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Jeff Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), Jefferson, LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, and including ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, John Quincy Adams and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Martin Van Buren, Teddy Roosevelt, U.S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison “The Signer”, Benjamin Harrison, Jimmy Carter, Robert E. Lee
http://www.geni.com/path/George+Washington+1st+President+of+the+USA+is+related+to+John+Quincy+Adams+6th+President+of+the+USA?from=6000000008211776777&to=6000000002917823767
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! http://wwwfamilytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
• • Books written about our unique DNA include:
• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.
“Jacob’s Legacy, A Genetic View of Jewish History” by David B. Goldstein, 2008.
December 19, 497 B.C.: The Saturnalia reflects the contradictory nature of the deity Saturn himself: "there are joyful and utopian aspects of careless well-being side by side with disquieting elements of threat and danger".[59]
As a god of agricultural bounty, Saturn embodied prosperity and wealth in general. The name of his consort Ops, whose festival Opalia was celebrated December 19, meant "Wealth, Resources." The Temple of Saturn, the ruins of which still stand, housed the state treasury (aerarium Saturni), and was the administrative headquarters of the quaestors, the public officials whose duties included oversight of the mint. It was among the oldest cult sites in Rome, and had been the location of "a very ancient" altar (ara) even before the building of the first temple in 497 BC.[60][1]
496 B.C.
Jeremiah and Ezekiel- Major prophets.[2]
495 BCE:
The earliest of the 100 Aramaic papyruses and 350 Aramaic ostraca found at Elephantine is executed. Nearly all these documents reflect the legal and political activities of the 5th-century Jewish colony, which largely follows common Aramaic practice. In contrast to later rabbinic law, for example, women engage in business and initiate divorce actions. These Jews live among Gentiles and evidence no use of Hebrew. Among their literary texts is an Aramaic version of the proverbs of the Assyrian courtier, Ahiqar.[3]
490C. The Battle of Marathon.[4]
490 BCE: Judah’s numbers grow as more exiles return from Babylon. It would seem the high priest administers Persian rule, accusing local Jews of sedition to insure Persian support.[5]
490-470 BC: Joiakim, High Priest of Israel, son of Joshua, ca. 490-470 BC.[6] Joiakim (high priest)
The mystery surrounding the identity of Joiakim is rather convoluted. Biblical texts seem to conflict with one another, as we will detail. In a similar fashion the history of Josephus (Antiq. 11:121) mentions Joiakim, or 'Joacim' but does not include many details regarding his identity or role.
Biblical Citations
-1 Esdras 3:9; 5:5 (Joiakim is referred to as the son of Zerubbabel) The Esdras genealogy of Zerubbabel's sons is considered to be highly confused. [1] [2]
-1 Chronicles 3:19 (Does not mention Joiakim as son of Zerubbabel, and there is no reference to Joiakim's role as a priest of the David line)[3]
-Judith 4:6-7; 4:8; 4:14; 15:8 (Recognizes Joiakim as a High Priest that hold religious and military authority)[2]
-Because there is no evidence that a high priest would exercise such a wide range of powers, some scholars believe that Joiakim may be a pseudonym for a person from either the Hasmonean period, the time of Trajan or Hadrian, or as a "representative figure of the priesthood in general."[4]
-Nehemiah 12:10, 26 However, "this list is artificial and problematic, but its existence reflects the importance of priests and Levites in this period." [1] (Identifies Joiakim as a High Priest, the son of Jeshua)[3]
-Susanna 1:1,4,6,28,29,63 (The book of Susanna states that Joiakim was the husband of Susanna, a very rich man living in Babylon and the most honored Jew of them all, however according the New Oxford Annotated Bible it appears that this Joiakim is not connected to other Joaikim's in the Bible (confirmed by Josephus))[2]
Josephus
-Joiakim may have aided in he rebuilding of the temple, if he was a son of Joshua.[5]
-Joiakim is also labeled as a contemporary of Esdras[6]
-Joiakim and Esdras may even have worked alongside on another, filling the Priestly role; Joiakim is called the "High Priest" while Esdras is referred to as the "Principal Priest of the People".[7]
-Due to the prominent role of Esdras, as evidenced in Ant. 11:120-11:158, theories have been suggested that Esdras actually replaced Joiakim as High Priest.
-Josephus used unknown sources to conclude the following, "And it was his [Ezra's] fate, after being honoured by the people, to die an old man to be buried with great magnificence in Jerusalem. About the same time also died the high priest Joakeimos, whom his son Eliashib succeeded in the high priesthood[8]
-The combination of 1 Esdras and the way Josephus interpreted certain biblical passages, lead him to believe Joiakim and Ezra were contemporaries.
-Josephus also took liberties to fill in the gaps between Ezra 6 and 7,"in which one jumps from the reign of Darius I (522-486 BCE) to that of Artaxerses I (465-424 BCE) by relating the Ezra story to the days of the intervening monarch Xerxes. For this maneuver, he found support in Nehemiah 12, which seems to make Ezra the contemporary of the second high priest Joiakim who very likely served during Xerxes' reign."[7]
486 BCE: Xerxes is probably the King Ahasueras (Persian, Khshayarsha) remembered in the biblical story of Esther.[8]
486-465 B.C.
Queen Vashtl is deposed. The events in Ester took place during the reign of Xerxes (486-465 B.C.). Ester 1:1-4:17.[9]
486 to 465 B.C.
From Darius to Artaxerxes I (485—425)
The early part of this period for Judah is obscure. The last years of the reign of Darius were especially marked by unrest; Egypt rebelled. Some unrest may have been created in Judah, though it probably was stirred up by the local enemies of the Jews (Ezra iv 6) rather than by the Jews themselves. Such seems to have been the case especially at the beginning of a new regime. A Jewish revolt of major proportions in 485 B.c. does not appear probable. Rather, despite every encouragement from the Persian authorities, matters do not seem to have improved after the completion of the temple. Much of the trouble was due, in all probability, to the lack of dynamic leadership in the community after the disappearance of Zerubbabel. The relationship of the returnees to the people of the land—both the Jews who remained after 586 and the Samaritans— was never quite clear until the coming of Nehemiah. The territory occupied by the returned Jews was at best small—the area of Jerusalem and its environs as far as Mizpah and Jericho toward the north and east, and Keilah, Beth-zur, and Tekoa toward the south; the valleys toward the west remained in other hands. Lack of clear-cut title to the land must have been discouraging, making for a half-hearted life and provoking just enough concern to eke out the barest existence for the majority of people. The upper classes manipulated their way to much better situations, especially after the voices of Haggai and Zechariah had been quieted. [12]
The book of Ezra covers a time period of eighty years, beginning with Cyrus’s proclamation in 538 B.C. and ending with Ezra’s arrival in Jerusalem in 458 B.C. Ezra 1:1-4. [13]
486-424 BCE
10 ton Colossal Bulls head, reign of Xerxes and Artaxerxes, 486-424 B.C. Persepolus, 100 column hall, Iran.[14]
Photographer Sherri at the Oriental Museum at the University of Chicago, 12/20/2008.
480 B.C.
Judgment on Israel’s Enemies. Zachariah’s final prophecies are undated, but they are thought to have been given as late as 480 B.C. Zechariah 9:1-17.[15]
December 19, 324: Licinius abdicates his position as Emperor leaving Constatine I, “the first Christian Emperor” in control of the Roman Empire much to the detriment of the Jewish people.[16]
324 C.E.: By the early 100s CE, several Christians mentioned a particular Bethlehem cave as the spot where Jesus was born. When Constantine’s mother, Helena, came to the region in 324 CE looking for holy sites, she built a church over the cave.[17]
324-640 CE: Under Bysantine rule (324-640CE), Christianity is introduced in Israel and many anti-Jewish laws are enacted.[18]
December 19, 1154:
Henry II (24th great grandfather)
Henry II of England cropped.jpg
King of England (more...)
Reign
October 25, 1154 – July 6, 1189
Coronation
December 19, 1154
Predecessor
Stephen
Successor
Richard I
Junior king
Henry the Young King
Spouse
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Issue
· Geoffrey, Archbishop of York
· William IX, Count of Poitiers
· Henry the Young King
· Richard I, King of England
· Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany
· Matilda, Duchess of Saxony
· Eleanor, Queen of CastileL
· Joan, Queen of Sicily, Countess of Toulouse
· John, King of England
· William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury
House
House of Plantagenet
Father
Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou
Mother
Matilda of England
Born
(1133-03-05)March 5, 1133
Le Mans, France
Died
July 6, 1189(1189-07-06) (aged 56)
Chinon, France
Burial
Fontevraud Abbey, France
[19]
December 19, 1154: Coronation of Henry II, King of England. With the restoration of order under Henry II, conditions of the Jews improved markedly. Within five years of his accession Jews are found at London, Oxford, Cambridge, Norwich, Thetford, Bungay, Canterbury, Winchester, Newport, Stafford, Windsor, and Reading. Yet they were not permitted to bury their dead elsewhere than in London, a restriction which was not removed till 1177. Their spread throughout the country enabled the king to draw upon them as occasion demanded; he repaid them by demand notes on the sheriffs of the counties, who accounted for payments thus made in the half-yearly accounts on the pipe rolls (see Aaron of Lincoln). Richard "Strongbow" de Clare's conquest of Ireland in 1170 was financed by Josce, a Jew of Gloucester; and the king accordingly fined Josce for having lent money to those under his displeasure. As a rule, however, Henry II does not appear to have limited in any way the financial activity of Jews. The favourable position of the English Jews was shown, among other things, by the visit of Abraham ibn Ezra in 1158, by that of Isaac of Chernigov in 1181, and by …[20]
[21]
1155: Carmelite order founded, Pope Hadrian bestows Ireland on Henry II, Arnold of Brescia hanged (see 1144), Henry II abolishes fiscal earldoms and restores royal demesne, Genghis Khan born, Henry II chooses Tomas a Becket as chancellor, Adrian IV grants Henry II right to rule Ireland, Appoints Thomas a Becket Chancellor, gets papal approval to invade Ireland, Charter of Lorris (France) spells out freedoms, Earliest record of fire insurance in Iceland. [22]
1156: War of Japanese clans Taira and Minamoto, Austria made a duchy with special privileges, Frederick Barbarossa marries Beatrice, heiress of Upper Burgundy, possible quake in Syria, Japan - Heian period ends in civil war, Civil wars ravage Japan until 1185, Japanese Hogen and Heiji insurrections - Taira samurai clan dominates at court. [23]
1157: Eric of Sweden conquers Finland and imposes Christianity, Kurenberg becomes the first German famous minnesinger, possible quake in Syria, Title of “Holy Roman Emperor” formally adopted by Frederick Barbarossa, Death of Alfonso VII King of Castile Spain. [24]
1158: Frederick Barbarossa makes Vladislav II King of Bohemia, Construction of cathedral in Oxford, Munich becomes center of salt trade, Alfonso VIII King of Castile to 1214, First European university founded at Bologna, Italy, University of Bologna founded. [25]
1159 Jews expelled from Silesia, resettled to Poland.[26] Jews from North Eastern Germany go to central Poland and Krakow in 1159. [2][27] Death of Pope Hadrian IV – great Pope Alexander III elected, Alexander III becomes Pope to 1181 as English pope Adrian IV dies, Henry II Levies scutage – payment in cash instead of military service, Henry II levies big tax in lieu of military service, September 1, Pope Adrian IV dies, September 7, Pope Alexander III appointed (Rolando Bandinelli). [28]
1160: death of Eric the Saint of Sweden, Normans expelled from North Africa, “Tristan et Iseult” written by Beroul and Thomas, “Jeu de St. Nicholas” written by Jean Bodel and performed on St. Nicholas Day, “Ludus de Antichristo” written in Bavaria, time of Anglo-Latin poet Walter Map, Laon Cathedral begun, Tula the Toltec city destroyed by the Chichimec tribe. [29]
1160: Conrad was the second son of Marquis William V of Montferrat, "the Elder", and his wife Judith of Babenberg. He was a first cousin of Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, Louis VII of France and Leopold V of Austria.
Conrad was born in Montferrat, which is now a region of Piedmont, in northwest Italy. The exact place and year are unknown. He is first mentioned in a charter in 1160, when serving at the court of his maternal uncle, Conrad, Bishop of Passau, later Archbishop of Salzburg. (He may have been named after him, or after his mother's half-brother, Conrad III of Germany.)[30]
December 19, 1187:Pope Clement III (Paulino Scolari) appointed[31] Clement III elected Pope. Clement III was no friend of the Jews. In the aftermath of the First Crusaders violent march through the Rhine, Henry IV, the Holy Roman Emperor sought to allow Jews who had been forced to convert to return to Judaism. Pope Clement III opposed Henry on this insisting that the Jews, no matter how they had come to the Church, could not leave it. To his credit, Henry ignored the Pope. He went so far as to find those who had killed his Jewish subjects and bring them to justice. From the Jewish point of view, Henry was the exception to the norm among European Princes and Prelates. We should remember him for this and not for shivering in the winter as he did penance before an arrogant prince of the Church.[32]
December 19, 1333: Child of Edward III (1st cousin 21x removed) and Philippa of HainaultLwife of the 1st cousin 21x removed)
Joan
December 19, 1333 or January 28, 1334[120]
July 1, 1348
Was betrothed to Pedro of Castile but died of the plague en route to Castile before the marriage could take place. Pedro's two daughters from his 2nd marriage would later marry Joan's younger brothers John and Edmund.
[33] (2nd cousin 20x removed)
December 19, 1370: Pope Urban V passed away. Urban issued a bull entitled “Sicuti judaeis non debet” that forbade the molestation of Jews and condemned the forced baptism of Jews.[34]
1371-1791: Between 1371 and 1791, 111 famines devastated France alone.[35] Death of David II of Scotland – rule of Robert II and House of Stewart, English defeat Flemings at Bourgneuf. [36]
December 19, 1732
Benjamin Franklin’s Poor Richard’s Almanac is published, in Philadelphia.[37] He publishes under the name of Richard Saunders. A rival, The American Almanack had already been published for some twenty years. Some of his sayings were “Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy wealthy and wise.” Eat to live, and not live to eat.” “A penny saved is a penny earned.” Franklin sold 10,000 almanacs a year. He franchised his printing business and was very successful. [38]
1733-34
Description: Werneck, Bavaria, Bavaria Must See Activity, photo, picture, image
The small village of Werneck is situated along the Wern river. Here you can find a castle built in 1733-34 by the architect Balthasar Neumann.
December 19, 1750:
"Andrew Vance (8th great grandfather) lived near Zane's Iron Works, Va., but he died in Lancaster Co., Pa. and is buried there in the Donegal Churchyard.
"The will of Andrew Vance, date 19 Dec. 1750, probated 2 April, 1754, Frederick Co., Va. Will Book 2, page 114:
1750
Sunday, January 16, 2005 (2)[39]
December 19, 1766
The English Parliament suspends the New York Legislature for voting against the Quartering Act.[40]
Dec/
1767 - Daniel McKinnon II of Clark Co., Ohio born April 19th, according to records of several descendants.[41]
I suggest that Daniel McKinnon’s (4th great grandfather) parents were companions of William Crawford (6th great grandfather)when he moved his family across the Alleghenies to Steward’s Crossing in 1766, based on Daniel’s birth date of 1767 and Crawford’s affidavit confirming the 1766 move of his family.[42]
I would like to obtain information which places Daniel’s parents
in Orange County, Virginia, and confirmation of the birth date of Daniel McKinnon; and also the relationship of McKinnon to William Crawford and Lawrence (6th great grandfather) and Richard Harrison. Since Daniel McKinnon was 45 years younger than William Crawford, I am suggesting that Daniel’s father may have been the “close connection to Col. Crawford.” [43]
c. Evidence that Daniel McKinnon and William Crawford were associated appeared in the Logan County, Ohio, History on page 86 (Ref#6.1) “Mr. McKinnon was a close connection of Col. Crawford’s and moved to Kentucky where he lived a short time, and then came to what is now Clarke Co...”[44]
1767
In 1767 (Lawrence Harrison) bought 267 acres including Fort Necessity in right George Washington.
A Chronological Listing of Events In the Lives of. Andrew Harrison, Sr. of Essex County, Virginia. Andrew Harrison, Jr. of Essex and Orange Counties,...[45]
1767
“Lawrence Harrison, in right of George Washington, located’ 267 acres in Augusta County, Virginia, embracing Fort Necessity, in 1767.” [46]
The Crawford-Washington Deal
It appears to me very clearly that these settlers knew they were trespassing into Indian territory that had not been gained yet by treaty with the Indians. [47]The influence that George Washington (grand nephew of the wife of the 1st cousin 10x removed) had on these settlers was expressed in a book (Ref#34) entitled “West Virginia - A Bicentennial History.” On page 14 it explained that The deal that Washington offered Crawford in 1767 was representative of what became a familiar and mutually advantageous relationship.”
To Crawford, Washington had written “Any person who neglects the present opportunity of hunting out good lands, and in some measure marking and distinguishing them for his own, in order to keep others from settling them, will never regain it.”
Washington proposed that Crawford search out desirable lands while Washington took care of securing the titles and underwrote the cost of surveying and patenting. Washington said also “You (Crawford) shall then have such a reasonable proportion of the whole as we may fix upon at our first meeting....” and the article went on that “This was an arrangement that would be seen again and again in West Virginia”.
William Crawford knew George Washington quite well and no doubt put his trust and life on the line in business as well as in military endeavors for Washington.[48]
1767 Daughter Nancy Connell (half 1st cousin 10x removed) born to Ann Crawford Connell.(half 5th great grandaunt) Letter from George Washington to Crawford to survey land in defiance of proclamation.[49]
1767
. By 1767 John Stephenson (half 6th great granduncle) was a batteau man at the Fort Pitt trading post of Baynton, Wharton and Morgan.[50][51] A partner of the Philadelphia company, Samuel Wharton, had been a member of the Ohio Company, with John Mercer of Virginia.[52] [53]
1767
Townshend Actsw passed; non-importtation boycott begins.[54]
Andrew Jackson (2nd cousin 8x removed) (1767-1845 was born at the Waxhaw settlement in South Carolina.
[55]
1793 - December 19 - An act for opening navigation in the South Fork and Stoner's Fork of Licking was approved by the General Assembly. Benjamin Harrison, John Wall and Isaac Riddle were appointed Commissioners to receive subscriptions in money, labor and property to raise a fund for clearing and opening navigation of the South Fork, from the mouth thereof to the junction of Hinkston and Stoner. [56]
1793 – December 19 - Benjamin Harrison (5th great granduncle) was appointed Brigadier General of the 4th Brigade, 2nd Division, Kentucky Militia, commanding the 12th, 13th, 14th and 15th Regiments from Scott, Bourbon and Mason Counties. [57]
* * *
1794
1794 – Little Turkey, was finally recognized by all Cherokee as Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation. At this time, the Cherokee National Council was formally established as the legislative body of the nation. However, the two most populous groups, the Upper Towns (who favored acculturation and remaining in the East) and the Lower Towns (who favored maintaining older customs, though they also were highly acculturated, and emigrating to the West), remain estranged from each other with each having their own regional council; in addition, the towns of the Overhill area had their own council at Chota. The Hill and the Valley Towns in North Carolina remain largely isolated, and, with the town of Etowah in what later becomes North Georgia, the most conservative.[58]
1794
Although political prohibitions were lifted, other restrictions on Jewish equality remained. In 1794, Pennsylvania outlawed business activities on Sunday. The intent of the law was to honor the Christian Sabbath, but the effect on Jews was discriminatory. The law, in effect, limited observant Jews to working only five days per week, while Christans worked six. While Christians were free to open shops on the Jewish Sabbath, Jews were forbidden from opening their shops on the Christian Sabbath.[59]
December 19, 1798: Child of William IV (17th cousin 5x removed) of the United Kingdom
by Dorothea Bland
Lady Mary Fox
December 19, 1798
July 13, 1864
Married Charles Richard Fox, no issue.
[60](18th cousin 4x removed)
December 19, 1806: a public sale the land was struck off to the highest bidder - Richard Jones Waters for 420.00. Witnesses to the deed - George Ruddell, J. Culbertson. Acknowledged December 19, (1806?) by George Wilson, Sheriff. [61]
December 19, 1829 – The State of Georgia passes an act appropriating the lands of the Cherokee Nation within the territorial limits claimed by Georgia, and extending the laws of that state to all persons living within its boundaries. The State of Alabama does likewise. The Georgia act stipulated that all laws of the Cherokee Nation were null and void, prohibited the election of any officers, and declared that no Cherokee can testify in court against any white person.[62]
December 19, 1829: Johann GUTLEBEN was born on June 4, 1765 in Metzeral,Munster,Colmar,Haut-Rhin,Alsace and died on February 10, 1838 at age 72. Johann married Anna Maria BRAESCH (d. December 19, 1829) on December 3, 1818.[63]
December 19, 1839: SAMUEL CLARK CRAWFORD,(3rd cousin 5x removed) b. September 17, 1837; d. December 19, 1839.[64]
December 19, 1910: Charles Smith12 (5th cousin 6x removed)[Gabriel D. Smith11 , Gabriel Smith10, John “LR” Smith9, Ambrose J. Smith8, Christopher Smith7, Christopher Smith6, Thomas Smythe5, Thomas Smythe4, John Smythe3, Richard2, William1] (b. August 19, 1833 in Franklin co. GA / d. November 12, 1907 in Carroll Co. G A) married Sarah Jane Barrow (b. October 29, 1829 in Upson Co. GA / d. December 19, 1910) on November 14, 1852 in Carroll Co. GA.
A. Children of Charles Smith and Sarah Barrow:
. i. Nancy C. Smith (b. abt. 1857 / d. abt. 1931)
+ . ii. William Wesley Smith (b. February 1861 / d. abt. 1943)
. iii. John T. Smith (b. abt. 1866)
+ . iv. James David Smith (b. October 16, 1868 in GA / d. may 9, 1942)
. v. Lucinda E. Smith (b. abt. 1871)
+ . vi. Emory Eli Smith (b. March 16, 1874 / d. June 9, 1961)
. vii. Elvira S. Smith (b. abt. 1876)[65]
December 1928: Jewish Worship, Pagan Symbols
Zodiac mosaics in ancient synagogues
Walter Zanger • 08/24/2012
http://dbcfaa79b34c8f5dfffa-7d3a62c63519b1618047ef2108473a39.r81.cf2.rackcdn.com/wp-content/uploads/synagogue-zodiacs-01-232x300.jpg
AN INCREDIBLE FIND. In December 1928, a work crew from kibbutz Beth Alpha was digging a drainage channel when mosaic pieces began to appear in their shovel loads.
Ein Harod is a spring that rises in the valley of Jezreel at the foot of Mt. Gilboa. Gideon gathered his men there to sort out the good soldiers from the bad ones (Judges 7). From the pool, the spring makes its weary and meandering way east down the valley for some 18 km, passing through Beth-Shean to empty into the Jordan River.
A thousand years of neglect had resulted in a valley full of silted and blocked-up waterways creating a marshy and swampy landscape as the spring of Harod—and half a dozen other springs that empty into it—filled the land with water faster than the natural outlets—now blocked—could drain it.
That was the scene that greeted the first modern settlers of the valley of Jezreel. And it was obvious that their first task, if they hoped to farm this land, was to drain the swamps. Thus it happened that at the end of December 1928 a work crew from kibbutz Beth Alpha (founded 6 years earlier) was digging yet another drainage canal when someone’s shovel started picking up pieces of mosaic.
Work on the channel stopped at once. They called the Hebrew University (then all of 3 years old!) and within a fortnight Eliezer Lippa Sukenik1 and Nahman Avigad had begun to excavate the site. Work began on January 9, 1929, and continued for 7 weeks, until February 26, despite heavy rains (610 mm instead of the usual 400 mm) that flooded the valley that year.
The mosaic they uncovered was almost complete, its astonishing preservation caused by a layer of plaster, thrown down from the ceiling by the earthquake that destroyed the building, that covered and protected the floor from the damage of falling stones. When it was completely exposed, the mosaic measured 28 meters long and 14 meters wide. It had an inscription at the doorway leading to three panels in the central apse: a rectangular panel, a square panel with a circle in the middle, and then another rectangle at the far end.
The middle square, the first to be uncovered, was the most spectacular. Figures of four women were at the four corners, with inscriptions (in Hebrew) identifying each as a season of the year. Inside the square was a wheel, 3.12 meters in diameter, with a smaller circle (1.2 m) in its center. The wheel was divided into 12 panels, each with a figure and a name identifying it as a sign of the zodiac. And in the center, a man was pictured driving a quadriga (four-horse chariot) through the moon and stars. Rays of the sun were coming out of his head; it was clear that he was Helios, god of the sun.
http://dbcfaa79b34c8f5dfffa-7d3a62c63519b1618047ef2108473a39.r81.cf2.rackcdn.com/wp-content/uploads/synagogue-zodiacs-02-260x284.jpg
In the square panel of the Beth Alpha mosaic was a zodiac wheel with all 12 symbols and names of the zodiac, surrounded by four female figures at the corners, identifying the seasons of the year. Credit: Art Resource, NY
What had they found? Could this have been the temple of a Jewish community (it had to be Jewish; everything was written in Hebrew and Aramaic) turned pagan? Further digging dispelled that notion, for there, just above the central square of the mosaic, they found a mosaic panel of symbols instantly familiar to any Jew of that century (or this): the Ark of the Covenant (aron kodesh), eternal light (ner tamid), seven-branched candelabrum (menorah), palm frond (lulav), citron (etrog), and an incense shovel (mahta).2
http://dbcfaa79b34c8f5dfffa-7d3a62c63519b1618047ef2108473a39.r81.cf2.rackcdn.com/wp-content/uploads/synagogue-zodiacs-03-260x163.jpg
Many of the symbols included in the uppermost mosaic panel reaffirmed the Jewish nature of the synagogue at Beth Alpha: the Ark of the Covenant at the center (aron kodesh), eternal light (ner tamid), two seven-branched candelabra (menorot; plural, menorah), palm frond (lulav), citron (etrog), and an incense shovel (mahta). From these items it takes the type name of a synagogue panel.
Then, in a third panel, closer to the front door, they uncovered a scene easily recognizable to anyone who knows the Bible. We are in Genesis 22, and Abraham is about to sacrifice Isaac. In case we might have forgotten our Bible class, the names of the principals—Abraham, Isaac and the ram—are spelled out in inscriptions above their heads, and the hand of God stopping the sacrifice is clearly marked with the words “do not put forth your hand [against the lad].”
http://dbcfaa79b34c8f5dfffa-7d3a62c63519b1618047ef2108473a39.r81.cf2.rackcdn.com/wp-content/uploads/synagogue-zodiacs-04-260x172.jpg
In the lower rectangular panel, closer to the door, the familiar story of Genesis 22 is depicted on the mosaic. Abraham is preparing to sacrifice Isaac (at right) as the hand of God reaches from heaven to stop him. Nearby the ram is caught with its horns in a thicket, and a servant waits at far left with the donkey. This type of scene came to be known as a righteous ancestors panel and is found in several other synagogue mosaics.
So this was definitely a synagogue, a Jewish house of worship, in a basilica building that dates to about 520 C.E.3 The building was destroyed in an earthquake soon after it was built,4 hence the near-perfect preservation of its mosaic floor; their misfortune became our good fortune. And because Beth Alpha is the best preserved of the seven synagogues we know, we use it here as the basis for our discussion.5
Now, of course, we have problems. We know that Jewish life moved to the Galilee after the total destruction of Jewish Jerusalem that followed the Bar-Kokhba Revolt of the 130s C.E. We are, therefore, not surprised to have found—and to keep finding—synagogues from the following centuries all over the Galilee and Golan. It isn’t the synagogues themselves that are the problem; it is the decorations in them. What in heaven’s name were they doing? How could they be making pictures, especially in the synagogue? Didn’t they know the second commandment?
You shall not make for yourself a graven image or any likeness of what is in the heavens above or on the earth below or in the waters under the earth. You shall not bow down to them or serve them” (Exodus 20:4–5)
That problem is not as formidable as it first appears. The second commandment can be read in several ways because the Hebrew original of this text is entirely without vowels and punctuation points. We, writing English, have put in a period after the word “earth.”6 But if the period weren’t there, the verse could be read as a long conditional clause: “make no graven images … which you worship.” In this case it’s not the making that is prohibited, but the worshiping. Historically, the Jewish community often understood that it was acceptable to make images as long as one doesn’t worship them. And there is, consequently, a long and varied history of Jewish art, beginning with the cherubim over the Ark in the desert (Exodus 25:18), recorded presumably not long after the giving of the Commandments, and without protest.
A second problem is less easily resolved. The zodiac is pagan religion. It is what we see in the horoscope in every weekend newspaper on earth, generally the stuff of amusement. We know this system; it is based on the (extraordinary) assumption that the stars control the earth and that what happens on earth is a result of influences from what happens in the sky. All we need in order to understand the earth (that is, about our destiny) is to understand the stars. If, according to this view, one knows the exact date and time of one’s birth, and can chart the exact position of the heavenly bodies at that moment, then forevermore one knows what is fortunate, unfortunate, worth doing, worth avoiding, wise, unwise, etc. Our universe, therefore, is fixed and determined. There are no values, no good, no evil and no repentance. We live in a great mechanical machine of a cosmos.
The conflict of interest is obvious, and we are not surprised to learn that Jews detested that idea. For if the cosmos is like that, why do we need God giving the Law to Moses on Mt. Sinai? The Christians also had their own very strong reservations. If the cosmos is like that, who needed God to sacrifice His son for the sins of the world? Who indeed? The early Church in fact absolutely prohibited the making of zodiacs, and there is not one zodiac mosaic in a church that dates before the Middle Ages, and very few even then. The zodiac/horoscope perception is the antithesis and enemy of monotheistic religion. An ancient and honorable enemy, to be sure, far older than Judaism and Christianity, but still the enemy.
It is true that one who goes through Jewish literature with a fine-tooth comb can find a citation here and there that seems to recognize the phenomenon of mosaic decoration, presumably zodiac, in synagogues. “In the days of Rabbi Abun they began depicting figures in mosaic and he did not protest against it.”7 More to the point, we find a line in Aramaic translation, “… you may place a mosaic pavement impressed with figures and images in the floors of synagogue; but not for bowing down to it.”8 There is even a Midrash that attempts to justify the zodiac phenomenon: “The Holy One, Blessed be He, said to him [Abraham]: just as the zodiac [mazalot] surrounds me, and my glory is in the center, so shall your descendants multiply and camp under many flags, with my shekhina in the center.”9
But this is surely grasping at straws. The odd line here and there accounts for nothing in view of the overwhelming opposition in rabbinic literature to anything related to the making of pictures of any sort, and doubly so the fierce opposition to anything suggesting idolatry and pagan worship. Indeed, one of the ways to say “pagan” in rabbinical Hebrew is by the abbreviation עכומ[ (ovedei kokhavim u-mazalot,"worshipers of stars and constellations"). The rabbis of the Talmud recognized the popularity of astrology and were even prepared to admit that there might be truth in its predictions, but opposed the whole endeavor on principle. Ein mazal le-Yisrael (literally, "Israel has no constellation") is perhaps the most commonly quoted opinion on the subject,10 but it is only one of many.
All the more are we astonished by the figure of Helios, Sol Invictus, pagan god of the sun, riding his quadriga right through the middle of the synagogue! This doesn't look like it belongs here. And we need to ask again, what was this all about?
To set our minds at rest (for the time being), we can say what all this wasn't. It could not have been astrology (predicting the future, etc.) and it could not have been scientific astronomy, because the seasons in the corners are in the wrong places. The upper right corner at Beth Alpha is marked טבת (Tevet), the winter month, and the upper left corner ניסן (Nissan) the month of Passover in spring. But between them you have the zodiac sign of Cancer, the Crab, which falls in mid-summer, not early spring. The same thing with the sign for Libra, the Scales. The mosaic has placed it between the spring and summer seasons, whereas it belongs in the fall. Clumsy astronomy.
The conclusion is inescapable: whoever did this mosaic hadn't a clue about real astronomy or astrology, doubtless because he was a Jew and couldn't care less.11
For the same reason, this mosaic floor could not have been a calendar, an idea that has been suggested by several important scholars of the subject.12 The incorrect placement of the seasons would have made that completely impossible.
Then perhaps it's all just decoration, pretty pictures, the common designs of the era. That is the most common explanation, the one found in guide books. But it can't be true. In the first place, the designs were by no means common in the Byzantine era. The Church, as stated, absolutely banned their use. More important, these signs are too loaded with meaning. We might argue "pretty pictures" if Beth Alpha were a solitary, unique find. We could then, at best, say that we had found here a group of Jews who had become so Hellenized that they had slipped over into paganism. But Beth Alpha is not unique; we will visit half a dozen other synagogues before we're done. In addition, we have found hundreds of Jewish tombstones and catacombs from all over the Roman Empire. And despite the fact that there are countless millions of possible symbols, forms, designs, pictures, animals, etc. they could have used, the fact is that they all use the same 10-12 symbols.13 We are forced to conclude that these were more than pretty pictures.[66]
December 1937: The special Jewish company was formed in the Palafox Battalion of the Polish Dombrowsky Brigade in December 1937. The company issued a Yiddish newspaper. The orders were written in Yiddish. It had a distinct Jewish banner, and the last stanza of the company's hymn proudly proclaimed "...how Jewish Botwin soldiers drove out the fascist plague!" The Botwin group was the only one in which Jews fought as a distinct group. Hence it became the major symbol of Jewish presence in Spain. In general, the International Brigades were utilized by the Popular Front as shock troops in the most dangerous places that drew the heaviest casualties. The Botwin Company was no exception - 120 of its men were thrown into an assault at the battle of Estramadura, in the defense of Madrid; only 18 survived. The company's courage earned it the "Medalla de Valor" from the Spanish government. Whatever motives brought volunteers of the International Brigades to Spain, with the Jews the ideological motive was dominant. Many of them may have been socialists or communists, but they clearly perceived that simultaneously they were fighting a sworn enemy of the Jewish people. The Jewish-Zionist angle was no less significant than the socialist-communist. It is no coincidence that the first casualty of the International Brigades was Leon Baum from Paris, and the last casualty was Haskel Honigstern, who was given a state funeral in Barcelona. The Spanish poet Jose Herrera wrote of him: "Haskel Honigstern, Polish worker of the Jewish race, son of an obscure land, killed in the light of my homeland."
December 1938: In December 1938, the German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann sent a manuscript to the science journal Naturwissenschaften ("Natural Science") reporting they had detected the element barium after bombarding uranium with neutrons;[2] simultaneously, they communicated these results to Lise Meitner, who had in July of that year fled to the Netherlands and then went to Sweden.[3] Meitner, and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch, correctly interpreted these results as being nuclear fission.[4] Frisch confirmed this experimentally on January 13, 1939.[5][6][67]
December 19, 1939: The Nazi government officially gave Heydrich the responsibility for centralizing the implementation of his deportation plans. This was one of the basic steps in creating the organization that would lead to the slaughter of European Jewry. German efficiency and detailed planning was one of the hallmarks of the Final Solution.[68]
December 1941: Axis armies controlled vast areas in and around Europe: from Italy, Spain and North Africa in the south, east nearly to Moscow, north to the Baltic and west to the Atlantic and North Sea. England, already "stripped to the bone" battling German U-boats and bombers, increasingly depended on American shipping and support for her very survival.
In Asia, for decades tension had grown between the European colonial powers - England, Holland and France - the United States, and Japan: the western powers insisting on the right of unfettered access to China's markets, Japan determined to replace Western colonization with her own brand of "Asia for Asians", and the United States as committed to keeping China free and open, as to not propping up the European colonies.
December 1941-March 1942: Between December 1941 and March 1942, Takeo Yoshikawa was kept under watch in San Diego, California, United States. Between Mar and Aug, he was placed in a camp in Arizona, United States. He returned to Japan in Aug 1942 in a diplomat prisoner exchange.[69]
December 19, 1941
Adolph Hitler becomes commander in chief of the German Army.[70]
December 19, 1941: In North Africa, British forces begin a battle that will end in their capture of Cyrenaica.[71]
December 1942: Enterprise never fought alone again. Japan's navy, though still formidable, had been greatly weakened by the battles of 1942, battles in which the Big E had often played a pivotal role. And Japan's naval air arm, decimated at Midway, the Eastern Solomons, and Santa Cruz, would never make good its losses. By the end of 1942, Japan had been fought to a stand-still.[72]
December 1942: The most influential people in the Uranverein were Kurt Diebner, Abraham Esau, Walther Gerlach, and Erich Schumann; Schumann was one of the most powerful and influential physicists in Germany. Diebner, throughout the life of the nuclear energy project, had more control over nuclear fission research than did Walther Bothe, Klaus Clusius, Otto Hahn, Paul Harteck, or Werner Heisenberg. Abraham Esau was appointed as Hermann Göring’s plenipotentiary for nuclear physics research in December 1942; Walther Gerlach succeeded him in December 1943.[73]
December 1942: Al-Husseini held a speech at the celebration of the opening of the Islamic Central Institute (Islamische Zentralinstitut) in Berlin, of which he served as honorary chair. In the speech, he harshly criticised those he considered as aggressors against Muslims, namely "Jews, Bolsheviks and Anglo-Saxons." At the time of the opening of the Islamic Central Institute, there were an estimated 3,000 Muslims in Germany, including 400 German converts. The Islamic Central Institute gave the Muslims in Germany institutional ties to the 'Third Reich'.[132][74]
December 19, 1942: On board Convoy 46 was Boruch Gotlieb, born 1885 from Siedlec, Poland.[75] For nearly two months the transports had been interrupted. Eichmann and the SiPo-SD in France made a reckoning of the situation in December and of the picture for deportations for the beginning of 1943 (XXVc-184 of December 9, 1942; and XXVI-69 of December 19). [76]
December 1943: Howard Snell (uncle) would transfer to the Morrison in December 1943.
December 1943: Esau was replaced by Walther Gerlach. In the final analysis, placing the RFR under Göring’s administrative control had little effect on the German nuclear energy project.[25][26][27][28]
Over time, the HWA and then the RFR controlled the German nuclear energy project. The most influential people were Kurt Diebner, Abraham Esau, Walther Gerlach, and Erich Schumann. Schumann was one of the most powerful and influential physicists in Germany. Schumann was director of the Physics Department II at the Frederick William University (later, University of Berlin), which was commissioned and funded by the Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH, Army High Command) to conduct physics research projects. He was also head of the research department of the HWA, assistant secretary of the Science Department of the OKW, and Bevollmächtigter (plenipotentiary) for high explosives. Diebner, throughout the life of the nuclear energy project, had more control over nuclear fission research than did Walther Bothe, Klaus Clusius, Otto Hahn, Paul Harteck, or Werner Heisenberg.[29][30][77]
DD-560
Howard Snell
SC2
12/43 - 5/45
hwrdsnll (AT) aol.com
Plank owner,Ship sunk may 1945
[78]
December 1944: Wernher von Braun (who would later send an American to the moon) awarded the Knights Cross by Hitler.[79]
December 19, 1970: CONNIE SUE CLOW m. DAVID FRANKLIN BOGNER, December 19, 1970, Joplin, Missouri. [80]
December 1976: More about Susie Parker
Susie married William Roe James (b. December 10, 1927 in GA / d. December 1976). She then married Everett Bennett, Sr.[81]
December 1980: Martinsburg continues to be the focus of the business area of Berkeley County. Many of Martinsburg's historic and architecturally important buildings were included in seven historic districts placed on the NationalRegister of Historic Places in December 1980. Two more districts were placed on the National Register in December 2002. [82]
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[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnalia
[2]Chain of Tradition-Kohanim through the Ages . DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004, pg 115.
[3] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 29.
[4] Great Turning Points in History, by Louis Snyder, page 1.
[5] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 29.
[6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel
1. [7] ^ a b (New Oxford Annotated Bible)
2. ^ a b c (Biblical Apocrypha)
3. ^ a b The Bible
4. ^ Anchor Bible Dictionary
5. ^ (Ezra 3:9; Josephus Ant. 11:121)
6. ^ (Josephus Ant. 11:121)
7. ^ (Ant. 11:121)
8. ^ (Ant. 11.5,5)
[8] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 29.
[9] The One Year Chronology Bible, NIV, page 1225.
[10] The Oriental Institute Museum, Photo by Jeff Goodlove, January 2, 2011.
[11] The Oriental Institute Museum, Photo by Jeff Goodlove, January 2, 2011.
[12] The Anchor Bible: Ezra-Nehemiah by Jacob M. Myers 1965. pgs. xxx-xxxi.
[13] The One Year Chronology Bible, NIV, page 1185.
[14] Oriental Museum, University of Chicago, 12/20/2008. Photo by Jeff Goodlove
[15] The One Year Chronology Bible, NIV, page 1219.
[16] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
• [17] The Historical Jesus for Dummies, by Catherine M. Muphy, page 308.
[18] http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/english/04.html
[19] Wikipedia
[20] this day in Jewish History
[21] mike@abcomputers.com
[22] mike@abcomputers.com
[23] mike@abcomputers.com
[24] mike@abcomputers.com
[25] mike@abcomputers.com
[26] http://christianparty.net/jewsexpelled.htm
[27] [2] Tracing your Jewish DNA for Family History
[28] mike@abcomputers.com
[29] mike@abcomputers.com
[30] Wikipedia
[31] mike@abcomputers.com
[32] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[33] Wikipedia
[34] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[35] HISTI, Little Ice Age: Big Chill, 11-20-05
[36] mike@abcomputers.com
[37] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[38] Ben Franklin, 12/5/2004, H2.
[39] Appalachian Trails to the Ohio River by Carrie Eldridge
[40] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[41] Letter from JoAnn Naugle, 1985
[42] (Ref#33 page 522). Conrad and Caty, by Gary Goodlove
[43] (Ref32)
[44] Conrad and Caty, by Gary Goodlove
[45] URL: moon.ouhsc.edu/rbonner/harrbios/andrewharrison1018.html
[46] f* Winchester, Virginia. Frederick County Records, Deed Book, No. 7, p. 224.t Wiley’s history of Preston County, West Virginia, pp. 25-26. Torrence and Allied Families, Robert M. Torrence pg 323
[47] Ibid. The pages 58-74 (Ref#33) explain the problems which the states of Virginia and Pennsylvania had with these early settlers.
[48] Gerol “Gary” Goodlove Conrad and Caty, 2003
[49] The Brothers Crawford, Allen W. Scholl, 1995
[50] Baynton, Wharton and Morgan Papers, at Pennsylvania Archives
[51] Baynton, Wharton and Morgan. Philadelphia merchants establishing the first enterprise at Fort Pitt with an “east of the Alleghenies” home office. Built shingle-roofed building in Pittsburgh in 1766. Had traders down the Ohio River as far as Kentucky and Illinois buying furs from Indians. Suffered colonial PA’s most spectacular bankruptcy in 1767 when they went under with debts of £100,000.
John Baynton (b.1726, d.1773) was a member of the PA Assembly, provincial commissioner—supplied trade goods for the Indian treaty at Easton in 1758. Samuel Wharton (b.1732, d. 1800) expanded trade in agricultural goods and lumber from chiefly the Philadelphia area to customers in Quebec, Detroit, Fort Pitt, West Indies, Portugal, and London. The youngest member of the firm, George Morgan (b. 1743, d. 1810), brought inherited wealth and six years of experience to the firm (he was also the son-in-law of John Baynton). In 1765, George Morgan was sent to the Illinois country as the company's representative.
http://www.thelittlelist.net/bactoblu.htm
[52] Ref 31.6 Conrad and Caty, by Gary Goodlove 2003 ((Ancestors of Forrest Roger Garnett)
[53] 2- Wm. P. Palmer, Calendar of Va. State Papers, Vol. K pages 280, 281.
[54] The Complete Guide to Boston’s Freedom Trail by Charles Bahne, page 5.
[55] Tennessee State Museum, Bass Otis, November 12,
[56] (Littell, v. 1, p. 193) Chronology of Benjamin Harrison compiled by Isobel Stebbins Giuvezan. Afton, Missouri, 1973 http://www.shawhan.com/benharrison.html
[57] (Clift 2, pp. ix, 15) Chronology of Benjamin Harrison compiled by Isobel Stebbins Giuvezan. Afton, Missouri, 1973 http://www.shawhan.com/benharrison.html
[58] Timetable of Cherokee Removal
[59] Jewish Life in Pennsylvania by Dianne Ashton, 1998 pg. 9.
[60] Wikipedia
[61] (New Madrid County Deed Bk. 2, p. 85) Chronology of Benjamin Harrison compiled by Isobel Stebbins Giuvezan. Afton, Missouri, 1973 http://www.shawhan.com/benharrison.htm
[62] Timetable of Cherokee Removal
[63] Descendants of Elias Gutleben, Alice Email, May 2010.
[64] http://penningtons.tripod.com/jepthagenealogy.htm
[65] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe
[66] 1 E.L. Sukenik, The Ancient Synagogue of Beth-Alpha, (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1932)
2 The incense shovel was a universally recognized Jewish symbol in the Byzantine era. It disappeared from the Jewish iconographic lexicon because the Jews stopped using incense when the Christians started.
3 The Aramaic inscription at the front door was damaged. It says that the mosaic was made “during the … year of the reign of the emperor Justinus”. The exact year is missing. The reference is probably to the emperor Justin I (adopted uncle and immediate predecessor of Justinian the Great) who ruled from 518-527 C.E. and whose coins were found on the site. It is of course possible that the building was older than the mosaic floor.
4 The earliest possible “candidate” was a major quake that hit the country on July 9, 551. It was the earthquake that finally destroyed Petra. More likely was an earthquake of lesser magnitude but located closer to the site which did great damage to the Jordan Valley in 659/660.
5 We have not entered into a discussion of the artistic merits of this work of art. It is the writer’s opinion that this work, with its naive and primitive style, has a child-like immediacy and freshness that makes it one of the masterpieces of world art.
6 Thus the new JPS Tanakh. The King James translation puts a colon after the word “earth”, while the New American Bible (Catholic) and the Revised Standard Version (Protestant) translations both use a semi-colon instead of period at this point.
7 From a Geniza manuscript of JT Avoda Zarah
8 In the Pseudo-Jonathan Targum to Lev. 26:1
9 From a Geniza fragment of Midrash Deut. Rabba) These quotations are cited by Michael Klein, “Palestinian Targum and Synagogue Mosaics,” Jerusalem, Immanuel 11 (1980)
10 The matter is discussed in BT Shabbat, 156a
11 At Beth Alpha the signs and the seasons both progress counter-clockwise, although they are misaligned. The Hammat Tiberias zodiac shows both signs and seasons also rotating counter-clockwise, and in correct alignment with each other. At Na’aran the seasons run counter-clockwise, as above, but the signs go clockwise!
12 That position was argued by Prof. Avi-Yonah, among many others, and by the excavator of Hammat Tiberias. See Moshe Dothan, Hammath Tiberias, (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1983). Hammat Tiberias is the only mosaic we know where the signs and seasons are correctly aligned, which may have influenced the excavator’s judgment as to its purpose
13 The cataloging of all of these finds and the interpretation of what they might mean constitute the magnum opus of Erwin Goodenough (1893-1965), Professor of Religion at Yale and one of the greatest scholars of religion America ever produced. Goodenough’s 13 volume study, E.R. Goodenough, Jewish Symbols in the Greco-Roman Period, (New York: Pantheon, 1958), form the core text for the study of this subject, Everyone who has subsequently dealt with the subject is in his debt. The book has been re-issued in a 1-volume paperback, abridged and edited by Jacob Neusner (Princeton: Bollingen Series, 1988)
[67] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_nuclear_energy_project
[68] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[69] http://ww2db.com/person_bio.php?person_id=534
[70] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[71] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1764
[72] http://www.cv6.org/1942/1942.htm
[73] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_nuclear_energy_project
[74] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haj_Amin_al-Husseini
[75] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 366.
[76] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 360-361.
[77] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_nuclear_energy_project
[78] http://www.destroyers.org/smrdd/USS_Morrison.html
[79] Hitler’s Manager’s, Wernher von Braun: The Rocket Man, 10/15/2005
[80] http://penningtons.tripod.com/jepthagenealogy.htm
[81] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe
[82] http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/b/r/o/Tawna-L-Brown-TX/WEBSITE-0001/UHP-0001.html
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