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Jeff Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), Jefferson, LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, and including ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, John Quincy Adams and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Martin Van Buren, Teddy Roosevelt, U.S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison “The Signer”, Benjamin Harrison, Jimmy Carter, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, William Taft, John Tyler (10th President), James Polk (11th President)Zachary Taylor, and Abraham Lincoln.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! http://wwwfamilytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
• • Books written about our unique DNA include:
• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.
“Jacob’s Legacy, A Genetic View of Jewish History” by David B. Goldstein, 2008.
Birthdays on January 23….
Iolene D. Armstrong Bell (Sister in law of the 1st cousin 2x removed)
Mark A. Arretchel (2nd cousin 1x removed)
Carl L. Caldwell (3rd cousin 2x removed)
ELIZABETH Crawford COP (3rd cousin 5x removed)
Russell Godlove
Bessie Goodlove
Bessie Goodlove
Lelia E. Jenkins Furrow (Sister in law of the 1st great granduncle)
Elsie M. Jordon Tucker
Manly R. LeClere (1st cousin 1x removed)
James F. Martin (4th cousin 3x removed)
Benjamin Mckinnon (2nd cousin 3x removed)
Bessie Meek Goodlove
Douglas Osweiler (husband of the 3rd cousin)
Ina B. Squires Brown (1st cousin 2x removed
January 23rd 3102 BC: - Epoch (origin) of the Kali Yuga. [1]
3100 BC
The early Bronze Age that runs course of several centuries in Palestine is characterized by diverse painted pottery.
Fortified cities begin to emerge, often built on a rocky hill. So do the cultic “high places” that will later incense Israel’s prophets. Vines, for which Israel will later be renowned, are imported. Inhabitants speak an early form of western Semitic, from which Hebrew (Canaanite) will stem.[2]
[3]
3100 BC
[4]
3100 BC: The earliest known Mesopotamian tablets were found at the site of Uruk in today’s southern Iraq. They were not found where they were written, or archived, but had been used to level a temple area known as Leana for later construction. Among these archaic tablets , the very earliest are designated, “Uruk IV”while the slightly later and developed texts and somewhat more abstracted signs are “Uruk III.”[5]
3100 B.C.: Archaic Administrative Text Computing Seeds for a field: Clay, Uruk III, ca. 3100 BC. Iraq, Jemdet Nasr, purchased in Paris. This text describes the amount of bareley needed to plant a field of about 16 acres.[7]
[8]
Archaic Administrative Texts, Clay, Uruk III, ca. 3100 BC, Iraq, Uruk,
The first row of these tablets contains numbers. Different numbering systems were used for different goods, so the types of goods can be identified even if they are not named.
The tablet on the left has the signature of a senior administrator.
The tablet in the middle records grain for a festival.
The tablet on the right records grain rations for people including cooks.[9]
The City of Uruk has 50,000 people living within one square mile. Population density that rivals modern day New York city. This change in diet also signals a new dependence. Wheat and barley were the only grain crops and they all ripened at the same time. Humans gathered the grain so now they had their food for the year that arrived at the same time. If the crop failed you would have famine. You wouldn’t have another opportunity for another 12 months. Crops are king. The first writing kept track of the grain, to protect the grain the first armies were used and to administer them, the first politics. [10]
3.1k BC Menes, the legendary first pharaoh of Egypt, ruled upper Egypt from Nekhen before he conquered lower Egypt and moved his capital to Memphis.
(NG, May 1985, p.586)
c3.1k BC The upper and lower kingdoms were united to form the 1st Dynasty of Egypt. The fertile Nile Valley and prevailing environmental conditions led to the formation of villages along the river—Upper Egypt in the south and Lower Egypt in the north. These villages grew into 'kingdoms' centered around Naqadah (later Hierakonopolis) in the south and Behdet (later Buto) in the delta. According to tradition, the upper and lower kingdoms were united into one centralized government by King Menes around 3100BC. However, modern scholars are unsure whether King Menes was actually several kings, including Narmer and Aha. Menes' reign lasted a substantial 62 years before being killed by a hippopotamus (again according to tradition). The 1st dynasty lasted until about 2890BC.
(HNQ, 11/2/00)
c3.1k BC In the protodynastic period of Egypt "Scorpion" ruled and was followed by Narmer. In 2002 Jan Assmann authored "The Mind of Egypt: History and Meaning in the Time of the Pharaohs.
(R4,1998)(SSFC, 4/28/02, p.M4)
3.1k BC Cuneiform writing emerged in Mesopotamia. The wedge-shaped characters were used to record the first epics in world history, including "Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta," and the first stories about "Gilgamesh."
(eawc, p.1)
3.1k BC Writing was related to Sumerian language.
(V.D.-H.K.p.10)
3.1k BC The first known incarnation of Stonehenge, the ancient stone monument in the south of England, is thought to have been built by native Neolithic peoples around this time. Archaeological interpretation of the site is primarily based on a series of modern excavations carried out since 1919. The studies have concluded that there were three different building periods representing markedly different materials and methods. Stonehenge I was primarily an earthen structure built by native Neolithic peoples using deer antlers as picks. Two entry stones were also placed to the northeast of the circle, one of which (the "Slaughter Stone") survives in the latest monument.
(HNQ, 3/3/01)
Stonehenge 1 (ca. 3100 BC)
Stonehenge 1. After Cleal et al.
The first monument consisted of a circular bank and ditch enclosure made of Late Cretaceous (Santonian Age) Seaford Chalk, (7 and 8), measuring about 110 metres (360 ft) in diameter, with a large entrance to the north east and a smaller one to the south (14). It stood in open grassland on a slightly sloping spot.[11] The builders placed the bones of deer and oxen in the bottom of the ditch, as well as some worked flint tools. The bones were considerably older than the antler picks used to dig the ditch, and the people who buried them had looked after them for some time prior to burial. The ditch was continuous but had been dug in sections, like the ditches of the earlier causewayed enclosures in the area. The chalk dug from the ditch was piled up to form the bank. This first stage is dated to around 3100 BC, after which the ditch began to silt up naturally. Within the outer edge of the enclosed area is a circle of 56 pits (13), each about a metre (3'3") in diameter, known as the Aubrey holes after John Aubrey, the 17th-century antiquarian who was thought to have first identified them. The pits may have contained standing timbers creating a timber circle, although there is no excavated evidence of them. A recent excavation has suggested that the Aubrey Holes may have originally been used to erect a bluestone circle.[12] If this were the case, it would advance the earliest known stone structure at the monument by some 500 years. A small outer bank beyond the ditch could also date to this period.[11]
3.1k BC - 2.77k BC The Archaic Period of Egypt. Narmer united Egypt and hieroglyphic writing developed.
(eawc, p.1)
3.1k BC - 2.7k BC In Egypt the limestone "Stele of the Serpent King" has a bas-relief of a falcon in profile above a nearly abstract curving stroke of a snake. It is now in the French Louvre.
(WSJ, 1/29/98, p.A16) [12]
January 23, 393: Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor. “Under the rule of Theodosius and his sons… the Christian church consolidated its position as the sole power in the empire,” became less tolerant and the Jews “suffered in inverse proportion to the strength of the emperor’s personality.”[13] Patrick was born an aristocrat. His family had been Christian for two generations. His father was a tax collector for Rome and a church Deacon.[14]
January 23rd, 638 :- Start of Islamic calendar.[15]
January 23rd, 909: - John of Rila aka Saint Ivan and the fable of two pies.[16]
910 - Reconquest of Danelaw lands begins. The last great Viking army sent to ravage England is defeated by an army of Wessex and Mercia. [17]
910 to 1150 CE
[18]
912: IBN WAHSHIYA
Abu Bakr Ahmed (or Mohammed) ibn Ali ibn al-Wahshiya al-Kaldani or al-Nabati. Born in Iraq of a Nabataean family, flourished about the end of the third century H., i. e., before 912. Alchemist. Author of alchemistic and occult writings (quoted in the Fihrist). He wrote c. 904 the so-called "Nabataean agriculture" (Kitab al-falaha al-nabatiya), an alleged translation from ancient Babylonain sources, the purpose of which was to extol the Babylonian-Aramean-Syrian civilization (or more simply the "old" civilization before the hegira) against that of the conquering Arabs. It contains valuable information on agriculture and superstitions.
This forgery became famous because the great Russian orientalist Khvolson was entirely deceived by it. Of course, Ibn Wahshiya was as unable to read the cuneiform texts as the Egyptian Arabs the hieroglyphic.
Fihrist (311-312, 358).[19]
913 - Edward the Elder recaptures Essex from the Danes[20]
915 - Edward is accepted as overlord by Ragnald ruler of the Viking Kingdom of York[21]
916 - Edward's sister Aethlfleda of Mercia attacks and conquers most of Wales[22]
916 - Vikings establish settlements at Dublin and Waterford in Ireland[23]
918 - Edward becomes ruler of Mercia following the death of his sister Aethlfleda[24]
920 - Edward takes East Anglia from the Danes[25]
920-921: IBN AL-ADAMI
Mohammed ibnal-Husain ibn Hamid. Flourished at the end of the ninth century or the beginning of the tenth. Muslim astronomer. He compiled astronomical tables which were completed after his death by his pupil al-Qasim ibn Mohammed ibn Hisham al-Madani. They appeared in 920-21 under the title Nazm al-iqd (Arrangement of the Pearl Necklace"), together with a theoretical introduction (lost!).
H. Suter: Mathematiker (44, 1920).[26]
923 - The Scottish King Constantine II submits to Edward[27]
924 - Edward dies at Farndon-on-Dee near Chester leading an army against the Welsh. He is buried in Winchester. [28]
King Athelstan ( 924 - 940 ). [29]
924 - Athelstan becomes King of Wessex and Mercia on the death of his father Edward the Elder. [30]
926 - Athelstan annexes Northumbria, and forces the kings of Wales, Strathclyde, the Picts, and the Scots to submit to him[31]
926 - Athelstan marries his sister to Sihtric the Viking King of York to cement his ties with the North[32]
929: de Vaux to Vance
In 929 ad Bertrand de Baux went to Normandy, in the north of France, by invitation of the Duke of Normandy and established a branch of the family there where the name became de Vaux. Bertrand was the progenitor of the family de Vaux, which long held a distinguished rank among the nobles of Normandy.[33]
930 A.D., Volcano, Ceboruco
VEI=6
932: ISHAQ AL-ISRA'ILI
Isaac Judaeus. Isaac Israeli the elder. (Not to be mistaken for the Spanish astronomer Isaac Israeli the younger; q. v., first half of fourteenth century.) Isaac ibn Solomon. Abu Ya'qub Ishaq ibn Sulaiman al-Isra'ili. Born in Egypt; flourished in Qairawan, Tunis, where he died, a centenarian, about the middle of the tenth century (c. 932?). Jewish physician and philosopher. One of the first to direct the attention of the jews to Greek science and philosophy. Physician to the Fatimid caliph "Ubaid Allah al-Mahdi" (909 to 934), he composed at his request many medical writings in Arabic. Translated into Latin in 1087 by Constantine the African, Into Hebrew, and into Spanish, their influence was very great. The main medical writings are: on fevers (Kitab al-Hummayat); the book of simple drugs and nutriments (Kitab al-adwiya al-mufrada wal-aghdhiya; diaetae universales et particulares); on urine (Kitab al-Baul, by far the most elaborate mediaeval treatise on the subject); on deontology, the "Guide of the physician" (lost in Arabic, extant in Hebrew under the title of Manhag (or Musarha-rofe'im). He wrote also a medico-philosophical treatise on the elements (Kitab al-istiqsat), and another on definitions. Isaac was the earliest jewish philosopher (or one of the earliest) to publish a classification of the sciences. This was essentially the Aristotelian one as transmitted and modified by the Muslims.
Wustenfeld: Geschichte der arabischen Aerzte (51-52, 1840).[34]
934 to 940 A.D.: Volcano Katla
[35]
934: AL-BALKHI
Abu Zaid Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi. Born in Shamistiyan, province of Balkh, died in 934. Geographer, mathematician. A member of the Imamiya sect; disciple of al-Kindi. Of the many books ascribed to him in the Fihrist, I quote: the excellency of mathematics; on certitude in astrology. His "Figures of the Climates" (Suwar al-aqalim) consisted chiefly of geographical maps.
The "Book of the Creation and History" formerly ascribed to him was really written in 966 by Mutahhar ibn Tahir al-Maqdisi (q. v., next chapter).
M. J. de Goeje: Die Istakhri-Balkhi Frage (Z. d. deutschen morgenl. Ges., vol. 25, 42-58, 1871). H. Suter: Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber (211, 1900).[36]
934 - Athelstan invades Scotland[37]
937 - Battle of Brunanburh: Athelstan defeats alliance of Scots, Celts, Danes, and Vikings, and takes the title of King of all Britain[38]
940 - Athelstan dies at Gloucester and is buried at Malmesbury[39]
King Edmund ( 940 - 946 ) [40]
940 - Edmund becomes King. Scandinavian forces from Northumbria overrun the East Midlands. [41]
942 - Edmund re-establishes control over Northumbria and rules a united England. [42]
943 - Edmund extends his rule into southern Scotland, [43]
945 - Dunstan becomes abbot of Glastonbury Abbey[44]
945 - Edmund conquers Strathclyde, but Cumbria is annexed by the Scots. [45]
946 - Edmund murdered at a party in Pucklechurch[46]
King Edred ( 946 - 955 ) [47]
946 - Edred succeeds his brother Edmund[48]
946: IBRAHIM IBN SINAN
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra. Born in 908-9, died in 946. Grandson of Thabit ibn Qurra (q. v. second half of ninth century); his father Sinan, who embraced Islam and died in 943, was also a distinguished astronomer and mathematician (see medical section below). Muslim mathematician and astronomer. He wrote commentaries on the first book of "Conics" and on the "Almagest", and many papers on geometrical and astronomical subjects (for example, on sundials). His Quadrature of the parabola was much simpler than that of Archimedes, in fact the simplest ever made before the invention of the integral calculus.
H. Suter: Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber (53, 1900). [49]
954 - Expulsion of Eric Bloodaxe, last Danish king of York[50]
955 - Edred dies and is buried at Winchester. [51]
950 to 1050 A.D.
[53]
Illinois Arrowheads[54], Mississippian Period, 950 to 1050 A.D. Cahokia, Illinois
950 to 1100 A.D.
[55]
[56]
[57]
[58]
950-1150 A.D. New Mexico.
[59]
[60]
950 to 1150 A.D. New Mexico
[61]
[62]
950 to 1150 A.D.
[63]
[64]
[65]
951: AL-SIJZI
Abu Sa'id Ahmed ibn Mohammed ibn Abd al-Jalil al-Sijzi (short for al-Sijistani). Lived from c. 951 to c. 1024. Mathematician who made a special study of the intersections of conic sections and circles. He replaced the old kinematical trisection of an angle by a purely geometric solution (intersection of a circle and an equilateral hyperbola.)
Suter: Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber (80-81, 224, 1900).[66]
955: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor defeats Hungarians at Battle of Lechfeld. [67]
King Edwy (Eadwig) ( 955 - 959 )
955 - Edwy crowned at Kingston-upon-Thames[68]
955-956:Al-IMRANI
Ali ibn Ahmed al-Imrani. Born at Mosul in Upper Mesopotamia; he flourished there and died in 955056. Muslim mathematician and astrologer. He wrote a commentary on Abu Kamil's algebra and various astrological treatises. One of these, on the choosing of (Auspicious) days, was translated by Savasodra at Barcelona in 1131 or 1134 (De electiobus) (q. v. first half of twelfth century).
H. Suter: Mathematiker (56, 1900; 165, 1902).[69]
About 955-967: AL-QABISI
Abu-l-Saqr Abd al-Aziz ibn Uthman ibn Ali al-Qabisi. Pupil of al-Imrani (q. v. , first half of tenth century) in Mosul; after the latter's death in 955-56 he was patronized by the Hamdanid sultan Sayf al-dawla, who died in 966-67. Famous Muslim astrologer. His main writings are his introduction to the art of astrology (al-madkhal ila sina'at (ahkam) al-nujum) and treatise on the conjunctions of planets; both were translated into Latin by Joannes Hispalensis (first half of twelfth century). He, or his patron Sayf al-dawla, wrote a poem on the rainbow.
H. Suter : Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber (60, 1900; Nachtrag, 165, 1902).[70]
956 - Dunstan sent into exile by Edwy[71]
957 - Mercians and Northumbrians rebel against Edwy[72]
959 - Edwy dies in Gloucester[73]
King Edgar ( 959 - 975 ) [74]
959 - Edgar King of Mercia and Northumbria becomes King of all England. [75]
960-961: Muslim Mathematics and astronomy: All of the creative work was done in Islam. Muslim mathematicians were so numerous that, for the sake of clarity, I must divide them into three groups - arithmeticians, algebraists, and geometers; astronomers and trigonometricians; astrologers.
Arithmeticians, algebraists, and geometers: It is well to begin this section with a brief account of the progress of the Hindu numerals. By the middle of the tenth century a special form of them, the so called dust (ghubar) numerals, was already used in Muslim Spain. The eastern Arabic form was represented in an Egyptian grafitto, dated 960-61. Mutahhar ibn Taher wrote a number of 10 figures by their means. The earliest Latin example of these numerals is found in a manuscript written in 976 near Logrono, in the Christian part of Spain.
Abu Ja'far al-Khazin wrote commentaries on the tenth book of Euclid and other works and solved al-Mahani's cubic equation. Al-Shaghani investigated the trisection of the angle. Nazif ibn Yumn translated the tenth book of Euclid. The great astronomer Abu-l-Wafa wrote commentaries on Euclid, Diophantos, and al-Khwarizmi, arithmetical and geometrical treatises, and solved a number of geometrical and algebraical problems. Abu-l-Fath improved the Arabic translation of Apollonios's Conics and commented upon the first five books. Al-Kuhi was especially interested in the Archimedian and Apollonian problems leading up to higher equations and discovered some elegant solutions. which he discussed. Al-Sijzi worked along the same lines; he made a special study of the intersections of conics and found a geometrical means of trisecting angles. Al-Khujandi, better known as an astronomer, proved that the sum of two cubic numbers can not be a cubic number. Maslama ibn Ahmed composed a commercial arithmetic and studied an amicable number. (This would confirm that he was acquainted to the writings of the Brethren of Purity, for these were very much interested in the theory of numbers - a natural consequence of their Neoplatonic tendencies.) [76]
Astronomical and trigonometricians: At the very beginning of this period we meet one of the best Muslim astronomers: Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi, who compiled an illustrated catalogue of stars, based upon his own observations. Ibn al-A'lam was also a famous observer and published astronomical tables. Al-Shaghani invented and constructed astronomical instruments. The Buwayhid rulers, especially Sharaf al-dawla, were deeply interested in astronomy; Sharaf built a new observatory in Bagdad. The instruments were probably made by al-Shaghani, and the great mathematician, al-Kuhi, was the leader of the astronomers.
The foremost of the astronomers employed by Sharaf was the Persian Abu-l-Wafa. It is true he was once believed to be; he did not discover the variation of the moon, but he continued in a masterly way the elaboration of trigonometry. Taken all in all, the fame of Abu-l-Wafa is more solidly based upon his mathematical than upon his astronomical contributions, but I placed him here because, in those days, trigonometry was considered a branch of astronomy.
Al-Khujandi made astronomical observations in Ray. Abu Nasr improved the Arabic text of Menelaos's Spherics and dealt with trigonometrical subjects. Maslama ibn Ahmed edited and revised al-Khwarizmi's astronomical tables, and wrote a commentary on Ptolemy's Planisphere.
Astrologers: The main astrologers were al-Qabisi in Syria and Rabi ibn Zaid in Spain; the latter was a Christian, Bishop of Cordova under al-Hakam II.
961: RABI IBN ZAID
Rabi ibn Zaid al-Usquf. Meaning the bishop (from the Greek). He was Bishop of Cordova and Elvira under al-Hakam II. Flourished at Cordova c. 961. Spanish Christian writing n Arabic. He coposed various astronological treatises and dedicated to Hakam II a calendar (Kitab al-anwa', liber anoe) entitled "The Division of times and the Good of bodies."
Suter : Mathematiker (96, 212, 1900).[77]
960-1030: Crucial to the development of these communities was their rabbinical leadership. Rabbenu Gershom (960-1030), born in Mainz, is known as the father of Ashenazic Jewry. He and his rabbinical court established Torah basis.[78]
961: The great age of pilgrimage begins with the tenth century. The Arabs lost their last pirate-nests in Italy and southern France in the course of the century; and Crete was taken from them in 961.[79]
961-971: ABU JA'FAR AL-KHAZIN
Alkhazin means the treasurer or the librarian. Born in Khurasan, died between 961 and 971. Mathematician, astronomer. Author of a commentary on the Tenth book of Euclid and of other mathematical and astronomical writings. He solved by means of conic sections the cubic equation which had baffled al-Mahani's efforts, the so-called al-Mahani's equation (q. v., second half of the ninth century.)
Fihrist (p. 266, 282); Suter's translation (p. 17, 39).[80]
965 - Westminster Abbey is founded.[81]
966: The surname Mackinnon is an Anglicisation of the Gaelic Mac Fhionghuin, which is a patronymic form of the Gaelic personal name meaning "fair born" or "fair son".[13] This personal name appears in the Book of Deer, in the genitive form as Finguni.[14] In the Annals of the Four Masters, a Fínghin, described as "anchorite and Bishop of Iona", is recorded as dying in 966.[15] Middle Irish forms of the name are Finghin and Finnguine, while the Modern Irish is Findgaine.[14] These names are thought to derive from the prehistoric Gaelic Vindo-gonio-s (translation: "fair-born").[14] The Anglicised Mackinnon can also derive from the Gaelic Mac Ionmhuinn, a similar patronymic name meaning "son of the beloved one".[13] In consequence some "Mackinvens" have Anglicised their name to Love or Low, although fewer people with these surnames actually derive their name this way, and most have no connection with the Mackinnons.[14][82][83]
966: Muslim Mathematics and Astronomy
MUTAHHAR IBN TAHIR
Mutahhar ibn Tahir al-Maqdisi (or al-Muqaddasi), i. e., the native or inhabitant of the Holy City. From Jerusalem, flourished in Bust, Sijistan, c. 966. Encylcopaedist. Author of the book of the Creation and of History (Kitab al-bad'wal-tarikh), a summary of the knowledge of his day based not simply on Muslim, but also on Iranian and jewish sources. He quoted as a curiosity a very large number, 4,320,000,000 (representing the duration of the world in years according to the Hindus), in Hindu or Devanagari numerals.
Cl. Haurt: Leveritable auteur du Libre de la creation et de lhistoire (Journal Asiatique (9), vol. 18, 16-21, 1901. Concludind that Mutahhar was the author); Arabic literature (284, 291, London, 1903).[84]
968-977: ABU MANSUR MUWAFFAK
Abu Mansur Muwaffak ibn Ali al-Harawi. Flourished in Herat under the Samanid prince Mansur I ibn Nuh, who ruled from 961 to 976. Persian pharmacologist. He was apparently the first to think of compiling a treatise on materia medica in Persian; he travelled extensively in Persia and India to obtain necessary information. He wrote between 968 and 977, the "Book of the Remedies" (Kitab al-abnyia 'an Haqa'iq al-adwiya), which is the oldest pose work in modern Persian. It deals with 585 remedies (of which 466 are derived from plants, 75 from minerals, 44 from animals), classified into four groups according to their action. Outline of a general pharmacological theory. Abu mansur distinguished between sodium carbonate (natrun) and potassium carbonate (qli); he had some knowledge abot arsenious oxide, cupric oxide, silicic acid, antimony; he knew the toxilogical effects of copper and lead compounds, the depilatory vertue of quicklime, the composition of plaster of Paris and its surgical use.
E. G. Browne: Arabian Medicine (92, Cambridge, 1921).[85]
969: Casual references in the chroniclers tell us of frequent pilgrimages though the names of the actual pilgrims that we now possess are inevitably only those of the greater personages. From amongst the great lords and ladies of the West there came Hilda, Countess of Swabia, who died on her journey in 969.[86]
969: In 969 the Fatimids, a group of Shiite Muslims, established an independent state in Egypt.[87]
969 A.D.: Volcano, Baekdu Mountain
China/ North Korea border
VEI=7
969 AD
Tianchi eruption
[88]
970: Other pilgrims to the Holy land include Judith, Duchess of Bavaria, sister in law of the Emperor Otto I, whose tour took place in 970.[89]
970: AHMED AL-TABARI
Abu-l-Hasan Ahmed ibn Mohammed al-Tabari. Of Tabaristan; was physician to the Buwwayhid Rukn al-dawla, c. 970. Persian Physician. Author of compendium of medicine, called Hippocratic treatments, in ten books. Was it written in Persian or in Arabic? It is extant only in Arabic, Kitab al-mu'alaja al-buqratiya.
F. Wustenfeld: Arabschen Aerzte (56, 1840).[90]
970-980: AL-TAMIMI
Abu Abdallah Muhammed ibn Ahmed ibn Sa'id al-Tamimi al-Muqaddasi (meaning, the native or the inhabitant of the Holly City). Born in Jerusalen; he moved, c. 970, to Egypt and was still living there in 980. Palastinian physician. He made pharmaceutical experiments and wrote various medical works, chiefly on materia medica. His main work is a guide (Murshid) on materia medica, which contains valuable information on plants, minerals, etc. Kitab al-murshid ila jawahir al-aghdhiya wa quwa-lmufradat; guide toward (the understanding of) the substances of food-stuffs and (of) the simple drugs.
C. Brockelmann: Arabische Litteratur (vol. 1, 237, 1898).[91]
970 or 990: HASDAI IBN SHAPRUT
Alias shaprut, Shafrut, Bashrut, Shaprot. Abu Yusuf Isaac ibn Izra. Born c. 915 at Jaen, Andalus; flourished at Cordova at the court of Abd al-Rahman III; died in 970 or 990 at Cordova. Hispano-Jewish physician, translator of Greek into Arabic, Patron of science. Physician to the caliph. He discovered a panacea called al-faruq (the best).
A manuscript of Dioscorides having been presented in 948-49 to Abd al-Rahman III by the emperor Constantinos VII, Hasdai undertook to translate it with the assistance of the Greek monk Nicholas. This monk had been sent to Cordova by the emperor upon the caliph's request, in 951.
He wrote a Hebrew letter to the King of the Khazars discribing Andalus. He was a great patron of jewish science and it was partly due to his initiative and activity that the intellectual center of Israel was finally transfered from academies of Babylonia to Spain.
Article by Rabbi Meyer Kayserling in Jewish encyclopaedia, vol. 6, 248, 1904.[92]
January 23rd , 971: - In China, the war elephant corps of the Southern Han are soundly defeated at Shao by crossbow fire from Song Dynasty troops. The Southern Han state is forced to submit to the Song Dynasty, ending not only Southern Han rule, but also the first regular war elephant corps employed in a Chinese army that had gained the Southern Han victories throughout the 10th century.[93]
971-1029: KUSHYAR IBN LABBAN
Abu-l-Hasan Kushayr ibn Labban ibn Bashahri al-Jili (i. e., from Jilan, south of the Caspian Sea). Flourished c. 971-1029; his main work was probably done about the beginning of the eleventh century. Persian mathematician and astronomer, writing in Arabic. He seems to have taken an important part in the elaboration of trigonometry. For example, he continued the investigations of Abu-l-Wafa, the devoted much space to this in his tables, al-zij al-jami wa-l-baligh (the comprehensive and mature tables), which were translated into Persian before the end of the century. He wrote also an astrological introduction and an arithmetic treatise (extant to Hebrew).
H. Suter: Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber (83, 235, 1900; 168, 1902).[94]
973 - Northern Kings submit to Edgar at Chester.[95]
975 - Edgar dies at Winchester.[96]
King Edward The Martyr ( 975 - 978 ) [97]
975 - 13 year old Edward succeeds to the throne[98]
976: FINDANUS, Second son of Doungallus, was seized of the estate of the Tombermory in the Isle of Mull and Findanus Castle (Dunakin) in the Isle of Skye, known by the name of MacKinnon Castle in the present day; this castle was the residence of the Lairds of MacKinnon till the 14th century, when Strathardill, also in Skye, became their seat. Findanus and his bride, the Norse princess nicknamed ‘Saucy Mary,’ ran a heavy chain from Skye to Lochalsh and levied a toll on all shipping passing up and down. It is from him that the MacKinnon chiefs obtained their Gaelic Patronymic. that Cell, son of Findgaine, a Mormair (Earl) of Alban (Scotland), was killed in a foray by the King of the Cenell Conall in O’Failge A.D. 976;[99]
MacFindanus MacAlpin, son of Findanus, called MacFingon MacAlpin, acquired further property in the Western Isles and in the shires of Perth and Ross. For some period after this the descendants of Alpin frequently assumed the patronymic of MacAlpin in addition to their other appellations.[100]
976: ARIB IBN SA'D
Arib ibn Sa'd al-Khatib (the secretary) al-Qurtubi. Flourished at Cordova at the court of Abd al-Rahman IIi and al-Hakim II, who died in 976. Hispano-Mislim historian and physician. Originally Christian. He wrote a chronicle of Muslim Spain and Afric some time between 961-976. This chronicle was extensively used by Ibn al-Idhari (q. v., second half of thirteenth century). He wrote also a treatise on gynaecology, hygiene of pregnant women and infants, and on obstetric (Khalq al-janin, Creation of the embryo, in 964-65), and a calender (Kitab al-anwa').
C. Brockelmann: Arabische Litteratur (vol. 1, 236, 1898).
[101]
978 - Edward the Martyr murdered at Corfe Castle[102]
King Aethelred II The Unready ( 978 - 1016 ) [103]
978 - Aethelred, son of Edgar, becomes King of England following the murder of his half brother Edward[104]
979: Muslim Alchemy and Technology
The earliest scientific treatise in modern Persian (hitherto the Muslim Persians had written in Arabic) happens to be one of the most chemical works written by a Muslim until that time. It is really a treatise on materia medica, but it contains abundant information upon the preparation and properties of mineral substances. It is obvious that its author; Abu Mansour Muwaffak, was unusually stepped in chemistry. More may be learned about the chemical knowledge of those days, in the Eastern Caliphate, in the encyclopaedic works dealt with in Section III.
As to the Muslim West, the medical treatise of Abu-l-Qasim contains also various items of chemical interest; it explains the preparation of drugs by sublimation and distillation. two important alchemic writings have been ascribed to Maslama ibn Ahmed, but they are possibly a little later.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Muslim Medicine
The subtitle of this section is a little misleading, for the many adjectives tend to be the fact that everything was done by the Muslims alone.
Muslim physicians were so numerous that it is necessary to divide them into groups, and the most expedient division is, this time, a regional one. Thus I shall deal successively with the physician who flourished in the Eastern Caliphate (reserving a separate place for one of them who wrote in Persian), in Egypt, in Spain, and in North Africa.
The first group is the most numerous, as we would expect it. Ahmed al-Tabari wrote a medical treatise called Hippocratic treatments. Ali ibn Abbas (Hally Abbas), who flourished a little later, was one of the greatest physicians of Islam. He compiled a medical encyclopedia, "The Royal Book", which was very valuable but superseded by Avicenna's Qanun. It contains a number of original observations, under the patronage of Adud-al-Dawla, a new hospital was established in Bagdad in 979. Al-Husain ibn Ibrahim improved the Arabic text of Dioscorides. Abu Sahl al-Masihi, who was, as his name indicates, a Christian, wrote a number of medical treatises. He shares with al-Qumri the fame of having been one of the teacher of Avicenna, the prince of mediaeval physicians. It is even possible that one of Abu Sahl's treatises gave Avicenna the first idea of composing his Qanun.
Note that all of those were Persians, but all wrote, as far as we know, in Arabic. Another Persian, Abu Masour Muwaffak, had the idea of compiling a great medical treatise in Persian. That treatise dealt with materia medica and contains a general outline of pharmacological theory. Its intrinsic value is great, but it has also a considerable extrinsic importance, because it is the oldest prose work in modern Persian.
Two distinguished physicians of that time flourished in Egypt, al-Tamimi and al-Baladi. The former is chiefly known because of his medical guide (Murshid), the latter wrote a treatise on the hygiene of pregnancy and infancy.
Medical activity in Muslim Spain, was almost of the same level as that which obtained in the Eastern Caliphate; in some respects it was even superior. One of the most distinguished of the Spanish physicians, however, was not a Muslim, but a Jew, the great Hasdia ibn Shaprut. He translated Dioscorides into Arabic with the aid of the Greek monk Nicholas. Arib ibn Sa'd wrote a treatise on gynecology, obstetrics, and pediatrics. Abu-lQasim (Abulcasis) was the greatest Muslim surgeon; he exerted a very deep influence upon he development of the European surgery down to the Renaissance. Ibn Juljul wrote a commentary on Dioscorides and added a supplement to it, and he compiled a history of the Hispano-Muslim physicians of his time.
The last Muslim country to be considered, Tunis, nutured also a great physician, Ibn al-Jazzar (Algizar), author of a medical vade-mecum which obtained considerable success throughout the Middle Ages. [105]
980 - Danes renew their raids on England attacking Chester and Southampton[106]
982: ABU-L-FATH
Abu-l-Fath Mahmud ibn Mohammed ibn Qasim ibn Fadl al-Isfahani. From Ispahan, flourished probably c. 982. Persian mathematician. He gave a better Arabic edition of the Conics of Apollonios and commented on the first books.
The Conics had been translated a century before by Hilal al-Himsi (books 1-4) and Thabit ibn Qurra (books 5-7) (see second half of ninth century).
H. Suter: Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber (98, 1900). [107]
982: IBN JULJUL
Abu Da'ud Suliman ibn Hasan ibn Juljul. Physician to the Spanish Umayyad Hisham II, Mu'aiyad billah, caliph from 976 to 1009. Hispano-Muslim physician. He wrote, at Cordova, in 982, a commentary on Dioscorides, and later a supplement to it, and a history of the physicians and philosophers of his time in Spain (Ta'rikh al-atibba wal-falasifa), often quoted by Ibn abi Usaibi'a (q. v., first half of the thirteenth century).
The aim of the commentary was to determine the drugs dealt with by Dioscorides; the supplement was a list of drugs not mentioned by Dioscorides. As to the origin of these Dioscoridian studies, see my notes on Hasidai ibn Shaprut. It would seem that Ibn Juljul and others assisted in the translation of Dioscorides into Arabic..
C. Brockelmann: Arabische Litteratur (t. 1, 237, 1898[108]
985: IBN AL-A'LAM
Abu-l-Qasim Ali ibn al-Husain al-Alawi, al-Sharif al-Hisaini. Flourished at the Buwayhid court under Adud al-dawla (q. v.,); died at Bagdad in 985. Muslim astronomer. The accuracy of his observations was praised; he compiled astronomical tables which obtained much favor during at least two centuries.
H. Suter: Die Mathematiker der Araber (62, 1900). [109]
985 - Sweyn I, Forkbeard, rebels against his father Harold Blue-tooth and deposes him.
January 23rd , 971: - In China, the war elephant corps of the Southern Han are soundly defeated at Shao by crossbow fire from Song Dynasty troops. The Southern Han state is forced to submit to the Song Dynasty, ending not only Southern Han rule, but also the first regular war elephant corps employed in a Chinese army that had gained the Southern Han victories throughout the 10th century.[110]
971-1029: KUSHYAR IBN LABBAN
Abu-l-Hasan Kushayr ibn Labban ibn Bashahri al-Jili (i. e., from Jilan, south of the Caspian Sea). Flourished c. 971-1029; his main work was probably done about the beginning of the eleventh century. Persian mathematician and astronomer, writing in Arabic. He seems to have taken an important part in the elaboration of trigonometry. For example, he continued the investigations of Abu-l-Wafa, the devoted much space to this in his tables, al-zij al-jami wa-l-baligh (the comprehensive and mature tables), which were translated into Persian before the end of the century. He wrote also an astrological introduction and an arithmetic treatise (extant to Hebrew).
H. Suter: Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber (83, 235, 1900; 168, 1902).[111]
973 - Northern Kings submit to Edgar at Chester.[112]
975 - Edgar dies at Winchester.[113]
King Edward The Martyr ( 975 - 978 ) [114]
975 - 13 year old Edward succeeds to the throne[115]
976: FINDANUS, Second son of Doungallus, was seized of the estate of the Tombermory in the Isle of Mull and Findanus Castle (Dunakin) in the Isle of Skye, known by the name of MacKinnon Castle in the present day; this castle was the residence of the Lairds of MacKinnon till the 14th century, when Strathardill, also in Skye, became their seat. Findanus and his bride, the Norse princess nicknamed ‘Saucy Mary,’ ran a heavy chain from Skye to Lochalsh and levied a toll on all shipping passing up and down. It is from him that the MacKinnon chiefs obtained their Gaelic Patronymic. that Cell, son of Findgaine, a Mormair (Earl) of Alban (Scotland), was killed in a foray by the King of the Cenell Conall in O’Failge A.D. 976;[116]
MacFindanus MacAlpin, son of Findanus, called MacFingon MacAlpin, acquired further property in the Western Isles and in the shires of Perth and Ross. For some period after this the descendants of Alpin frequently assumed the patronymic of MacAlpin in addition to their other appellations.[117]
976: ARIB IBN SA'D
Arib ibn Sa'd al-Khatib (the secretary) al-Qurtubi. Flourished at Cordova at the court of Abd al-Rahman IIi and al-Hakim II, who died in 976. Hispano-Mislim historian and physician. Originally Christian. He wrote a chronicle of Muslim Spain and Afric some time between 961-976. This chronicle was extensively used by Ibn al-Idhari (q. v., second half of thirteenth century). He wrote also a treatise on gynaecology, hygiene of pregnant women and infants, and on obstetric (Khalq al-janin, Creation of the embryo, in 964-65), and a calender (Kitab al-anwa').
C. Brockelmann: Arabische Litteratur (vol. 1, 236, 1898).
[118]
978 - Edward the Martyr murdered at Corfe Castle[119]
King Aethelred II The Unready ( 978 - 1016 ) [120]
978 - Aethelred, son of Edgar, becomes King of England following the murder of his half brother Edward[121]
979: Muslim Alchemy and Technology
The earliest scientific treatise in modern Persian (hitherto the Muslim Persians had written in Arabic) happens to be one of the most chemical works written by a Muslim until that time. It is really a treatise on materia medica, but it contains abundant information upon the preparation and properties of mineral substances. It is obvious that its author; Abu Mansour Muwaffak, was unusually stepped in chemistry. More may be learned about the chemical knowledge of those days, in the Eastern Caliphate, in the encyclopaedic works dealt with in Section III.
As to the Muslim West, the medical treatise of Abu-l-Qasim contains also various items of chemical interest; it explains the preparation of drugs by sublimation and distillation. two important alchemic writings have been ascribed to Maslama ibn Ahmed, but they are possibly a little later.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Muslim Medicine
The subtitle of this section is a little misleading, for the many adjectives tend to be the fact that everything was done by the Muslims alone.
Muslim physicians were so numerous that it is necessary to divide them into groups, and the most expedient division is, this time, a regional one. Thus I shall deal successively with the physician who flourished in the Eastern Caliphate (reserving a separate place for one of them who wrote in Persian), in Egypt, in Spain, and in North Africa.
The first group is the most numerous, as we would expect it. Ahmed al-Tabari wrote a medical treatise called Hippocratic treatments. Ali ibn Abbas (Hally Abbas), who flourished a little later, was one of the greatest physicians of Islam. He compiled a medical encyclopedia, "The Royal Book", which was very valuable but superseded by Avicenna's Qanun. It contains a number of original observations, under the patronage of Adud-al-Dawla, a new hospital was established in Bagdad in 979. Al-Husain ibn Ibrahim improved the Arabic text of Dioscorides. Abu Sahl al-Masihi, who was, as his name indicates, a Christian, wrote a number of medical treatises. He shares with al-Qumri the fame of having been one of the teacher of Avicenna, the prince of mediaeval physicians. It is even possible that one of Abu Sahl's treatises gave Avicenna the first idea of composing his Qanun.
Note that all of those were Persians, but all wrote, as far as we know, in Arabic. Another Persian, Abu Masour Muwaffak, had the idea of compiling a great medical treatise in Persian. That treatise dealt with materia medica and contains a general outline of pharmacological theory. Its intrinsic value is great, but it has also a considerable extrinsic importance, because it is the oldest prose work in modern Persian.
Two distinguished physicians of that time flourished in Egypt, al-Tamimi and al-Baladi. The former is chiefly known because of his medical guide (Murshid), the latter wrote a treatise on the hygiene of pregnancy and infancy.
Medical activity in Muslim Spain, was almost of the same level as that which obtained in the Eastern Caliphate; in some respects it was even superior. One of the most distinguished of the Spanish physicians, however, was not a Muslim, but a Jew, the great Hasdia ibn Shaprut. He translated Dioscorides into Arabic with the aid of the Greek monk Nicholas. Arib ibn Sa'd wrote a treatise on gynecology, obstetrics, and pediatrics. Abu-lQasim (Abulcasis) was the greatest Muslim surgeon; he exerted a very deep influence upon he development of the European surgery down to the Renaissance. Ibn Juljul wrote a commentary on Dioscorides and added a supplement to it, and he compiled a history of the Hispano-Muslim physicians of his time.
The last Muslim country to be considered, Tunis, nutured also a great physician, Ibn al-Jazzar (Algizar), author of a medical vade-mecum which obtained considerable success throughout the Middle Ages. [122]
980 - Danes renew their raids on England attacking Chester and Southampton[123]
982: ABU-L-FATH
Abu-l-Fath Mahmud ibn Mohammed ibn Qasim ibn Fadl al-Isfahani. From Ispahan, flourished probably c. 982. Persian mathematician. He gave a better Arabic edition of the Conics of Apollonios and commented on the first books.
The Conics had been translated a century before by Hilal al-Himsi (books 1-4) and Thabit ibn Qurra (books 5-7) (see second half of ninth century).
H. Suter: Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber (98, 1900). [124]
982: IBN JULJUL
Abu Da'ud Suliman ibn Hasan ibn Juljul. Physician to the Spanish Umayyad Hisham II, Mu'aiyad billah, caliph from 976 to 1009. Hispano-Muslim physician. He wrote, at Cordova, in 982, a commentary on Dioscorides, and later a supplement to it, and a history of the physicians and philosophers of his time in Spain (Ta'rikh al-atibba wal-falasifa), often quoted by Ibn abi Usaibi'a (q. v., first half of the thirteenth century).
The aim of the commentary was to determine the drugs dealt with by Dioscorides; the supplement was a list of drugs not mentioned by Dioscorides. As to the origin of these Dioscoridian studies, see my notes on Hasidai ibn Shaprut. It would seem that Ibn Juljul and others assisted in the translation of Dioscorides into Arabic..
C. Brockelmann: Arabische Litteratur (t. 1, 237, 1898[125]
985: IBN AL-A'LAM
Abu-l-Qasim Ali ibn al-Husain al-Alawi, al-Sharif al-Hisaini. Flourished at the Buwayhid court under Adud al-dawla (q. v.,); died at Bagdad in 985. Muslim astronomer. The accuracy of his observations was praised; he compiled astronomical tables which obtained much favor during at least two centuries.
H. Suter: Die Mathematiker der Araber (62, 1900). [126]
985 - Sweyn I, Forkbeard, rebels against his father Harold Blue-tooth and deposes him.
January 23, 1002: Otto III, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire passed away.[127]
1003: Death of Pope Sylvester II – first French pope – Pope John XVII, War between Germany and Poland, Sweyn lands with army in England, Founding of Bamberg Cathedral under Henry II, Sweyn and army or Norsemen land in England and pillage, Sveyn Forkbeard invades again in Britain, Pope Sylvester II dies 12 May, Pope John XVII (Siccone) appointed June, Dies Dec, Pope John XVIII, (Giovannis Gasano) appointed 25 Dec (Pietro Bucca Porci - Peter Pig's Snout). [128]
1004: Death of Pope John XVII – Pope John XVIII, King Henry’s first Italian campaign – defeats Ardoin and crowned King of Lombards at Pavia, Henry’s war against Boleslav, Arabs sack Pisa, China becomes tributary to the Tungusic Khitans[129]
1005: Malcolm II rules Scotland as Kenneth III dies, Brian Boru of Munster recognizes in Ireland as “ard ri” (high king), Malcolm II King of Scotland, Malcolm II rules Scotland and by 1034 gains Strathclyde which unites SCO – becomes first King of Scotland[130]
1006: Rudolph III of Burgundy appoints Henry II his heir, Mohammedans settle in northwestern India, Robert II of France allies himself with Henry II against Baldwin of Flanders, Ghaznavid Dynasty of Afghanistan extends through E Persia and NW India.[131]
In or before 1007: MASLAMA IBN AHMED
Abu-l-Qasim Maslam ibn Ahmed al-Majriti. Of Madrid, flourished in Cordova, died in or before 1007. Astronomer, mathematician, occulist. The earliest Hispano-Muslim scientist of any importance. He edited and corrected the astronomical tables of al-Khwarizmi, replacing the Persian by the Arabic chronology. He wrote a treatise on the astrolabe (translated into Latin by Joan. Hispalensis); a commentary on Ptolemy's Planisphaerium translated by Rudolph of Bruges (q. v., first half of twelfth century); a commercial arithmetic (al-mu'amalat); a book on the generation of animals (?). He may have introduced into Spain the writings of the Prethren Purity, or else this was done later by one of his disciples, al-Karmani. He spoke of the erotic power of amicable numbers (220, 284). Two alchemic writings, the "Sage's step" (Rutbat al-hakim) and the "Aim of the Wise", (Ghayat al-hakim), are ascribed to him. The second is well known in the Latin translation made in 1252 by order of King Alfonso under the title Picatrix; the original Arabic text dates probably from the middle of the eleventh century.
Ibn Khaldun: Prolegmenes. F. Wustenfeld: Geschichte der arabischen Aerzte (61, 1840). [132]
1007: Ethelred II pays 30,000 pounds to the Danes to gain two years freedom from attacks, Chinese poet Ou Yang Hsiu born, Ethelred buys two years’ peace from Danes for 36,000 pounds of silver. [133]
1007-1008: ABU NASR
Abu Nasr Mansur ibn Ali ibn Iraq. Teacher of al-Bairuni; still active in 1007. Muslim mathematician and astronomer; one of three to whom the discovery of the sine theorem relative to spherical triangles is ascribed. He gave in 1007-8 an improved edition of Menelaos's Spherica. Various other writings on trigonometry are ascribed to him.
H. Suter : Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber (81, 255, Leipzig, 1900).[134]
1008: Japanese court lady Murasaki Shikibu begins to write Tale of Genji, Death of Muzaffar the caliph of Cordoba, Mahmud of Ghanzi defeats Hindus at Peshawar, Berno Abbot of Teichenau writes books on musical theory. [135]
1008-1013: Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (“the Mad”) issues severe restrictions against Jews in the Fatimid Empire. All Jews are forced to wear a heavy wooden “golden calf” around their necks. Christians had to wear a large wooden cross and members of both groups had to wear black hats.[136]
1009: IBN AL-JAZZAR
In Latin: Algizar, AlJazirah. Abu Ja'far Ahmed ibn Ibrahim Ibn Abi Khalid Ibn alJazzar. Flourished in Qairawan, Tunis, died in 1009, being more than 80 years old. Physician. Pupil of Ishaq al-Isra'ili (q. v., first half of the tenth century). Of his many writings, the most important because of its enormous popularity, was his "Traveller's Provision" (Zad al-Musafir) which was translated into Latin by Constantinus Africanus, into Greek by Synesios, and into Hebrew - the titles of these translations being: Viaticum pergrinantis; Zedat al-Derachim. It contains remarkable descriptions of smallpox and measles. He wrote also on the coryza, on the cuases of plague in Egypt, etc.
C. Brockelmann: Arabische Litteratur (vol. 1, 238, 1898).[137]
1009: IBN YUNUS
Abu Hasan Ali ibn abi Sa'id Abd al-Rahman ibn Ahmed ibn Yunus (or Ibn Yunus) al-Sadafi al-Misri. Died in Cairo, 1009 (not 1008). The date of his birth is unknown, but his father died in 958-59. Perhaps the greatest Muslim astronomer. A well equipped observatory in Cairo enabled him to prepare improved astronomical tables. Begun c. 990 by order of the Fatimid caliph al-Aziz (975-996), they were completed in 1007 under the latter's son al-Hakim (996-1020) and are called after him the Hakemite Tables (al-zij al-kabir al-Hakimi). They contain observations of eclipses and conjunctions, old and new, improved values of astronomical constants (inclination of the ecliptic, 23o 35`; longitude of the sun's apogee, 86o 10`; solar parallax reduced from 3` to 2`; precession, 51.2`` a year, no allusion to trepidation) and accounts of the geodetic measurements carried on order by al-Ma'mun (q. v., first half of ninth century.)
His contributions to trigonometry, though less important than those of Abu-l-Wafa; are considerable. He solved many problems of spherical astronomy by means of orthogonal projections. He introduced the first of those prosthapheretical formulae which were indispensable before the invention of the logarithms, namely, the equivalent of
cosacosb =1/2 [cos (a - b) + cos (a +b)].
Approximate value of sin 1o = 1.8/3.9 sin (9/8)o + 2.16/3.15 sin(15/16)o
Ibn Yunus's observatory was a part of Hall of Wisdom (Dar al-hikma, abode of wisdom) founded in Cairo by the Fatimids. This institution, which lasted from 1005 to the end Fatimid regime (1171), might be considered the second Muslim academy of science, the first being that founded by al-Ma'mun in Bagdad almost two centuries earlier.
Suter: Encyclopaedia of Islam (vol. 2, 428, 1918).[138]
1009: Death of Pope John XVIII – Pope Sergius IV, Mohammedans sack Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem, First Imperial Diet at Goslar, Bruno of Querfurt martyred by Prussians, Thietmar Bishop of Merseburg writes “Chronicle”, Norse settle in N America.[139]
1009: There is substantial evidence for Inuit and other American Arctic peoples arriving in Europe prior to Columbus' voyage. Contact between indigenous Americans and the Norse of Greenland as early as the 11th century is well attested. In 1009, Norse explorer Thorfinn Karlsefni captured two boys from Markland (Labrador) and took them to Greenland, where they were taught to speak Norse and baptized. The Norse sagas report that Thorfinn sailed to Norway and then Iceland shortly after; though it is not explicitly stated, it is likely he took his two captives with him. If so, they may have been the earliest Americans to come to Europe. It is possible that the Norse took other indigenous peoples to Europe as slaves over the next centuries, as they are known to have taken Scottish and Irish slaves.[26][27][140]
July 31, 1009: Pope Sergius IV becomes the 142nd pope, succeeding Pope John XVIII. During the Papacy of Sergius, the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah destroyed the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem. There was a two-fold response in the West. Sergius issued a papal bull calling for Islam to be driven from the Holy Land and the Jews were attacked because rumors were circulated blaming them for inciting the Caliph to destroy the church.[141]
1010: Norsemen under Thorfinn Karlsefni set out to settle in Vinland. They spend three winters on the North American continent. Sites from Labrador to New England have been identified as localities visited by them.[142]
1010: Robert II, King of France, seeks to strengthen the royal power of his country, conquering several towns and acquiring the duchy of Burgundy.[143]
1010: Caliph Hakim renounces the Holy City of Jerusalem one year after the Arabs sack the Holy Sepulcher.[144]
1010: Robert II of France proclaims the Peace of God, Richer of St. Remy writes “Historia Remensis ecclesiae”, The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki Shikibu of Japan, Under Haken, persecution and desecration of Christian shrines in Turkey. [145]
1011: Ethelred invades South Wales and the Danes take Canterbury, Handkerchief of St. Veronica kept in altar at Rome, “Handkerchief of Veronica” stored in Rome, [146]
1012: Mayence:Jews deported.[1][147] One of the first known persecutions of Jews in Germany: Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor expels Jews from Mainz.[3][148] Jews move from Germany to Poznan Poland in 1012 [2][149]near Bialystock and Grodno. [4][150]
1012: Death of Pope Sergius IV – Pope Benedict VIII, Ethelred pays assitional 48,000 pounds to the Danes for peace, first persecution of heretics in Germany, the “Decretum” written by Bishop Buchard of Worms, Hakim Mosque in Cairo, Heinrich Cathedral in Bamberg, Danes sack Canterbury and are bought off for 48,000 pounds of silver, Danes sack Canterbury.[151]
January 2, 1012: Jewish mourners were attacked at a funeral in Egypt.
January 23rd, 1265: - 1st English Parliament formally convened (some authorities) [152]
January 23rd, 1368: - Mongols driven out of China – Zhu Yuanzhang founds Ming dynasty as Yuan dynasty ends, Mongol Yuan dynasty in China overthrown by national Ming dynasty, Ming Dynasty begins in China to 1644 with end of Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty when overthrow led by Chu Yuan-chang. [153] In a coronation ceremony, Zhu Yuanzhang ascends to the throne of China as the Hongwu Emperor, initiating Ming Dynasty rule over China that would last for three centuries. [154]
1369: Return of the Jews in Strasbourg.The formal decision not to admit Jews during one two centuries period was cancelled soon. Some Jews, envisaging persecutions, had managed to leave the city in good time and had survived the massacre. They had settled in Alsace and in addition to the Rhine. Twenty years after Judenbrand, in 1369, the “Magistrat” answered favorably six Jewish families which asked to return to the city. They were allowed there, with the help of a payable tax of 300 guilders to the municipal case, 10 marks with the lords of Oettingen on the fields of which they had lived so far, 12 marks with the imperial bishop and taxes. In exchange of these taxes, they were released from all the drudgeries and obtained, counters and additional royalty of 1 book of pfennings of Strasbourg a ground, to be used to them as cemetery. They could repurchase this ground for a sum of 500 pounds.[155] Venice repels Hungarian invasion, Chaucer writes “The Book of the Duchesse”, building of the Bastille in Paris, End of Peace of Bretingy, re-start 100 Years' War, death of Blanche of Lancaster and husband John of Gaunt (Ghent) 3rd son of Edward III of ENG takes her titles and virtually rules ENG, death of Pedro the Cruel King of Castile, Tamerlane becomes king of Samarkand, start of second stage of Hundred Years War between England and France, Charles V of France sets to re-conquer territories, France begins to reorganize its territories; Construction begins on first Great Wall of China. [156]
January 23, 1490: - 1st printing of Ramban's Sha'ar ha-Gemul.[157]
January 23rd, 1492: - "Pentateuch" (Jewish holy book) 1st printed[158]
January 23, 1516: Ferdinand II of Aragon
Ferdinand the Catholic
Portait by Michael Sittow
King of Aragon, Valencia, Sicily and Naples
Reign
January 20, 1479 – January 23, 1516
Predecessor
John II
Successor
Joanna (III)
King of Castile and Léon
Reign
January 15, 1475 – November 26, 1504
Predecessor
Isabella I
Successor
Joanna the Mad
Co-ruler
Isabella I
Spouse
Isabella I of Castile
Germaine of Foix
among others...
Issue
Isabella, Queen of Portugal
John, Prince of Asturias
Joanna of Castile
Maria, Queen of Portugal
Catherine, Queen of England
House
House of Trastámara
Father
John II of Aragon
Mother
Juana Enríquez
Born
(1452-03-10)March 10, 1452
Sos del Rey Católico
Died
January 23, 1516(1516-01-23) (aged 63)
Madrigalejo, Extremadura
Burial
Capilla Real, Granada, Spain
Signature
Religion
Roman Catholic
Ferdinand the Catholic (Aragonese: Ferrando II, Spanish: Fernando II, Catalan: Ferran II; 10 March 1452 – January 23, 1516) was King of Aragon (as Ferdinand II), Sicily, Naples (as Ferdinand III), Majorca, Valencia, Sardinia, and Navarre, Count of Barcelona, jure uxoris King of Castile (1474–1504, as Ferdinand V, in right of his wife, Isabella I) and then regent of that country also from 1508 to his death, in the name of his reportedly mentally unstable daughter Joanna.[159]
Ferdinand the Catholic
House of Trastámara
Born: March 10, 1452 Died: January 23, 1516
Regnal titles
Preceded by
John the Great
King of Sicily
1468–1516
Succeeded by
Joanna the Mad
King of Aragon, Valencia, and Majorca,
Count of Barcelona
1479–1516
Preceded by
Isabella the Catholic
as sole monarch
King of Castile and León
1475–1504
with Isabella the Catholic
Preceded by
Charles the Affable
Count of Roussillon and Cerdagne
1493–1516
Preceded by
Louis III
King of Naples
1504–1516
Preceded by
Catherine and John III
King of Upper Navarre
1512–1516
Titles of nobility
Preceded by
Charles of Viana
Prince of Girona
1461–1479
Succeeded by
John of Asturias
Preceded by
John II of Aragón
Lord of Balaguer
1458–1479
Duke of Gandía
1461–1479
Merged with the Crown
Preceded by
Juana Enríquez
Lord of Casarrubios del Monte
1468–1479
[160]
January 23, 1774
"Upon their arrival in Maryland, the Reverends McKinnon and Jeremiah Berry, with the Rev. Bartholomews Booth, were assigned to the Rev. Allen in his work. At first, the Rev. McKinnon was a curate for the Rev. Allen, who was living in the remote corner of the Parish (Hagerstown), and did not appear to have performed divine service in Frederick Town more than once or twice a year, as stated in the Maryland Gazette for January 23, 1774." [161]
The Reverend McKinnon was called upon to serve in Frederick Touwn until January 1774, when Governor Eden presented him to Westminster Parish, Anne Arundel County, Maryland. This very old parish is now known as St. Margaret's.[162]
Ernest Helfenstein recites practically the same version as heretofore quoted, and stated to the compiler that his information was from the manuscript "History" by the Rev. Ethan Allen, in 1872. He added, "Mr McKinnon remained here until 1774, when Governor Eden presented him to Westminster Parish; about the beginning of, or during, the Revolution, he sailed for England, and was lost at sea. The Reverend McKinnon has now (1872) five descendants in the ministry, among whom are the Rev. Joseph Rogers Walker, of South Carolina, and his brother E. Tabb Walker, of Virginia." [163]
January 23, 1775: On this day in 1775, London merchants petition Parliament for relief from the financial hardship put upon them by the curtailment of trade with the North American colonies.
In the petition, the merchants provided their own history of the dispute between the colonies and Parliament, beginning with the Stamp Act of 1765. Most critical to the merchants' concerns were the £2 million sterling in outstanding debts owed to them by their North American counterparts.
The merchants claimed that, a total stop is now put to the export trade with the greatest and most important part of North America, the public revenue is threatened with a large and fatal diminution, the petitioners with grievous distress, and thousands of industrious artificers and manufacturers with utter ruin. The petitioners begged Parliament to consider re-implementing the system of mercantile trade between Britain and the American colonies, which had served the interests of all parties in the empire prior to 1764.
Following the Coercive Acts of 1774, the colonies had quickly agreed to reinstate the non-importation agreements first devised in response to the Stamp Act in the autumn of 1765. They threatened to enter non-exportation agreements if Britain failed to meet their demands by August 1775. Because debts the colonies owed British merchants were generally paid in exports, not currency, such an action would indeed have caused tremendous financial loss to the British economy. Non-importation had a comparatively minor impact, because British merchants could and did find other markets. However, no one else would pay the vast debts owed to the merchants by tobacco planters like Thomas Jefferson or New England shipping magnates like John Hancock.[164]
January 23, 1778: Winch, Thomas, Framingham (also given Norfolk).List of men raised to serve in the Continental Army from 2d co., 5th Middlesex Co. regt., as returned by Lieut. Lawson Buckminster to Col. Micah Stone; residence, Framingham; engaged for town of Framingham; joined Capt. Brewer's co., Col. Brewer's regt.; term, 3 years; also, Fifer, Major's co., Col. Ebenezer Sprout's regt.; Continental Army pay accounts for service from May 1, 1777, to May 15, 1780; also, Private, Capt. Brewer's co., Col. Brewer's regt.; return dated Camp Valley Forge, January 23, 1778; residence, Norfolk; enlisted for town of Norfolk; mustered by State Muster Master.[165]
January 23, 1802: ELIZABETH27 CRAWFORD, b. January 23, 1802, Clark County, Kentucky; d. 1889; m. JAMES D. COPE. [166]
January 23, 1806: The whole question was reopened on Pitt's death on the 23rd of January (January 23) 1806. This time the king gave way. The ministry of "All the Talents", as it was called, included Fox amongst its members. At first the king was observed to appear depressed at the necessity of surrender. But Fox's charm of manner soon gained upon him. "Mr Fox", said the king, "I little thought that you and I should ever meet again in this place; but I have no desire to look back upon old grievances, and you may rest assured I never shall remind you of them." On the 13th of September (September 13), Fox died, and it was not long before the king and the ministry were openly in collision. The ministry proposed a measure enabling all subjects of the crown to serve in the army and navy in spite of religious disqualifications. The king objected even to so slight a modification of the laws against the Catholics and Dissenters, and the ministers consented to drop the bill. The king asked more than this. He demanded a written and positive engagement that this ministry would never, under any circumstances, propose to him "any measure of concession to the Catholics, or even connected with the question." The ministers very properly refused to bind themselves for the future. They were consequently turned out of office, and a new ministry was formed with the Duke of Portland as first lord of the treasury and Spencer Perceval as its real leader. The spirit of the new ministry was distinct hostility to the Catholic claims.[167]
January 23, 1812: On December 16, 1811, an earthquake shook the entire mid-section of North America exactly as predicted. It continued off and on for two days, the second on January 23, the third on January 27 and the worst, the fourth, on February 13, 1811, according to Allan Eckert’s narrative. It would have been the next August that Conrad Goodlove and William McKinnon would have entered the war; Conrad would have felt the earthquake tremors. [168]
On January 23, 1812, an estimated 8.4-magnitude quake struck in nearly the same location, causing disastrous effects. Reportedly, the president's wife, Dolley Madison, was awoken by the tremor in Washington, D.C. Fortunately, the death toll was smaller, as most of the survivors of the first earthquake were now living in tents, in which they could not be crushed.
The strongest of the tremors followed on February 7. This one was estimated at an amazing 8.8-magnitude and was probably one of the strongest quakes in human history. Church bells rang in Boston, thousands of miles away, from the shaking. Brick walls were toppled in Cincinnati. In the Mississippi River, water turned brown and whirlpools developed suddenly from the depressions created in the riverbed. Waterfalls were created in an instant; in one report, 30 boats were helplessly thrown over falls, killing the people on board. Many of the small islands in the middle of the river, often used as bases by river pirates, permanently disappeared. Large lakes, such as Reelfoot Lake in Tennessee and Big Lake at the Arkansas-Missouri border, were created by the earthquake as river water poured into new depressions.
This series of large earthquakes ended in March, although there were aftershocks for a few more years. In all, it is believed that approximately 1,000 people died because of the earthquakes, though an accurate count is difficult to determine because of a lack of an accurate record of the Native American population in the area at the time.[169]
[170]
Saul Henkel, married Conrad and Caty in 1819.
January 23, 1820: Prince Edward Augustus (b. November 2, 1767, d. January 23, 1820)
January 23, 1821: Andrew Erwin filed amended answer in lawsuit Jackson v Erwin.[171]
January 23, 1841: Lincoln often suffered from depression during his life. On January 23, 1841, he wrote a letter to John T. Stuart, his first law partner. In the letter, Lincoln stated, "I am now the most miserable man living. If what I feel were equally distributed to the whole human family, there would not be one cheerful face on the earth. Whether I shall ever be better I can not tell; I awfully forebode I shall not. To remain as I am is impossible; I must die or be better, it appears to me."[172]
Sat. January 23, 1864
In camp traded watches 40 recruits in today weather fine snow leaving[173]
January 23rd., 1865: We are still at the depot. The rest of our Brigade joined us at the depot.
Rained all day again.[174]
January 23, 1885-January 7, 1968
January 23, 1885: Bessie Meek Goodlove
•
Birth:
January 23, 1885, USA
Death:
January 7, 1968
Knoxville
Knox County
Tennessee, USA
Family links:
Spouse:
Charles S Goodlove (1877 - 1936)*
Children:
Blanche G Goodlove Barber (1904 - 1992)*
*Calculated relationship
Burial:
Highland Memorial Cemetery
Knoxville
Knox County
Tennessee, USA
Created by: Doug Wheeling
Record added: Jun 12, 2012
Find A Grave Memorial# 91845504
Added by: Doug Wheeling
Cemetery Photo
Added by: Jimmy Sweet
[175]
January 23, 1941: Charles Lindbergh testified before the U.S. Congress and recommended that the United States negotiate a neutrality pact with Adolf Hitler.[176]
January 23, 1941 Charles Augustus Lindbergh testimony before Congress. At an America First rally in Des Moines, Iowa, on September 11, 1941, he made a speech titled "Who Are the War Agitators?" in which he claimed that Americans had solidly opposed entering the war when it began, and that three groups had been "pressing this country toward war" -- the Roosevelt Administration, the British, and the Jews, and complained about what he insisted was the Jews' "large ownership and influence in our motion pictures, our press, our radio and our government." He made clear however his opposition to anti-Semitism, stating that "All good men of conscience must condemn the treatment of the Jews in Germany", further advising "Instead of agitating for war, the Jewish groups in this country should be opposing it in every possible way for they will be among the first to feel its consequences. Tolerance is a virtue that depends upon peace and strength. History shows that it cannot survive war and devastation."[177]
On this day, Charles A. Lindbergh, a national hero since his nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic, testifies before the House Foreign Affairs Committee on the Lend-Lease policy-and suggests that the United States negotiate a neutrality pact with Hitler.
Lindbergh was born in 1902 in Detroit. His father was a member of the House of Representatives. Lindbergh's interest in aviation led him to flying school in Lincoln, Nebraska, and later brought him work running stunt-flying tours and as an airmail pilot. While regularly flying a route from St. Louis to Chicago, he decided to try to become the first pilot to fly alone nonstop from New York to Paris. He obtained the necessary financial backing from a group of businessmen, and on May 21, 1927, after a flight that lasted slightly over 33 hours, Lindbergh landed his plane, the Spirit of St. Louis, in Paris. He won worldwide fame along with his $25,000 prize.
In March 1932, Lindbergh made headlines again, but this time because of the kidnapping of his two-year-old son. The baby was later found dead, and the man convicted of the crime, Bruno Hauptmann, was executed. To flee unwanted publicity, Lindbergh and his wife, Anne Morrow, daughter of U.S. ambassador Dwight Morrow, moved to Europe. During the mid-1930s, Lindbergh became familiar with German advances in aviation and warned his U.S. counterparts of Germany's growing air superiority. But Lindbergh also became enamored of much of the German national "revitalization" he encountered, and allowed himself to be decorated by Hitler's government, which drew tremendous criticism back home.
Upon Lindbergh's return to the States, he agitated for neutrality with Germany, and testified before Congress in opposition to the Lend-Lease policy, which offered cash and military aid to countries friendly to the United States in their war effort against the Axis powers. His public denunciation of "the British, the Jewish, and the Roosevelt Administration" as instigators of American intervention in the war, as well as comments that smacked of anti-Semitism, lost him the support of other isolationists. When, in 1941, President Roosevelt denounced Lindbergh publicly, the aviator resigned from the Air Corps Reserve. He eventually contributed to the war effort, though, flying 50 combat missions over the Pacific. His participation in the war, along with his promotion to brigadier general of the Air Force Reserve in 1954 by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, a popular Pulitzer Prize-winning book, The Spirit of St. Louis,, and a movie based on his exploits all worked to redeem him in the public's eyes.[178]
January 23, 1942(5th of Shevat, 5702): In Novi Sad, Hungary, 550 Jews and 292 Serbs were driven onto the ice and then shelled. All drowned.[179]
January 23, 1942: Despite the shaky start, Enterprise and Task Force 8 arrived off Samoa on schedule, and took up station 100 miles north of the islands. For five days, she steamed east to west and back again, her planes searching northwest for any sign of the Japanese, and south for Yorktown and the transports, which arrived on January 23. [180]
January 23, 1943: Italian authorities refuse to cooperate with Germans in deportations of French Jews living in zones of France under Italian control.[181]
January 23, 1959: USS Scamp (SSN-588) James Kirby, Sonar
Career
Name:
USS Scamp
Ordered:
July 23, 1957
Builder:
Mare Island Naval Shipyard
Laid down:
January 23, 1959
Launched:
October 8, 1960
Commissioned:
June 5, 1961
Decommissioned:
April 28, 1988
Struck:
April 28, 1988
Honors and
awards:
Three campaign stars for Vietnam War service
Fate:
Entered the Submarine Recycling Program in 1990[182]
USS Scamp (SSN-588), a Skipjack-class nuclear-powered submarine, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the scamp, a member of the serranidae family of fish.
Her keel was laid down on January 23, 1959 at Mare Island Naval Shipyard in Vallejo, California. She was launched on October 8, 1960, sponsored by Mrs. John C. Hollingsworth, widow of Commander John C. Hollingsworth, the commanding officer of Scamp (SS-277) at the time of her loss in November 1944. She was commissioned at Mare Island on June 5, 1961 with Commander W. N. Dietzen in command. [183]
General Characteristics: Awarded: July 23, 1957
Keel laid: January 23, 1959
Launched: October 8, 1960
Commissioned: June 5, 1961
Decommissioned: April 28, 1988
Builder: Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Vallejo, Calif.
Propulsion system: one S5W nuclear reactor
Propellers: one
Length: 251.64 feet (76.7 meters)
Beam: 31.5 feet (9.6 meters)
Draft: 27.9 feet (8.5 meters)
Displacement: Surfaced: approx. 2,880 tons Submerged: approx. 3,500 tons
Speed: Surfaced: approx. 15 knots Submerged: approx. 30 knots
Armament: six 533 mm torpedo tubes
Crew: 8 Officers, 85 Enlisted [184]
In 1961, The American League expanded from 8 to 10 teams. Team rosters were generally watered down as players who would likely have been playing at AAA or lower were now in the majors. The Yankees, however, were left mainly intact. In addition, the season was extended from 154 games to 162 games. On January 23, 1961, an Associated Press reporter asked Maris whether the schedule changes might threaten Babe Ruth's single-season home run record; Maris replied, "Nobody will touch it... Look up the records and you'll see that it's a rare year when anybody hits 50 homers, let alone 60."
Maris (left) with Mickey Mantle in 1961.
[185]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/3102bc
[2] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 1.
[3] The Oriental Institute Museum, Photo by Jeff Goodlove, January 2, 2011.
[4] The Oriental Institute Museum, Photo by Jeff Goodlove, January 2, 2011.
[5] The Oriental Institute Museum, Photo by Jeff Goodlove, January 2, 2011.
[6] The Oriental Institute Museum, Photo by Jeff Goodlove, January 2, 2011
[7] The Oriental Institute Museum, Photo by Jeff Goodlove, January 2, 2011
[8] The Oriental Institute Museum, photo by Jeff Goodlove, January 2, 2011.
[9] The Oriental Institute Museum, photo by Jeff Goodlove, January 2, 2011.
[10] History of the World in Two Hours, H2, 10/3/2011
[11] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge
[12] http://timelines.ws/0A1MILL_3300BC.HTML
[13] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[14] Saint Patrick: The Man, the Myth, 1997, HISTI.
[15] http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/638
[16] http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/909
[17] http://www.britroyals.com/timeline.asp
[18] The Grand Canyon, September 5, 2011
[19] http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam15.html
[20] http://www.britroyals.com/timeline.asp
[21] http://www.britroyals.com/timeline.asp
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[33] http://matsonfamily.net/WelchAncestry/family_vance.htm
[34] http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam15.html
[35] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timetable_of_major_worldwide_volcanic_eruptions
[36] http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam15.html
[37] http://www.britroyals.com/timeline.asp
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[49] http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam15.html
[50] http://www.britroyals.com/timeline.asp
[51] http://www.britroyals.com/timeline.asp
[52] The Grand Canyon, September 5, 2011
[53] Nature Center, Moraine Hills State Park, McHenry, IL
[54] Arrowheads. The Indians made arrowheads and other sharp instruments from flint, agate or other varieties of quartz. Flint and other quartzite rocks are not common in western PA; therefore, many flints found in the area were brought in from the outside. Occasionally an arrowhead was formed from an animal bone. http://www.thelittlelist.net/abetoawl.htm#abenaki
[55] The Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[56] The Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[57] The Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[58] The Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[59] The Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[60] The Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[61] The Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[62] The Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[63] The Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[64] The Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[65] The Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[66] http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam16.html
[67] http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~bonsteinandgilpin/germany.htm
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[76] http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam16.html
[77] http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam16.html
[78] DNA and Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews, Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004, pg. 90
[79] The First Crusade by Steven Runciman, page 24.
[80] http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam16.html
[81] http://www.britroyals.com/timeline.asp
[82] 13 ^ a b Name Meanings Ancestry.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-23 14. ^ a b c d e f g Byars, pp. 246–247.
[83] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Mackinnon
[84] http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam16.html
[85] http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam16.html
[86] The First Crusade by Steven Runciman, page 24.
[87] Introducing Islam, by Dr. Shams Inati, page 99.
[88] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timetable_of_major_worldwide_volcanic_eruptions
[89] The First Crusade by Steven Runciman, page 25.
[90] http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam16.html
[91] http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam16.html
[92] http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam16.html
[93] http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/971
[94] http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam17.html
[95] http://www.britroyals.com/timeline.asp
[96] http://www.britroyals.com/timeline.asp
[97] http://www.britroyals.com/timeline.asp
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[99] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacKinnon
[100] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacKinnon
[101] http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam16.html
[102] http://www.britroyals.com/timeline.asp
[103] http://www.britroyals.com/timeline.asp
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[117] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacKinnon
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[127] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[128] mike@abcomputers.com
[129] mike@abcomputers.com
[130] mike@abcomputers.com
[131] mike@abcomputers.com
[132] http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam16.html
[133] mike@abcomputers.com
[134] http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam16.html
[135] mike@abcomputers.com
[136] www.wikipedia.org
[137] http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam16.html
[138] http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam17.html
[139] mike@abcomputers.com
[140] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact
[141] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[142] The Timetables of American History, Laurence Urdang.
[143] The Timetables of American History, Laurence Urdang.
[144] 1010: Robert II, King of France, seeks to strengthen the royal power of his country, conquering several towns and acquiring the duchy of Burgundy.[144]
[145] mike@abcomputers.com
[146] mike@abcomputers.com
[147] [1] http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/eng_captions/18-4.html
[148] [3] www.wikipedia.com
[149] [2[3] www.wikipedia.com] http://christianparty.net/jewsexpelled.htm
[150] [4] Tracing your DNA for Family History and Ancestry by Anne Hart, page 19.
[151] mike@abcomputers.com
[152] http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1265
[153] mike@abcomputers.com
[154] http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1368
[155] History of the Jews of Strasbourg, by Chief rabbi Max Warschawski.
[156] mike@abcomputers.com
[157] http://www.historyorb.com/today/
[158] http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1492
[159] Wikipedia
[160] Wikipedia
[161] (Scharf's History of Western Maryland, vol. 1, p. 505.
[162] (William Stevens Perry, D.D. Historical Collections of American Colonial Churches, p. 345).
[163] (Ernest Helfenstein, The History of All Saints' Parish in Frederick Co., Maryland, 1742-1932, pp. 21-25.) Ancestors of Forrest Roger Garnett, pp. 224.5-224.6
[164] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/london-merchants-petition-for-reconciliation-with-america
[165] About Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors in the War of the Revolution, 17 Vols.Prepared by the Secretary of the Commonwealth, this is an indexed compilation of the records of the Massachusetts soldiers and sailors who served in the army or navy during the...
[166] Crawford Coat of Arms
[167] http://www.nndb.com/people/948/000068744
[168] Gerol “Gary” Goodlove Conrad and Caty, 2003
[169] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/earthquake-causes-fluvial-tsunami-in-mississippi
[170] Yorktown Victory Center, Yorktown Virginia, Photo by Jeff Goodlove, 2008.
[171] The Papers of Andrew Jackson, Volume V, 1821-1824
[172] http://rogerjnorton.com/Lincoln92.html
[173] William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary
[174] Joseph W. Crowther, Co. H. 128th NY Vols.
[175] http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Goodlove&GSbyrel=in&GSdyrel=in&GSob=n&GRid=91845504&
[176] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[177] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[178] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/lindbergh-to-congress-negotiate-with-hitler
[179] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[180] http://www.cv6.org/1942/marshalls/marshalls_2.htm
[181] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[182] This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.Skipjack-class submarine:
•Skipjack
•Scamp
•Scorpion
•Sculpin
•Shark
•Snook
[183] This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.Skipjack-class submarine:
•Skipjack
•Scamp
•Scorpion
•Sculpin
•Shark
•Snook
[184] http://navysite.de/ssn/ssn588.htm
[185] Wikipedia
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