This Day in Goodlove History, March 9
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Jeff Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, Thomas Jefferson, and ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson and George Washington.
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, Thomas Jefferson, and ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson and George Washington.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
Birthday: Lisa R Bindi
Anniversary: Martha Reeves and Benjamin Harrison
March 9, 590: Bahram Chobin is crowned as King Barham VI of Persia. The newly crowned king enjoyed support among Persian Jews since opposing forces under a general named Mahbad “killed the Jewish followers of the pretender to the throne, Bahram Chobin.”[1]
March 9, 1230: Bulgarian tsar Ivan Asen II defeats Theodore of Epirus in the Battle of Klokotnitsa. According to information in the Virtual Jewish Library Jacob b. Elijah wrote a letter in which he reported that two Jews were thrown from a mountaintop for refusing to obey the order of the Czar to put out the eyes of the defeated Greek ruler.[2]
1231: Before the official launching of the Inquisition, Urban II had decreed at the end of the eleventh century that all heretics were to be tortured and killed. The groundwork had been laid. It was Gregory IX (1227-41) who, in his attempt to stamp our heresy, approved the use of force against error in 1231, when he incorporated into canon law the imperial legislation that decreed the burning of convicted heretics by the secular power. In a series of actions from 1231 to 1235 Gregory instigated a formal organization and set of procedures whereby the apprehension and trial of heretics became the major responsibility of papl inquisitors. Gregory put the Inquisition in the hands of the friars, especially the Domimnican and Franciscan Orders, whose relentless pursuit of heretics earned them the nickname Domini canes “the hounds of the Lord.”Gregory is therefore often credited with having established the Inquistition.[3] Death of St. Antony of Padua (Portuguese), death of St. Elizabeth of Hungary, Japanese shogun forbids parents to sell children into slavery, Mongol invasion of Korea. [4]
AD 1231 - Pope Gregory IX establishes the medieval Inquisition
Pope Gregory IX in 1231 instituted the papal Inquisition for the apprehension and trial of heretics.
It wasn't long after the papacy authorized the Inquisition that it authorized torture as a method of carrying it out. 'Pope' Innocent IV, in his bull ad extirpanda (1252) ordered the civil magistrates to extort from all heretics by torture a confession of their own guilt and a betrayal of all their accomplices.
"The use of torture to obtain confessions and the names of other heretics was at first rejected but was authorized in 1252 by Innocent IV"
At the time of the inquisition, all parties opposed to Roman Catholic orthodox that resided in Roman territory was considered 'heretic'.(Jews, Christians, etc.)
"... When the despairing cry of the population induced Clement V to order an investigation into the iniquities of the Inquisition of Carcassonne, the commission issued to the cardinals sent thither in 1306 recites that confessions were extorted by torture so severe that the unfortunates subjected to it had only the alternative of death; and in the proceedings before the commissioners the use of torture is so frequently alluded to as to leave no doubt of its habitual employment. It is a noteworthy fact, however, that in the fragmentary documents of inquisitorial proceedings which have reached us the references to torture are singularly few. Apparently it was felt that to record its use would in some sort invalidate the force of the testimony." (A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages (Vol 1, 1888), pp. 423-424, Henry Charles Lea, Harbor Press 1955).
The following description is taken from The History of Protestantism, Volume Second, Book Fifteenth, Chapter 11, by James A. Wylie (1808-1890). The account has been shortened in an attempt at brevity::
Turn we now to the town of Nuremberg, in Bavaria. The zeal with which Duke Albert, the sovereign of Bavaria, entered into the restoration of Roman Catholicism, we have already narrated. To further the movement, he provided every one of the chief towns of his dominions with a Holy Office ... . We shall first describe the Chamber of Torture.
... It derives its name, the Torture-chamber, not from the fact that the torture was here inflicted, but because into this one chamber has been collected a complete set of the instruments of torture gleaned from the various Inquisitions that formerly existed in Bavaria. A glance suffices to show the whole dreadful apparatus by which the adherents of Rome sought to maintain her dogmas. Placed next to the door, and greeting the sight as one enters, is a collection of hideous masks. These represent creatures monstrous of shape, and malignant and fiendish of nature, It is in beholding them that we begin to perceive how subtle was the genius that devised this system of coercion, and that it took the mind as well as the body of the victim into account.... The persecutor had calculated, doubtless, that the effect produced upon the mind of his victim by these dreadful apparitions, would be that he would become morally relaxed, and less able to sustain his cause.... Yourself accursed, with accursed beings are you henceforth to dwell—such was the silent language of these abhorred images.
We pass on into the chamber, where more dreadful sights meet our gaze. It is hung round and round with instruments of torture, so numerous that it would take a long while even to name them, and so diverse that it would take a much longer time to describe them.... There were instruments for compressing the fingers till the bones should be squeezed to splinters. There were instruments for probing below the finger-nails till an exquisite pain, like a burning fire, would run along the nerves. There were instruments for tearing out the tongue, for scooping out the eyes, for grubbing-up the ears. There were bunches of iron cords, with a spiked circle at the end of every whip, for tearing the flesh from the back till bone and sinew were laid bare. There were iron cases for the legs, which were tightened upon the limb placed in them by means of a screw, till flesh and bone were reduced to a jelly. There were cradles set full of sharp spikes, in which victims were laid and rolled from side to side, the wretched occupant being pierced at each movement of the machine with innumerable sharp points. There were iron ladles with long handles, for holding molten lead or boiling pitch, to be poured down the throat of the victim, and convert his body into a burning cauldron. There were frames with holes to admit the hands and feet, so contrived that the person put into them had his body bent into unnatural and painful positions, and the agony grew greater and greater by moments, and yet the man did not die. There were chestfuls of small but most ingeniously constructed instruments for pinching, probing, or tearing the more sensitive parts of the body, and continuing the pain up to the very verge where reason or life gives way. On the floor and walls of the apartment were other and larger instruments for the same fearful end - lacerating, mangling, and agonizing living men; but these we shall meet in other dungeons we are yet to visit.
The things we have been surveying are not the mere models of the instruments made use of in the Holy Office; they are the veritable instruments themselves. We see before us the actual implements by which hundreds and thousands of men and women, many of them saints and confessors of the Lord Jesus, were torn, and mangled, and slain....
We leave the Torture-chamber to visit the Inquisition proper.... The cicerone appears, carrying a bunch of keys, a lantern, and some half-dozen candles.... We begin to descend. We go down one flight of steps; we go down a second flight; we descend yet a third. And now we pause a moment. The darkness is intense, for here never came the faintest glimmer of day; but a gleam thrown forward from the lantern showed us that we were arrived at the entrance of a horizontal, narrow passage....
Passing in, the corridor continued, and we went forward other three paces or so, when we found ourselves before a second door. We opened and shut it behind us as we did the first. Again we began to thread our way: a third door stopped us. We opened and closed it in like manner. Every step was carrying us deeper into the heart of the rock, and multiplying the barriers between us and the upper world. We were shut in with the thick darkness and the awful silence. We began to realize what must have been the feelings of some unhappy disciple of the Gospel, surprised by the familiars of the Holy Office, led through the midnight streets of Nuremberg, conducted to Max Tower, led down flight after flight of stairs, and along this horizontal shaft in the rock, and at every few paces a massy door, with its locks and bolts, closing behind him! He must have felt how utterly he was beyond the reach of human pity and human aid. No cry, however piercing, could reach the ear of man through these roofs of rock. He was entirely in the power of those who had brought him thither.
At last we came to a side-door in the narrow passage. We halted, applied the key, and the door, with its ancient mould, creaking harshly as if moving on a hinge long disused, opened to let us in.... This was the Chamber of Question. Along one side of the apartment ran a low platform. There sat of old the inquisitors, three in number—the first a divine, the second a casuist, and the third a civilian. The only occupant of that platform was the crucifix, or image of the Savior on the cross, which still remained.... In the middle was the horizontal rack or bed of torture, on which the victim was stretched till bone started from bone, and his dislocated frame became the seat of agony, which was suspended only when it had reached a pitch that threatened death.
Leaning against the wall of the chamber was the upright rack, which is simpler, but as an instrument of torture not less effectual, than the horizontal one. There was the iron chain which wound over a pulley, and hauled up the victim to the vaulted roof; and there were the two great stone weights which, tied to his feet, and the iron cord let go, brought him down with a jerk that dislocated his limbs, while the spiky rollers, which he grazed in his descent, cut into and excoriated his back, leaving his body a bloody, dislocated mass.
Here, too, was the cradle of which we have made mention above, amply garnished within with cruel knobs, on which the sufferer, tied hand and foot, was thrown at every movement of the machine, to be bruised all over, and brought forth discolored, swollen, bleeding, but still living. All round, ready to hand, were hung the minor instruments of torture. There were screws and thumbkins for the fingers, spiked collars for the neck, iron boots for the legs, gags for the mouth, cloths to cover the face, and permit the slow percolation of water, drop by drop, down the throat of the person undergoing this form of torture. There were rollers set round with spikes, for bruising the arms and back; there were iron scourges, pincers, and tongs for tearing out the tongue, slitting the nose and ears, and otherwise disfiguring and mangling the body till it was horrible and horrifying to look upon it....
We shall suppose that all this has been gone through; that the confessor has been stretched on the bed of torture; has been gashed, broken, mangled, and yet, by power given him from above, has not denied his Savior: he has been "tortured not accepting deliverance:" what further punishment has the Holy Office in reserve ... ?
We return to the narrow passage, and go forward a little way.... Here there is a vaulted chamber, entirely dug out of the living rock, except the roof, which is formed of hewn stone. It contains an iron image of the Virgin; and on the opposite wall, suspended by an iron hook, is a lamp, which when lighted shows the goodly proportions of "Our Lady." On the instant of touching a spring the image flings open its arms, which resemble the doors of a cupboard, and which are seen to be stuck full on the inside with poignards, cach about a foot in length. Some of these knives are so placed as to enter the eyes of those whom the image enfolded in its embrace, others are set so as to penetrate the ears and brain, others to pierce the breast, and others again to gore the abdomen.
The person who had passed through the terrible ordeal of the Question-chamber, but had made no recantation, would be led along the tortuous passage by which we had come, and ushered into this vault, where the first object that would greet his eye, the pale light of the lamp falling on it, would be the iron Virgin. He would be bidden to stand right in front of the image. The spring would be touched by the executioner—the Virgin would fling open her arms, and the wretched victim would straightway be forced within them. Another spring was then touched—the Virgin closed upon her victim; a strong wooden beam, fastened at one end to the wall by a movable joint, the other placed against the doors of the iron image, was worked by a screw, and as the beam was pushed out, the spiky arms of the Virgin slowly but irresistibly closed upon the man, cruelly goring him.
... A canal had been made to flow underneath the vault where stood the iron Virgin, and when she had done her work upon those who were delivered over to her tender mercies, she let them fall, with quick descent and sullen plunge, into the canal underneath, where they were floated to the Pegnitz, and from the Pegnitz to the Rhine, and by the Rhine to the ocean...[25] [5]
Pope Gregory IX in 1231 instituted the papal Inquisition for the apprehension and trial of heretics.
It wasn't long after the papacy authorized the Inquisition that it authorized torture as a method of carrying it out. 'Pope' Innocent IV, in his bull ad extirpanda (1252) ordered the civil magistrates to extort from all heretics by torture a confession of their own guilt and a betrayal of all their accomplices.
"The use of torture to obtain confessions and the names of other heretics was at first rejected but was authorized in 1252 by Innocent IV"
At the time of the inquisition, all parties opposed to Roman Catholic orthodox that resided in Roman territory was considered 'heretic'.(Jews, Christians, etc.)
"... When the despairing cry of the population induced Clement V to order an investigation into the iniquities of the Inquisition of Carcassonne, the commission issued to the cardinals sent thither in 1306 recites that confessions were extorted by torture so severe that the unfortunates subjected to it had only the alternative of death; and in the proceedings before the commissioners the use of torture is so frequently alluded to as to leave no doubt of its habitual employment. It is a noteworthy fact, however, that in the fragmentary documents of inquisitorial proceedings which have reached us the references to torture are singularly few. Apparently it was felt that to record its use would in some sort invalidate the force of the testimony." (A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages (Vol 1, 1888), pp. 423-424, Henry Charles Lea, Harbor Press 1955).
The following description is taken from The History of Protestantism, Volume Second, Book Fifteenth, Chapter 11, by James A. Wylie (1808-1890). The account has been shortened in an attempt at brevity::
Turn we now to the town of Nuremberg, in Bavaria. The zeal with which Duke Albert, the sovereign of Bavaria, entered into the restoration of Roman Catholicism, we have already narrated. To further the movement, he provided every one of the chief towns of his dominions with a Holy Office ... . We shall first describe the Chamber of Torture.
... It derives its name, the Torture-chamber, not from the fact that the torture was here inflicted, but because into this one chamber has been collected a complete set of the instruments of torture gleaned from the various Inquisitions that formerly existed in Bavaria. A glance suffices to show the whole dreadful apparatus by which the adherents of Rome sought to maintain her dogmas. Placed next to the door, and greeting the sight as one enters, is a collection of hideous masks. These represent creatures monstrous of shape, and malignant and fiendish of nature, It is in beholding them that we begin to perceive how subtle was the genius that devised this system of coercion, and that it took the mind as well as the body of the victim into account.... The persecutor had calculated, doubtless, that the effect produced upon the mind of his victim by these dreadful apparitions, would be that he would become morally relaxed, and less able to sustain his cause.... Yourself accursed, with accursed beings are you henceforth to dwell—such was the silent language of these abhorred images.
We pass on into the chamber, where more dreadful sights meet our gaze. It is hung round and round with instruments of torture, so numerous that it would take a long while even to name them, and so diverse that it would take a much longer time to describe them.... There were instruments for compressing the fingers till the bones should be squeezed to splinters. There were instruments for probing below the finger-nails till an exquisite pain, like a burning fire, would run along the nerves. There were instruments for tearing out the tongue, for scooping out the eyes, for grubbing-up the ears. There were bunches of iron cords, with a spiked circle at the end of every whip, for tearing the flesh from the back till bone and sinew were laid bare. There were iron cases for the legs, which were tightened upon the limb placed in them by means of a screw, till flesh and bone were reduced to a jelly. There were cradles set full of sharp spikes, in which victims were laid and rolled from side to side, the wretched occupant being pierced at each movement of the machine with innumerable sharp points. There were iron ladles with long handles, for holding molten lead or boiling pitch, to be poured down the throat of the victim, and convert his body into a burning cauldron. There were frames with holes to admit the hands and feet, so contrived that the person put into them had his body bent into unnatural and painful positions, and the agony grew greater and greater by moments, and yet the man did not die. There were chestfuls of small but most ingeniously constructed instruments for pinching, probing, or tearing the more sensitive parts of the body, and continuing the pain up to the very verge where reason or life gives way. On the floor and walls of the apartment were other and larger instruments for the same fearful end - lacerating, mangling, and agonizing living men; but these we shall meet in other dungeons we are yet to visit.
The things we have been surveying are not the mere models of the instruments made use of in the Holy Office; they are the veritable instruments themselves. We see before us the actual implements by which hundreds and thousands of men and women, many of them saints and confessors of the Lord Jesus, were torn, and mangled, and slain....
We leave the Torture-chamber to visit the Inquisition proper.... The cicerone appears, carrying a bunch of keys, a lantern, and some half-dozen candles.... We begin to descend. We go down one flight of steps; we go down a second flight; we descend yet a third. And now we pause a moment. The darkness is intense, for here never came the faintest glimmer of day; but a gleam thrown forward from the lantern showed us that we were arrived at the entrance of a horizontal, narrow passage....
Passing in, the corridor continued, and we went forward other three paces or so, when we found ourselves before a second door. We opened and shut it behind us as we did the first. Again we began to thread our way: a third door stopped us. We opened and closed it in like manner. Every step was carrying us deeper into the heart of the rock, and multiplying the barriers between us and the upper world. We were shut in with the thick darkness and the awful silence. We began to realize what must have been the feelings of some unhappy disciple of the Gospel, surprised by the familiars of the Holy Office, led through the midnight streets of Nuremberg, conducted to Max Tower, led down flight after flight of stairs, and along this horizontal shaft in the rock, and at every few paces a massy door, with its locks and bolts, closing behind him! He must have felt how utterly he was beyond the reach of human pity and human aid. No cry, however piercing, could reach the ear of man through these roofs of rock. He was entirely in the power of those who had brought him thither.
At last we came to a side-door in the narrow passage. We halted, applied the key, and the door, with its ancient mould, creaking harshly as if moving on a hinge long disused, opened to let us in.... This was the Chamber of Question. Along one side of the apartment ran a low platform. There sat of old the inquisitors, three in number—the first a divine, the second a casuist, and the third a civilian. The only occupant of that platform was the crucifix, or image of the Savior on the cross, which still remained.... In the middle was the horizontal rack or bed of torture, on which the victim was stretched till bone started from bone, and his dislocated frame became the seat of agony, which was suspended only when it had reached a pitch that threatened death.
Leaning against the wall of the chamber was the upright rack, which is simpler, but as an instrument of torture not less effectual, than the horizontal one. There was the iron chain which wound over a pulley, and hauled up the victim to the vaulted roof; and there were the two great stone weights which, tied to his feet, and the iron cord let go, brought him down with a jerk that dislocated his limbs, while the spiky rollers, which he grazed in his descent, cut into and excoriated his back, leaving his body a bloody, dislocated mass.
Here, too, was the cradle of which we have made mention above, amply garnished within with cruel knobs, on which the sufferer, tied hand and foot, was thrown at every movement of the machine, to be bruised all over, and brought forth discolored, swollen, bleeding, but still living. All round, ready to hand, were hung the minor instruments of torture. There were screws and thumbkins for the fingers, spiked collars for the neck, iron boots for the legs, gags for the mouth, cloths to cover the face, and permit the slow percolation of water, drop by drop, down the throat of the person undergoing this form of torture. There were rollers set round with spikes, for bruising the arms and back; there were iron scourges, pincers, and tongs for tearing out the tongue, slitting the nose and ears, and otherwise disfiguring and mangling the body till it was horrible and horrifying to look upon it....
We shall suppose that all this has been gone through; that the confessor has been stretched on the bed of torture; has been gashed, broken, mangled, and yet, by power given him from above, has not denied his Savior: he has been "tortured not accepting deliverance:" what further punishment has the Holy Office in reserve ... ?
We return to the narrow passage, and go forward a little way.... Here there is a vaulted chamber, entirely dug out of the living rock, except the roof, which is formed of hewn stone. It contains an iron image of the Virgin; and on the opposite wall, suspended by an iron hook, is a lamp, which when lighted shows the goodly proportions of "Our Lady." On the instant of touching a spring the image flings open its arms, which resemble the doors of a cupboard, and which are seen to be stuck full on the inside with poignards, cach about a foot in length. Some of these knives are so placed as to enter the eyes of those whom the image enfolded in its embrace, others are set so as to penetrate the ears and brain, others to pierce the breast, and others again to gore the abdomen.
The person who had passed through the terrible ordeal of the Question-chamber, but had made no recantation, would be led along the tortuous passage by which we had come, and ushered into this vault, where the first object that would greet his eye, the pale light of the lamp falling on it, would be the iron Virgin. He would be bidden to stand right in front of the image. The spring would be touched by the executioner—the Virgin would fling open her arms, and the wretched victim would straightway be forced within them. Another spring was then touched—the Virgin closed upon her victim; a strong wooden beam, fastened at one end to the wall by a movable joint, the other placed against the doors of the iron image, was worked by a screw, and as the beam was pushed out, the spiky arms of the Virgin slowly but irresistibly closed upon the man, cruelly goring him.
... A canal had been made to flow underneath the vault where stood the iron Virgin, and when she had done her work upon those who were delivered over to her tender mercies, she let them fall, with quick descent and sullen plunge, into the canal underneath, where they were floated to the Pegnitz, and from the Pegnitz to the Rhine, and by the Rhine to the ocean...[25] [5]
1232: Forced mass conversions in Marrakesh.[6] Ezzelino de Romano serves as Lord of Verona, Muhammad I founds Nasrid dynasty in Granada, Antony of Padua (d. 1231) canonized, Earliest known use of rockets in war between Mongols and Chinese, Inquisition founded by Pope Gregory IX, Henry III of England dismisses Papal legate Hubert de Burgh, Hubert de Burgh dismissed as advisor, Church sets up Inquisition to fight heresy. [7] The roots of Haskalah: Though the Haskalah is often labeled as a movement of the end of the 18th century, the beginnings of Haskalah can probably be traced to the 17th century and even before. The validity of the rational approach to Jewish belief and challenges to the JewishDiaspora establishment can be traced back to the Maimonidean controversy. Rabbi Moses Maimonides (Rambam) challenged "traditional" Jewish beliefs such as bodily reincarnation, worship of "saints" and other aberrations that had been imported into Judaism and had been considered, in fact, heretical at one time. More important perhaps, Maimonides challenged the claim of the geonim, the Talmudic scholars, on the pocketbooks of the Jews and insisted that Jews had no obligation to support perpetual study of the Talmud for the sake of studying alone. Maimonides had also attempted a synthesis between Greek philosophic rationalism and Jewish theology. His works were therefore subject to various banning edicts ("herem"). This controversy, in various permutations, led to burning of the works of Maimonides by the Dominicans in 1232, probably incited by anti-rationalist informers, as well as the desecration of Maimonides' tomb in Tiberias at about that time. The excesses of European anti-Semitism forced the Jews to unite for a time, but the issue of secular influence in Judaism remained controversial, and the the controversy flickered on and off throughout the history of European Jews. [8]
March 9, 1244: The Pope ordered the burning of the Talmud. Those who hate the Jews understand how critical studying and learning are to our survival. Hence they have always burned our books and outlawed study.[9]
1245: Death of Alexander of hales the English philosopher, choir and cloisters of Westminster Abbey in London built, Innocent IV calls the Synod of Lyon which declares Frederick II deposed. [10]
March 9, 1276: Augsburg becomes an Imperial Free City in the Holy Roman Empire. The Jewish presence in Augsburg began during the days of the Romans. Existing records show that a Jewish cemetery and synagogue existed by 1276. The Augsburg Municipal Charter of 1276, determining the political and economic status of the Jewish residents, was adopted by several cities in South Germany. “Regulation of the legal status of Augsburg Jewry was complicated by the rivalry between the religious and municipal powers. Both contended with the emperor for jurisdiction over the Jews and enjoyment of the concomitant revenues.” For more about this ancient Jewish community see http://www.geocities.com/Vienna/Strasse/5960/history.html[11]
March 9, 1496: The Jews of Carinthia, Austria were expelled (and not readmitted until 1848).[12]
March 9, 1566 Evening: Holyroodhouse palace, 2nd Floor Dining Room. The Victim: David Richio,Mary’s aide, Age 33. The murder of Queen Mary’s most trusted aide. The King of Scotland, King Darnby appeared with six men bearing knives. They stabbed Richio and killed him in front of Queen Mary. The six assailants were all noblemen and it was a coix de tas. The nation was on the brink of civil war. Mary raised 8,000 troops and took control of Edenburg Castle. [13]
March 9, 1731: White, Robert. Judge Robert White was born March 9th, 1731. He joined Captain Stephenson's company of volunteer riflemen as a private in 1775. He was afterwards promoted second lieutenant in a company of the Twelfth Virginia, Col. James Wood's regiment, March 1st, 1777. Was badly wounded at Short Hills, N. J., June 26, 1777. Promoted first lieutenant Sept. 1, 1777. Transferred to Eighth Virginia, Sept. 14th, 1778, when Colonel Wood took command of that regiment. Again wounded in 1778. Promoted captain 1781, and served till close of war. Was a distinguished jurist and judge of the General Court of Virginia, from 1793 to 1826. He married Arabella Baker of Shepherdstown, daughter of John Baker and Judith Howard Wood Baker. She was descended from Henry Howard, Duke of Norfolk.[14]
March 9, 1771: Finished writing instruction[15] for Mr. Marcus Stephenson[16]--who was to be the bearer of them. Mr. Dick & the two Mr. Nurses dined at my Brothers today.[17]
March 9, 1771
The County of Bedford was created March 9, 1771.[18] In 1770, Thomas Gist, settled at Mount Braddock, and Captain William Crawford, afterwards burned at the stake by the Indians at Sandusky, Ohio, the former from Maryland, the latter from Virginia, were made justices of Qie peace and members of the courts of Cumberland County. Virginia had not yet extended the jurisdiction of her courts beyond the Alleghanies. Before this occurred, however, perhaps as early as 1767, settlements had begun
to the west of the Monongahela, at the mouths of all the larger
streams flowing into that river from the west, ready to move up those
streams towards the head waters thereof; and, beginning as soon
as the proprietary land office was opened on April 3, 1769, there was
such a rush of pioneers into this region that in a year or two it may
safely be said that there was no portion of what was afterwards
erected into Washington County, then extending from the Ohio
River at Pittsburg and the mouth of the Beaver, thence south to
the southern boundary of Greene County, that was not to a more
or less extent occupied by settlers.
The situation made necessary a new county, and on March 9,
1771, Bedford County was erected. By this time there is no doubt
that all portions of the splendid country west of the Monongahela,
Bedford Gounty, formed on March 9, 1771, from the western
part of Gumberland Gounty, extended to the western boundary of
the state including all the c6untry west of the Alleghany mountains,
with the exact location of the western boundary still undetermined.
Two of the townships in the list formed by the Gourt of Quarter
Sessions of that county on April 16, 1771, were Pitt Township and
Springhill Township. The division line between them was a line
drawn due west by the mouth of Redstone Greek. North of that
line to the Kiskeminitas River was Pitt Township, and south of
that line to the southern limit of the state was Springhill Township,
embracing the whole of the present Greene Gounty. Both townships
eastward embraced what are now parts of Westmoreland and Fayette
counties. The tax-rolls for Bedford Gounty for the year 1772, (an
official copy made in 1774 being in the writer's possession), shows
that as taxables for 1772 Pitt Township had fifty-two landholders,
twenty tenants, and thirteen single freemen; and Springhill Town-
ship had three hundred and eight landholders, eighty-nine tenants,
and fifty-eight single freemen; indicating conclusively that the
great majority of the first settlers in this section had sat down in
the region south of Washington, Pa., coming most probably from
Virginia and Maryland.
The county seat of Bedford Gounty was at Bedford about one
hundred miles east from Pittsburg, where its first court was held
on April 16, 1771, and George Wilson living near the mouth of
George's Greek in what is now southern Fayette Gounty; Gaptain
William Grawford, living on the Youghiogheny opposite what is
now Gonnellsville; Thomas Gist, living at Mount Braddock, near
Union town; and Dorsey Pentecost, then living on his tract called
"Greenaway" in the "Forks of the Yough," but in 1777, removing
to the East Branch of Chartiers Creek, were justices of the peace
and judges of the county courts. Virginia at this date had not yet
extended the jurisdiction of her courts over Western Pennsylvania.
But the officials of the Province of Pennsylvania, seeing the
extent to which her territory west of the Alleghanies was filling
up with settlers chiefly from Virginia and Maryland, and not being
unadvised, perhaps, of the future intention of Virginia to extend
her jurisdiction over the valleys of the Monongahela and Ohio,
having been in correspondence with the Virginia officials upon the
subject from 1754, now came to the conclusion to pay more atten-
tion to her own rights in these valleys, and on February 26, 1773,
an act was passed by the provincial assembly creating the County
of Westmoreland out of the western part of Bedford County, and
extending westward to the boundary line of the province, still
undetermined. This new county thus included all of Allegheny
County east of the Allegheny River and south of the Monon-
gahela; all of Beaver south of the Monongahela; all of Indiana and
that part of Armstrong east of the Allegheny; all of Washington
and Greene, and all of Fayette, making a county of magnificent
proportions.
The first county seat of Westmoreland County was at Hannas-
town, a hamlet about three miles northeast of Greensburg, to which
it was subsequently removed. The first justices and officers of its
courts were commissioned in the name of His Majesty George III.,
the commissions purporting to have been granted by "Richard
Penn, Esq., Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief of the
Province of Pennsylvania and Counties of New Castle, Kent and
Sussex, on the Delaware."
Of the original townships of the new County of Westmoreland,
two were Pitt and Springhill, with limits somewhat if not wholly
the same as the limits of the townships of those names of Bedford
County. But, as these townships, in which were all the lands of
Pennsylvania west of the Monongahela River, were already so
well settled, it is not necessary to particularize here the persons
who took part in the business of .the courts of the county, either
as judges, officers, juries, attorneys, or suitors. Suffice it to state
that among the justices were, Capt. William Crawford, heretofore
mentioned; Arthur St. Clair, afterwards a major-general in the
American Revolution; Alexander McKee, of McKee's Rocks, after-
wards with Simon Girty a deserter to the British-Indians; George
Wilson, of George's Creek, now Fayette County; Robert Hanna, of Hannastown; James Caveat of near Pittsburgh, and sub-
sequently Van Swearingen, the first Sheriff of Washington County,
and Andrew McFarland and Oliver Miller, both of the Mingo Creek
settlement, Washington County; and Henry Taylor, occupying lands
just northeast of Washington, the great-grandfather of Hon J. F.
Taylor, one of the present Judges of Washington County, was
indicted for assault and battery, doubtless arising out of disputes
concerning his boundary lines.
The townships of Westmoreland County any part of which lay
west of the Monongahela River were Pitt and Springhill, with
boundaries the same as those two townships of Bedford County
created two years before. As already indicated, the division line
between them was a line due west by the mouth of Redstone Creek
(Brownsville) to the western boundary of the state, thus passing
rather centrally through our present townships of East Bethlehem
West Bethlehem, Amwell, Morris, East Finley and West Finley,
Washington County townships bordering on the present Greene
County. All of Washington County north of that line, was in Pitt
Township, and all south of that line, as well as all of Greene
County, was in Springhill Township, Westmoreland County.
The territory of Westmoreland County out of which Wash-
ington County was afterwards erected, must have been very much
of a wilderness in 1773, although at that date settlers had seated
themselves in many parts of it; for, at the October Term, 1773, of
the Court of Quarter Sessions of that County, "upon the Petition i
of Divers Inhabitants of the township of Pitt" viewers were i
appointed to lay out "a Public Road leading from the South-West '
side of the Monongahela River opposite the town of Pittsburg, by |
Dr. Edward Hand's land on the Chartiers, to the Settlement up said |
creek supposed to be at or near the western Boundary of the
Province of Pennsylvania." There are reasons for believing that
the settlement here referred to was the settlement in the neighbor-
At all events this was the first attempt to lay out by judicial
proceedings a public road in any part of what is now Washington
Bedford. Town and county. Named for John Russell, theFourth Duke of Bedford. The fort was built in 1758 by Henry Bouquet (SeeFort Bedford). Originally "Raystown" after the trader Robert Ray(e) (some say John Rae) who arrived on the site in 1750-51. The site was the intersection of several major Indian warrior paths—both north and south as well as east and west. Today, Bedford is the intersection of I-76 (the PA Turnpike), I-99, US 30, and US 220. The location was a natural for settlers from the Philadelphia area traveling to western PA. The Penn Proprietary survey of 1761 set aside the main section of town (known as the "squares"). Nearly the same plot is now a four-by-six-block area designated as the "Bedford National Historic District." Bedford County was originally a part of Cumberland County—until March 9, 1771 when the PA legislature defined its boundaries to include the western portion of the colony south to the MD line.
Bedford County. Intersection of Juliana and Penn Streets in Bedford, Bedford County. Photo by compiler with Joyce Chandler. Enlarged photo.
"Bedford County. Formed on March 9, 1771 from Cumberland County, it first embraced most of western Pennsylavania. Named for its county seat (formerly Raystown) incorporated 1795. In 1758, Fort Bedford was erected here, and Forbes Road-to become a major highway west-was built.
"Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission...."
Bedford County was later split-up into Somerset, Huntingdon, Fulton, Cambria, and Westmoreland Counties—bits and pieces at various times including Washington, Greene, Allegheny, and other (Bedford County could almost be said to have included all of western PA). When the legislature designated the county, the Governor appointed an impressive list of Justices of the Peace: John Frazer, Bernard Daugherty, Arthur St. Clair, William Crawford, James Millingan, Thomas Gist, Dorsey Penticost, Alexander McKee, William Proctor, Jr., Robert Hanna, William Lockery, George Wilson, Robert Cluggage, William McConnell, and George Woods. More would be heard from several within this group after the 1771 date. Arthur St. Clair, for example, was also designated Prothonotary, Recorder of Deeds, Register for the Probate of Wills, etc. George Woods was county surveyor—later responsible for laying-out Pittsburgh.
Bedford Furnace. The early making of iron used large quantities of charcoal (wood). As time went by, and the use of bituminous coal became prevalent, the "charcoal" furnace became obsolete. The area along the Frankstown Path in Bedford County found the first furnace on Black Log Creek between Shirleysburg (Aughwick Creek) and Shade Gap—now known as Obisonia.
Bedford Furnace. US 522 at south end of Orbisonia and the house on Cromwell Street in town (1785-1819—the interior of the house is made-up as a school). Huntingdon County. Photos by compiler with Joyce Chandler. Enlarged markerand Enlarged house.
"Bedford Furnace. First iron furnace in the Juniata region, famous as a center for making quality charcoal iron. Located on Black Log Creek below its junction with Shade Creek. Completed about 1788.
"Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission."
Bedford Springs. Settlers identified the medicinal value of the springs around 1796. The Springs are located four miles south of Bedford on old US 220. The original brick and frame house was built around 1800 by Dr. John Anderson and identified as to its magnesia mineral content. Although modest in reputation during its early years, it became a focal point when James Buchanan became President. The Springs was the "Summer White House" of Buchanan and was the place where Buchanan announced in 1859 that he would not seek a second term.
Bedford Springs. At the entrance to the Bedford Springs Resort. Take PA 220 (Richard Street) south from Bedford a couple miles to the entrance (on your left). Photo by compiler with Joyce Chandler. Enlarged photo.
"Bedford Springs. Medicinal values of these springs discovered about 1796. It soon became a leading resort visited by numerous notables. James Buchanan used the Springs as his summer White House while President.
March 9, 1772: ARCHIBALD "ARCHIE"7 CRAWFORD (JOSEPH "JOSIAH"6, VALENTINE5, VALENTINE4, WILLIAM3, MAJOR GENERAL LAWRENCE2, HUGH1) was born March 09, 1772 in Culpeper County, Virginia, and died March 27, 1866 in Breathitt County, Kentucky. He married MARGARET BROWN December 07, 1801 in Bourbon county, Kentucky.
Archibald Crawford is the 2nd cousin, 6x removed of Jeffery Lee Goodlove
Notes for ARCHIBALD "ARCHIE" CRAWFORD: Served in the War of 1812 as sergeant under General William Henry Harrison when they defeated the Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe at Lafayette, IN on November 7, 1811. Archibald was wounded by an arrow in this battle. He continued to serve until he was mustered out of service in February 1814, when he returned to Miller's Creek, Estill Co., KY. He was granted 20,000 acres of land in the Middle Fork River area for his military services.
In the spring of 1815, he moved to Bear Creek to claim his land. His two brothers, Valentine and Gideon helped him construct a two-room cabin. He owned 30 slaves. Some of his land grant is presently owned by his descendants and the descendants of his slaves who took the name of Crawford.
Archibald was an eccentric. He built his own coffin and kept it filled with corn under the bed he slept in. He took a notion to have his own funeral and invited friends and relatives. There was a two-hour eulogy by the Rev. John Spencer. During the whole affair, Archibald sat in a chair at the head of the coffin which he had pulled out from under his bed for the occasion.
Archibald Crawford, born March 9, 1772 in Culpeper Co. VA., was first found in Upper Howard Creek, Clark Co. KY in 1796. He was also on a reconstructed 1800 census schedule compiled from lists of taxpayers for the state of Kentucky in Clark County. Also shown living in Clark Co. was Austin Crawford, and Valentine Crawford. Archibald married Margaret (Peggy) Brown Dec. 8, 1801 in Clark Co. KY, Margaret was born January 6, 1789. In 1820 he was shown in the Estill Co. KY census with four males, five females and five slaves. Archibald built a home near the Middle Fork of the Kentucky River. In 1850 Breathitt Co KY Archibald at the age of 78 years old is shown as a widow. In his household there are children who probably are his grandchildren. They are Anderson, Abner, and Margaret Bowman, and Evilin and Nancy Spicer. Living several households down is Samuel and Rachel Plummer with daughter, America, age 5 months old. America (Annie) Plummer grew up and married James S. Crawford. James was the grandson of Archibald Crawford. In the 1860 Breathitt Co. KY census Archibald was living with his son, Clabourn Crawford. Archibald died March 27, 1866 in Breathit Co. KY. In 1870 Lee Co. was form out of Breathitt, Owsly, Estill, and Wolf Counties and in the 1870 census this Crawford family was found living in Lee Co. KY. From Early Pioneers On The Three Forks Of The Kentucky River, written by Miles Crawford: Archibald was a tall thin man nearly 6 and a half foot tall. He wore homespun woolen jeans and linen shirts all year round. In his younger days he wore a long red beard and handlebar mustache. He carried a long scar on his right cheek and neck from an arrow he received when he was shot by they Wyandott Indians in the Battle of Tippecanoe with the Shawnee and Wyandott Indians in 1811 near the city of Lafayette, Indiana. Archibald continued to serve with General Harrison in the Northwest Territory and was at the Battle of the Thames in Oct. 1813. He was mustered out in February 1814, and returned to Millers Creek, Estill Co. Archibald came from Clark County to the mouth of Bear Creek about 1812. He built a long two room log house and raised thirteen children. He brought thirty slaves with him. Archibald had been in the War of 1812 as a Sergeant in the Calvary and was granted 20,000 acres landbounty warrant. One ancestor said he had so much land that he "didn't know where the boundaries were." It is know from tax lists and old deeds that the boundaries were all the land between the waters of Bear Creek, Upper and Lower Twin Creek. The 1800-1840 Estill and Breathitt Co. Tax list 20,000 acres of timber land. Most of the land was inherited by his thirteen children and heirs down through the generations. Some has been sold to other people, descendants of Archibald's original slaves still live on part of the original tract. They took the name of Crawford and retain it to the present. Archibald was a shoe cobbler of sorts, he made shoes from hides he had tanned and put the soles on with dogwood pegs. About everywhere he traveled he always took along his two Jameson (large Kerr type hunting dog) dogs. At age 78 years, Archibald decides he wanted his funeral preached while he was still living, word spread for several miles around about the event. He invited all that could get into the family room of the house, he pulled a coffin made from black walnut whipsawed lumber from under a huge four poster bed. The coffin was filled with seed corn and asked them to plant it in memory of the event. Rev. John D. Spencer, a hard-shelled Baptist, preached the funeral. Archibald told the crowd that his large four poster bed meant more to him than anything else. He had handmade the bed as a wedding present for his young wife in 1801, she was barely 12 years old when they married, and all of their 13 children were born in that bed and when his time had come he wanted to die in it. Archibald died 16 years later. The funeral was attended by James Green Trimble who wrote an account of the event and published in the book, "Remembrances Of Breathitt County" published by The Jackson Times, Jackson, Breathitt County, Kentucky.
Children of ARCHIBALD CRAWFORD and MARGARET BROWN are: i. ELIZABETH8 CRAWFORD, b. January 23, 1802, Clark County, Kentucky; d. 1889; m. JAMES D. COPE. ii. CLAIBORNE CRAWFORD, b. April 16, 1805, Miller's Creek, Clark County, Kentucky; d. August 09, 1895. iii. LOUVINA CRAWFORD, b. May 22, 1807, Miller's Creek, Clark County, Kentucky; m. JOHN COPE, November 25, 1827. iv. ORANGE "ARCIE" CRAWFORD, b. May 22, 1807, Miller's Creek, Clark County, Kentucky; d. 1838, Owsley County, Kentucky. v. CYNTHIA CRAWFORD, b. October 11, 1810, Miller's Creek, Clark County, Kentucky; d. 1860. vi. VALENTINE CRAWFORD, b. December 23, 1811, Estell County, Kentucky; d. 1859, Breathitt County, Kentucky. vii. OLIVER CRAWFORD, b. June 28, 1814; d. January 11, 1899, Bear Creek, Estill County, Kentucky.
Children of ARCHIBALD CRAWFORD and MARGARET BROWN are: i. ELIZABETH8 CRAWFORD, b. January 23, 1802, Clark County, Kentucky; d. 1889; m. JAMES D. COPE. ii. CLAIBORNE CRAWFORD, b. April 16, 1805, Miller's Creek, Clark County, Kentucky; d. August 09, 1895. iii. LOUVINA CRAWFORD, b. May 22, 1807, Miller's Creek, Clark County, Kentucky; m. JOHN COPE, November 25, 1827. iv. ORANGE "ARCIE" CRAWFORD, b. May 22, 1807, Miller's Creek, Clark County, Kentucky; d. 1838, Owsley County, Kentucky. v. CYNTHIA CRAWFORD, b. October 11, 1810, Miller's Creek, Clark County, Kentucky; d. 1860. vi. VALENTINE CRAWFORD, b. December 23, 1811, Estell County, Kentucky; d. 1859, Breathitt County, Kentucky. vii. OLIVER CRAWFORD, b. June 28, 1814; d. January 11, 1899, Bear Creek, Estill County, Kentucky.
Notes for OLIVER CRAWFORD: Oliver purchased 1,000 acres of the John Carmens survey on Miller's Creek, Estell Co., KY. He also owned 1,100 acres of land on Holly Creek, Wolfe Co., KY.
viii. OWEN CRAWFORD, b. October 19, 1816, Bear Creek, Estill County, Kentucky.
Notes for OWEN CRAWFORD: Owen helped manage the family farm which produced 20,000 acres of crops and lumber and supervising the 30 slaves that worked this farm.
ix. MARGARET CRAWFORD, b. October 22, 1818; d. 1921. x. WILLIAM HARRISON "HARRY" CRAWFORD, b. December 21, 1818, Bear Creek, Estill County, Kentucky; d. November 28, 1864. xi. MARANDA CRAWFORD, b. April 23, 1821, Estell County, Kentucky; d. Abt. 1850; m. EDWARD SPICER, October 03, 1841, Perry County, Kentucky. xii. SIMPSON CRAWFORD, SR., b. October 13, 1824, Bear Creek, Estill County, Kentucky; d. 1908, Palo Pinto County, Texas. xiii. ALBERT G. CRAWFORD, b. February 16, 1826, Bear Creek, Estill County, Kentucky; d. Abt. 1910. [23]
March 9th 1774
FROM MAJOR ANDREW LEWIS.
DEAR SIR —Your favour by Mr Young I recd. and am Sorry as Matters have turned out that I did not instid of returning You Your Warants &c. Put them in the hands of the diffrant Surveyers which would have saved you the expence of this Exp s. however this is the Only loss You can sust(mutilated) on that Account As fare as I can judge for I hay keept it a secreat, that those two Surveys You Send ye worth of are Not Part of ye 200000Acres —My Son Who is Surveyer of this County is Out on Green-Brier Surveying & Will not return from that Quarter for some time. however as I am soon to go out to that place Shall Put Your Warant in his hand and as he will have other Lands to Survey in that Quarter shall desire that he or his Assistant shall go down and Survey Yours in Particular so that if Posable ye Works may be Sent down to You in Williamsburg before the last of the Approching Session of Assembly If you Will take the trouble To look in the Law with regard to ye appointment of Surveyers and theire duty in that Office. You will with me be of Opinion that a Patent Procured on the Works which You desire to be Signed, would be ilegal and Voyd to all intents & purposes If ever it came to be disputed, Not to Mention Anything of the Surveyer forfeting is Bond. Doctr. Connolys Obtaining a Patent in a way similar to what You desire, has made so great a Noise that it is in every bodys Mouth & in Particular the Lawyers who say that it may be set aside at any time, and indeed a man who has a Warant for two thousand Acres has entred the Very Land that ye Docter Obtained a Patent for, & I am told is incuraged & inclined to disput ye matter. So that on the whole My Dr Sir I would advise You by all means to strictly follow ye Steps of the Law that your title afture Obtaining it may be Proof aganst ye Artifices of Designing Men. I have wrote by W Young to Col Preston and desired him in case he should think you and himself unsafe in immediately signing a certificat of ye Work as done by Mr. Crawford to Order one of his Surveyers as they go down to ye Ohio to Survey ye Lands by the Works You have sent him and to send you ye certificat so that you may have it at Williamsburg. Apriel y0 14th day is the time Advertized in the Gazee. for the Diffrant Claiments to met ye Surveyers at ye Mouth of ye Great Kanawa, so that by all Probability an Oppertunity will offer of sending the Field Work to Colo. Preston so that You may have Certificat as above. As soon as I see the Clark of this County I shall direct him to apply to the Apr Court, for we have no Court this Month, for an Order to Value Your Improvements, but whether ye Court will Issue it Blank or not is the doubt, it is Customary to Name ye Persons in ye Order, but a still greater Objection stands in the way. that of having The Men Who Makes ye Valuation Sworen by a Majestrate of this County, and indeed I do not at Present know of any that will be in that quarter about that time. If no such Opportunity should Offer it would be best to have ye Men Sworn before A Justice at Fort Pitt as I understand there are Several in that quarter added to ye didemos of Augusta
For some days past we have had repeted advices by travelers that the Creeks Cherokees & Chocktaws have joined in a war aganst Our Southeran Provences, that a Number of familys were cut off that since that first strock several Battles have been fought in the most of which ye Indians had the Advantage. at first I payed but little regard to those reports. but since I wrote ye above I am from certant Information persuaded that it is a Melancoly truth several Persons who has been Eye Witnesses of the dredfull effects of Savage Cruelty,& they further add that five-hundred Creeks are at this time amongst the Cherokees prepared to make a stroke, but where no person can tell. So Allarming is the Accts. that Our Settlers on The Holston & other Rivers in that quarter are Forting up & Scouts are Keept out to watch the approch of ye Enemie. Indeed I am afread thatthat the Ohio Indians are in the Plot at least I am confident that they were Acquanted of the designs of ye Southeron Indians. And that nothing deters them from Joining the others but theire being so Near Nighbours to Our Settlements below Fort Pitt Fort Pitt
I hop to have the Pleasure of seeing You in Williamsburg On the Assembly. Were it not for that Meeting I should have thought, and indeed was fully determined to take a trip down the Ohio, as well to see the Country in general as to have my 5000 Acres Layed off, but how fare we might be Justifiable in laying Ourselves at the Merce of the Savages, as Matters are like to turn Out, is to be considered. however in a short time we shall be able to judge better of their dispositions & conections — I hop to be able to discharge the Acct. You inclosed Me on Our Meeting in May at which time I shall mention my thoughts as to ye Manner W Crawford has Layed of Our Lands Some of us has Suffered exceedingly by the takeing in bad Lands with out his the Least Necessity of so doing only that ye Surveying it to Advantage would have taken a little more time & trouble, I shall be more particular when I see You. I heartily wish that John Smiths Lot which I payed him for had been Patented in my Name or rather that I had been Mentioned in the Patent as Assignee of John Smith. I have been told that he has been tempted by a a Man Who I know to be a Villian to sell it, but perhaps My Not leaveing Smiths Assignment with You may be the cause of Smiths Name being in yePatent in [mutilated] of mine, this may give me some trouble tho I think [mutilated]loose yeLands I shall put an end to a letter spu [mutilated]to an unreasonable Lenth. by saying that I am with [mutilated]
Regard Dr. Sir Youre
Most Obedt Servant
ANDW. LEWIS[24]
March 9, 1781: General Lafayette TO GENERAL WASHINGTON.
On board the _Dolphin_, March 9th, 1781.
MY DEAR GENERAL,--Here I am at the mouth of Elk River, and the fleet
under my command will proceed to Annapolis, where I am assured they can
go without danger. They are protected by the _Nesbitt_, of twelve guns,
some field-pieces on board the vessel that carries Colonel Stevens, and
we are going to meet an eight-gun and a six-gun-vessel from Baltimore.
With this escort, we may go as far as Annapolis. No vessel of the enemy
ever ventured so far up, and if by chance they should, our force is
superior to any cruizer they have in the bay. At Annapolis we shall
meet Commodore Nicholson, whom I have requested, by a letter, to take
the general command of our fleet, and if there was the least danger, to
proceed farther down. They are to remain at Annapolis until I send them
new orders.
As to myself, my dear general, I have taken a small boat armed with
swivels, and on board of which I have put thirty soldiers. I will
precede the fleet to Annapolis, where I am to be met by intelligence,
and conformable to the state of things below, will determine my
personal movements and those of the fleet.
With a full conviction that (unless you arrived in time at Rhode
Island) no frigate will be sent to us I think it my duty to the troops
I command, and the country I serve, to overlook some little personal
danger, that I may ask for a frigate myself; and in order to add weight
to my application, I have clapped on board my boat the only son of the
minister of the French Navy, whom I shall take out to speak if
circumstances require it.
Our men were much crowded at first, but I unload the vessels as we go
along, and take possession of every boat that comes in my way.
These are, my dear general, the measures I thought proper to take. The
detachment is, I hope, free from danger, and my caution on this point
has been so far as to be called timidity by every seaman I have
consulted. Captain Martin, of the _Nesbitt_, who has been recommended
by General Gist, makes himself answerable for the safe arrival of the
fleet at Annapolis before to-morrow evening.
March 9, 1795: John Armstrongdied March 9, 1795 in Carlisle, Cumberland County.
Armstrong had a son, John (1758-1843), who was also a soldier in the Revolutionary War and a man of some distinction. He was an aide-de-camp to General Hugh Mercer when Mercer was killed at Princeton. Some stories have it that young Armstrong was the one carrying the wounded Mercer from the battlefield to the farmhouse where he was to die. John Armstong was a major on the staff of General Gates. He later became active in PA politics—secretary of state and adjutant general. After moving to NY, he was a U.S. senator, minister to France and Spain, promoted to brigadier general, and secretary of war. During his tenure as secretary of war the disastrous venture against Canada and the British sacking of Washington, D.C. (1814) made John Armstrong a less than popular figure.[26]
March 9, 1799: Napoleon comes to power as a result of a coup d’etat. Joseph Lefevre was said to have been in Napoleon’s Body Guard Unit.[27]
March 9, 1799: The French Army under Napoleon leaves Jaffa after conquering the city and “continued its march northwards towards its goal, Acre.” [28] Joseph Lefevre was said to have been in Napoleon’s Body Guard Unit.
Beverley, also known as Bullskin, is a farm near Charles Town, West Virginia that has been a working agricultural unit since 1750. The narrow lane that leads from U.S. Route 340 to the Beverley complex was, in the 18th and 19th centuries a toll road. The main house was built about 1800 by Beverley Whiting on the site of a c. 1760 stone house. The house is Georgianinfluenced Federal style, with a later Greek Revival portico. A number of outbuildings dating to the original 1760 house accompany the main house. As noted in the nomination form Beverley is one of Jefferson County's important architectural landmarks, the seat of an important agricultural complex of historic importance to the county and one that provides a sense of stability and continuity with the county's past.
The original land was purchased from Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron in 1750 by Richard Stephenson. During the course of the next decade, Stephenson constructed a stone residence, two stone outbuildings, and other farm-related structures and put into operation the farming business that still operates here today. It is not known exactly when the two extant stone structures were constructed, but they were certainly standing by 1760. The surviving outbuildings are among the oldest buildings in West Virginia. The west outbuilding served as a school for a time during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The east outbuilding was used as a kitchen. Due to their age, these stone outbuildings are individually listed as Jefferson County Historic Landmarks.
Richard Stephenson was the father of seven children, two of whom rose to prominence in the Revolutionary War. Colonel John Stephenson served with noted distinction, but it was his brother, Colonel Hugh Stephenson who is better remembered. He had served previously in the French and Indian Wars and in Lord Dunmore's War. In 1775, he was recommended by George Washington to command one of the two Virginia rifle companies. Colonel Hugh Stephenson led the famous Bee Line March that left from Morgan Springs (near Shepherdstown) on July 16, 1775 and marched to Cambridge, Massachusetts to join the Continental Army, covering 600 miles in 24 days. Colonel Stephenson's half-brother, Colonel William Crawford, who also lived at what is now known as Beverleyfor a time, was also a noted Revolutionary soldier who was burned at the stake by Indians in 1782. George Washington was friends with Richard Stephenson and notes in his journal that he stayed at Bullskin with Richard during a visit to his own property in the area in May 1760.[2]George Washington performed the survey of the property for Richard Stephenson around 1750 which still survives to this day and is publicly displayed in the Boston Public Library.
The property passed by purchase from the Stephenson family to Dr. John Bull in 1777, and then to Beverley Whiting, in 1795. Beverley Whiting was a leading planter and man of affairs in post-Revolutionary Berkeley and Jefferson Counties, as evidenced by the fact that he served on the first grand jury empaneled in the newly formed Jefferson County, being sworn in on March 9, 1802. Around 1845 the name of the property was changed from "Bullskin" to "Beverley". Around 1870 the property was sold to John Burns, and the property has remained in the Burns family ever since.[3] [29]
March 9, 1809
John Crawford to George Crawford Know all men by these presents
Recorded November 28, 1809. I John Crawford for myself my
Joseph Darlington heirs assigns for several good
Recorder for Adams County
of these witnesses the following articles viz: one bay mare branded S on the near shoulder two three year old heifers fifteen head of hogs and one bed and bedstead and furniture with other household property and a corner cubboard to the said George Crawford as well as all the right title claim and demand in and to any maintainance coming by a will of my son Moses Crawford deceased which he made in his lifetime and I further relinquish all claim in and to the same and more as apecial for the value of one Dollar in hand paid to me at the signing and delivering of this instrument of writing. Nevertheless quitting all claim or demand in and to the above described property from me and my heirs and assigns to the only proper use and behoof of the said George Given under my hand and seal this 9th day of March 1809~
John Crawford (SEAL)
Signed in the presence of us,
Win. Faultner her
Sally Rowland Mary X Hambelton
Mark
State of Ohio ,Adams County
This day personally appeared John Crawford before me James Moore, a Justice of the Peace for said County and acknowledged the within signing and sealing to be his act and deed for the purpose therein mentioned. Given under my hand and seal this 9th day of November (November 9)1809.
Spring, 1809
REV. SAUL HENKLE.
The first settled minister of the Methodist Church in Springfield was Rev. Saul Henkle, who came from Hardy County , Virginia
Mr. Henkle was a regularly ordained preacher of the Methodist Episcopal Church, but joined the Protestant Methodists soon after their organization. He was a devout Christian and an exemplary citizen, living to promote the moral and religious welfare of the people in the village and neighboring country. His ministerial life covered a period of twenty-eight years. At every marriage feast and every funeral ceremony, he officiated, and neither would have been complete without him. A funeral in those days was attended with a solemnity unobserved at the present time. The coffin rested upon a simple bier, and was carried on the shoulders of four or six men, walking to the grave. The officiating minister preceded the coffin, and the pall-bearers, the mourners and friends, with,” solemn step and slow, " walked behind in twos. When the procession began to move, the minister would commence the singing of a familiar hymn, in which the rest ,would join, and which they continued until they reached the grave. The usual hymn sung on these occasions was the one beginning
Spring of 1809: “I felt as though someone had spoken to me” ‘Go, teach my Gospel’, I instantly replied ‘Yes Lord, if thou wilt go with me. ’ “. The anxiety that afflicted James Finley was washed away when he became a Methodist Preacher in the Spring of 1809. He would dedicate his life to spreading the Gospel of Christ and would become a leading social reformer, championing Temperance, the right’s of native Americans, and the conditions for prisoners, in his home state of Ohio. Finley’s rise to national prominence began on the frontier, as a traveling preacher.
One of the reasons that Methodism becomes so popular and powerful is that they send out itinerants who organize churches and try to impose some kind of religious order on that unruly landscape. Dozens of ministers were each given routes of several hundred miles which they preached. They were known as Circuit riders. You could reach many more souls on a circuit that you can as a pastor in a local area. So they would go around and they would preach on various stops, usually in peoples homes along the way.
It was a system that was ideally suited to frontier life.
“I announced my text as follows, ‘Repent ye therefore and be converted, that your sins might be blotted out. Acts 3:19. My soul fired whth the theme, and the Holy Spirit shed abroad it hallowed influence and the divine power pervaded every heart. “
Methodist circuit riders became a focal point of peoples lives. Circuit riders don’t just bring the Methodists message, the bring books, learning, and a Sunday school. The Sunday school is going to have to teach the kids how to read and write. So they bring infrastructure. From class meetings, to prayer meetings, to missionary society meetings, they provide the moral stability that the frontier needed.[32]
March 9, 1820: The revolutionary military leader and de facto Spanish leader, Riego of Spain issued a decree ending the Inquisition. This decree was apparently not accepted by everybody since people continue to suffer under the Inquisition until 1826. The Spanish Inquisition was actually only brought to an end on July 15, 1834.[33]
March 9, 1832: "Upon the subject of education, I can only say that I view it as themost important subject which we as a people can be engaged in."
-Abraham Lincoln
March 9, 1832 - First Political Announcement[34]
-Abraham Lincoln
March 9, 1832 - First Political Announcement[34]
March 9, 1864: Iowa 24thInfantry:
Crisman, S. A., enlisted March 9, 1864, wounded, discharged December 16, 1864.
Crisman, F. A., enlisted March 9, 1864, mustered out July 17, 1865. [36]
Wed. March 9[37], 1864
Commenced raining while getting breakfast
Had to eat in tent. Was on fatige an hour
March 9, 1865
It then moved to Morehead City, North Carolina, in which state it performed heavy duties for some time, helping on the transportation between Goldsboro[41]and Raleigh.[42]General Sherman, in his successful mover through the Carolinas, had shifted his supply base to Morehead City. The 24th Iowa was detailed to guard and unload ships at the new supply base. For a month the regiment toiled to keep supplies flowing to Sherman’s army of 80,000 men. The work was exhausting, but the sandy beaches provided a diversion on days off. There were plenty of fresh oysters to eat, and although the sand at times blew and drifted like snow in Iowa, it provided a comfortable bed to sleep on. Although an occasional game of baseball was played, most of the regiment became beach combers, looking for shells. Captain Lucas shipped a large valise of his favorite finds back to his brother in Iowa.[43]
Meanwhile, an increasingly desperate John M. Worth was writing to his brother, Jonathan, beseeching him to intercede with Governor Vance and see that something be done to relieve the conditions of near anarchy in Randolph County:
“want to urge with all my power I can that Gov. Vance send a man as promised to take care of what I have been calling the better class of deserters. If he does not do it we are all gone…The County is full of all sorts of folks moving from Sherman and we are being swallowed up. If the Gov. will send at once a man authorized to enlist the deserters I shall have a little hope except I am bothered with all sorts of trouble sick, wounded and hungry, robbers and Rangers and every other sort of trouble. “
March 9, 1878: William Connelley, who wrote the book "Quantrell and the Border Wars," had said:
"Sometime in the summer or fall of 1863 it was decided to send them to St. Louis where better accommodations could be found for them. In some way they discovered that they were to be sent away from Kansas City and they determined to escape if possible. They dug under the foundation wall of the part of the building occupied by them, and in one more night they would have dug their way out and have been free. But a windstorm came up and the building collapsed, killing a number of women and wounding others."
William Connelley, a man who despised Quantrell, is one of the most often quoted authors of Quantrell and the guerrilla wars-yet some conflicts of facts appear. First, the women were imprisoned on the second and third floors of this building bringing into question their access to the first floor or basement. Secondly, being bordered on both sides by other buildings a windstorm, which would be a rare site in Missouri in August, would have little effect on that building alone and, later in his statement, he says the building ancient, and was only two-story in height. In fact, this building was a three story structure and built in 1857, making it only six years old. Shortly after the collapse, several affidavits were taken from various persons, all stating that the building was in excellent condition before the building was occupied by United States Military Authorities as a Military Prison for females . George Caleb Bingham, owner of the building, filed a claim against the government demanding $5000 for damages that he insisted were caused by the intentional undermining of the building by troops intent on murdering the women. In an article written by Mr. Bingham and published in the Washington Sentinel, March 9, 1878, he states:
"These females were arrested and confined under the pretext of holding them as hostages for the good behavior of their brothers, husbands or relatives, who were supposed to be in sympathy with, or actually engaged in, the Confederate cause... "Explaining as we proceed, we will state that in the lower story of the building in which they were incarcerated, and also in the lower story of the adjoining building, occupied by soldiers who guarded them, large girders, supported by wooden pillars, extended from the front to the extreme rear of each. From these girders, joists firmly held together by flooring securely nailed thereon, extended into and met each other in the dividing wall which formed a part of each building. It will thus be readily be seen that the removal of the wooden pillars which supported the girders in either building would force it to yield to the great pressure from above the cause the joists resting thereon, and firmly held together by flooring, to operate as a lever the entire length of this dividing wall, with a force sufficient to cut it in two and thus effect the certain destruction of both buildings. The soldiers on guard had greatly weakened this wall by cutting large holes through the cellar portion thereof, but as it still stood firm, they found it necessary to the most certain method of accomplishment in the diabolical work required. Not having access to the pillars which supported the girder in the building in which the helpless females were confined, they removed those supporting the girder in the building occupied by themselves. As soon as this was done, as was clearly foreseen, the girder began and continued to yield, until, losing its support at each end, it suddenly gave way, and by leverage of the joists resting upon it, cut the dividing line in two, forcing the lower portion into the cellar of the prison and causing the super-structure thereof to fall over with a force of a mountain avalanche upon the ruins of the adjoining buildings thus producing a scene of horror in the death groans and shrieks of mangled women, which fiends could only contemplate without a shudder. In vain, had they, upon the first discovery of the danger, begged in piteous accents to be released. Their earnest apparels were to hearts as callous as that of the general by whose authority they were confined. While their prison walls were trembling, its doors remained closed, and they were allowed no hope for release except through portals of a horrible death into that eternity where, in the great day which is to right all wrongs, they will stand as witnesses against the human monster, who to promote his selfish aspirations, could cruelly plan, with satanic coolness, the desolation of a large district of country and the utter ruin of its defenseless inhabitants. That the death of these poor women crushed beneath the ruins of their prison was a deliberately planned murder, all the facts connected therewith sufficiently established. The fact that no inquiry was instituted by General Ewing in relation to the matter and that no soldier was arrested, tried or punished for a crime which shocks every sentiment of humanity renders it impossible for him to escape responsibility therefrom, in death of hundreds of Union soldiers and citizens of Missouri, as well as the brutal massacre which immediately followed in the state of Kansas. It is well known that when the notorious Quantrell, at the head of his band of desperadoes, entered the city of Lawrence, dealing death to the affrighted inhabitants, the appeal of his victims for quarter were answered by the fearful cries of "Remember the murdered women of Kansas City!" [44]
March 9, 1905: Heinz Gottlieb, Born March 9, 1905 in Leipzig. Wedding, Iranian Str 2; 91st. Resident Berlin. Deportation: from Berlin, June 16, 1943 Theresienstadt. Death:
October 3.1943, Theresienstadt.[45]
October 3.1943, Theresienstadt.[45]
March 9, 1916: Family of Mary Agnes STEPHENSON (17) & Daniel SHARP
22. Francis “Fannie” SHARP. Born in 1868 in Triplett, Chariton County, Missouri. Francis “Fannie” died in California in 1949; she was 81.
In 1888 when Francis “Fannie” was 20, she first married Benjamin Franklin HELM. Born in 1860 in Triplett, Chariton County, Missouri. Benjamin Franklin died on October 19, 1895; he was 35.
They had the following children:
i. Anna Ruth (1889-1975)
ii. Helen Edith (1891-1962)
iii. Henry B. (1893-1925)
In 1901 when Francis “Fannie” was 33, she second married Pete P. MORRIS. Born on October 2, 1832. Pete P. died in Chariton County, Missouri on March 9, 1916; he was 83.
They had the following children:
i. Monta (1902-1919)
ii. Richard (1904-)
iii. Agnes Lorain (1906-1947)
iv. Arowhana (1908-1919) [46]
March 9, 1918
Some say it began in Fort Riley Kansas when soldiers burned tons of manure. A gale kicked up, a choking dust storm spread over the land. A stinging, stinking yellow haze. The sun went dead black in Kansas. [47] No one knows, exactly how many peo;e died during the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic. During the 1920s, researchers estimated that 21.5 million people died as a result of the 1918-1919 pandemic. More recent estimates have estimated global mortality at anywhere between 30 and 50 million. An estimated 675,000 Americans were among the dead.[48]
March 9, 1922: Winston Churchill delivered a speech in Parliament support the Balfour Declaration against its opponents. He reiterated support for the establishment of the Jewish Homeland in Palestine while cautioning against letting Jews who were Bolsheviks settle in Palestine.[50]
March 9, 1938: In early 1938, Austrian Nazis conspired for the second time in four years to seize the Austrian government by force and unite their nation with Nazi Germany. Austrian Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg, learning of the conspiracy, met with Nazi leader Adolf Hitler in the hopes of reasserting his country's independence but was instead bullied into naming several top Austrian Nazis to his cabinet. On March 9, Schuschnigg called a national vote to resolve the question of Anschluss, or "annexation," once and for all. [51]
March 9, 1943: The Nazis continued the transport of Greek Jews from Salonika to Auschwitz. Salonika was an ancient Jewish community. It became a haven for Sephardic Jews when they fled Spain at the end of the fifteenth century. It was renowned center for kabalistic studies.[52]
[1]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[2]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[3]Trial by Fire, by Harold Rawlings, page 42.
[5]The History of Protestantism, Volume Second, Book Fifteenth, Chapter 11, by James A. Wylie (1808-1890).,, (A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages (Vol 1, 1888), pp. 423-424, Henry Charles Lea, Harbor Press 1955). http://www.freewebs.com/bubadutep75/
[6]www.wikipedia.org
[8]http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Haskalah.htm
[9]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[11]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[12]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[13]Tales of Castles & Kings, 470 Wealth 8/18/2007.
[14]http://genealogytrails.com/wva/jefferson/revwar_bios.html
[15](From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford, by Grace U. Emahiser, 1969, page 118.)
[16]Marquis Stephenson was the younger half-brother to Valentine and William Crawford.
(From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford, by Grace U. Emahiser, 1969, page 118-119.)
[17] The Diaries of George Washington. Vol.3. Donald Jackson, ed.; Dorothy Twohig, assoc. ed. The Papers of George Washington. Charlottesville : University Press of Virginia
Marcus Stephenson of Frederick County was a half brother of William Crawford. Mr. Dick is probably Charles Dick of Fredericksburg , who owned land on Patterson’s Creek in Hampshire County Va. Gaz., P&D, 17 Oct. 1771). THE TWO MR. NURSES: James Nourse (l73l--1784) and his son Joseph Nourse (1754--1841), who lived at Piedmont, about two miles east of Harewood. James Nourse was born in Herefordshire , Eng., and in 1753 married Sarah Fouace in London London with their nine children in 1769 and settled at Piedmont a year later (LYLE, 8--I 0, 24)
[18] History of the County of Westmoreland, Pennsylvania, with Biographical Sketches of its many Pioneers and Prominent Men. Edited by George Dallas Albert. Philadephia: L.H. Everts & Company 1882.
[19]Thie County Court of West Augusta
[20]Canonsburg. Early settlers were from Virginia. A member of the Virginia assembly, John Canon, operated a gristmill dating from 1781—Canonsburg Milling Company. Canon was a militia officer and laid-out the city of Canonsburg, on Chartiers Creek, in 1787. In 1785, Dr. John McMillan started the log school which became Jefferson College in 1794.
Log School. College Street and North Central Avenue, Canonsburg, Washington County. Photos by compiler with Joyce Chandler. Enlarged Photo—Log School and Enlarged Photo—Log School Sign
"John McMillan's Log School. This log structure was a frontier Latin school in the 1780s, located about a mile south of Canonsburg. It was moved to what had been the Jefferson College campus in 1898 as a symbol of Canonsburg's educational tradition."
Jefferson College. College Street and North Central Avenue, Canonsburg. Photo by compiler with Joyce Chandler. Enlarged Photo.
"Jefferson College Campus. In 1817 the college moved to this site originally John Canon's home. Jefferson and Washington Colleges merged in 1865 to form W&J, which in 1869 united on the Washington campus. Jefferson Academy and Canonsburg High School also located here."
http://www.thelittlelist.net/cadtocle.htm
[21]The County Court of West Augusta
[22]http://www.thelittlelist.net/bactoblu.htm
[23]http://penningtons.tripod.com/jepthagenealogy.htm
[24] Letter to Washington and Accompanying Papers, by Stanislaus Murray Hamilton VOL. IV pgs. 347-351
[25]Memoirs, Correspondence and Manuscripts of General Lafayette,
Author: Lafayette
[26]http://www.thelittlelist.net/abetoawl.htm#abenaki
[27]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[28]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[29]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_(West_Virginia)
[30]From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford by Grace U. Emahiser, p, 252.
[31]." History of Clark County Ohio
[32]God in America, How Religious Liberty Shaped America, PBS.
[33]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[34]http://www.siec.k12.in.us/cannelton/abe/school.htm
[35]Memorial in the Capital, Austin, TX, February 11, 2012.
[36]http://iagenweb.org/muscatine/biographies1879/civilwarvolroster.htm
[37]March 9, 1864:President Lincoln appoints Gen. Grant to command all of the armies of the United State succeeds Grant as commander in the west. www.civilwar.com/timeline
[38]Dutton, Isaac B. Age 35. Residence Springville, nativity Ohio. Appointed Second Lieutenant Aug. 7, 1862. Mustered Sept 2, 1862. Resigned June 29, 1863
[39]William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary by Jeff Goodlove
[40](Supplement to the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Part II Record of Events Volume 20 Serial no. 32. Broadfoot Publishing Company Wilmington, NC 1995.)
[41]The North Carolina Railroad built by the state, 1851-56, from Goldsboro to Charlotte on Eastern terminus a few miles north. 581 West Ash Street in Goldsboro.
(Goldsboro Travel & Tourism Brochure.)
[42]History of the 24th Infantry http://www.geocities.com/pentagon/quarters/1860/history.htm
[43](History of the 24th Iowa Infantry by Harvey H Kimball, August 1974, page 199.)
[44]http://www.members.tripod.com/~penningtons/scv1.htm
[45][1] memorial book, victims of the persecution of the Jews under the Nazi dictatorship in Germany 1933-1945. Second and much expanded edition, volume II, GK, edit and herausgegben the Federal Archives, Koblenz, 2006, pg. 1033-1035.
(2) The judishchen victims of National Socialism
"Their names like never be forgotten!"Listen
(2) The judishchen victims of National Socialism
"Their names like never be forgotten!"Listen
“Ihre Namen mogen nie vergessen werden!”
[46]www.frontierfolk.net/ramsha_research/families/Stephenson.rtf
[47]American Experience, Influenza 1918, 10/29/2009
[48]1918.pandemicflu.gov/the_pandemic
[49]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[50]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[51]http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/germany-annexes-austria
[52]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
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