what is now Hesse is indicated by a mid 5th century BC La Tène style burial uncovered at Glauberg. The region was later settled by the Germanic Chatti tribe in ca. the 1st century BC, and the name Hesse is a continuation of that tribal name.

The Romans had a military camp in Dorlar, and in Waldgirmes directly on the eastern outskirts of Wetzlar was a civil settlement under construction. Presumably, the provincial government for the occupied territories of the right bank of Germania was planned at this location. It is likely that the governor of Germania, at least temporarily, had resided here. The settlement appears to have been abandoned by the Romans after the devastating Battle of the Teutoburg Forest failed in the year 9 AD .The Chatti were also involved in the Revolt of the Batavi in the year 69 AD.

In the early Middle Ages, a Frankish gau comprising an area around Fritzlar and Kassel and a Saxon one further north were known as Hessengau. In the 9th century the Saxon Hessengau also came under the rule of the Franconians. In the 12th century it was passed to Thuringia.

In the War of the Thuringian Succession (1247–64), Hesse gained its independence and became a Landgraviate within the Holy Roman Empire. It shortly rose to primary importance under Landgrave Philip the Magnanimous, who was one of the leaders of German Protestantism. After Philip's death in 1567, the territory was divided up among his four sons from his first marriage (Philip was a bigamist) into four lines: Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel), Hesse-Darmstadt, Hesse-Rheinfels and the also previously existing Hesse-Marburg. As the latter two lines died out quite soon (1583 and 1605, respectively), Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Darmstadt were the two core states within the Hessian lands. Several collateral lines split off during the centuries, such as in 1622, when Hesse-Homburg split off from Hesse-Darmstadt. In the late 16th century, Kassel adopted Calvinism, while Darmstadt remained Lutheran and subsequently the two lines often found themselves on different sides of a conflict, most notably in the disputes over Hesse-Marburg and in the Thirty Years' War, when Darmstadt fought on the side of the Emperor, while Kassel sided with Sweden and France.

The Landgrave Frederick II (1720–1785) ruled as a benevolent despot, 1760-1785. He combined Enlightenment ideas with Christian values, cameralist plans for central control of the economy, and a militaristic approach toward diplomacy.[4] He funded the depleted treasury of the poor nation by renting out 19,000 soldiers in complete military formations to Great Britain to fight in North America during the American Revolutionary War, 1776-1783. These soldiers, commonly known as Hessians, fought under the British flag. For further revenue the soldiers were rented out elsewhere as well. Most were conscripted, with their pay going to the Landgrave.

19th century

Hesse-Kassel was elevated to the rank of an Electorate in 1803, but this remained without effect as the Holy Roman Empire was disbanded in 1806. The territory was annexed by the Kingdom of Westphalia in 1806, but restored to the Elector in 1813. While other Electors had gained other titles, becoming either Kings or Grand Duke, the Elector of Hesse-Kassel alone retained the anachronistic dignity. The name survived in the term Kurhessen, denoting the region around Kassel. In 1866 it was annexed by Prussia, together with the Free City of Frankfurt, Hesse-Homburg and the duchy of Nassau, which established the province of Hesse-Nassau.

Hesse-Darmstadt was elevated to the rank of a Grand Duchy in 1806. In the War of 1866, it fought on the side of Austria against Prussia, but retained its autonomy in defeat, because a greater part of the country was situated south of the Main river and Prussia did not dare to expand beyond the Main line as this might have provoked France. But the parts of Hesse-Darmstadt north of the Main river (the region around the town of Gießen, commonly called Oberhessen) were incorporated in the Norddeutscher Bund, a tight federation of German states, established by Prussia in 1867. In 1871, after France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, the rest of the Grand Duchy joined the German Empire. Around the turn of the twentieth century, Darmstadt was one of the centres of the Jugendstil.

Until 1907, the Grand Duchy of Hesse used only the Hessian red and white lion as its coat-of-arms





20th century

The revolution of 1918 transformed Hesse-Darmstadt from a monarchy to a republic, which officially renamed itself to "Volksstaat Hessen" (People's State of Hesse). The parts of Hesse-Darmstadt on the western banks of the Rhine (province Rheinhessen) were occupied by French troops until 1930 under the terms of the Versailles peace treaty that officially ended WWI in 1919.

After World War II the Hessian territory left of the Rhine was again occupied by France, whereas the rest of the country was part of the US occupation zone. The French separated their part of Hesse from the rest of the country and incorporated it into the newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz). The United States, on the other side, proclaimed the state of Greater Hesse (Groß-Hessen) on 19 September 1945, out of Hesse-Darmstadt and most of the former Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau. On December 4, 1946 Groß-Hessen was officially renamed Hessen.[5]

Geography

See also: List of places in Hesse and List of mountains of Hesse





The most important rivers, mountains, and cities of Hesse

Situated in west-central Germany, Hesse state borders the German states of (starting in the north and proceeding clockwise) Lower Saxony, Thuringia, Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, Rhineland-Palatinate and North Rhine-Westphalia.

The principal cities of Hesse include Frankfurt am Main, Wiesbaden, Darmstadt, Offenbach, Hanau, Gießen, Wetzlar, and Limburg in the greater Rhine Main Area, Fulda in the east, and Kassel and Marburg an der Lahn in the north.

The most important rivers in Hesse are the Fulda and Eder rivers in the north, the Lahn in the central part of Hesse, and the Main and Rhine in the south. The countryside is hilly and there are numerous mountain ranges, including the Rhön, the Westerwald, the Taunus, the Vogelsberg, the Knüll and the Spessart.

Most of the population of Hesse is in the southern part of Hesse in the Rhine Main Area. The Rhine borders Hesse on the southwest without running through the state, only one old arm – the so-called Alt-Rhein – runs through Hesse. The mountain range between the Main and the Neckar river is called the Odenwald. The plain in between the rivers Main, Rhine and Neckar, and the Odenwald mountains is called the Ried.

Hesse is the greenest state in Germany.[6] Forest covers 42% of the state.[6]



Administration of the State of Hesse





Wiesbaden





Frankfurt am Main



Hesse is divided into 21 districts and 5 independent cities (with their abbreviations, as used on vehicle number plates):



1.Bergstraße (Heppenheim) (HP)
2.Darmstadt-Dieburg(Darmstadt) (DA)
3.Groß-Gerau(Groß-Gerau) (GG)
4.Hochtaunuskreis(Bad Homburg) (HG)
5.Main-Kinzig-Kreis(Gelnhausen) (MKK)
6.Main-Taunus-Kreis(Hofheim am Taunus) (MTK)
7.Odenwaldkreis (Erbach) (ERB)
8.Offenbach(Dietzenbach) (OF)
9.Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis(Bad Schwalbach) (RÜD)
10.Wetteraukreis (Friedberg) (FB)
11.Gießen (Gießen) (GI)
12.Lahn-Dill-Kreis(Wetzlar) (LDK)
13.Limburg-Weilburg(Limburg) (LM)
14.Marburg-Biedenkopf(Marburg) (MR)
15.Vogelsbergkreis(Lauterbach) (VB)
16.Fulda (Fulda) (FD)
17.Hersfeld-Rotenburg(Bad Hersfeld) (HEF)
18.Kassel (Kassel) (KS)
19.Schwalm-Eder-Kreis(Homberg (Efze)) (HR)
20.Werra-Meißner-Kreis(Eschwege) (ESW)
21.Waldeck-Frankenberg(Korbach) (KB)


Independent cities:
1.Darmstadt (DA)
2.Frankfurt am Main (F)
3.Kassel (KS)
4.Offenbach am Main (OF)
5.Wiesbaden (WI)

Rhenish Hesse

Rhenish Hesse (German: Rheinhessen) refers to the part of the former Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt located west of the Rhine river and now part of Rhineland-Palatinate. It is a hilly countryside largely devoted to vineyards; therefore, it is also called the "land of the thousand hills." Its larger towns include Mainz, Worms, Bingen, Alzey, Nieder-Olm and Ingelheim. Many inhabitants commute to work in Mainz, Wiesbaden, or Frankfurt.

Administration of Rhenish Hesse

Rhenish Hesse contains a number of municipalities and has no specific overall government. It was previously part of the government area of Rheinhessen-Pfalz. However, the state of Rheinland-Palatinate no longer uses this area for administrative purposes.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Hesse

The Politics of Hesse takes place within a framework of a federal parliamentary representative democratic republic, where the Federal Government of Germany exercises sovereign rights with certain powers reserved to the states of Germany including Hesse. The state has a multi-party system where the two main parties were long the center-right Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the leftist Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). However, this changed in 2009, when support for the SPD collapsed after a political crisis in 2008. There are now five parties in the Hesse Landtag.

Most recent state election

Although the government under Minister-President, Roland Koch (CDU), lost their majority in the state diet Landtag of Hesse following the 2008 Landtag election, their rival parties were unable to form a government. A snap election was held in 2009, which enabled the CDU again to form a government with the FDP. In May 2010, Koch announced his resignation from the post of Minister-President as well as his retirement from politics. His successor is Volker Bouffier.


Turnout was at 61.0%, down from 64.3% in 2008. 61.0% marks the lowest turnout for a Landtag election in Hesse's history. Only the non-binding 1946 election (while Hesse was still under military occupation) had a lower turnout.

Culture

The cultural region of Hesse extends into Rhenish Hesse which is in Rhineland-Palatinate. The oldest and second largest Hessian city of Mainz is in Rhenish Hesse. The locals speak a Rhine Franconian dialect known as Hessisch.

[edit] Religion




Religion in Hesse - 2006




religion

View of the Stadtpfarrkirche St. Blasius in Fulda.

As of 2006[7] 40.8% of the Hessians belong to the Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau, a member of the Evangelical Church in Germany, while 25.4% adhere to the Roman Catholic Church. 33.8% or one-third of the Hessian people belong to other faiths or is unaffiliated. Minority faiths include Islam and Buddhism. The continental Baha'i House of Worship for Europe is located in the village of Langenhain in the town of Hofheim near Frankfurt.

State anthem

The official anthem of Hesse is called "Hessenlied" (Song of Hesse), and was written by Albrecht Brede (music) and Carl Preser (lyrics).

TV and radio stations

Hessischer Rundfunk (HR) is the main ARD broadcaster in Hesse, providing a statewide TV programme as well as its regional radio stations (HR 1, HR 2, HR 3, HR 4, you fm and HR info). Other than HR, ZDF and other privately run TV stations flourish. Among the commercial radio stations that are active in Hesse are Hit Radio FFH, Planet Radio, Harmony FM, Radio BOB and Main FM.

Economy

Hesse is one of the largest and healthiest economies in Germany. Its GDP in 2011 exceeded 229 billion Euros (about 318 bn US$).[8] This makes Hesse itself one of the largest economies in Europe and the 38th largest in the world.[9] Some large companies headquartered in Hesse include Opel, Merck, Deutsche Bank, Commerzbank, Fraport, Fresenius, Sanofi Aventis, Procter & Gamble, B. Braun and Deutsche Börse. According to GDP-per-capita figures, Hesse is the wealthiest State in Germany.

Traffic and public transportation

Hesse has one of the best transportation networks in Europe. Many trans-European and German motorways, high-speed train, and waterways lines cross Hesse. Frankfurt International Airport is Germany's largest and Europe's third largest airport (after London Heathrow and Paris Charles de Gaulle). Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof is Germany's second busiest railway station by passengers but the busiest in terms of traffic.[citation needed]

Motorways

Hesse has a dense highway network with a total of 24 motorways. The internationally important motorway routes through Hesse are the A3, A5, and A7. Close to the airport of Frankfurt is the Frankfurter Kreuz, Germany's busiest and one of Europe's busiest motorway junction, where the motorways A3 (Arnhem-Cologne-Frankfurt-Nuremberg-Passau) and A5 (Hattenbach-Frankfurt-Karlsruhe-Basel) intersect. The A5 becomes as large as 4 lanes in each direction near the city of Frankfurt am Main. During the rush-hour its possible to use the emergency lanes on the A3 and A5 motorway in the Rhine-Main Region. In fact of this, the Motorways had 4 lanes in each direction.

Death penalty

The Hessian constitution was written in 1946, and Article 21 permitted the use of the death penalty.[10] But all uses of capital punishment in Germany are forbidden by the 1949 Federal Grundgesetz (basic law), which supersedes all state laws such as the Hessian constitution by the principle of "Bundesrecht bricht Landesrecht" ('Federal law breaks state law').[11]

Public discussion in Hesse

There is still public discussion in Hesse about removing the now useless text concerning death penalty from the Hessian constitution: Some people think that Article 21 of the Hessian constitution should be deleted, for if there is no death penalty it cannot be used. Removing the death penalty from the Hessian constitution, however, requires a referendum in Hesse. Bavaria held a referendum in 1998 and successfully removed the law concerning death penalty from its constitution, and the Saarland removed the passage concerning the death penalty upon reunion with Germany in 1956.


•Landgraviate of Hesse
•Landgraviate of Hesse-Darms
References
1.^ "Die Bevölkerung der hessischen Gemeinden" (in German). Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt. December 2011. http://www.statistik-hessen.de/static/publikationen/A/AI2_AII_AIII_AV_11-2hj_pdf.zip.
2.^ (German) "Bruttoinlandsprodukt". Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnungen. Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder. 2011. http://vgrdl.de/Arbeitskreis_VGR/tbls/tab01.asp. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
3.^ European Commission English Style Guide, http://ec.europa.eu/translation/writing/style_guides/english/style_guide_en.pdf
4.^ Charles W. Ingrao, The Hessian Mercenary State: Ideas, Institutions, and Reform under Frederick II, 1760-1785 (2003)
5.^ "Hessen - 60 stolze Jahre - Zeittafel 1945/1946". http://60stolzejahre.hessen.de/dynasite.cfm?dssid=77&dsmid=1898. Retrieved 2006-12-01.
6.^ a b "Our State". State of Hesse. http://www.hessen.eu/irj/hessen_en_Internet?cid=42734bf7b41385446b3a113d3314add9. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
7.^ EKD Statistik, Stand 31. Dezember 2006
8.^ (German) "Bruttoinlandsprodukt". Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnungen. Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder. 2012. http://www.statistik-portal.de/statistik-portal/en/en_jb27_jahrtab65.asp. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
9.^ See the list of countries by GDP (nominal).
10.^ Hessian constitution (in German)
11.^ Grundgesetz (in German)


[27] The Papers of Andrew Jackson, Volume V, 1821-1824


[28] http://www.tennesseehistory.com/class/Jackson.htm


[29] Timetable of Cherokee Removal.


[30] Timetable of Cherokee Removal.


[31] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/


[32] http://penningtons.tripod.com/jepthagenealogy.htm


[33] History of the Nineteenth Army Corps by Richard B. Irwin, 1892




[34] The campaign began on Sunday, March 13, 1864, as the regiment left Berwick City and marched up Bayou Tech. Pushing over the same route as the previous fall, the Iowans marched through Franklin, New Iberia, Opelousas, and arrived with seven miles of Alexandria on March 24.

(William T. Rigby and the Red Oak Boys in Louisiana by Terrence J. Winschel)

http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/spec-coll/bai/winschel.htm


[35] On the 13th joined the Red River Expedition under General Banks.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_Iowa_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment


[36] Bayou Teche.


[37] William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary by Jeffery Lee Goodlove


[38] (Historical Data Systems, comp,. American Civil War Soldiers [database on-line], Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 1999.)




[39] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/


[40] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 339


[41] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 336-337.


[42] [1] Gedenkbuch, Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945. 2., wesentlich erweiterte Auflage, Band II G-K, Bearbeitet und herausgegben vom Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, 2006, pg. 1033-1035,.

[2] Memorial Book: Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National socialist Oppression in Germany, 1933-1945. Gedenkbuch (Germany)* does not include many victims from area of former East Germany).


[43] On This Day in America by John Wagman.


[44] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/


[45] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/germany-annexes-austria


[46] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1762.


[47] http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Chronology_1942.html


[48] \ The Abandonment of the Jews, America and the Holocaust, 1941-1945 by David S. Wymen page 4.


[49] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1775


[50] Countdown to Apocalypse, H2, 11/09/2012.