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Birthdays on January 27…
Frances C. Crawford Comer (3rd cousin 4x removed)
Rachel Crawford Silvey
David Goodlove
Ester Kirby (1st cousin 3x removed of the ex)
John L. Nix (7th cousin 4x removed)
Deborah Nunemaker Demar (3rd cousin)
Cathy M. Smith (5th great grandniece of the wife of the 3rd great granduncle)
Seth J. Stevenson (3rd cousin 4x removed)
Isaac R. Truax (3rd great granduncle of the ex)
Deborah Winch (half 6th great grandaunt)
Nelly Winch (1st cousin 7x removed)
January 27, 98: Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva. The second of the three Jewish revolts against Roman authority took place at the end of Trajan’s reign. This second revolt took place in the Diaspora. It started in 115 and lasted until 117. The revolt began in Egypt and then spread to other parts of North Africa including Libya, Cyrenaica and the Island of Cyprus. The revolt angered Trajan because it took place while he was campaigning in the East and he saw it as an act of treachery aimed at his rear. Just as the Jews of the Diaspora remained passive during the two revolts that took place in the land of Israel, so the Jews of Israel took no part in this bloody action which resulted in the destruction of the Cypriot Jewish community and the start of the decline of the Egyptian Jewish community.[1]
Trajan, born September 15, 53 CE was Roman emperor from 98 until his death of 117. In the last decade of his rule, Trajan began a campaign against the Parthians, a people living east of the Roman Empire. Since this territory bordered Judea with its large Jewish population, Trajan sought to improve relations between Rome and his Jewish subjects. There were even reports that Trajan would allow a rebuilding of the Temple. However, as the Romans moved into Parthia, he met stiff military opposition, fueled in part, by Jews living in Parthia who despised Rome for destroying the Temple. At the same time, Jews in Egypt also rebelled against Rome. The violence there forced Trajan to send legions to the land along the Nile which weakened his already doomed campaign against Parthia.[2]
Late 1st-Early 2nd centuryTacitus writes anti-Jewish polemic in his ‘Histories (book 5). He reports on several old myths of ancient anti-Semitism (including that of the donkey’s head in the Holy of Holies), but the key to his view that Jews “regard the rest of mankind with all the hatred of enemies” is his analysis of the extreme differences between monotheistic Judaism and the polytheism common throughout the Roman world. [3]
The Roman ruled city of Jerusalem in 100 A.D. is a place of intense religious climate. Judaism, Roman cults, and Christian groups all compete for followers. Most scholars believe that Mathew, Mark, Luke, and John died long before their Gospels were written. There were more than four Gospels, there were more than thirty.[4]
By the first century, however, the Jewish Diaspora had already spread to a number of regions of the world, many of which may have contributed to the make-up of the early Ashkenazi Jewish community. These include the Aegean Island of Delos, Ostia (a main port of Rome), Alexandria, and other places in Macedonia and Asia Minor (Konner 2003, p. 83). Jews also began to migrate north of the Alps, probably from Italy (Ostrer 2001).[5]
The Second Century: There are records of Jewish traders venturing from both Italy and the Middle East into Europe and Russia as early as the second century. [6]
AD 100 - Change was made in the synagogue service separating Jews from Christians
All eighteen are recited on weekdays, on Sabbaths only seven. But at this time, an additional one was added. It is known in Hebrew as the Birkothamanine, the blessing concerning the heretics. But it’s not really a blessing. “May the apostates have no hope. May the dominion of wickedness be speedily uprooted in our days. May the Nazarenes and the heretics quickly perish and not be inscribed together with the righteous. Blessed art Thou, the eternal, our God, who crushes the wicked.”
It smoked out the Christians, because anyone could be asked to lead out in the recitation of this. Anybody, everybody was supposed to say “Amen” at the end of each one and this made it very uncomfortable, in fact impossible, for Christians to participate in the, the Pharisee-led synagogue service from that time onward.
The evidence of this synagogue prayer helps sharpen our picture of first-century Christians. It’s clear that they were keeping the Sabbath right along with their Jewish brothers. So now the Jews were becoming less tolerant of Christians. But Christians themselves were beginning to question the value of their connection to Judaism.[3][7]
2nd Century: Matrilineality in Judaism
2nd Century: Matrilineality in Judaism is the view that people born of a Jewish mother are themselves Jewish. The Torah does not explicitly discuss the conferring of Jewish status through matrilineality, and in apparent contrast to this position, the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) provides many examples of Israelite men whose children by foreign women appear to have been accepted as Israelite. However, Jewish oral tradition codified in Mishnah in the 2nd century CE serves as the basis of a shift in Rabbinic Judaism from patrilineal to matrilineal descent.[8]
The Mishnah (Kiddushin 3:12) states that, to be a Jew, one must be either the child of a Jewish mother or a convert to Judaism, (ger tzedek, "righteous convert"). This law originated in the Talmud (Kiddushin 68b). Orthodox opinion regards this rule as dating from receipt of the Torah at Mount Sinai, but most non-Orthodox scholars regard it as originating either at the time of Ezra (4th Century BCE) or during the period of Roman rule in the 1st–2nd centuries CE, as patrilineal descent is known to have been the standard of Judaism prior to that time.[9]
100 and 200 A.D. Ceremonial Knives and Blades. Colima, Mexico, Red obsidian.
.+Nicoya,+Guanacast+province,+Costa+Rica.+Volcanic+Stone.jpg)
100 to 500 A.D.: Ceremonial Grinding Table (Metate). Nicoya, Guanacast province, Costa Rica. Volcanic Stone. [12]
100 to 800 A.D.: Storyteller Figure, Jalisco, Ameca Valley, Mexico, Ceramic and pigment. Ceramic figures in energetic poses and with lively expressions were made in the Ameca Valley, Jalisco. Like other West Mexican works of art, they were intended as offereings in tombs. The range of subjects depicted by these sculptures includes gesturing individuals whose hand positions communicated well established meansings. This sign language has yet to be described and interpreted, but such excited figures may well be recounting legends or myths.[14]
106 A.D.: We have no good historical record for these early Palestinian Christians during the period from the flight to Pella in 66 A.D. to the execution of the aged Simon during the reign of Trajan, probably around 106 A.D. Itr is like a curtain has descended over the history of the original followers of John the Baptrizer, Jesus, James, and Simon for forty years. [16]
112 AD : “But not all the relief that could come from man, not all the bounties that the prince could bestow, nor all the atonements which could be presented to the gods, availed to relieve Nero from the infamy of being believed to have ordered the conflagration, the fire of Rome. Hence to suppress the rumor, he falsely charged with the guilot, and punished with the most exquisite tortures, the persons commonly called Christians, who were hated for their enormities. Christus, the founder of the name, was put to death by Pontius Pilate, procurator of Judea in the rign of Tiberius: but the pernicious superstition, repressed for a time broke out again, not only through Judea, where the mischief originated, but throught the city of Rome also.”
Annals XV.44[17]
Built in Rome around 114 C.E., Trajan’s Column commemorates the emperor’s conquest of Dacia, in Central Europe, about eight years earlier. Soon Trajan would face another military challenge, the Jewish “Diaspora Rebellions” of 115-117. [18]
AD 115 - Epistle of Barnabas written in Alexandria
First documented evidence of a desire to separate Christianity from Jewish customs, which was written after the prophesied fall of the Jewish temple.[19]
115-117: THE SECOND ROMAN REBELLION (Roman Empire)[20]
Thousands of Jews are killed during civil unrest in Egypt, Cyprus, and Cyrenaica, as recounted by Cassius Dio History of Rome (68.31), and Eusebius’ Historia Ecclesiastica (4.2), and papyrii.[21]
56-117 CE: The evidence connecting Saturn, the Sabbath, and the Jews in the Roman period is vast and well known. Saturn, the seventh planet (if we include the sun and the moon) and a Greco-Roman god, was naturally perceived as governing the Sabbath, the seventh day or Satur(n)day. Tacitus (56-117 CE), a great believer in a relatyionship between Saturn and the Jews, famously speculated that the “Jews rest every seventh day…in honor of Saturn…the seventh and highest of the heavenlhy bodies. The logic is simple and hardly innovative, if Saturn governs or at least is linked to the Sabbath, it is most probably connected to the rivus sabbatis, the Sambatyon, as well.
After all, from the Roman perspective, the river carries the very name of Saturn. [22]
117 A.D.: Roman Empire: 1.9 Million Square Miles.[23]
Rome
It's impossible to stroll through modern Rome and not bump into reminders of its ancient past. The Forum, the Colosseum and the Pantheon, just to name a few, are lasting testaments to the capital of an empire once made up of 2.5 million square miles, three continents and about 100 million people. The empire reached its zenith in 117 AD, when the emperor Trajan ruled from Rome and months-long gladiator games were held to celebrate the city's glory. [24]
117 AD: There used to be quite a few people with variants of the name Goodfriend (i.e. Gutfrajnd, Gutfreund, Gutfraynd, etc.) in the area around Kalisz, Poland as well in parts of Hungary and Austria. My current guess is that they were part of the wave of Jews who had gone from Judea to Southern France when they were exiled by the Romans in 117AD. [25]
January 27, 661: The Rashidun Caliphate ends with death of Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad. Begun in 632, the Caliphate marked a period of conquest that gave Islam control over a large swath of North Africa, the old Persian Empire and the modern Middle East. It was during this period that the forces of Islam defeated the Byzantines thus giving them control over Jerusalem.[26]
661-750: Ali assassinated. Islam power passed into the hands of the Umayyuad clan. Muslims had chosen the first four caliphs, but the Umayyad caliph Muawiya named his son Yazid as his successor, establishing a dynasty that would last until 750. [27]
662:
Khawarij revolts.[28]
663/664
Although resisting the Roman brand of Christianity for many years, especially the date Easter should be observed, the Celts finally succumbed at the Synod of Whitby (663/664) and accepted the Roman customs. [29]
666:
Raid of Sicily. [30]
670 A.D. In 670 the Frankish bishop Arculf set out for the East and managed to make a complete tour of Egypt, Syria and Palestine, and to return through Constantinople; but the journey took several years, and he met with many hardships.[31]
670:
Advance in North Africa. Uqba b Nafe founds the town of Qairowan in Tunisia. Conquest of Kabul[32]
672:
Capture of the island of Rhodes. Campaigns in Khurasan. [33]
672-692 A.D.: Mayan Tomb May Belong to Warrior Queen
By Megan Gannon, News Editor | LiveScience.com – 8 hrs ago
Archaeologists say they've discovered what could be the tomb of one of the greatest Mayan rulers, the seventh-century warrior queen Lady K'abel.
The tomb was revealed during digging at the ancient Maya city of El Perú-Waka' in the rain forest of northern Guatemala. Alongside the body, excavators found a white jar shaped like a conch shell with the head and arm of a woman carved at the opening. The artifact had four hieroglyphs that suggest it belonged to K'abel.
"Nothing is ever proven in archaeology because we're working with circumstantial evidence. But in our case we have a carved stone alabaster jar that is named K'abel's possession," David Freidel, an archaeologist working on the site, explained in a video. Freidel, of Washington University in St. Louis, said the find is "as close to a smoking gun" as you get in archaeology.
The plazas, palaces, temple pyramids and residences of El Perú-Waka' belong to the Classic Maya civilization (A.D. 200-900). K'abel was part of a royal family and carried the title "Kaloomte'," which translates to "Supreme Warrior," meaning she had even higher in authority than her king husband, K'inich Bahlam, according to Freidel and his excavation team. K'abel is believed to have reigned with him from about A.D. 672-692. [Top 12 Warrior Moms in History]
Ceramic vessels found in the burial chamber and carvings on a stela (stone slab) outside of it also indicate the tomb belongs to K’abel, as does a large red spiny oyster shell found on the lower torso of the remains, the researchers said.
"Late Classic queens at Waka', including K'abel, regularly wore such a shell as a girdle ornament in their stela portraits while kings did not," the researchers wrote in a report on the finds.
An examination of the remains indicated the buried person was a "mature individual," the researchers wrote. But the bones were too deteriorated for scientists to determine whether they belonged to a male or female.
Excavations have been underway at El Perú-Waka' since 2003. The K'abel find has not yet appeared in a peer-reviewed scientific journal.[34]
674:
The Muslims cross the Oxus. Bukhara becomes a vassal state.[35]
677:
Occupation of Sarnarkand and Tirmiz. Siege of Constantinople. [36]
680: Ali’s son Hussein in 680 murdered by the Umayyads. The murder Ali and his son Hussein caused a major rigt in the Muslim community. The larger group of Muslims continued to follow the Umayyad caliphs; they became known as Sunni Muslims. A smaller group, which had revered Ali and Hussein, argued that the Umayyad caliphs were not legitimate and instead supported the descendants of Ali. They became known as the Shiites. Although Shiites and Sunnis agreed on the major points of Islamic doctrine, the Shiites developed additional traditions and beliefs that differed from those of the mainstream Sunnis. [37] Islam split into Shiite and Sunni sects in the 7th century after disagreements over who should succeed the prophet Muhammed. [38]
680: At the Battle of Karbala, Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, was decapitated by forces under Caliph Yazid I. This is commemorated by Shi’a Muslims as Aashurah. This is part of the split between the Shiites and the Sunnis that has led to so much violence and had an impact on the terrorist war against Israel and other nations of the world.[39]
681: The Twelfth Council of Toledo, Spain orders burning of the Talmud and other “heretic” books.[40]
January 27, 1186: Henry VI, the son and heir of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I, married Constance of Sicily. During Henry’s reign Jews would be massacred from the Rhine districts all the way to the Vienna.[41]
January 27, 1349: The Jews were driven out of Burgundy and escorted as far as Montbozon.[42]
January 27, 1449: New Christians or Conversos were the targets of a riot in Toledo, Spain. The Conversos especially the wealthy ones, were attacked during a revolt against taxation. Three hundred of them decided to band together and defend themselves. During the attack one Christian were killed. In response, 22 Marranos were murdered and numerous of their houses were destroyed.[43]
In the mid 1400’s the Sinclair’s built Rosslyn Chapel, of Divinci Code fame. Here obscured in shadow, a now familiar symbol, the hooked X, the same rare mark found on the Kensington rune stone. The Sinclair family was one of the original Nights Templar families. [44]
1450: Jerusalem population during Mamluk Moslem rule, 10,000.[45] Jews again expelled from Bavaria. [1][46] Ludwig IX expelled the Jews from Lower Bavaria.[2][47] They were flung into prison until they paid the duke a ransom of 32,000 crowns and were then driven from the duchy. End of reign of King Sejong of Korea, script money issued, Building of Great Zimbabwe of S Africa at height, death of Alain Chartier the French poet, death of Pisanello (Antonio Pisano) the Italian painter, Francesci Sfirza enters Milan and assumes title of duke, Jack Cade’s rebellion in England, Incas subdue the Indians of Chimu in northern Peru, Vatican library founded, Gutenberg prints “Constance Mass Book”, Florence under the Medici becomes center of Renaissance and humanism, death of Pisanello the Italian painter, Mocha in southwestern Arabia becomes main port for coffee export, Louis XI of France directs creation of weirdest musical instrument – pig-based keyboard, Pope Nicholas V authorizes subjugation of pagans by Portuguese, Johannes Gutenberg develops moveable type, End of first printing press, End of Great Mali Kingdom of Africa, Depopulation causes decline of Mississippian towns, European population reaches 50 million (was 73 million in 1300), End of reign of King Sejong of Korea, script money issued, Building of Great Zimbabwe of S Africa at height. [48]
1451: Mohammed II becomes Sultan of the Turks, death of Stephen Lochner the Cologne painter, birth of Christopher Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci, Glasgow U founded, Mohammed II ascends Ottoman throne and becomes Sultan of Turkey to 1481, Christopher Columbus born to 1506. [50]
January 27, 1547: Norfolk (Thomas Howard) (husband of the 6th cousin 16x removed) was attainted by statute without trial. The dying King gave his assent to Norfolk's death by royal commissioners, and it was rumoured that he would be executed on the following day.[51]
January 27th, 1556 - Willem of Orange becomes knight of Guilder Flies, Archbishop Thomas Cranmer declared a heretic. [52]
January 27, 1569: She rests at Ripon, where Robert Melvil came to her, on the part of Murray, to assure her of his penitence, and of his anxious desire to cooperate in the marriage which was in contemplation between her and the Duke of Norfolk. [53]
January 27, 1569: To Queen Elizabeth. [54](8th cousin 14x removed)
From Kipon, the 27th January [1569].
Madam, my good sister, — Being forced to leave the place where I have resided till the present moment, without having been able to obtain delay to settle the affairs of my country, from which I am removed by violence and to my great regret, as I desire you to know, with the considerations which move me, to my sorrow, to refuse to follow so readily, which I never intended to contravene, except to obtain leisure to settle my affairs, as I wrote to my Commissioners to inform you more at length on my part, to increase my vexation and many others, I have in this place heard of the displeasure which you are pleased to entertain against me and my said Commissioners. As regards the proclamations, I swear upon my faith that they have heard nothing about them, and that I myself have never seen their contents. I wrote to them
that I had heard that Murray and his accomplices had made such offers, and that they should issue proclamations to apprise the people that they did not agree with him, and should write to Lord Mar, reminding him of the promise which he had made me never to deliver up my son without my consent. This information came to me from Scotland with the copy of a letter which they said you had written to my rebels before they came into this country. Madam, I have never wished to offend you, but I shall take it ill if my child should be delivered up without my consent, by those who have so little right to dispose of him. Consider, Madam, I am a mother, and of an only child : I hope that you will
pardon me, seeing that I blame no one but my rebels for venturing such things. Wherefore, you will please not to blame my Commissioners for that of which they are innocent, but permit them to return like the rest with your good pleasure, and permit one or two to remain with me, to assist me in my affairs, for else I can listen to no proposition of agreement or otherwise.
As to the other letters, I know nothing about them, and have never written such silly things, even if I had imagined them ; wherefore, if you please to enquire, you will find nothing either of my ordering, or of my hand, or letters. Of the rest of my grievances and harsh treatment in my forcible removal, the Bishop of Ross and others will give you a full account, and also I have written to Mr. Cecil touching these letters more at length, not to trouble you with too long a
letter ; except, after presenting my humble commendations to your favour, I pray God to give you, Madam my good sister, in health a long and happy life.
From Ripon, this 27 January.
Your affectionate good sister and cousin,
Marie E. [55] (Mary Queen of Scots) (9th cousin 13x removed)
January 27, 1644: Royal styles of
James II of England (grandparent of the husband of the 7th cousin 15x removed).
•October 14, 1633 – January 27, 1644: styled The Duke of York[152]
•January 27, 1644 – February 6, 1685: The Duke of York[152]
January 27, 1649: The King Charles I (11th cousin 11x removed) was declared guilty at a public session on Saturday January 27, 1649 and sentenced to death. Fifty-nine of the Commissioners signed Charles's death warrant.
After the ruling, he was led from St. James's Palace, where he was confined, to the Palace of Whitehall, where an execution scaffold had been erected in front of the Banqueting House.
January 27, 1695: Mustafa II becomes the Ottoman sultan in Istanbul on the death of Amhed II. Ahmed II had been born in 1643. During his reign he imprison Doctor Hayati Zadi in the Yedikule prison where he died. During the reign of Mustafa II, Belgrade was reconqured and the Jews were allowed to return to the city in 1690. Also, Doctor Nuh efendi, Doctor Levi, Doctor Tobias Cohen and Doctor Israel Koenigland were appointed palace doctors. Mustafa ruled until 1703[56].
January 27, 1750: Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, with its county seat first at Shippensburg, subsequently at Carlisle where it is to-day, was formed by an act of assembly passed January 27, 1750, just about the time when the earliest settlers reached the valley of the Monongahela. That county embraced all the lands west of the North Branch of the Susquehanna, and north and west of the County of York, extending by a shading of inhabitants growing lighter and lighter with the approach to this western wilderness: (See Scull's Map of Pennsylvania, 1770, or Sayer & Bennett's Map, 1775.) At the time of its organization the Eckerlins and their companions were in the present Greene County near the mouth of Dunkard Creek.[57]
January 27, 1774
At home all day alone, except Mr. Valentine Crawfords[58] (6th great granduncle) being here.[59]
“FINCASTLE COUNTY, VIRGINIA, January 27, 1774.
“Notice is hereby given to the gentlemen, officers, and soldiers, who claim land under his Majesty’s proclamation of the 7th of October, 1763, who have obtained warrants from his Excellency the right Honorable the Earl of Dunniore, directed to the surveyor of Fincastle county, and intend to locate their land on or near the Ohio, below the mouth of the Great Kanawha or New river, that several assistant surveyors will attend at the mouth of the New river on Thursday, the 14th of April next, to survey, for such only as have or may obtain his lordship’s warrant for that purpose.
“I would therefore request that the claimants or their agents will be very punctual in meeting at the time and place above mentioned, properly provided with chain-carriers and otimer necessaries, to proceed on the business without delay. Several gentlemen acquainted with that part of the country are of’ the opinion that to prevent insults from strolling parties of Indians, there ought to be at least fifty men on the river below time Great Kanawha to attend to the business as the gentlemen present may judge most proper until it is done, or the season prevent them from surveying any more. Should the gentlemen concerned be of the same opinion, they will, doubtless, furnish that or any less number they may believe necessary. It is hoped the officers or their agents who may have land surveyed, particularly such as do not reside in the colonies, will be careful to send the surveying fee when the certificates are demanded.
“WILLIAM PRESTON, Surveyor of Fincastle County.’’
January 27, 1794
No. 2 William Harrison (5th great grandfather)
[60]
January 27, 1823: Andrew Jackson confirmed by U.S. Senate as Envory Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States to Mexico. [61]
MOSES VANCE,(1st cousin 7x removed) b. May 23, 1773; died January 27, 1829; married ELIZABETH, daughter of JACOB & ELIZABETH STRICKLER, settlers in Tyrone Township in 1797.
ELIZABETH STRICKLER, b. 1773; died September 8, 1849, and both (husband and wife)are buried on the NATHANIEL KING Farm.
Their Children:
JOHN VANCE, b. January 11, 1797; d. March 12, 1886; married MARY STRICKLER, daughter
of ABRAHAM STRICKLER.
JACOB VANCE, b. November 7, 1798; d. November 4, 1883; married CHARLOTTE HARDY
SAMUEL VANCE, b. July 30, 1800
FRANCES VANCE, b. Mary 27, 1802
WILLIAM VANCE, b. December 6, 1804
CRAWFORD VANCE, b. March 13, 1806; married SUSAN CLAYTON
MARGARET VANCE, b. March 29, 1808
ALFRED VANCE, b. April 22, 1810
ELISA VANCE, b. September 22, 1813; single
GEORGE VANCE, b. January 12, 1815; single"
[Reference, MOSES VANCE FAMILY, found in the book "History of Fayette
County, Pennsylvania, pages 401, 784, 787", by author Franklin Ellis;
information transcribed for PA Archives, November 1997.]
End of Vance index[62]
“FORT PITT, January 27, 1782.
“Orders. Captain -Clark, commanding. A garrison court-martial will set to-morrow morning at ten o’clock for the trial of Richard Richards, matross in Captain [Isaac) Craig’s company of artillery. Captain [Uriah Springer (husband of the 5th greatgrandmother) will preside: members — Captain [James) Lloyd, Lieutenant Crawford (5th great granduncle), Lieutenant [Jacob] Coleman, Lieutenant [Henry) Dawson.”[63]
January 27, 1812: On December 16, 1811, an earthquake shook the entire mid-section of North America exactly as predicted. It continued off and on for two days, the second on January 23, the third on January 27 and the worst, the fourth, on February 13, 1811, according to Allan Eckert’s narrative. It would have been the next August that Conrad Goodlove (3rd greatgrandfather) and William McKinnon would have entered the war; Conrad would have felt the earthquake tremors. [64]
January 27, 1826
Age 41
Birth of Lt. General Richard Taylor (CSA)
Louisville, Jefferson, Kentucky, United States
[65]
January 27, 1828: David Godlove, born January 27, 1828; died March 07, 1901. He married Mary Mitilda Orndorff September 17, 1857; born 1839; died 1902. [66]
Abraham Lincoln (9th cousin 1x removed of the wife of the nephew of the wife of the 1st cousin 10x removed), January 27, 1838
Let every American pledge his life, his property, and his sacred honor;
Let every man remember that to violate the law, is to trample on the bloode of his father
And to tear the character of his own, and his children’s liberty.
Let reverence for the laws be breathed by every American mother to the lisping babe that prattles on her lap.
Let it be taught in schools, in seminars and in colleges;
]Let it be written in primers, spelling books and in Almanacs;
Let it be preached from the pulpit, proclaimed in legislative halls, and enforced in courts of justice.
And, in short, let it become the political religion of the nation;
And let the old and the young, the rich and the poor,
The grave and the gay, of all sexes and tongues, and colors and conditions,
Sacrifice unceasingly upon altars.[67]
Lyceum Address
As one of Abraham Lincoln's earliest published speeches, this address has been much scrutinized and debated by historians, who see broad implications for his later public policies. Lincoln was 28 years old at the time he gave this speech and had recently moved from a rough pioneer village to Springfield, Illinois.
William Herndon, Lincoln's law partner, describes the event this way: "we had a society in Springfield, which contained and commanded all the culture and talent of the place. Unlike the other one its meetings were public, and reflected great credit on the community ... The speech was brought out by the burning in St. Louis a few weeks before, by a mob, of a negro. Lincoln took this incident as a sort of text for his remarks ... The address was published in the Sangamon Journal and created for the young orator a reputation which soon extended beyond the limits of the locality in which he lived."
The Perpetuation of Our Political Institutions:
Address Before the Young Men's Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois
January 27, 1838
As a subject for the remarks of the evening, the perpetuation of our political institutions, is selected.
In the great journal of things happening under the sun, we, the American People, find our account running, under date of the nineteenth century of the Christian era.--We find ourselves in the peaceful possession, of the fairest portion of the earth, as regards extent of territory, fertility of soil, and salubrity of climate. We find ourselves under the government of a system of political institutions, conducing more essentially to the ends of civil and religious liberty, than any of which the history of former times tells us. We, when mounting the stage of existence, found ourselves the legal inheritors of these fundamental blessings. We toiled not in the acquirement or establishment of them--they are a legacy bequeathed us, by a once hardy, brave, and patriotic, but now lamented and departed race of ancestors. Their's was the task (and nobly they performed it) to possess themselves, and through themselves, us, of this goodly land; and to uprear upon its hills and its valleys, a political edifice of liberty and equal rights; 'tis ours only, to transmit these, the former, unprofaned by the foot of an invader; the latter, undecayed by the lapse of time and untorn by usurpation, to the latest generation that fate shall permit the world to know. This task of gratitude to our fathers, justice to ourselves, duty to posterity, and love for our species in general, all imperatively require us faithfully to perform.
How then shall we perform it?--At what point shall we expect the approach of danger? By what means shall we fortify against it?-- Shall we expect some transatlantic military giant, to step the Ocean, and crush us at a blow? Never!--All the armies of Europe, Asia and Africa combined, with all the treasure of the earth (our own excepted) in their military chest; with a Buonaparte for a commander, could not by force, take a drink from the Ohio, or make a track on the Blue Ridge, in a trial of a thousand years.
At what point then is the approach of danger to be expected? I answer, if it ever reach us, it must spring up amongst us. It cannot come from abroad. If destruction be our lot, we must ourselves be its author and finisher. As a nation of freemen, we must live through all time, or die by suicide.
I hope I am over wary; but if I am not, there is, even now, something of ill-omen, amongst us. I mean the increasing disregard for law which pervades the country; the growing disposition to substitute the wild and furious passions, in lieu of the sober judgment of Courts; and the worse than savage mobs, for the executive ministers of justice. This disposition is awfully fearful in any community; and that it now exists in ours, though grating to our feelings to admit, it would be a violation of truth, and an insult to our intelligence, to deny. Accounts of outrages committed by mobs, form the every-day news of the times. They have pervaded the country, from New England to Louisiana;--they are neither peculiar to the eternal snows of the former, nor the burning suns of the latter;--they are not the creature of climate-- neither are they confined to the slave-holding, or the non-slave- holding States. Alike, they spring up among the pleasure hunting masters of Southern slaves, and the order loving citizens of the land of steady habits.--Whatever, then, their cause may be, it is common to the whole country.
It would be tedious, as well as useless, to recount the horrors of all of them. Those happening in the State of Mississippi, and at St. Louis, are, perhaps, the most dangerous in example and revolting to humanity. In the Mississippi case, they first commenced by hanging the regular gamblers; a set of men, certainly not following for a livelihood, a very useful, or very honest occupation; but one which, so far from being forbidden by the laws, was actually licensed by an act of the Legislature, passed but a single year before. Next, negroes, suspected of conspiring to raise an insurrection, were caught up and hanged in all parts of the State: then, white men, supposed to be leagued with the negroes; and finally, strangers, from neighboring States, going thither on business, were, in many instances subjected to the same fate. Thus went on this process of hanging, from gamblers to negroes, from negroes to white citizens, and from these to strangers; till, dead men were seen literally dangling from the boughs of trees upon every road side; and in numbers almost sufficient, to rival the native Spanish moss of the country, as a drapery of the forest.
Turn, then, to that horror-striking scene at St. Louis. A single victim was only sacrificed there. His story is very short; and is, perhaps, the most highly tragic, if anything of its length, that has ever been witnessed in real life. A mulatto man, by the name of McIntosh, was seized in the street, dragged to the suburbs of the city, chained to a tree, and actually burned to death; and all within a single hour from the time he had been a freeman, attending to his own business, and at peace with the world.
Such are the effects of mob law; and such as the scenes, becoming more and more frequent in this land so lately famed for love of law and order; and the stories of which, have even now grown too familiar, to attract any thing more, than an idle remark.
But you are, perhaps, ready to ask, "What has this to do with the perpetuation of our political institutions?" I answer, it has much to do with it. Its direct consequences are, comparatively speaking, but a small evil; and much of its danger consists, in the proneness of our minds, to regard its direct, as its only consequences. Abstractly considered, the hanging of the gamblers at Vicksburg, was of but little consequence. They constitute a portion of population, that is worse than useless in any community; and their death, if no pernicious example be set by it, is never matter of reasonable regret with any one. If they were annually swept, from the stage of existence, by the plague or small pox, honest men would, perhaps, be much profited, by the operation.--Similar too, is the correct reasoning, in regard to the burning of the negro at St. Louis. He had forfeited his life, by the perpetuation of an outrageous murder, upon one of the most worthy and respectable citizens of the city; and had not he died as he did, he must have died by the sentence of the law, in a very short time afterwards. As to him alone, it was as well the way it was, as it could otherwise have been.--But the example in either case, was fearful.--When men take it in their heads to day, to hang gamblers, or burn murderers, they should recollect, that, in the confusion usually attending such transactions, they will be as likely to hang or burn some one who is neither a gambler nor a murderer as one who is; and that, acting upon the example they set, the mob of to-morrow, may, and probably will, hang or burn some of them by the very same mistake. And not only so; the innocent, those who have ever set their faces against violations of law in every shape, alike with the guilty, fall victims to the ravages of mob law; and thus it goes on, step by step, till all the walls erected for the defense of the persons and property of individuals, are trodden down, and disregarded. But all this even, is not the full extent of the evil.--By such examples, by instances of the perpetrators of such acts going unpunished, the lawless in spirit, are encouraged to become lawless in practice; and having been used to no restraint, but dread of punishment, they thus become, absolutely unrestrained.--Having ever regarded Government as their deadliest bane, they make a jubilee of the suspension of its operations; and pray for nothing so much, as its total annihilation. While, on the other hand, good men, men who love tranquility, who desire to abide by the laws, and enjoy their benefits, who would gladly spill their blood in the defense of their country; seeing their property destroyed; their families insulted, and their lives endangered; their persons injured; and seeing nothing in prospect that forebodes a change for the better; become tired of, and disgusted with, a Government that offers them no protection; and are not much averse to a change in which they imagine they have nothing to lose. Thus, then, by the operation of this mobocractic spirit, which all must admit, is now abroad in the land, the strongest bulwark of any Government, and particularly of those constituted like ours, may effectually be broken down and destroyed--I mean the attachment of the People. Whenever this effect shall be produced among us; whenever the vicious portion of population shall be permitted to gather in bands of hundreds and thousands, and burn churches, ravage and rob provision-stores, throw printing presses into rivers, shoot editors, and hang and burn obnoxious persons at pleasure, and with impunity; depend on it, this Government cannot last. By such things, the feelings of the best citizens will become more or less alienated from it; and thus it will be left without friends, or with too few, and those few too weak, to make their friendship effectual. At such a time and under such circumstances, men of sufficient talent and ambition will not be wanting to seize the opportunity, strike the blow, and overturn that fair fabric, which for the last half century, has been the fondest hope, of the lovers of freedom, throughout the world.
I know the American People are much attached to their Government;--I know they would suffer much for its sake;--I know they would endure evils long and patiently, before they would ever think of exchanging it for another. Yet, notwithstanding all this, if the laws be continually despised and disregarded, if their rights to be secure in their persons and property, are held by no better tenure than the caprice of a mob, the alienation of their affections from the Government is the natural consequence; and to that, sooner or later, it must come.
Here then, is one point at which danger may be expected.
The question recurs, "how shall we fortify against it?" The answer is simple. Let every American, every lover of liberty, every well wisher to his posterity, swear by the blood of the Revolution, never to violate in the least particular, the laws of the country; and never to tolerate their violation by others. As the patriots of seventy-six did to the support of the Declaration of Independence, so to the support of the Constitution and Laws, let every American pledge his life, his property, and his sacred honor;--let every man remember that to violate the law, is to trample on the blood of his father, and to tear the character of his own, and his children's liberty. Let reverence for the laws, be breathed by every American mother, to the lisping babe, that prattles on her lap--let it be taught in schools, in seminaries, and in colleges; let it be written in Primers, spelling books, and in Almanacs;--let it be preached from the pulpit, proclaimed in legislative halls, and enforced in courts of justice. And, in short, let it become the political religion of the nation; and let the old and the young, the rich and the poor, the grave and the gay, of all sexes and tongues, and colors and conditions, sacrifice unceasingly upon its altars.
While ever a state of feeling, such as this, shall universally, or even, very generally prevail throughout the nation, vain will be every effort, and fruitless every attempt, to subvert our national freedom.
When I so pressingly urge a strict observance of all the laws, let me not be understood as saying there are no bad laws, nor that grievances may not arise, for the redress of which, no legal provisions have been made.--I mean to say no such thing. But I do mean to say, that, although bad laws, if they exist, should be repealed as soon as possible, still while they continue in force, for the sake of example, they should be religiously observed. So also in unprovided cases. If such arise, let proper legal provisions be made for them with the least possible delay; but, till then, let them, if not too intolerable, be borne with.
There is no grievance that is a fit object of redress by mob law. In any case that arises, as for instance, the promulgation of abolitionism, one of two positions is necessarily true; that is, the thing is right within itself, and therefore deserves the protection of all law and all good citizens; or, it is wrong, and therefore proper to be prohibited by legal enactments; and in neither case, is the interposition of mob law, either necessary, justifiable, or excusable.
But, it may be asked, why suppose danger to our political institutions? Have we not preserved them for more than fifty years? And why may we not for fifty times as long?
We hope there is no sufficient reason. We hope all dangers may be overcome; but to conclude that no danger may ever arise, would itself be extremely dangerous. There are now, and will hereafter be, many causes, dangerous in their tendency, which have not existed heretofore; and which are not too insignificant to merit attention. That our government should have been maintained in its original form from its establishment until now, is not much to be wondered at. It had many props to support it through that period, which now are decayed, and crumbled away. Through that period, it was felt by all, to be an undecided experiment; now, it is understood to be a successful one.--Then, all that sought celebrity and fame, and distinction, expected to find them in the success of that experiment. Their all was staked upon it:-- their destiny was inseparably linked with it. Their ambition aspired to display before an admiring world, a practical demonstration of the truth of a proposition, which had hitherto been considered, at best no better, than problematical; namely, the capability of a people to govern themselves. If they succeeded, they were to be immortalized; their names were to be transferred to counties and cities, and rivers and mountains; and to be revered and sung, and toasted through all time. If they failed, they were to be called knaves and fools, and fanatics for a fleeting hour; then to sink and be forgotten. They succeeded. The experiment is successful; and thousands have won their deathless names in making it so. But the game is caught; and I believe it is true, that with the catching, end the pleasures of the chase. This field of glory is harvested, and the crop is already appropriated. But new reapers will arise, and they, too, will seek a field. It is to deny, what the history of the world tells us is true, to suppose that men of ambition and talents will not continue to spring up amongst us. And, when they do, they will as naturally seek the gratification of their ruling passion, as others have so done before them. The question then, is, can that gratification be found in supporting and maintaining an edifice that has been erected by others? Most certainly it cannot. Many great and good men sufficiently qualified for any task they should undertake, may ever be found, whose ambition would inspire to nothing beyond a seat in Congress, a gubernatorial or a presidential chair; but such belong not to the family of the lion, or the tribe of the eagle. What! think you these places would satisfy an Alexander, a Caesar, or a Napoleon?--Never! Towering genius distains a beaten path. It seeks regions hitherto unexplored.--It sees no distinction in adding story to story, upon the monuments of fame, erected to the memory of others. It denies that it is glory enough to serve under any chief. It scorns to tread in the footsteps of any predecessor, however illustrious. It thirsts and burns for distinction; and, if possible, it will have it, whether at the expense of emancipating slaves, or enslaving freemen. Is it unreasonable then to expect, that some man possessed of the loftiest genius, coupled with ambition sufficient to push it to its utmost stretch, will at some time, spring up among us? And when such a one does, it will require the people to be united with each other, attached to the government and laws, and generally intelligent, to successfully frustrate his designs.
Distinction will be his paramount object, and although he would as willingly, perhaps more so, acquire it by doing good as harm; yet, that opportunity being past, and nothing left to be done in the way of building up, he would set boldly to the task of pulling down.
Here, then, is a probable case, highly dangerous, and such a one as could not have well existed heretofore.
Another reason which once was; but which, to the same extent, is now no more, has done much in maintaining our institutions thus far. I mean the powerful influence which the interesting scenes of the revolution had upon the passions of the people as distinguished from their judgment. By this influence, the jealousy, envy, and avarice, incident to our nature, and so common to a state of peace, prosperity, and conscious strength, were, for the time, in a great measure smothered and rendered inactive; while the deep-rooted principles of hate, and the powerful motive of revenge, instead of being turned against each other, were directed exclusively against the British nation. And thus, from the force of circumstances, the basest principles of our nature, were either made to lie dormant, or to become the active agents in the advancement of the noblest cause--that of establishing and maintaining civil and religious liberty.
But this state of feeling must fade, is fading, has faded, with the circumstances that produced it.
I do not mean to say, that the scenes of the revolution are now or ever will be entirely forgotten; but that like every thing else, they must fade upon the memory of the world, and grow more and more dim by the lapse of time. In history, we hope, they will be read of, and recounted, so long as the bible shall be read;-- but even granting that they will, their influence cannot be what it heretofore has been. Even then, they cannot be so universally known, nor so vividly felt, as they were by the generation just gone to rest. At the close of that struggle, nearly every adult male had been a participator in some of its scenes. The consequence was, that of those scenes, in the form of a husband, a father, a son or brother, a living history was to be found in every family-- a history bearing the indubitable testimonies of its own authenticity, in the limbs mangled, in the scars of wounds received, in the midst of the very scenes related--a history, too, that could be read and understood alike by all, the wise and the ignorant, the learned and the unlearned.--But those histories are gone. They can be read no more forever. They were a fortress of strength; but, what invading foeman could never do, the silent artillery of time has done; the leveling of its walls. They are gone.--They were a forest of giant oaks; but the all-resistless hurricane has swept over them, and left only, here and there, a lonely trunk, despoiled of its verdure, shorn of its foliage; unshading and unshaded, to murmur in a few gentle breezes, and to combat with its mutilated limbs, a few more ruder storms, then to sink, and be no more.
They were the pillars of the temple of liberty; and now, that they have crumbled away, that temple must fall, unless we, their descendants, supply their places with other pillars, hewn from the solid quarry of sober reason. Passion has helped us; but can do so no more. It will in future be our enemy. Reason, cold, calculating, unimpassioned reason, must furnish all the materials for our future support and defence.--Let those materials be moulded into general intelligence, sound morality, and in particular, a reverence for the constitution and laws: and, that we improved to the last; that we remained free to the last; that we revered his name to the last; that, during his long sleep, we permitted no hostile foot to pass over or desecrate his resting place; shall be that which to learn the last trump shall awaken our WASHINGTON.
Upon these let the proud fabric of freedom rest, as the rock of its basis; and as truly as has been said of the only greater institution, "the gates of hell shall not prevail against it."[68]
January 27, 1846: George Smythe, 7th Viscount Strangford (7th cousin 5x removed)
The Right Honourable
Lord Strangford.
Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
In office
January 27, 1846 – June 29, 1846
Monarch
Victoria
Prime Minister
Sir Robert Peel, Bt
Preceded by
The Viscount Canning
Succeeded by
Edward John Stanley
Personal details
Born
April 16, 1818
Died
November 23, 1857
Nationality
British
George Smythe, 7th Viscount Strangford (April 16, 1818 – November 23,1857), styled The Honourable George Smythe until 1855, was a British Conservative politician, best known for his association with Benjamin Disraeli and the Young England movement. He served briefly as Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in 1846 under Sir Robert Peel.[69]
January 27, 1855: Elizabeth “Betsey”.Stephenson: (half 2nd cousin 6x removed)
On October 23, 1810 Elizabeth “Betsey” married Uriah Humble HINCH, son of Samuel Thomas HINCH (-1807) & Charity HUMBLE (1756-1831), in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri. Born in 1790. Uriah Humble died in Audrain County, Missouri on January 27, 1855; he was 65. [70]
January 27, 1861
To N.C. Governor Zebulon Baird Vance, (compilers 3rd cousin, 6 times removed)
From J. C. L. Gudger
Hominy Creek, January 27, 1861: It seems that Pres. Buchanan’s P.M. in and around this part of North Carolina are determined to keep the people in the dark as regards the state of affairs at present existing at Washington & elsewhere for we can get no papers at all till they are two or three weeks old &c &c.
I will therefore trespass so far on your kindness & time as to request you to give me a statement of affairs generally as regards the present existing state of things at Washington &c.
Now we hear any amount of reports but the words are scarely uttered until we hear them contradicted. I would therefore be glad to get something reliable &I know of no one better prepared to gie me such information than yourself.
Crittendens propositions were endorsed by us at a meeting of our citizens during Court week: but I am sorry to learn they were voted down in the House [71]and that Six Southern members refused to vote on them.
I learn subsequently that they are to be reconsidered and that they may possibly be passed. I hope to God that some measures of compromise will be adopted.
We learn also that Sen. Tooms & Gen Scott have a duel and by first report Scott was killed by Second th mind you I’ve had no papers for eight or ten days & I find contradictory reports in them also.
I would mention something of the state of affairs here if I thought I could make it interesting & that you had been written by others more able to post you than myself
However I would say that in the counties at which I attended the courts I think the people, mind you the people are in favor of the Union for a while yet & in Madison I found some in favor of the Union any how, under all circumstances. I am confident that if our Legislature has given us a convention that your district will almost unanimously vote against immediate secession
I hope Mr. Vance that you will do the best that can be done for us and that you will exhaust all Measures of compromise before you cease fighting in behalf of the Constitution, the Union, & the Enforsement of the laws.
I would remark here that some of the great unterified (!!!) are circulating the report that Zeb Vance is a dead dog, he’s gone in for coercion, while one half of the cussed devils don’t Know what coercion means.
But pardon this long letter & I will not weary your patience further. Please remember me in distributing documents &if you have the leisure I shall be much obliged for any information you may be pleased to give me. I am
Washington. [72]
January 27, 1863: Zebulon Baird Vance to John Letcher
(Zebulon B. Vance is the compilers 3rd cousin 6 times removed)
State of North Carolina
Executive Department
Raleigh January 27th, 1863
To His Excellency
John Letcher
Governor of Virginia
Dear Sir
I have recently received information that a Captain Oliver of the Virginia State Line is recruiting conscripts in Ash County in this State, and that a Captain Pauly in the same service is recruiting conscripts and deserters In Ash and Alleghany Counties. It is important that such proceedings should not be permitted to continue and I am satisfied that your Excellency will cheerfully aid me in attaining this result.
I have therefore to request that your Excellency will direct such orders to be issued as will cause all such men hereafter enlisted to be returned to their appropriate commands and will prevent others being hereafter recruited by these officers
With assurances of high regard
I am your obedient Servant
Z. B. Vance[73]
January 27, 1863: Zebulon Baird Vance to William J. Hawkins
State of North Carolina
Executive Department
Raleigh January 27th 1863
Dr. W. J. Hawkings[74]
President
Sir
After looking at the working of things I have concluded that the State Cotton and Corn at Halifax and Enfield will never be hauled. As it is of the very greatest consequence to the state that both should be got away, I want you to stop the night train and haul the Corn and Cotton, let the consequences be what they may unless it can be done speedily without stopping this train.
Very respectfully
Yr. obt. Svt.
Z. B. Vance[75]
January 27, 1863: Robert Crooks Barkley born 1829, Civil War Private in Co. h 24TH IA Volunteer Infantry. Died January 27, 1863 on Board Hospital Ship 'Ida Mary", between Cairo & Memphis on the Mississippi River. Burial near Cairo, IL Civil War Cemetery. Robert married Emma Jane Dunlap September 8, 1859. After his death Emma Jane Dunlap remarried Henry Kimball. They had a daughter Nettie Emma Kimball who married William Henry Armstrong. Their son Hillis married Wilma Goodlove and their son Kenneth married Ethel Goodlove. It was Armstrong brothers marrying Goodlove sisters.[76]
Wed. January 27, 1864
A tree as ornament look like walnut called china tree bears a small yellow berry also poison a great variety of shrubbery in vixburg[77]
(William Harrison Goodlove 2nd great grandfather)
January 27th1865: We worked on our shanty. A part of the 20th Corps left here today.[78]
About 10 p.m. a fire broke out in the city. Supposed to have been set on fire by some of the citizens. The fire engines was all there and put it out. Meanwhile another fire broke out on the other side of town that also was set on her by some citizens of Savannah that was favorable to the rebels. This was a very large fire. It burnt down some 3 or 4 blocks, also a store house that had in it a great many shells that had been captured from the enemy. There was several killed and wounded by the explosion of the shells.
The citizens saved but very little of their frustration. The pieces of shells flew for a half a mile in all directions so that they had all that they could do to save themselves. The fire engines could not get near enough to the fire to do any good on account of the shells bursting. [79]
Panic stricken women, children and negroes were hurrying frantically from the missiles of death. Although the fragments were falling all about our quarters a number of women took refuge in them and felt themselves safe. I suppose for the reason that we took the shelling too coolly.[80]
I was at the fire. It was a terrible sight. The fire was stopped running from building to building about daylight the next morning.[81]
January 27, 1884: John Louis Nix (7th cousin 4x removed) (b. January 27, 1884 / d. December 30, 1952 in AL).[82]
January 27, 1907: Gracie Nix (b. January 27, 1907).[83]
January 27, 1942: In Enterprise, Halsey and his Chief of Staff, CDR Miles Browning, had developed a plan for the raid. The Yorktown force - commanded by Rear Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher - would target Makin, in the Gilbert Islands, and Jaluit and Mili in the southern Marshalls. Halsey and Enterprise, accompanied by Spruance's cruisers, set their sights on Wotje and Taroa (in the Maloelap atoll) in the northern Marshalls. As the Marshalls were suspected of being well-defended, this seemed like a long enough list of targets. New intelligence received January 27, courtesy the submarine Dolphin SS-169, indicated they were not so heavily fortified as once thought, and reported significant enemy air and shipping activity at Kwajalein Atoll, 150 miles due west of Wotje. Browning - a brilliant and aggressive tactician at a time when the Navy desperately needed such men - convinced Halsey to add Kwajalein to his target list.
Doing so entailed considerable risk. In order to bring Kwajalein within range of her bombers, Enterprise would have to operate dangerously close to enemy bases on Wotje and Taroa. Now, though, it was apparent that not striking Kwajalein would be just as dangerous. No matter what, Enterprise would be in range of enemy land-based bombers from the atoll. It was imperative that enemy airfields on Kwajalein and the other islands be struck, and struck hard, before they had opportunity to launch possibly killing blows against the vulnerable carrier. [84]
Uncle Harold Snell was on board the Enterprize)
January 27, 1943: The United States conducts its first bombing raid over a German target at Wilhelmshaven, losing three bombers.[85] Of 64 planes participating in the raid, 53 reached their target and managed to shoot down 22 German planes. The 8th Air Force was activated in February 1942 as a heavy bomber force based in England. Its B-17 Flying Fortresses, capable of sustaining heavy damage while continuing to fly, and its B-24 Liberators, long-range bombers, became famous for precision bombing raids, the premier example being the raid on Wilhelmshaven. Commanded at the time by Brig. Gen. Newton Longfellow, the 8th Air Force was amazingly effective and accurate in bombing warehouses and factories in this first air attack against the Axis power.[86]
January 27, 1944: On this day, Soviet forces permanently break the Leningrad siege line, ending the almost 900-day German-enforced containment of the city, which cost hundreds of thousands of Russian lives.
The siege began officially on September 8, 1941. The people of Leningrad began building antitank fortifications and succeeded in creating a stable defense of the city, but as a result were cut off from all access to vital resources in the Soviet interior, Moscow specifically. In 1942, an estimated 650,000 Leningrad citizens perished from starvation, disease, exposure, and injuries suffered from continual German artillery bombardment.
Barges offered occasional relief in the summer and ice-borne sleds did the same in the winter. Slowly but surely a million of Leningrad's young, sick, and elderly residents were evacuated, leaving about 2 million to ration available food and use all open ground to plant vegetables.
On January 12, Soviet defenses punctured the siege, ruptured the German encirclement, and allowed more supplies to come in along Lake Ladoga. The siege officially ended after 872 days (though it is often called the 900-day siege), after a Soviet counteroffensive pushed the Germans westward.[87]
January 27, 1945: The first Jewish transportation arrived at Aushwitz under the command of Rudolf Hoss, containing 1000 Jews from Slovakia and 1000 women from Ravensbruk. According to a conservative estimate from March 1942 until the liberation on January 27 1945 over 750,000 Jews were gassed within its gates. Hoss himself estimated it at 1,135,000.[88]
January 27, 1945: The Soviet army entered Auschwitz and liberated more than 7,000 remaining prisoners, who were mostly ill and dying. It is estimated that at minimum 1.3 million people were deported to Auschwitz between 1940 and 1945; of these, at least 1.1 million were murdered[89]
January 27, 1945: The Red Army entered Birkenau and found it almost entirely empty of human inhabitants. One survivor found in the hospital was Anne Frank's father, Otto. Anne had died there months earlier from decease. (Otto would return to Amsterdam to find the famed diary.) Though most of the storage facilities were already destroyed, the Russians discover 836,255 women's dresses, 348,000 sets of men's suits and 38,000 pairs of men's shoes.[90]
January 27, 1951: James Benjamin Smith (6th cousin 5x removed) (b. October 20, 1866 / d. January 27, 1951).[91]
January 27, 1963 Lee Harvey Oswald uses “Hidell” alias for the first time, in
filling out mail-order coupon for a revolver. ( Richard Case Nagell admits to having used the same alias.) [92]
January 27, 1990:Martha Elzora VANCE, born June 12, 1915 in Hickey Fork, N.C.; died January 27, 1990 in Buried in the Evergreen Cemetery in Erwin... She married Dallas HENSLEY.[93]
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[2] This Day in Jewish History.
[3] www.widipedia.org
[4] The Gospel of Judas, NTGEO, 4/09/2006
[5] http://www.jogg.info/11/coffman.htm
[6] Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity and the DNA of the Chosen People, by Jon Entine. Page 203.
[7] [3]The Ante-Nicene Fathers, 1:186. Quoted by Kenneth A. Strand, The Sabbath in Scripture and History,(Washington, DC: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1982 p. 331.
[8] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineality_in_Judaism
[9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineality_in_Judaism
[10] The Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[11] Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[12] Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[13] Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[14] Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[15] Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[16] The Hidden History of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Christianity, The Jesus Dynasty, by James D. Tabor, page 301.
[17] Evidence That Demands a Verdict., by Josh McDowell page 81-82.
[18] Heritage:Civilization and the Jews by Abba Eban, 1984, page 104
[19] http://www.freewebs.com/bubadutep75/
[20] http://www.jewishhistory.org.il/history.php?startyear=110&endyear=119
[21] www.wikipedia.org
[22] The Ten Lost Tribes, A World History, Zvi Ben-Dor Benite, page 80.
[23] History of the World in Two Hours, H2, 10/3/2011
[24] http://www.livescience.com/11347-top-10-ancient-capitals.html
[25] Mark Goodfriend, email 2/10/2007. 12 marker DNA match.
[26] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[27] Introducing Islam, Dr. Shams Inati, page 74.
[28] http://barkati.net/english/chronology.htm
[29] Trial by Fire by Harold Rawlings, page 26.
[30] http://barkati.net/english/chronology.htm
[31] The First Crusade by Steven Runciman, page 24.
[32] http://barkati.net/english/chronology.htm
[33] http://barkati.net/english/chronology.htm
[34] http://news.yahoo.com/mayan-tomb-may-belong-warrior-queen-110607816.html
[35] http://barkati.net/english/chronology.htm
[36] http://barkati.net/english/chronology.htm
[37] Introducing Islam, Dr. Shams Inati, page 74.
[38] Inside Al Qaeda, NTGEO, 8/27/2007
[39] This Day in Jewish History.
[40] www.wikipedia.org
[41] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[42] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[43] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[44] Holy Grail in America by HISTI, 9/20/2009,
[45] Fascinating Facts about the Holy Land, by Clarence H. Wagner, Jr. page 199.
[46] [1]A History of God by Karen Armstrong, page 264.
[47] [2] This Day in Jewish History
[48] mike@abcomputers.com
[49] http://www.livescience.com/24323-amazing-ancient-ruins.html
[50] mike@abcomputers.com
[51] Wikipedia
[52] http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1556
[53] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[54] \Cotem'porary Copi/ British Museum, London^ 3ISS, Harl,
4643, fol. 30.]
[55] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[56] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[57] http://www.mdlpp.org/pdf/library/1905AccountofVirginiaBoundaryContraversy.pdf
[58] (Valentine Crawford was GW’s first choice to lead the Kanawha expedition )(see main entry for 11 feb, 1774) Not found.
[59] The Diaries of George Washington Vol. 3 University Press of Virginia, 1978.
[60] The Horn Papers, Early Westward Movement on the Monongahela and Upper Ohio 1765-1795 by W.F. Horn Published for a Committee of the Greene County Historical Society, Waynesburg, Pennsylvania by the Hagstrom Company, New York, N.Y. 1945
Ref. 33.92 Conrad and Caty by Gary Goodlove 2003
[61] The Papers of Andrew Jackson, Volume V, 1821-1824
[62] http://files.usgwarchives.net/pa/fayette/cemeteries/scems0001.txt
[63] Washington-Irvine Correspondence, Butterfield, 1882. page 351.
[64] Gerol “Gary” Goodlove Conrad and Caty, 2003
[65] http://www.geni.com/people/Zachary-S-Taylor-12th-President-of-the-USA/6000000002143404336
[66]http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/d/i/d/Jan-C-Didawick-Berkeley-Springs/GENE2-0004.html
[67] Lincoln Cantata, by Gyula Fekete, For the St. Charles Singers.
[68] http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/lyceum.htm
[69] wikipedia
[70] www.frontierfolk.net/ramsha_research/families/Stephenson.rtf
[71] The vote was not in the House but in the Senate.
[72] A. L. S. Z. B. Vance Papers, State Department of Archives and History, Raleigh.]
[73] Zebulon Baird Vance, Governors Letter Books, State Archives, Division of Archives and History, Raleigh
[74] William Joseph Hawkins, president of the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad. Dictionary of North Carolina Biography, s.v. “Hawkins, William Joseph.”
[75] Zebulon Baird Vance, Governors Letter Books, State Archives, Division of Archives and History, Raleigh
[76] From “Our Grandmothers” by Linda J Petersen, page 162
[77] William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary
[78] Joseph W. Crowther, Co. H. 128th NY Vols.
[79] Joseph W. Crowther, Co. H. 128th NY Vols.
[80] Rigby Journal, January 28, 1865
[81] Joseph W. Crowther, Co. H. 128th NY Vols.
[82] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe.
[83] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe.
[84] http://www.cv6.org/1942/marshalls/marshalls_2.htm
[85] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[86] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/americans-bomb-germans-for-first-time
[87] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/siege-of-leningrad-is-lifted
[88] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[89] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[90] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[91] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe.
[92] htt[92] p://www.assassinationresearch.com/v2n1/chrono1.pdf
[93] http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~vfarch/Vans%20Family%20Archive.html
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