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Jeff Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), Jefferson, LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, and including ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, John Quincy Adams and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Martin Van Buren, Teddy Roosevelt, U.S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison “The Signer”, Benjamin Harrison, Jimmy Carter, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, William Taft, John Tyler (10th President), James Polk (11th President)Zachary Taylor, and Abraham Lincoln.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! http://wwwfamilytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
• • Books written about our unique DNA include:
• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.
“Jacob’s Legacy, A Genetic View of Jewish History” by David B. Goldstein
Birthdays on February 26…
Priscilla Crawford Fitch
David J. Goodlove (1st cousin 1x removed)
Dixie L. Kruse Dubishar (2nd cousin 1x removed)
Mark T. Porch (2nd cousin)
Braten L. Smith (6th cousin 5x removed)
James K. Staples
February 26, 11 BCE: According to some sources, the day on which Herod dedicates the renovated Holy Temple in Jerusalem. According to Heinrich Graetz, the building project began in 20 BCE, the 18th year of Herod’s reign. A year and half later, (18 BCE) the inner part of the Temple was finished. It took another eight years to build the outer walls, courts and galleries. The dedicatory celebration took place on “the very anniversary of the day when twenty years previously, Herod, with blood stained hands, had made himself master of Jerusalem.” Herod reportedly built this modernized version of the Second Temple because he loved to build things and because he was trying to show his Roman masters that he was the beloved ruler of his people. Regardless, in one sense, Herod sealed the doom of the Temple and the Jewish people because he placed it under the protection of Rome. What Rome protected Rome could destroy.[1]
10 BCE: Excavations in Jerusalem attest to many opulent homes with private reservoirs and mosaic floors. Though heavily taxed, farmers thrive on the relative peace during Herod’s rule.[2]
10 BCE: The Boethos family from Egypt gains prominence in the Jerusalem priesthood, loater rivaling the priestly dynasty of Hanan. The Temple priesthood is rife with nepotism and other political abuse.[3]
10 BCE: Herod formally opens his port of Caesarea, which includes a pagan temple.[4]
10 BCE
[5]
Decades just before Jesus
In Judea, word of the temple attracts thousands of pilgrims to Jerusalem. The Jewish reaction to the temple was enormously positive. They came from all over the country to be a part of the great pilgrimage festivals.[6]
“The souls of the just are in the hands of God, and the torments wrought by evil-doers can never touch them again.
It is true that they appeared to die-but only in the eyes of people who cannot see and who imagined that their passing away was a defeat, that their leaving us was an annihilation.
No, they are at peace.
If, as it seemed to us, they suffered punishment, their hope was rich with immortality; slight was their correction, great will their blessing be.
God was putting them to the test, and proved them worthy to be with him; he has tested them like gold in a crucible, and accepted them as a perfect holocaust.
In the hour of judgment they will shine in glory, and will sweep over the world like sparks through stubble.
They will judge nations, rule over peoples, and the Lord will be their king forever.
Those who trust in him will come to understand the truth, those who are faithful will live with him in love.
Only grace and mercy await them-all those whom God, in his compassion, has called to himself.”
Written by a Jew of Alexandria in the decades just before Jesus.[7]
Judaism was split between two groups of interpreters; the Sadducees and the Pharisees. The Sadducees were the more aristocratic of the two groups. They dominated the Sanhedrein, the Jewish high court in Jerusalem. The Sadducees refused to recognize anything not explicitly stated in the written law.[8]
The Sadducees appear to have descended from the Zadokites, family members and their allies who had controlled the priesthood from the time of a certain Zaddok, high priest in the time of King Solomon. Possibly the term “Sadducees” is a derivation from “Zaddokites.” [9]
10 BCE: Owing perhaps to their popularity and early support, the Pharisees gain influence under Herod. Herod respects Jewish law by prohibiting foreigners from the Temple but antagonizes many by installing a Roman eagle there and selecting his own high priests.[10]
When the Maccabees defeated the Syrians and took back Jerusalem, they evicted the Zaddokites from the priesthood and put their own men in charge. This Maccabean move greatly disturbed the Zaddokites, and a militant wing of the Sadducees, the Essenes, plotted a revolution in response.[11]
The Sadducees appear to have descended from the Zadokites, family members and their allies who had controlled the priesthood from the time of a certain Zaddok, high priest in the time of King Solomon. Possibly the term “Sadducees” is a derivation from “Zaddokites.” [12]
When the Maccabees defeated the Syrians and took back Jerusalem, they evicted the Zaddokites from the priesthood and put their own men in charge. This Maccabean move greatly disturbed the Zaddokites, and a militant wing of the Sadducees, the Essenes, plotted a revolution in response.[13]
The Essenes
A pure life of obedience to God’s will led the Essenes to withdraw from the Jewish community altogether. As an elect community of the pure, they establish themselves at Qumran in the desert along the Dead Sea, where they tried to fulfill the Law in spirit as well as form. The Qumran community’s library, the so-called Dead Sea Scrolls, was discovered in caves along the Dead Sea in the late 1940’s.[14]
Cylindrical Jar with lid. A number of dead sea scrolls had been stored within cylindrical pottery jars like this one. Several jars of this type were also found in the Khirbet Qumran settlement. [15]
Sherri visits the Oriental museum at the University of Chicago. We were the first visitors to ever use the new Ipod touring devices. [16]
The Caves of the Dead Sea Scrolls
Photos: History Channel, “Ancient Underground”
The war scroll and the Damascus document.
The Sons of Light will attack the Sons of Darkness.
There shall be a battle and horrible carnage before the God of Israel,
And eternal annihilation for the forces of Darkness.
Then, there shall be a time of salvation for the People of God.[17]
Rules of the Essenes
• No one should sleep with a woman in the holy city so as not to defile it with impurity.
• On the Sabbath, do not say a useless or stupid word.
• On the Sabbath, you may not go beyond 1000 cubits from the city.
• Your latrines must be 2000 cubits from the city, and out of sight of the camp, so as not to pollute the camp. [18]
• Here they waited for the end of history following their leader “the teacher of righteousness”. Some scholars believe that this teacher was the prototype of the “Christ” figure.
Child of light
The “Teacher of Righteousness” is believed to have been a High Priest.
He was pushed out from the priesthood in Jerusalem and he was tortured terribly in the dungeons.
In his hymns which are called the Thanksgiving hymns we find that he no longer cares about the cries of the people but nevertheless God was faithful and that the holy spirit came to him, that his heart was changed and how he had changed from being a man of flesh and blood to a “Child of light.”[19]
Jewish guides believe these texts sound Christian, and Christians think they sound Jewish. It was both worlds together, before they were split. [20]
Modern Judaism came from Rabinic teachings, and like the dead sea scrolls, celebrate a devine law which seeks to sanctify every action. Christianity, on the other hand, is built on an utter devotion to as an Essene like messianic figure. The Dead sea scrolls have served to fill in the gaps made by time and men and to show us what doesn’t change. [21]
The proliferation of factions and sects among the Jews in the era of Roman domination reflects the extreme threat to the integrity of the Hebrew faith presented by the power and attraction of Roman and Hellenistic civilization. How far the Jews could collaborate with the Roman power, how much they could compromise with Hellenistic culture and still remain true to Yahweh and his Law, was the agonizing question they encountered daily. [22]
There was also the belief, widespread in Judea at the end of the first century B.C. that the final, crucial stage of history had been reached, that God was about to judge all the nations and particularly to call the Jews, his chosen witnesses to account. Some kind of Messiah (Redeemer) would be God’s chosen instrument to achieve these things.[23]
A group of Jews called the Pharisees announce the coming of the messiah.
Herod becomes increasingly paranoid. He has his wife, brother in law and three of his own sons killed.[24]
The prime ingredients of ancient Jewish history in the first millennium B.C. are evident enough: the priestly code of behavior promulgated by the kings and clerics who commanded the Temple in Jerusalem; prophetic pronouncements on this, universal history, and expectations of the future, which over time coalesced with the priestly code; the demotic experience of the Diaspora, beginning with the Babylonian exile, when divinity had to become less physically rooted and a communal synagogue became the prime place of worship of an immaterial God; and a belief in personal immortality and resurrection of the dead, which only filtered into Judaism in the two or three centuries before the Common Era.[25]
Alongside these fundamental attitudes were messianic expectations. The Redeemer was either the Jewish people as a whole, “the man of sorrow,” who vicariously suffered for and cleansed transgressions of the rest of mankind; or a charismatic individual, descended from the “Tree of Jess” (House of David), who would restore the glorious, old ramshackle monarchy; or some conflation of these two ideas.[26]
By the later years of the first century B.C. these had become the key doctrines propounded by the Pharisees, whose successors were the teaching and judicial rabbis left standing after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 A.D. and another massive forced exile of the Jews. Today we call this Pharisaic and rabbinical Judaism the Orthodox, or canonical (Halakic), faith. Even though in 100 A.D. (as today) the majority of Jews, probably a great majority, in the world were not full adherents or strict practitioners of Pharisaic-rabbinical-Orthodox Judaism, it is correct to call the “mainstream” Judaism.[27]
At least two alternative forms of Hebrew faith existed alongside rabbinic orthodoxy: Essenic, apocalyptic, and mystical Judaism (as in the religion of Qumran, of the Dead Sea Scrolls), advocated vehemently by very small but intense minorities and a culture that in the Middle Ages and early modern times occasionally sought to unite with and embrace the Orthodox tradition; and the philosophic, Hellenistic, assimilated Judaism of the Alexandrian and other great eastern Mediterranean communities. Hellenistic Judaism resembles the liberal and Reform Judaism of today.[28]
The threefold split in Jewish religious culture, which was to prevail into modern times, was already evident in the first century B.C. We call rabbinical Judaism mainstream because it is a direct outgrowth of the previous millennium of Jewish history. It has a closely held, deeply textured, continuous history down through the centuries and it flourishes today again in Jerusalem as well as in New York. In the first six centuries of the Common Era, it generated the Talmud, and it became the dominant religious faith and practice of the great Eastern European communities from the seventeenth century into the twentieth century. [29]
The most important characteristic of mainstream Judaism is that, unlike all the other religions of the ancient Mediteranian world, including Christianity, it does not involve magic. The word “magic” in anthropology means that some physical act, like a sacrament or faith healing or astrological calculation or touching of some object, is being used to bring divine assistance to mankind. Mainstream Judaism recognized only prayer and righteous conduct as a form of communications with the divine. It is true that for centuries animal sacrifices had been offered at the Jerusalem Temple altar, which is a low-grade form of magic. But the developing Pharisaic-rabbinical Judaism jettisoned the intercession of all magic to summon divine favor and help. Probably this non-magical mode had begun in the two centuries between the First and Second Temples, when burnt offerings could not be made in Jerusalem. And, after 70 A.D. there was again no Temple. So, rabbinical mainstream Judaism had to rely on a purely spiritual relationship between God and the people of the covenant.[30]
10 BC: (approximately) differentiation of localized Teutonic tribes (Alamanni, Hermunduri, Marcomanni, Quadi, Suebi) in area formerly occupied by Irminones.[31]
February 26, 364: Valentinian I is proclaimed Roman Emperor. He was the last Emperor to rule the Empire alone. A month later, he would appoint his brother Valens Emperor in the East, while he would rule over the Western portion of the Empire. Valentinian belonged to a minority sect called the Arians. In an attempt to keep peace in the Empire, in 371 he issued a proclamation allowing Christians and Arians to practice their religious belief without incurring any “political disadvantage. This toleration was extended to the Jews.”[32]
February 26, 1147: The Crusaders massacred the Jews of Wurtzburg; so much for all of those tales of knights and chivalry.[33]
1. February 26, 1275: Margaret (b. September 20, 1240 – d. February 26, 1275), married King Alexander III of Scotland.[34]
February 26, 1418: Emperor Sigsmund “issued commands to all the German princes and magistrates, cities and subjects, to allow” the Jews the full enjoyment of the privileges and immunities given them by the Pope who had denounced attacks on the persons and property of the Jews and the practice of forced conversion.[35]
1419: Korea prospers under King Sejong, Rouen capitulates to Henry V – Henry allies with Philip II of Burgundy, War between Empire and Bohemian Hussites, Ex-king Wenceslas dies – Sigismund obtains Bohemia, Filippo Brunelleschi designs the Foundling Hospital in Florence Boccaccio publishes, Prince Henry the Navigator starts African explorations, Henry V of Portugal founds navigation school, John the Fearless - Duke of Burgundy murdered during peace conference with Armagnacs, Korea prospers under King Sejong.[36]
Blaize VANS, born Bef. 1424 in Barnbarroch, Wigtonshire, Scotland; died February 26, 1480/81 in Barnbarroch, Wigtonshire, Scotland.[37]
Generation No. 15
Blaize VANS was born Bef. 1424 in Barnbarroch, Wigtonshire, Scotland, and died February 26, 1480/81 in Barnbarroch, Wigtonshire, Scotland. He married Elizabeth STABOS.
Child of Blaize VANS and Elizabeth STABOS is:
Patrick VANS, born Bef. 1464 in Barnbarroch, Wigtonshire, Scotland; died Abt. 1528.
Generation No. 16
Patrick VANS was born Bef. 1464 in Barnbarroch, Wigtonshire, Scotland, and died Abt. 1528. He married Mary KENNEDY, daughter of John KENNEDY and Elizabeth MONTGOMERIE. She was born Aft. 1458, and died Abt. 1510.
Children of Patrick VANS and Mary KENNEDY are:
Alexander VANS, born Aft. 1478 in Barnbarroch, Wigtonshire, Scotland.
John VANS.
Generation No. 17
Alexander VANS was born Aft. 1478 in Barnbarroch, Wigtonshire, Scotland.
February 26th, 1534: - Pope Paul II affirms George van Egmond as bishop of Utrecht[38]
February 26, 1569: Pius V issued Hebraeorum gens, a papal bull, that accused the Jews of a variety of evil deeds including the practice of magic.[39]
February 26, 1569 Jews expelled from All Papal Territory except Rome and Ancona.[40] Pope Pius V ordered the eviction of all Jews from the Papal States (excluding Rome and Verona) who refuse to convert. Most of the approximately 1000 Jewish families decided to emigrate.[41]
February 26, 1773: officials of the Province of Pennsylvania, seeing the
extent to which her territory west of the Alleghanies was filling
up with settlers chiefly from Virginia and Maryland, and not being
unadvised, perhaps, of the future intention of Virginia to extend
her jurisdiction over the valleys of the Monongahela and Ohio,
having been in correspondence with the Virginia officials upon the
subject from 1754, now came to the conclusion to pay more atten-
tion to her own rights in these valleys, and on February 26, 1773,
an act was passed by the provincial assembly creating the County
of Westmoreland out of the western part of Bedford County, and
extending westward to the boundary line of the province, still
undetermined. This new county thus included all of Allegheny
County east of the Allegheny River and south of the Monon-
gahela; all of Beaver south of the Monongahela; all of Indiana and
that part of Armstrong east of the Allegheny; all of Washington
and Greene, and all of Fayette, making a county of magnificent
proportions.
The first county seat of Westmoreland County was at Hannas-
town, a hamlet about three miles northeast of Greensburg, to which
it was subsequently removed. The first justices and officers of its
courts were commissioned in the name of His Majesty George III.,
the commissions purporting to have been granted by "Richard
Penn, Esq., Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief of the
Province of Pennsylvania and Counties of New Castle, Kent and
Sussex, on the Delaware."
Of the original townships of the new County of Westmoreland,
two were Pitt and Springhill, with limits somewhat if not wholly
the same as the limits of the townships of those names of Bedford
County. But, as these townships, in which were all the lands of
Pennsylvania west of the Monongahela River, were already so
well settled, it is not necessary to particularize here the persons
who took part in the business of .the courts of the county, either
as judges, officers, juries, attorneys, or suitors. Suffice it to state
that among the justices were, Capt. William Crawford, heretofore
mentioned; Arthur St. Clair, afterwards a major-general in the
American Revolution; Alexander McKee, of McKee's Rocks, after-
wards with Simon Girty a deserter to the British-Indians; George
Wilson, of George's Creek, now Fayette County; Robert Hanna, of Hannastown; James Caveat of near Pittsburgh, and sub-
sequently Van Swearingen, the first Sheriff of Washington County,
and Andrew McFarland and Oliver Miller, both of the Mingo Creek
settlement, Washington County; and Henry Taylor, occupying lands
just northeast of Washington, the great-grandfather of Hon J. F.
Taylor, one of the present Judges of Washington County, was
indicted for assault and battery, doubtless arising out of disputes
concerning his boundary lines.
The townships of Westmoreland County any part of which lay
west of the Monongahela River were Pitt and Springhill, with
boundaries the same as those two townships of Bedford County
created two years before. As already indicated, the division line
between them was a line due west by the mouth of Redstone Creek
(Brownsville) to the western boundary of the state, thus passing
rather centrally through our present townships of East Bethlehem
West Bethlehem, Amwell, Morris, East Finley and West Finley,
Washington County townships bordering on the present Greene
County. All of Washington County north of that line, was in Pitt
Township, and all south of that line, as well as all of Greene
County, was in Springhill Township, Westmoreland County. [42]
February 26, 1773
It must be remembered that of February 26, 1773, Westmoreland county had been erected, covering all the territory of southwestern Pennsylvania, and the seat of justice was placed at Hanna’s town, about four miles from the present Greensburg. The establishment of government and courts of justice over this territory necessitated increased taxation upon the lands of the pioneers; and, as the greater number of them had come over the mountains from Maryland and Virginia, by way of Braddock’s road, it was not a matter of great difficulty to equal the number of patriotic Pennsylvanians by the number of Virginianb partisans from our own settlers. It may be noted that Captain William Crawford, (6th great grandfather) he who was burned at the stake by the Indians at Sandusky in July, 1782, was a Pennsylvanian, being one of the justices of peace, and justices of Bedford, when first organized in 1771; but afterwards espoused the cause of Virginia in the boundary controversy, and in 1775, when presideing judge of the Westmoreland county court, his judicial office was taken from him, as he had then accepted the appointment of justice under Lord Dunmore.[43]
Then followed a series of arrests and counter-arrests, long continued, resulting in riots and broils of intense passion. Every one who, under color of an office held under the laws of Pennsylvania, attempted any official act, was likely to be arrested and jailed by persons claiming to hold office under the government of Virginia. Likwise were Virginia officials liable to arrest and imprisonment by Pennsylvania partisans.[44]
February 26, 1774; At home all day. Capt Crawford and Mr. Gist went away after breakfast.[45]
February 26, 1775
"On Sunday, 26 Feb'y, 1775, my father came home from church rather sooner than usual, which attracted my notice, and said to my mother, 'the reg'lars are come and are marching as fast as they can towards the Northfields bridge'; and looking towards her with a very solemn face, remarked, 'I don't know what will be the consequence but something very serious, and I wish you to keep the children home.'" So recounted one of those children, William Gavett, of the old town of Salem in the colony of Massachusetts Bay. The British regulars marching briskly in the biting cold were a detachment of the 64th Regiment commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Leslie, boarded on a transport at Castle William in Boston Harbor that morning and now landed at Marblehead Neck. Leslie intended a march just up the road to Salem where he would swiftly seize cannon and other munitions stored there by the Salem militia and return just as swiftly to Boston, mission accomplished. But, as another Salem resident recalled, Leslie and his men "little knew the jealous watchfulness of the Americans. By the time their feet touched the land . . . the alarm was immediately given by a dozen men running to the door of the new meetinghouse and beating the alarm signal agreed upon, and crying out, 'to arms! to arms!'"
At least in part this urgent call to arms of the Salem militia was provoked by the jealous watchfulness of other Americans in Salem. These were Tories, men and women who were by their lights loyal and reasonable subjects of King George, the third of that name to rule Great Britain. Some of these, spies according to their Whig neighbors, had in fact revealed the precise location of the hidden cannon to Major General Thomas Gage in Boston, now both commander-in-chief of His Majesty's forces in all of North America and military governor of the increasingly ungovernable colony of Massachusetts. It had been very nearly a year since the last royal governor, Thomas Hutchinson, had advised the king that the "course of the law [in Massachusetts] is now wholly stopped. All legislative as well as executive power is gone." Gage in his turn, though generally sympathetic to Americans, had made up his mind last summer that "civil government is near its end." Furthermore, he concluded, "conciliation, moderation, reasoning, is over; nothing can be done but by forcible means." Still, General Gage was hardly eager to use force to subdue this province now in all-but-open rebellion. For one thing the commander of all British forces in North America had at the time barely 3,000 troops at his command to do the subduing with if it came to that. He was determined, as he wrote his superiors in far-off London, to "avoid any bloody crisis as long as possible, until his Majesty will in the meantime judge best what is to be done."
Of course neither the best judgment of the king and his ministry nor the sincere resolve of General Gage to keep peace in the imperial household was of any particular use to Lieutenant Colonel Leslie and the men of the 64th just now, for they were marching directly into a confrontation that had all the makings of a bloody crisis. Coming up the road to Salem, drums beating and fifes playing the mocking "Yankee Doodle," the regulars met at the Northfield Bridge the good people of Salem, tumbling out of the Sabbath calm into the cold. Many were armed, most were angry, and all appeared resolved that the Redcoats would not cross this bridge and march into town this day. To that end, the northern leaf of the drawbridge had been hoisted, leaving Leslie on the far bank as angry as his antagonists on the Salem side. Shouting across the span, Leslie declared he would fire on the townspeople if they did not lower the bridge straightaway. As Billy Gavett (who did not stay home with mother) remembered it, Captain John Felt of the Salem militia shouted back that if the Redcoats dared open fire, they would "all be dead men." Felt said later that he meant to seize Leslie and leap into the river with him, willing to "be drowned [himself] to be the death of one Englishman." Safe for the moment from Captain Felt's murderous grasp but still unable to march his men across, Leslie thought he might use two barges on the western bank to row across. But when he sent a squad down to seize them, some townsmen were already aboard and at work scuttling their own boats with hatchets. In the scuffle between soldiers and Salemites, one Joseph Whicher was pricked by a soldier's bayonet[46]. Blood, that most volatile fluid, had been spilled. Not much, it was true, but enough to raise the temper of the jeering and threatening crowd another notch. "Soldiers, red-jackets, lobster-coats, cowards," one man called out lustily, "damnation to your government!" It was not a propitious moment for the cause of peace. The roads leading down to Salem were filling up with armed militiamen on the march from as far away as Danvers.
Leslie himself, hotter than ever while his men shivered in the cold, was not deterred from his purpose: "I will get over this bridge before I return to Boston," he announced, "if I stay here till next autumn. . . . By God, I will not be defeated." What he would do when and if he got to the other side was hard to say, though, because David Boyce, a Quaker who lived nearby, was even then hauling the disputed cannon away up the Danvers road to the northwest. Another man of peace was immediately at hand, however, the Reverend Mr. Barnard, whose Congregational services were halted by the first alarm. "I pray, Sir," Barnard ventured to Leslie, that "there will be no collision between the people and the troops." In this moment of calm, Leslie, thus far frustrated in his threats of military force, thought he might try the force of argument. "It is the King's Highway that passes over that bridge," he insisted to Captain Felt, "and I will not be prevented from crossing it." An old Salem man on the scene, James Barr, spoke up and posed the counter-argument: "It is not the King's Highway," Barr and his fellow townsfolk held: "it is a road built by the owners of the lots on the other side, and no king, country, or town has anything to with it," and, he added, "I think it will be the best way for you to conclude that the King has nothing to do with it."
Leslie was of course the king's soldier, not his barrister. In the name of the king and for the sake of his own and his regiment's honor, he might well have forced the bridge in a bloody showdown then and there. Leslie had his orders and the people of Salem their firm resolve to resist his execution of them. The palpably real possibility of a shooting war was hanging in the winter air. But it had not quite come to that. Colonel Leslie and Captain Felt put their heads together at last and came to an awkward compromise: the Americans would lower the bridge, Leslie and the men of the 64th would march across the distance of fifty rods, and return at once the way they came "without troubling or disturbing anything." Having approached so close to tragedy, the confrontation was resolved in a kind of comic opera, which John Trumbull celebrated in a playful squib:
Through Salem straight, without delay,
The bold battalion took its way;
Marched o'er a bridge, in open sight
Of several Yankees armed for fight;
Then, without loss of time or men,
Veered round for Boston back again,
And found so well their projects thrive
That every soul got home alive.
But if the cause of peace had prospered here at the Northfield Bridge on this February day in 1775, it was not at all clear how much longer it would hold sway. In the seats of power in London statesmen and soldiers had been considering for some time the "forcible means" by which the king's dominion might be restored in New England. On the American side of the Atlantic there was no question that the colonials were training for a test of arms. The number of militiamen on the march to Salem within the hour was just one evidence of their purposeful preparation. But whether the Americans had the will to resist the king's force with force was a question. Still, perhaps it would have been instructive for King George to hear what Colonel Leslie heard as he wheeled his column around in Salem and headed back toward Marblehead. From a window of a nearby house Sarah Tarrant, a nurse, called out to the passing Redcoats: "Tell your master he has sent you on a fool's errand and broken the peace of our Sabbath. What, do you think we were born in the woods to be frightened by owls?" When a soldier raised a musket in her direction, she cried: "Fire if you have the courage, but I doubt it." It was a strange ending to a puzzling day. Salem's pacifist Friend, David Boyce, had brought his team out to haul implements of war away to a place of safety. Sarah Tarrant, a healer, had shouted hot, belligerent words at some of the western world's toughest professional soldiers. Two men of war, Colonel Leslie and Captain Felt, had reasoned together somehow and preserved an uneasy, face-saving peace. As British troops marched away from the bridge where war did not begin, their band was playing "The World Turned Upside Down."
This incident at the bridge, though minor, was not trivial. Was this country lane properly the king's highway after all, or did it rightfully belong to the people of Salem who built it and held its deed? The confrontation brought into focus and contention fundamental questions that abler minds than Colonel Leslie's or old Mr. Barr's had been pondering and arguing with increasing rancor for more than a decade. What were the legitimate rights of the king's subjects in America under the ancient British constitution? And what was the proper relation between the just powers of the popularly elected colonial assemblies and the political authority of Parliament? These were ultimately questions of life, liberty, and property, and as winter turned toward spring in 1775, they were no closer to mutually acceptable answers than when they first arose back in '64 and '65 in the debates about Parliament's right to tax the colonies. What was clear was that ideas about governance on both sides of the Atlantic were hardening into fixed resolves. The English Parliament asserted its absolute right to govern the colonies in all cases whatsoever, and the colonials in America insisted on their incontrovertible right as Englishmen not to be governed without their consent. With these fixed resolves came much saber rattling from the contending parties, and more than mere rattling it seemed to many thoughtful observers. In the aftermath of the dissolution of Massachusetts' General Assembly and in light of General Gage's increasingly aggressive military posture, Hannah Winthrop wrote in tears to Mercy Warren: "The dissolution of all Government gives a dreadful Prospect, the fortifying Boston Neck, the Huge Cannon now mounted there, the busy preparation, the agility of the Troops, give a Horrid prospect of an intended Battle. Kind Heaven avert the Storm!" Her husband, John, was not at all sure whether a Kind Heaven or the God of Battles would reign just now in the affairs of men. In a letter to John Adams (an active Whig politician who was doing his part and more to sow the storm), Winthrop thought the time was not far off when he "must beat [his] plowshares into Swords, and pruning Hooks into Spears."[47]
February 26, 1795: WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON (6th cousin 7x removed)- AUTOGRAPH DOCUMENT SIGNEDspecified
Price:
US $9,999.00
+$19.00 shipping
February 26, 1795: WILLIAM H. HARRISON: WARRIOR PRESIDENT
The 22-year-old Aide-de-Camp to "Mad Anthony" Wayne orders rations for Indians whom he defeated six months earlier.
Autogrpah Document Signed: "Wm H. Harrison/a.de.c", 1p, 9½x3½. Head Quarters, Greeneville, 1795 February 26. In full: "Issue to the Wyandote Indians twenty eight Rations of meat & flour". At lower left, Harrison has penned: "Contractors". Harrison became Aide-de-Camp to General "Mad Anthony" Wayne in 1793 and fought in the Indian wars that began on June 30, 1794. In 1813 he defeated the British and Indians in the Battle of the Thames, in which Tecumseh was killed. He was elected President in 1840 largely due to his popularity as a war hero. Irregular bottom edge. Light toning, light show through of ink from verso. Mounting traces on verso (no show through). Horizontal fold touches signature. Separated at left vertical fold but repaired on verso with conservator's tape (all words intact).
February 26, 1796: Pinckney's Treaty, also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid was presented to the United States Senate on February 26, 1796[48]
February 26, 1808:
Robert Thrap b: 1728 in Baltimore Co., MD. d: February 26, 1808 in Muskingum Co. OH.
. +Elizabeth Hilton b: August 9, 1743 in Baltimore Co. MD m: February 28, 1760 in Baltimore County, MD d: Unknown in Muskingum Co., OH.
. 2 John Thrap b: 1761 in MD d: Abt. 1844 in Perry Co. OH bur @ Holcomb Cem. in Bearfield Twp Perry Co., OH
.... +Elizabeth ? b: 1760 d: December 7, 1837 in buried in Holcomb Cem Portersville, OH (stone illegible).
.... 3 Nancy Anna Thrap b: September 9, 1783 in MD d: March 10, 1845 in Perry Co., OH buried Holcomb Cemetery
....... +John Godlove b: 1777 in VA m: May 19, 1805 in Muskingum Co., OH d: 1864 in ? buried at Riverside Cemetery Washington Co., IA
....... 4 Sarah A. Godlove
....... 4 Rebecca Godlove b: Abt. 1807 d: November 14, 1899 in Perry Co., OH
.......... +James Allen b: 1806 in VA m: October 23, 1827 in Perry Co., OH d: October 14, 1871 in Bearfield Township Perry Co., OH
.......... 5 Margaret Allen b: Abt. 1828 in OH
............. +Benedict House m: April 26, 1850 in Perry Co., OH
.......... 5 Jasper Allen b: March 30, 1830 in OH d: June 23, 1881
............. +Eliza Jane Jadwin m: December 30, 1851 in Hocking Co., OH
.......... 5 Rebecca J. Allen b: Abt. 1836
.......... 5 Priscilla Allen b: Abt. 1838
.......... 5 Jeremiah F. Allen b: 1840
.......... 5 John Wesley Allen b: April 30, 1842
.......... 5 James K. P. Allen b: Abt. 1844
.......... 5 George W. Allen b: Abt. 1848
.......... 5 Benedict R. Allen b: Abt. 1850
....... 4 Jeremiah Godlove b: June 11, 1816 in OH d: March 3, 1893
.......... +Cyrena Ellison b: Abt. 1818 m: September 24, 1840 in Perry Co., OH[49]
February 26, 1862Executive Office Raleigh
February 26, 1862 Nathan Gottlieb, born February 26, 1862 in Neuhof. Resided Frankfurt am Main. Deportation: from Frankfurt a. M., September 15, 1942, Theresienstadt. . Date of death: January 10, 1943, Theresienstadt. [50]
February 26, 1863:
HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA,
His Excellency JEFFERSON DAVIS, (husband of the 2nd cousin 1x removed of the sister in law of the 1st great grandnephew of the wife of the 1st cousin 10x removed)
President of the Confederate States:
General Imboden reports that Captains [John H.] McNeill and [George W.] Stump, of his cavalry, with 23 men, attacked a supply train of the enemy on the evening of the 16th, on the Northwestern turnpike, 5 miles west of Romney, guarded by 150 infantry and cavalry. After a brisk skirmish, the guard was driven off, 72 taken prisoners, 106 horses with harness, some saddles, bridles, pistols, and sabers captured. Though hotly pursued to the South Branch of the Potomac, Captain McNeill, by marching all night, succeeded in bringing his prisoners, &c., into Hardy, 12 miles south of Moorefield, where, for want of subsistence, he had to parole the former. No loss on his side is reported. These successes show the vigilance of the cavalry and do credit to their officers. The weather and condition of the country forbid any military operations. The last fall of snow was fully a foot deep. The rain of last night and today will add to the discomfort of the troops and the hardships of our horses. I had hoped that the latter would have been in good condition for the spring campaign. The prospect in the beginning of the winter was good, and continued so until recently. Now, when their labors are much increased, it is impossible to procure sufficient forage.
R. E. LEE, General. [51] (husband of the grandniece of the husband of the wife of the grandnephew of the wife of the 1st cousin 10x removed)
Fri. February 26[52], 1864
Felt weak was ordered to algeirs[53]
Started at 4 pm on Ratdale steam boat.
Got across the lake all night at boat landing
Slept under a shed over the lake[54]
William Harrison Goodlove (2nd great grandfather) Civil War Diary 24th Iowa Infantry
February 26, 1874: Braten Levi Smith (6th cousin 5x removed) (b. February 26, 1874 in GA / d. June 17, 1954).[55]
February 26, 1880: Martha died in 1878 and on February 26, 1880 Simeon Whitsett remarried, to Margaret Angelina (Lena) Arnold in Cass County, Missouri. They had three children, Minnie, born in 1882, Mary, born in 1884 and John Lee, born in 1886. [56] Harrison Trow in his memoirs (the only part that appears authentic) states that the governor of Missouri asked him to come to St. Joseph to identify the body. He gathered several other former guerrillas and they traveled to St. Joseph. One source states that Sim Whitsett was the person who actually identified the body of Jesse James. Likely, it was this group of old Bushwhackers together that performed that duty.[57]
February 26, 1917: In a crucial step toward U.S. entry into World War I, President Woodrow Wilson learns of the so-called Zimmermann Telegram, a message from German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann to the German ambassador to Mexico proposing a Mexican-German alliance in the event of a war between the U.S. and Germany. [58]
February 26, 1921: Rossie Mae Hogeland15 [Fennia Nix14, Marion F. Nix13, John A. Nix12, Grace Louisa Francis Smith11, Gabriel Smith10, John “LR” Smith9, Ambrose J. Smith8, Christopher Smith7, Christopher Smith6, Thomas Smythe5, Thomas Smythe4, John Smythe3, Richard2, William1] (b. March 6, 1927) married Clarence Olen Henderson (b. February 26, 1921 / d. January 25, 1992 in Cullman Co. AL), the son of John Marion Henderson and Lucinda Dullie Bromley, on June 1, 1946. [59]
February 26,1924: The trial against Hitler began in Munich. Hitler was on trial for his part in attempted coup that began in a Munich Beer Hall. The coup failed. Hitler was found guilty and sent to jail. While in jail, he wrote Mien Kampf. He was treated like a celebrity while in jail and came out stronger politically than when he went in.[60]
February 26, 1925: As a sign of the growing power of the Nazi Party, The Völkischer Beobachter the party’s official newspaper begins publishing again.[61]
February 26, 1929: James Henry Nix14 [Marion F. Nix13, John A. Nix12, Grace Louisa Francis Smith11, Gabriel Smith10, John “LR” Smith9, Ambrose J. Smith8, Christopher Smith7, Christopher Smith6, Thomas Smythe5, Thomas Smythe4, John Smythe3, Richard2, William1] (b. April 14, 1887 / d. September 9, 1970) married Mammie Unk. (b. August 14, 1902 / d. November 19, 1983). He married Josephine Best (b. Unk. / d. February 26, 1929),
A. Children of James Nix and Josephine Best:
. i. Ottis Nix (b. July 6, 1919)
. ii. James Aaron Nix (b. November 20, 1921 / d. January 1995)
. iii. Lottie Rugh Nix (b. February 26, 1929)[62]
February 26, 1929: Work on the channel stopped at once. They called the Hebrew University (then all of 3 years old!) and within a fortnight Eliezer Lippa Sukenik1 and Nahman Avigad had begun to excavate the site. Work began on January 9, 1929, and continued for 7 weeks, until February 26, despite heavy rains (610 mm instead of the usual 400 mm) that flooded the valley that year.
The mosaic they uncovered was almost complete, its astonishing preservation caused by a layer of plaster, thrown down from the ceiling by the earthquake that destroyed the building, that covered and protected the floor from the damage of falling stones. When it was completely exposed, the mosaic measured 28 meters long and 14 meters wide. It had an inscription at the doorway leading to three panels in the central apse: a rectangular panel, a square panel with a circle in the middle, and then another rectangle at the far end.
The middle square, the first to be uncovered, was the most spectacular. Figures of four women were at the four corners, with inscriptions (in Hebrew) identifying each as a season of the year. Inside the square was a wheel, 3.12 meters in diameter, with a smaller circle (1.2 m) in its center. The wheel was divided into 12 panels, each with a figure and a name identifying it as a sign of the zodiac. And in the center, a man was pictured driving a quadriga (four-horse chariot) through the moon and stars. Rays of the sun were coming out of his head; it was clear that he was Helios, god of the sun.
In the square panel of the Beth Alpha mosaic was a zodiac wheel with all 12 symbols and names of the zodiac, surrounded by four female figures at the corners, identifying the seasons of the year. Credit: Art Resource, NY
What had they found? Could this have been the temple of a Jewish community (it had to be Jewish; everything was written in Hebrew and Aramaic) turned pagan? Further digging dispelled that notion, for there, just above the central square of the mosaic, they found a mosaic panel of symbols instantly familiar to any Jew of that century (or this): the Ark of the Covenant (aron kodesh), eternal light (ner tamid), seven-branched candelabrum (menorah), palm frond (lulav), citron (etrog), and an incense shovel (mahta).2
Many of the symbols included in the uppermost mosaic panel reaffirmed the Jewish nature of the synagogue at Beth Alpha: the Ark of the Covenant at the center (aron kodesh), eternal light (ner tamid), two seven-branched candelabra (menorot; plural, menorah), palm frond (lulav), citron (etrog), and an incense shovel (mahta). From these items it takes the type name of a synagogue panel.
Then, in a third panel, closer to the front door, they uncovered a scene easily recognizable to anyone who knows the Bible. We are in Genesis 22, and Abraham is about to sacrifice Isaac. In case we might have forgotten our Bible class, the names of the principals—Abraham, Isaac and the ram—are spelled out in inscriptions above their heads, and the hand of God stopping the sacrifice is clearly marked with the words “do not put forth your hand [against the lad].”
In the lower rectangular panel, closer to the door, the familiar story of Genesis 22 is depicted on the mosaic. Abraham is preparing to sacrifice Isaac (at right) as the hand of God reaches from heaven to stop him. Nearby the ram is caught with its horns in a thicket, and a servant waits at far left with the donkey. This type of scene came to be known as a righteous ancestors panel and is found in several other synagogue mosaics.
So this was definitely a synagogue, a Jewish house of worship, in a basilica building that dates to about 520 C.E.3 The building was destroyed in an earthquake soon after it was built,4 hence the near-perfect preservation of its mosaic floor; their misfortune became our good fortune. And because Beth Alpha is the best preserved of the seven synagogues we know, we use it here as the basis for our discussion.5
Now, of course, we have problems. We know that Jewish life moved to the Galilee after the total destruction of Jewish Jerusalem that followed the Bar-Kokhba Revolt of the 130s C.E. We are, therefore, not surprised to have found—and to keep finding—synagogues from the following centuries all over the Galilee and Golan. It isn’t the synagogues themselves that are the problem; it is the decorations in them. What in heaven’s name were they doing? How could they be making pictures, especially in the synagogue? Didn’t they know the second commandment?
You shall not make for yourself a graven image or any likeness of what is in the heavens above or on the earth below or in the waters under the earth. You shall not bow down to them or serve them” (Exodus 20:4–5)
That problem is not as formidable as it first appears. The second commandment can be read in several ways because the Hebrew original of this text is entirely without vowels and punctuation points. We, writing English, have put in a period after the word “earth.”6 But if the period weren’t there, the verse could be read as a long conditional clause: “make no graven images … which you worship.” In this case it’s not the making that is prohibited, but the worshiping. Historically, the Jewish community often understood that it was acceptable to make images as long as one doesn’t worship them. And there is, consequently, a long and varied history of Jewish art, beginning with the cherubim over the Ark in the desert (Exodus 25:18), recorded presumably not long after the giving of the Commandments, and without protest.
A second problem is less easily resolved. The zodiac is pagan religion. It is what we see in the horoscope in every weekend newspaper on earth, generally the stuff of amusement. We know this system; it is based on the (extraordinary) assumption that the stars control the earth and that what happens on earth is a result of influences from what happens in the sky. All we need in order to understand the earth (that is, about our destiny) is to understand the stars. If, according to this view, one knows the exact date and time of one’s birth, and can chart the exact position of the heavenly bodies at that moment, then forevermore one knows what is fortunate, unfortunate, worth doing, worth avoiding, wise, unwise, etc. Our universe, therefore, is fixed and determined. There are no values, no good, no evil and no repentance. We live in a great mechanical machine of a cosmos.
The conflict of interest is obvious, and we are not surprised to learn that Jews detested that idea. For if the cosmos is like that, why do we need God giving the Law to Moses on Mt. Sinai? The Christians also had their own very strong reservations. If the cosmos is like that, who needed God to sacrifice His son for the sins of the world? Who indeed? The early Church in fact absolutely prohibited the making of zodiacs, and there is not one zodiac mosaic in a church that dates before the Middle Ages, and very few even then. The zodiac/horoscope perception is the antithesis and enemy of monotheistic religion. An ancient and honorable enemy, to be sure, far older than Judaism and Christianity, but still the enemy.
It is true that one who goes through Jewish literature with a fine-tooth comb can find a citation here and there that seems to recognize the phenomenon of mosaic decoration, presumably zodiac, in synagogues. “In the days of Rabbi Abun they began depicting figures in mosaic and he did not protest against it.”7 More to the point, we find a line in Aramaic translation, “… you may place a mosaic pavement impressed with figures and images in the floors of synagogue; but not for bowing down to it.”8 There is even a Midrash that attempts to justify the zodiac phenomenon: “The Holy One, Blessed be He, said to him [Abraham]: just as the zodiac [mazalot] surrounds me, and my glory is in the center, so shall your descendants multiply and camp under many flags, with my shekhina in the center.”9
But this is surely grasping at straws. The odd line here and there accounts for nothing in view of the overwhelming opposition in rabbinic literature to anything related to the making of pictures of any sort, and doubly so the fierce opposition to anything suggesting idolatry and pagan worship. Indeed, one of the ways to say “pagan” in rabbinical Hebrew is by the abbreviation עכומ[ (ovedei kokhavim u-mazalot,"worshipers of stars and constellations"). The rabbis of the Talmud recognized the popularity of astrology and were even prepared to admit that there might be truth in its predictions, but opposed the whole endeavor on principle. Ein mazal le-Yisrael (literally, "Israel has no constellation") is perhaps the most commonly quoted opinion on the subject,10 but it is only one of many.
All the more are we astonished by the figure of Helios, Sol Invictus, pagan god of the sun, riding his quadriga right through the middle of the synagogue! This doesn't look like it belongs here. And we need to ask again, what was this all about?
To set our minds at rest (for the time being), we can say what all this wasn't. It could not have been astrology (predicting the future, etc.) and it could not have been scientific astronomy, because the seasons in the corners are in the wrong places. The upper right corner at Beth Alpha is marked טבת (Tevet), the winter month, and the upper left corner ניסן (Nissan) the month of Passover in spring. But between them you have the zodiac sign of Cancer, the Crab, which falls in mid-summer, not early spring. The same thing with the sign for Libra, the Scales. The mosaic has placed it between the spring and summer seasons, whereas it belongs in the fall. Clumsy astronomy.
The conclusion is inescapable: whoever did this mosaic hadn't a clue about real astronomy or astrology, doubtless because he was a Jew and couldn't care less.11
For the same reason, this mosaic floor could not have been a calendar, an idea that has been suggested by several important scholars of the subject.12 The incorrect placement of the seasons would have made that completely impossible.
Then perhaps it's all just decoration, pretty pictures, the common designs of the era. That is the most common explanation, the one found in guide books. But it can't be true. In the first place, the designs were by no means common in the Byzantine era. The Church, as stated, absolutely banned their use. More important, these signs are too loaded with meaning. We might argue "pretty pictures" if Beth Alpha were a solitary, unique find. We could then, at best, say that we had found here a group of Jews who had become so Hellenized that they had slipped over into paganism. But Beth Alpha is not unique; we will visit half a dozen other synagogues before we're done. In addition, we have found hundreds of Jewish tombstones and catacombs from all over the Roman Empire. And despite the fact that there are countless millions of possible symbols, forms, designs, pictures, animals, etc. they could have used, the fact is that they all use the same 10-12 symbols.13 We are forced to conclude that these were more than pretty pictures.[63]
On February 26, 1935, Nazi leader Adolf Hitler signs a secret decree authorizing the founding of the Reich Luftwaffe as a third German military service to join the Reich army and navy. In the same decree, Hitler appointed Hermann Goering, a German air hero from World War I and high-ranking Nazi, as commander in chief of the new German air force.
The Versailles Treaty that ended World War I prohibited military aviation in Germany, but a German civilian airline--Lufthansa--was founded in 1926 and provided flight training for the men who would later become Luftwaffe pilots. After coming to power in 1933, Nazi leader Adolf Hitler began to secretly develop a state-of-the-art military air force and appointed Goering as German air minister. (During World War I, Goering commanded the celebrated air squadron in which the great German ace Manfred von Richthofen--"The Red Baron"--served.) In February 1935, Hitler formally organized the Luftwaffe as a major step in his program of German rearmament.
The Luftwaffe was to be uncamouflaged step-by-step so as not to alarm foreign governments, and the size and composition of Luftwaffe units were to remain secret as before. However, in March 1935, Britain announced it was strengthening its Royal Air Force (RAF), and Hitler, not to be outdone, revealed his Luftwaffe, which was rapidly growing into a formidable air force.
As German rearmament moved forward at an alarming rate, Britain and France protested but failed to keep up with German war production. The German air fleet grew dramatically, and the new German fighter--the Me-109--was far more sophisticated than its counterparts in Britain, France, or Russia. The Me-109 was bloodied during the Spanish Civil War; Luftwaffe pilots received combat training as they tried out new aerial attack formations on Spanish towns such as Guernica, which suffered more than 1,000 killed during a brutal bombing by the Luftwaffe in April 1937.
The Luftwaffe was configured to serve as a crucial part of the German blitzkrieg, or "lightning war"--the deadly military strategy developed by General Heinz Guderian. As German panzer divisions burst deep into enemy territory, lethal Luftwaffe dive-bombers would decimate the enemy's supply and communication lines and cause panic. By the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, the Luftwaffe had an operational force of 1,000 fighters and 1,050 bombers.
First Poland and then Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, and France fell to the blitzkrieg. After the surrender of France, Germany turned the Luftwaffe against Britain, hoping to destroy the RAF in preparation for a proposed German landing. However, in the epic air battle known as the Battle of Britain, the outnumbered RAF fliers successfully resisted the Luftwaffe, relying on radar technology, their new, highly maneuverable Spitfire aircraft, bravery, and luck. For every British plane shot down, two German warplanes were destroyed. In the face of British resistance, Hitler changed strategy in the Battle of Britain, abandoning his invasion plans and attempting to bomb London into submission. However, in this campaign, the Luftwaffe was hampered by its lack of strategic, long-range bombers, and in early 1941 the Battle of Britain ended in failure.
Britain had handed the Luftwaffe its first defeat. Later that year, Hitler ordered an invasion of the USSR, which after initial triumphs turned into an unqualified disaster. As Hitler stubbornly fought to overcome Russia's bitter resistance, the depleted Luftwaffe steadily lost air superiority over Europe in the face of increasing British and American air attacks. By the time of the D-Day invasion of Normandy in June 1944, the Luftwaffe air fleet was a skeleton of its former self.[1]
February 26, 1943: ‘First Deportation- The screening for the first deportation, on February 26, was more rapid than careful. Everyone, as his name was called, was earmarked for deportation right away, even the sick and infirm. The only nationalities exempted were Hungarians and Turks. For the first time [from Gurs] Belgians, Dutch, Luxenburgers, and Greeks were included. The first convoy consisted of 975 men. [64]
February 26, 1943The first transport of Gypsies reaches Auschwitz. They are placed in a special section of the camp called the Gypsy Camp.[65]
February 26, 1958: Leola Angeline Smith14 [Richard. Smith13, Aaron Smith12, Richard W. Smith11, Gabriel Smith10, John “LR” Smith9, Ambrose J. Smith8, Christopher Smith7, Christopher Smith6, Thomas Smythe5, Thomas Smythe4, John Smythe3, Richard2, William1] (b. unk) married William Marion McClain (b. July 14, 1884 in Cleburne, AL / d. February 26, 1958 in Fulton Co. GA), the son of James Benjamin McClain and Mary F.J. Chandler.
A. Children of Leola Smith and William McClain:
. i. John William McClain
. ii. Eunice Odessa McClain
. iii. Gladys Eula McClain (married Emmett Levi Pemberton)
. iv. Clifford Walter McClain
. v. Moses McClain
. vi. George McClain
. vii. Clara McClain
. viii. Arthur Lee McClain[66]
February 26, 2012
Sherri and Jeff hike Deer Grove Forest Preserve, Palatine, IL.
[67]
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[1] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[2] The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 54.
[3] The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 54.
[4] The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 54.
[5] National Geographic, December, 2008, map insert
[6] History International, Herod the Great, 2001).
[7] The world Before and After Jesus, Desire of the Everlasting Hills by Thomas Cahill, page 49-50.
[8] Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 83
[9] Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 83.
[10] The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 54.
[11] Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 84.
[12] Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 83.
[13] Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 84.
[14] Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 85.
Photo:History Channel 1/28/2008 “Ancient Underground
[15] The Oriental Museum, University of Chicago, 12/20/2008.
[16] December 20, 2008.
[17] History International, Who Wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls? (2006)
[18] History International, Who Wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls? The Naked Archeologist 1/16/2006(2006)
[19] History International, Who Wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls? (2006)
[20] History International, Who Wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls?(2006)
[21] History International, Who Wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls?(2006)
[22] Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 86.
[23] Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 86.
[24] Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 87.
[25] Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 87.
[26] Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 87.
[27] Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 87.
[28] Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 87.
[29] Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 87-88.
[30] Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 88.
[31] http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~bonsteinandgilpin/germany.htm
[32] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[33] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[34] Wikipedia
[35] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[36] mike@abcomputers.com
[37] http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~vfarch/Vans%20Family%20Archive.html
[38] http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1534
[39] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[40] http://christianparty.net/jewsexpelled.htm
[41] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[42] The County Court of West Augusta
[43] (From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford by Grace U. Emahiser, 1969, pages 125-127-128.
[44] Crumrine, (From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford by Grace U. Emahiser, 1969, pages 128.)
[45] Washington writings. From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford, by Grace U. Emahiser, 1969, page 121).
[46] Bayonet. A dagger-like steel weapon that can be attached to the muzzle of a musket or rifle. The dagger may be flat or triangular. The weapon can be fired with the bayonet attached. The dagger is joined to a cylindrical housing with a slot that is pushed down and across a metal nipple on the weapon’s barrel. It is easily attached and withdrawn from a musket—seldom from a rifle. Indians were known to fear “bayonet charges” much as the Euro-Americans were known to fear “hatchet charges.” Some writers associate bayonets with the expression “long knives.”
Remembrance: An old army adage states: “What is the worst command you can be given?” The answer: “Fix bayonets!”
[47] Born in Battle: A History of the American Revolution CD ROM
[48] Further reading
•Grant, Ethan. "The Treaty Of San Lorenzo And Manifest Destiny" Gulf Coast Historical Review, 1997, Vol. 12 Issue 2, pp 44–57
•Young, Raymond A. "Pinckney's Treaty - A New Perspective," Hispanic American Historical Review, Nov 1963, Vol. 43 Issue 4, pp 526–535
Citations
1. ^ Rembert W. Patrick, Florida Fiasco: Rampant Rebels on the Georgia-Florida Border (2010) p 266
2. ^ http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/sp1795.asp Avalon Project of Lillian Goldman Law Library at Yale University
3. ^ O'Brien, Greg. "Choctaw and Power". Choctaws in a Revolutionary Age, 1750–1830. University of Nebraska Press.
[49] http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/u/d/Penny-J-Gudgeon/ODT6-0001.html
[50] [1] Gedenkbuch, Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945. 2., wesentlich erweiterte Auflage, Band II G-K, Bearbeitet und herausgegben vom Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, 2006, pg. 1033-1035,.
[2]Memorial Book: Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Oppression in Germany, 1933-1945
[51] http://www.angelfire.com/pa2/Stump45/OR.html
[52] February 26-27. Left Madisonville, Louisiana for Algiers, Louisiana, arriving February 27. (Supplement to the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Part II Record of Events Volume 20 Serial no. 32. Broadfoot Publishing Company Wilmington, NC 1995.)
[53] After the regiment made one trip to Algiers and back [26 Feb 1864], it was sent to Berwick bay to join Major General Banks for his second attempt to clear the Red River.
Home.comcast.net/~troygoss/millciv
[54] Annotated by Jeffery Lee Goodlove
[55] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe
[56] http://whitsett-wall.com/Whitsett/whitsett_simeon.htm
[57] http://www.whitsett-wall.com/Documents/James%20Simeon%20Whitsett,%20Civil%20War%20Guerrilla.pdf
[58] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/president-wilson-learns-of-zimmermann-telegram
[59] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe
[60] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[61] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[62] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe
[63] 1 E.L. Sukenik, The Ancient Synagogue of Beth-Alpha, (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1932)
2 The incense shovel was a universally recognized Jewish symbol in the Byzantine era. It disappeared from the Jewish iconographic lexicon because the Jews stopped using incense when the Christians started.
3 The Aramaic inscription at the front door was damaged. It says that the mosaic was made “during the … year of the reign of the emperor Justinus”. The exact year is missing. The reference is probably to the emperor Justin I (adopted uncle and immediate predecessor of Justinian the Great) who ruled from 518-527 C.E. and whose coins were found on the site. It is of course possible that the building was older than the mosaic floor.
4 The earliest possible “candidate” was a major quake that hit the country on July 9, 551. It was the earthquake that finally destroyed Petra. More likely was an earthquake of lesser magnitude but located closer to the site which did great damage to the Jordan Valley in 659/660.
5 We have not entered into a discussion of the artistic merits of this work of art. It is the writer’s opinion that this work, with its naive and primitive style, has a child-like immediacy and freshness that makes it one of the masterpieces of world art.
6 Thus the new JPS Tanakh. The King James translation puts a colon after the word “earth”, while the New American Bible (Catholic) and the Revised Standard Version (Protestant) translations both use a semi-colon instead of period at this point.
7 From a Geniza manuscript of JT Avoda Zarah
8 In the Pseudo-Jonathan Targum to Lev. 26:1
9 From a Geniza fragment of Midrash Deut. Rabba) These quotations are cited by Michael Klein, “Palestinian Targum and Synagogue Mosaics,” Jerusalem, Immanuel 11 (1980)
10 The matter is discussed in BT Shabbat, 156a
11 At Beth Alpha the signs and the seasons both progress counter-clockwise, although they are misaligned. The Hammat Tiberias zodiac shows both signs and seasons also rotating counter-clockwise, and in correct alignment with each other. At Na’aran the seasons run counter-clockwise, as above, but the signs go clockwise!
12 That position was argued by Prof. Avi-Yonah, among many others, and by the excavator of Hammat Tiberias. See Moshe Dothan, Hammath Tiberias, (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1983). Hammat Tiberias is the only mosaic we know where the signs and seasons are correctly aligned, which may have influenced the excavator’s judgment as to its purpose
13 The cataloging of all of these finds and the interpretation of what they might mean constitute the magnum opus of Erwin Goodenough (1893-1965), Professor of Religion at Yale and one of the greatest scholars of religion America ever produced. Goodenough’s 13 volume study, E.R. Goodenough, Jewish Symbols in the Greco-Roman Period, (New York: Pantheon, 1958), form the core text for the study of this subject, Everyone who has subsequently dealt with the subject is in his debt. The book has been re-issued in a 1-volume paperback, abridged and edited by Jacob Neusner (Princeton: Bollingen Series, 1988)
[64] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 392-394.
[65] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1775
[66] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe
[67] Deer Grove Forest Preserve, Palatine, IL February 26, 2012
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