This Day in Goodlove History, December 14, 2014
Like us on Facebook!
https://www.facebook.com/ThisDayInGoodloveHistory
https://www.facebook.com/pages/Jeff-Goodlove/323484214349385
Join me on http://www.linkedin.com/
Jeffery Lee Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), Jefferson, LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, and including ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, John Quincy Adams and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Martin Van Buren, Theodore Roosevelt, U.S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison “The Signer”, Benjamin Harrison, Jimmy Carter, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, William Taft, John Tyler (10th President), James Polk (11th President)Zachary Taylor, and Abraham Lincoln.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! https://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/
• • Books written about our unique DNA include:
• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004
December 14, 1124 - Theobald Buccapecus elected Pope Coelestinus II (he refuses).[1]
December 1404: Following Rothesay's death—with the restoration of the lieutenancy to Albany and the Scottish defeat at the battle of Humbleton—Robert III experienced almost total exclusion from political authority and was limited to his lands in the west.[36] By late 1404 Robert, with the aid of his close councillors Henry Sinclair, earl of Orkney, Sir David Fleming and Henry Wardlaw, had succeeded in re-establishing himself and intervened in favour of Alexander Stewart, the earl of Buchan's illegitimate son, who was in dispute with Albany over the earldom of Mar.[37] Robert III again exhibited his new resolve when in December 1404 he created a new regality in the Stewartry[38] for his sole remaining son and heir James now earl of Carrick—an act designed to prevent these lands falling into Albany's hands.[39] [2]
December 1404: The king granted the royal Stewart lands in the west, in Ayrshire and around the Firth of Clyde, to James in regality protecting them from outside interference and providing the prince with a territorial centre should the need arise.[12] Yet, in 1405 James was under the protection and tutelage of Bishop Henry Wardlaw of St Andrews on the country's east coast. Douglas animosity was intensifying because of the activities of Orkney and Fleming who continued to expand their involvement in border politics and foreign relations with England.[13] Although a decision to send the young prince to France and out of Albany's reach was taken in the winter of 1405–6 James's departure from Scotland was unplanned.[14] [3]
December 1472: Margaret of York (April 1472-December 1472), buried in Westminster Abbey. [4]
December 1482: James was able to regain power by buying off members of Albany government, so that by the December 1482 Albany's government was collapsing. In particular his attempt to claim the vacant earldom of Mar led to the intervention of the powerful George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly, on the king's side.[5]
December 1483: Richard instituted what later became known as the Court of Requests, a court to which poor people who could not afford legal representation could apply for their grievances to be heard.[56] [6]
December 14, 1541: Many of Catherine's relatives were also detained in the Tower with the exception of her uncle, the Duke of Norfolk, who had sufficiently distanced himself from the scandal by writing a letter on December 14, to the King, excusing himself and laying all the blame on his niece and stepmother.[12] All of the Howard prisoners were tried, found guilty of concealing treason, and sentenced to life imprisonment and forfeiture of goods. In time, however, they were released with their goods restored.[7]
December 14, 1542: James V of Scotland
James V
James V of Scotland2.jpg
Anonymous portrait of James V, probably contemporary
King of Scots
Reign
September 9, 1513 – December 14,1542
Coronation
September 21, 1513
Predecessor
James IV
Successor
Mary I
Spouse
Madeleine of Valois (1537)
Mary of Guise (1538–42)
more...
Issue
Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Orkney
James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray
Mary, Queen of Scots
House
House of Stewart
Father
James IV of Scotland
Mother
Margaret Tudor
Born
(1512-04-10)April 10, 1512
Linlithgow Palace, Linlithgowshire
Died
December 14, 1542(1542-12-14) (aged 30)
Falkland Palace, Fife
Burial
Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh
James V (April 10, 1512 – December 14, 1542) was King of Scots from September 9, 1513 until his death, which followed the Scottish defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss. His only surviving legitimate child, Mary, succeeded him to the throne when she was just six days old. [8]
December 14, 1542: James V (Linlithgow Palace, April 15, 1512 – Falkland Palace, Fife, December 14, 1542), the only one to reach adulthood, and the successor of his father. [9]
December 14, 1542: On the 14th of the same month, James V died, and was succeeded by Mary, only six days old. [10] Henry VIII is keen to marry her to his son Edward. [11] At this time the disciples of Luther were spread over Scotland, and had made many converts ; but the Catholics were still in great majority there. [12]
Mary, Queen of Scots
Mary Stuart
Mary Stuart Queen.jpg
Portrait of Mary after François Clouet, c. 1559
Queen of Scots
Reign
December 14, 1542 – July 24, 1567
Coronation
September 9, 1543
Predecessor
James V
Successor
James VI
Regent
•James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran (1542–1554)
•Mary of Guise (1554–1560)
Queen consort of France
Tenure
July 10, 1559 – December 5, 1560
Spouse
•Francis II of France
m. 1558; dec. 1560
•Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
m. 1565; dec. 1567
•James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell
m. 1567; dec. 1578
Issue
James VI of Scotland and I of England
House
House of Stuart
Father
James V of Scotland
Mother
Mary of Guise
Born
December 8, 1542[1]
Linlithgow Palace, Linlithgow
Died
February 8, 1587(1587-02-08) (aged 44)[2]
Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire
Burial
Peterborough Cathedral; Westminster Abbey
Signature
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Marysign.jpg/125px-Marysign.jpg
Religion
Roman Catholic
Mary, Queen of Scots (December 8, 1542 – February 8, 1587), also known as Mary Stuart[3] or Mary I of Scotland, was queen regnant of Scotland from December 14,1542 to July 24, 1567 and queen consort of France from July 10, 1559 to December 5, 1560.[13]
On December 14, six days after her birth, she became Queen of Scots when her father died, perhaps from the effects of a nervous collapse following the Battle of Solway Moss,[6] or from drinking contaminated water while on campaign.[7]
A popular legend, first recorded by John Knox, states that James, hearing on his deathbed that his wife had given birth to a daughter, ruefully exclaimed, "It came with a lass, it will pass with a lass!"[8] His House of Stewart had gained the throne of Scotland by the marriage of Marjorie Bruce, daughter of Robert the Bruce, to Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland. The Crown had come to his family through a woman, and would be lost from his family through a woman. This legendary statement came true much later—not through Mary, whose son by one of her Stewart cousins became king, but through his descendant Anne, Queen of Great Britain.[9][14]
December 14, 1557: The three estates in parliament, assembled at Edinburgh, commit to that effect full powers to nine deputies, viz. : James, Archbishop of Glasgow ; David, Bishop of Ross ; Robert, Bishop of Orkney ; George, Earl of Rothes ; Gilbert, Earl of Cassillis, the Queen's treasurer ; Lord James Stuart,commendator of St. Andrews ; Lord James Fleming ; Lord George Seaton ; and John Erskine of Dun.^ [15]
1558
After the death of Queen Mary in 1558, a new climate favorable to Protestantism arrived with the accession of Elizabeth I as queen of England.[16]
In line to the throne was Elizabeth, Mary’s half-sister and the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Bolyn. The last monarch of the Tudor dynasty, Elizabeth reigned from 1558 to 1603. Her long reign is remembered for many reasons, chief of which was the reinstitution of Protestantism as the state religion in England. She set in motion once again the reforming policies of her mother, and to some extent of her father.[17]
1558: Recanati, Italy: a baptized Jew Joseph Paul More (Moro?) enters synagogue on Yom Kippur under the protection of Pope Paul IV and tries to preach a conversion sermon. The congregation evicts him and near massacre occurred. Soon after, the Jews are expelled from Reconati.[18]
1558 – Thomas Smythe Born Westenhanger, Kent.[19]
December 14, 1558: Mary I
Mary has a high forehead, thin lips and hair parted in the middle
Portrait by Antonis Mor, 1554
Queen of England and Ireland (more...)
Reign
July 19, 1553[1] – November 17, 1558
Coronation
October 1, 1553
Predecessor
Jane (disputed) or Edward VI
Successor
Elizabeth I
Co-monarch
Philip
Queen consort of Spain
Tenure
January 16, 1556 – November 17, 1558
Spouse
Philip II of Spain
House
House of Tudor
Father
Henry VIII of England
Mother
Catherine of Aragon
Born
(1516-02-18)February 18, 1516
Palace of Placentia, Greenwich
Died
November 17, 1558(1558-11-17) (aged 42)
St James's Palace, London
Burial
December 14, 1558
Westminster Abbey, London
Signature
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mary_I_Signature.svg/125px-Mary_I_Signature.svg.png
Religion
Roman Catholicism
[20]
Although her will stated that she wished to be buried next to her mother, Mary was interred in Westminster Abbey on December 14, in a tomb she would eventually share with Elizabeth. The Latin inscription on their tomb, Regno consortes et urna, hic obdormimus Elizabetha et Maria sorores, in spe resurrectionis (affixed there by James VI of Scotland when he succeeded Elizabeth as King James I of England) translates to "Consorts in realm and tomb, here we sleep, Elizabeth and Mary, sisters, in hope of resurrection".[150]
Legacy
At her funeral service, John White (the Bishop of Winchester) praised Mary: "She was a king's daughter; she was a king's sister; she was a king's wife. She was a queen, and by the same title a king also."[151] She was the first woman to successfully claim the throne of England, despite competing claims and determined opposition, and enjoyed popular support and sympathy during the earliest parts of her reign, especially from the Roman Catholic population.[152] Catholic historians, such as John Lingard, thought Mary's policies failed not because they were wrong but because she had too short a reign to establish them and because of natural disasters beyond her control.[153] However, her marriage to Philip was unpopular among her subjects, and her religious policies resulted in deep-seated resentment.[154] The military losses in France, poor weather and failed harvests increased public discontent. Philip spent most of his time abroad, while his wife remained in England, leaving her depressed at his absence and undermined by their inability to have children. After Mary's death, he sought to marry Elizabeth, but she refused him.[155] Thirty years later, he sent the Spanish Armada to overthrow Elizabeth, without success.
By the seventeenth century, Mary's persecution of Protestants had led them to call her Bloody Mary.[156] John Knox attacked her in The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regimen of Women, published in 1558, and she was prominently featured and vilified in Actes and Monuments, published by John Foxe in 1563, five years after her death. Subsequent editions of the book remained popular with Protestants throughout the following centuries, and helped shape enduring perceptions of Mary as a bloodthirsty tyrant.[157] In the mid-twentieth century, H. F. M. Prescott attempted to redress the tradition that Mary was intolerant and authoritarian by writing more objectively, and scholarship since then has tended to view the older, simpler, partisan assessments of Mary with greater scepticism.[158] Although Mary's rule was ultimately ineffectual and unpopular, the policies of fiscal reform, naval expansion and colonial exploration that were later lauded as Elizabethan accomplishments were started in Mary's reign.[159]
[21]
December 14,1582: Elizabeth consents to receive him; and, in spite of all her prepossessions against him, she concludes by treating him kindly. A few days thereafter, the Duke of Lennox set out for France. [22]
December 14, 1774
Major John Sullivan leads a band of militia in the break in at the arsenal at Fort William and Mary in New Hampshire, the first military action of the Revolutionary War.[23]
1774: In Prague, Empress Maria Theresa banished the Jews. A few weeks earlier, Frederick the Great took Prague in the Wars of Succession and the populace ransacked the ghetto. He soon left and the Croats returned. They accused the Jews of treason and again their quarters were sacked. At this point and then again January 7, Empress Maria Theresa banished all the Jews of Bohemia and Moravia. Due to the protests of the Jews and the governments of England and Holland, the decree was dropped everywhere but in Prague. To put this in perspective, this happened five months before the outbreak of the American Revolution. In other words, while the Old World was continuing to find ways to persecute Jews, the New World was about to enjoy a new birth of freedom that would include the Jews.[24]
December 14, 1775: Virginia Congress Response to Lord Dunmore's Proclamation
The Virginians were alarmed by Dunmore's offer of freedom for their slaves. They took several measures in an attempt to halt a slave migration. Local patrols were doubled and the declaration was published in the newspapers. Slaves were warned that if the colonists were defeated, the British would sell them to the West Indies. Masters were to inform their slaves that Dunmore was cruel to his own black servants and that he would abandon their women, children, and infirm.
In response to Dunmore's proclamation, the Virginia Congress published this declaration. The document states that those slaves that runaway, rebel or cause an insurrection will suffer death. Those that returned to their masters within 10 days would be offered a pardon.1
December 14, 1776
As Galloway observed,[25] of these Jersey posts the weakest were those closest to the enemy: Rall’s brigade with a handful of Jager and dragoons at Trenton, about 1,500 effectives; and Donop with three grenadier battalions, the 42nd Highlanders, and the Jâger, 1,800 effectives, at Bordentown and Black Horse. Further back were Major General Alexander Leslie at Princeton and General James Grant, overall commander in Jersey, at Brunswick. Donop was not happy with this arrangement. He did not consider Rall competent to hold an independent post. Rail, however, was held in high esteem by Howe, with whom he breakfasted on 14 December when the British commander-in-chief was at Trenton. Donop had wanted to have Rall’s brigade under his command at Bordentown, and to have only an outpost of 150 men detached to Trenton doing duty there in rotation. Rall persuaded Howe to let him have a separate command as brigadier at Trenton.[26][27]
December 14, 1782
British forces evacuate Charleston, South Carolina.[28]
December 14, 1788: James STEPHENSON. Born about 1737 in Berkeley County, Virginia. James died in Cross Creek, Pennsylvania in 1813; he was 76.
James married Rachel McKEEVER. Rachel died on December 14, 1788.
[29]
December 14, 1799
George Washington, first President of the United States, dies at his home in Mount Vernon, Virginia.[30]
Agreement with The Delawares and Wyandot
December 14, 1843
Agreement between the Delaware and Wyandot nations of Indians, concluded on the 14th day of December, 1843.
Whereas from a long and intimate acquaintance, and the ardent friendship which has for a great many years existed between the Delawares and Wyandots, and from a mutual desire that the same feeling shall continue and be more strengthened by becoming near neighbors to each other; therefore the said parties, the Delawares on one side, and the Wyandots on the other, in full council assembled, have agreed, and do agree, to the following stipulations, to wit: -
Article 1.
The Delaware nation of Indians, residing between the Missouri and Kansas rivers, being very anxious to have their uncles, the Wyandots, to settle and reside near them, do hereby donate, grant and quitclaim forever, to the Wyandot nation, three sections of land, containing six hundred and forty acres each, lying and being situated at the point of the junction of the Missouri and Kansas Rivers.
Article 2.
The Delaware chiefs, for themselves, and by the unanimous consent of their people; do hereby cede, grant, quitclaim to the Wyandot nation and their heirs forever, thirty-six sections of land, each containing six hundred and forty acres, situated between the aforesaid Missouri and Kansas rivers, and adjoining on the west the aforesaid three donated sections, making in all thirty-nine sections of land, bounded as follows, viz.: Commencing at the point at the junction of the aforesaid Missouri and Kansas rivers, running west along the Kansas river sufficiently far to include the aforesaid thirty-nine sections; thence running north to the Missouri river; thence down the said river with its meanders to the place of beginning; to be surveyed in as near a square form as the rivers and territory ceded will admit of.
Article 3.
In consideration of the foregoing donation and cession of land, the Wyandot chiefs bind themselves, successors in office, and their people to pay to the Delaware nation of Indians, forty-six thousand and eighty dollars, as follows, viz: six thousand and eighty dollars to be paid the year eighteen hundred and forty-four, and four thousand dollars annually thereafter for ten years.
Article 4.
It is hereby distinctly understood, between the contracting parties, that the aforesaid agreement shall not be binding or obligatory until the President of the United States shall have approved the same and caused it to be recorded in the War Department.
In testimony whereof, we, the chiefs and headmen of the Delaware nation, and the chiefs and headmen of the Wyandott nation, have, this fourteenth day of December, eighteen hundred and forty-three, set our signatures.
· Nah-koo-mer, his x mark.
· Captain Ketchum, his x mark.
· Captain Suavec, his x mark,
· Jackenduthen, his x mark.
· San-kock-sa, his x mark.
· Cock-i-to-wa, his x mark,
· Sa-sar-sit-tona, his x mark,
· Pemp-scah, his x mark,
· Nah-que-non, his x mark,
· Henry Jacquis, his x mark.
· James Washington, his x mark.
· Matthew Peacock, his x mark.
· James Bigtree, his x mark.
· George Armstrong, his x mark.
· Tan-roo-mie, his x mark.
· T. A. Hicks.
Signed in open council in presence of -
· Jonathan Phillips, Sub-agent for the Wyandotts.
· Richard W. Cummins, Indian Agent.
· James M. Simpson.
· Charles Graham.
· Joel Walker, Secretary of the Wyandott Council.
· Henry Tiblow, Indian Interpreter, Delaware.[31]
1844: Theopolis McKinnon voted for Clay in 1844.[32]
1844: Of all the groups living in Jerusalem, since 1818 the Jewish population has been the religious majority. The first official census in 1844 confirms Jewish religious majority, 7120 Jews, 5,760 Muslims, and 3,390 Christians.[33]
December 14, 1861: Albert was very unwell.[113] He was diagnosed with typhoid fever by William Jenner, and died on December 14, 1861. Victoria was devastated.[114] She blamed her husband's death on worry over the Prince of Wales's philandering. He had been "killed by that dreadful business", she said.[115] She entered a state of mourning and wore black for the remainder of her life. She avoided public appearances, and rarely set foot in London in the following years.[116] Her seclusion earned her the name "widow of Windsor".[117]
Victoria's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement.[118] She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences—Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847, Balmoral Castle.
[34]
Prince Albert
Albert, Prince Consort by JJE Mayall, 1860.png
Photograph by J. J. E. Mayall, 1860
Prince consort of the United Kingdom
Reign
February 10, 1840 – December 14, 1861
Spouse
Queen Victoria
Issue
Victoria, Princess Royal, German Empress
Edward VII
Princess Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein
Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught
Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany
Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg
Full name
Francis Albert Augustus Charles Emmanuel
House
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Father
Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Mother
Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
Born
(1819-08-26)August 26, 1819
Schloss Rosenau, Coburg, Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, German Confederation
Died
December 14, 1861(1861-12-14) (aged 42)
Windsor Castle, Berkshire, United Kingdom
Burial
December 23, 1861; December 18, 1862
St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle; Frogmore, Windsor
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Francis Albert Augustus Charles Emmanuel;[1] later The Prince Consort; August 26, 1819 – December 14, 1861) was the husband of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
one of Albert's doctors, William Jenner, diagnosed typhoid fever. Albert died at 10:50 p.m. on December 14, 1861 in the Blue Room at Windsor Castle, in the presence of the Queen and five of their nine children.[105] The contemporary diagnosis was typhoid fever, but modern writers have pointed out that Albert was ill for at least two years before his death, which may indicate that a chronic disease, such as Crohn's disease,[106] renal failure, or cancer, was the cause of death.[107]
Legacy
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Albert_Memorial%2C_London_-_May_2008.jpg/220px-Albert_Memorial%2C_London_-_May_2008.jpg
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png
Albert Memorial, London
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Albert_Hall.jpg/220px-Albert_Hall.jpg
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png
Royal Albert Hall, London
Further information: Royal eponyms in Canada
The Queen's grief was overwhelming, and the tepid feelings the public had felt previously for Albert were replaced by sympathy.[108] Victoria wore black in mourning for the rest of her long life, and Albert's rooms in all his houses were kept as they had been, even with hot water brought in the morning, and linen and towels changed daily.[109] Such practices were not uncommon in the houses of the very rich.[110] Victoria withdrew from public life and her seclusion eroded some of Albert's work in attempting to re-model the monarchy as a national institution setting a moral, if not political, example.[111] Albert is credited with introducing the principle that the British royal family should remain above politics.[112] Before his marriage to Victoria, she supported the Whigs; for example, early in her reign Victoria managed to thwart the formation of a Tory government by Sir Robert Peel by refusing to accept substitutions which Peel wanted to make among her ladies-in-waiting.[113]
Albert's body was temporarily entombed in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle,[114] until a year after his death his remains were deposited at Frogmore Mausoleum, which remained incomplete until 1871.[115] The sarcophagus, in which both he and the Queen were eventually laid, was carved from the largest block of granite that had ever been quarried in Britain.[116] Despite Albert's request that no effigies of him should be raised, many public monuments were erected all over the country, and across the British Empire.[117] The most notable are the Royal Albert Hall and the Albert Memorial in London. The plethora of memorials erected to Albert became so great that Charles Dickens told a friend that he sought an "inaccessible cave" to escape from them.[118]
All manner of objects are named after Prince Albert, from Lake Albert in Africa to the city of Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, to the Albert Medal presented by the Royal Society of Arts. Four regiments of the British Army were named after him: 11th (Prince Albert's Own) Hussars; Prince Albert's Light Infantry; Prince Albert's Own Leicestershire Regiment of Yeomanry Cavalry, and The Prince Consort's Own Rifle Brigade. He and Queen Victoria showed a keen interest in the establishment and development of Aldershot in Hampshire as a garrison town in the 1850s. They had a wooden Royal Pavilion built there in which they would often stay when attending reviews of the army.[119] Albert established and endowed the Prince Consort's Library at Aldershot, which still exists today.[120]
Biographies published after his death were typically heavy on eulogy. Theodore Martin's five-volume magnum opus was authorised and supervised by Queen Victoria, and her influence shows in its pages. Nevertheless, it is an accurate and exhaustive account.[121] Lytton Strachey's Queen Victoria (1921) was more critical, but it was discredited in part by mid-twentieth-century biographers such as Hector Bolitho and Roger Fulford, who (unlike Strachey) had access to Victoria's journal and letters.[122] Popular myths about Prince Albert—such as the claim that he introduced Christmas trees to Britain—are dismissed by scholars.[123] Recent biographers, such as Stanley Weintraub, portray Albert as a figure in a tragic romance, who died too soon and was mourned by his lover for a lifetime.[49] In the 2009 movie The Young Victoria, Albert, played by Rupert Friend, is made into an heroic character; in the fictionalised depiction of the 1840 shooting, he is struck by a bullet—something that did not happen in real life.[124][125]
Titles, styles, honours and arms
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath.jpg/220px-Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath.jpg
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf12/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png
Albert wearing the robes of a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, 1842
Titles and styles
June 25, 1857 – December 14, 1861: His Royal Highness The Prince Consort[30] [35]
December 14, 1863: Battle of Beans Station, TN.[36]
December 14, 1863: In the final years of the Civil War, Union lawmakers debated various proposals for Reconstruction.[13] Some of these called for a constitutional amendment to abolish slavery nationally and permanently. On December 14, 1863, a bill proposing such an amendment was introduced by Representative James Mitchell Ashley.[14] Representative James F. Wilson soon followed with a similar proposal. [37]
December 14, 1872: LOURANA "LOU"27 CRAWFORD (VALENTINE "VOL"26, JOSEPH "JOSIAH"25, VALENTINE24, VALENTINE23, WILLIAM22, MAJOR GENERAL LAWRENCE21, HUGH20, HUGH19, CAPTAIN THOMAS18, LAWRENCE17, ROBERT16, MALCOLM15, MALCOLM14, ROGER13, REGINALD12, JOHN, JOHN, REGINALD DE CRAWFORD, HUGH OR JOHN, GALFRIDUS, JOHN, REGINALD5, REGINALD4, DOMINCUS3 CRAWFORD, REGINALD2, ALAN1) was born February 08, 1824 in Estell County, Kentucky, and died February 10, 1910 in Crowell Foard County, Texas. She married BILEY FINNEY March 18, 1844.
Compiled from the book, "Cow by the Tail" written by Jesse James Benton in 1943.
Departure Date: October 14, 1872
16 ox-drawn covered wagons
36 people
including:
Andy (& other negroes)
Benton sisters
Benton, Henry
Benton, Jesse James, age 8
Benton, Laurinda/Laurenda Crawford
Benton, Merl/Merriel
Benton, Oliver
Crawford men (3 or more)
Finney, John
Finney, Lourana Crawford& 8 children
Finney, Will(iam)
Hamilton family
Kelly, Bud
Wilson, Job
Route:
Estill Co., KY - October 14, 1872> Southwest to Chattanooga, TN> Mississippi River> Arkansas>
Red River - Doan's Crossing> Indian Territory (OK)> Texas - North of Dallas> Collin Co., TX>
Mart Crawford's farm in Collin Co., TX December 14, 1872> 100 acres rented near Howlet Creek from
Widow Wattie Smoot, Denton Co., TX - on forks of Oliver and Denton Creeks 1873-4
Children of LOURANA CRAWFORD and BILEY FINNEY are:
i. LOUIS28 FINNEY.
ii. LOUISA FINNEY, m. MIKE JUDGE. [38]
http://www.studythepast.com/history571/pam/VirginiaDeclaration.jpg
Virginia Congress response.
December 14, 1878: The anniversary of Albert's death, Victoria's second daughter Alice, who had married Louis of Hesse, died of diphtheria in Darmstadt. Victoria noted the coincidence of the dates as "almost incredible and most mysterious".[146]
[39]
The Princess Alice
April 25, 1843
December 14, 1878
married 1862, Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine; had issue
[40]
December 14, 1887: Against his father's earnest counsel He attended St. Ignatisus and completed a degree in Philosophy. He married December 14, 1887 Edith Ogden daughter of Rober N. Ogden.
Carter followed his father's footsteps and pursued both politics and real estate.
Carter Harrison Campaign PosterAs his father was an avid horseman he was a bicyclest and was a member of the Century Road Club which had awarded him 18 pendant bars each engraved with the date of a particular run. Carter Harrison Jr. used the bicycle as his campaign gimmick to help him win election in 1897. 'Not the Champion Cyclist, but the Cyclist's champion. "Shortly after the nominations I had the Owsley brothers send a brand new wheel with the scorcher handlebars of the schorchiest type to the Morrison photograph gallery. I then betook myselfto the gallery with my riding togs to be phographed head on, body bent double over the scorcher bars, an attitude that always gave a fiendish expression even to the mildest of faces. What with the rakish cap, the old grey sweater and the string of eighteen pwndant bars, I looked a professional a picture which I knew would carry weight with the vast army of Chicago wheelmen."
Carter served five terms as mayor of Chicago. Through out his adulthood as in his childhood his closest friends were the twins Heaton and Harry Owsley. [41]
December 14, 1887: Edith Ogden Harrison
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Edith_Ogden_Harrison01.JPG/230px-Edith_Ogden_Harrison01.JPG
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf4/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png
New York Public Library
Edith Ogden Harrison (November 16, 1862 – May 22, 1955) was a well-known and prolific author of children's books and fairy tales in the early decades of the twentieth century. She was also the wife of Carter Harrison, Jr., five-term mayor of Chicago.
Edith Ogden was born to Robert N. Ogden, Jr. and Sarah L Beattie,[1] and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana; she was a "belle of cultured, aristocratic habits who acquitted herself well in the parlors of the Potter Palmers and Marshall Fields" and other Chicago notables.[2] She married Carter Harrison on December 14, 1887. Their first child died in infancy in 1889; they had two surviving children, Carter Henry Harrison V, born June 28, 1891, and Edith Ogden Harrison II, born January 21, 1896. (Their son was the fifth of that name because his father was, formally, Carter Henry Harrison IV. He was known in his political career as "Junior" because his father, Carter Henry Harrison III, had preceded him in office and had been one of Chicago's most famous mayors.[3] Confusion arises when "Junior" is erroneously referred to as "Carter Harrison II.") The couple celebrated the fiftieth wedding anniversary of an apparently happy marriage in 1937.
In the first phase of her literary career, Edith O. Harrison concentrated on children's literature; later she wrote travel books and autobiographical works. Her early book Prince Silverwings was adapted by family acquaintance L. Frank Baum[42] for a dramatization that never made it to the stage.[4] (All Chicago theaters were closed after the Iroquois Theater fire[43] on December 30, 1903 caused 570 fatalities.) In the process, influences from Harrison's book appear to have found their way into Baum's works.[5]
She did not abandon her theatrical ambitions: over a number of years Harrison and Baum tried to establish a children's theater in Chicago. They were still working on the project as late as 1915, but without success.[6]
Harrison's 1912 novel The Lady of the Snows was made into a film of the same title in 1915. [1]
Works of Edith Ogden Harrison
Prince Silverwings and Other Fairy Tales, 1902
The Star Fairies, 1903
The Moon Princess, 1905
The Flaming Sword, 1908
Ladder of Moonlight, 1909
The Mocking-bird, 1909
Pole Star, 1909
Princess Sayrane, 1910
The Glittering Festival, 1911
The Lady of the Snows, 1912
The Enchanted House, 1913 (illustrated by Frederick Richardson)
Clemencia's Crisis, 1915
Below the Equator, 1918
Lands of the Sun: Impressions of a Visit to Tropical Lands, 1925
Grey Moss, 1929
The Scarlet Riders, 1930
Strange to Say: Recollections of Persons and Events in New Orleans and Chicago, 1949.[44]
[45]
1888: The Secret Doctrine by H. P. Blavatsky is published. [46] An Austrian writer, Guido Van Liste, picks up Blavatski’s idea of an Aryan race. Blavatski rewrote history, Liste rewrote geograph.[47]
December 14, 1893: Oscar Goodlove and wife are the proud and happy parents of a fine baby boy. The little one opened his eyes to the light of day last Thursday, December 14th. The mother and child are doing fine. (Winton Goodlove note:this must have been Ralph Goodlove.) .[48] Oscar Sherman was born October 28, 1871 and married Margie Jenkins on November 16, 1892, at the home of the bride’s parents, Mr. and Mrs. J. L. Jenkins. To this union were born a son, Ralph, December 14, 1893, and a daughter, Rachel, born March 1, 1896. [49]
December 14, 1901:JUDGE EDMOND REID HARRISON was born August 13, 1813 in Caswell Co., NC and died August 13, 1865 in Cleveland Co., AR. On April 13, 1844, he married Eliza Jane HARRISON, daughter of a first cousin Charles Payne HARRISON and Susannah Burton PRICE, in Dallas Co. Eliza Jane was born January 06, 1824 in Caswell Co., NC and died December 14, 1901 in Cleveland Co., AR. She was buried in Fordyce, AR. [50]
December 14, 1902: In 1902 at age 17, Eleanor Roosevelt returned to the United States, ending her formal education, and was presented at a debutante ball at the Waldorf-Astoria hotel on December 14. She was later given her own "coming out party".[17] Roosevelt was active with the New York Junior League shortly after its founding, teaching dancing and calisthenics in the East Side slums.[17] The organization had been brought to Roosevelt's attention by her friend, organization founder Mary Harriman, and a male relative who criticized the group for "drawing young women into public activity".[18] [51]
December 14, 1922: James Milton “Shug” Nix, Sr.13 [John A. Nix12, Grace Louisa Francis Smith11, Gabriel Smith10, John “LR” Smith9, Ambrose J. Smith8, Christopher Smith7, Christopher Smith6, Thomas Smythe5, Thomas Smythe4, John Smythe3, Richard2, William1] (b. November 10, 1847 in GA / d. November 9, 1932 of Food poisoning) married Rena Cummings (b. May 27, 1848 in AL / d. December 14, 1922 in Wedowee, Randolph Co. AL), the daughter of John Cummings and Eliza unk. He married Willie Bozeman Manley (b. unk) in 1925. [52]
December 14, 1922: By the fall of 1922 the Supreme Court still had not rendered its decision. Apparently confident that the district court’s judgment would be upheld, the Buck Creek board went ahead with its preparations for issuing bonds to build the consolidated school. It also had to complete its plans on how to use the existing country schools until the consolidated school was built. Once consolidation opponents, this time lead by “Babe” Kehoe, got wind of this, their counsel requested and received a restraining order from the Supreme Court on December 14, 1922. The order prohibited the removal of the school houses in Union No. 4 and Hazel Green No. 7 subdistricts and prohibited the Buck Creek board from obligation the district in any way for the construction of a new school building. This buoyed the spirits of opponents, giving them new hope that they might succeed in their appeal after all. It also served to fan the anti-Catholic sentiments of Buck Creekers even further and to stiffen their resolve to see the matter of the consolidated school through to a successful conclusion at almost any cost. [53]
1923: An interesting plea has been made for the leadership of the descendants of the old American stock on the ground that they furnish the brain power of the nation. (John Corbin, The Return of the Middle Class, 1923.) American society, it is contended, is divided into three major classes, whose who work with their hands, those who work with their brains, and the capitalists. The energies of the hand worker are absorbed by the struggle for bread, those of the capitalist by the struggle for profits, while the brain workers alone, who include the intellectual and professional classes, are in the position to play a role of real leadership. These brain workers are “very largely” the descendants of the original American stock. They, together with the kindred immigrants of Nordic stock coming from northern Europe, compose three fourths of our population and are best equipped, we are told, by virtue of their native ability to provide national leadership. Upon closer scrutiny it would appear that this argument resolves itself into a variant of the racialists’ theory that the original American stock and its descendants owe their brains and hence their right to leadership not to the social or cultural advantages which they enjoy but to the inherent superiority of their racial stock. Incidentally, it may be remarked that this threefold classification of society is so vague as to be of little practical value. [54]
1923: In the reaction which followed World War I there was a new wave of anti-Semitism, and in 1923 most of the East European Jews residents in Bavaria were expelled. This was the time when the National Socialist Movement made its appearance in the region, and anti-Semitic agitation increased. [55]
1923: Due to a delay in the payment of German reparations, French and Belgian forces occupy the Ruhr district and other areas right of the Rhine in January. Ruhr occupation triggers national outrage at France in all of Germany; temporary national unity.
1923: Britain condemns the Ruhr occupation.
• In reaction to the Ruhr occupation, the German government declares passive resistance (a gigantic, state-sponsored mass strike in the occupied areas), which fans hyperinflation, since the government in Berlin pays the strikers in the Ruhr. Having no monetary reserves left, the government resorts to the printing press, thus destroying the currency, which had lost value already since 1914 (effect of huge wartime deficit spending). The hyperinflation wipes out all middle-class savings and has catastrophic social effects in 1923. [56]
German sabotage. Bloody clashes in the occupied territories. France tries to set up separatist governments in West Germany.
At this time of renewed hostility, efforts for secret German rearmament intensify. Rightist paramilitary groups receive military help from the army (formation of secret units, the "Black Reichswehr"). The Inter-Allied Military Control Commission stops its missions in the face of popular outrage. Resumes controls only in the summer of 1924. [57]
As the catastrophic economic consequences of passive resistance become more visible, separatism and particularism intensify, especially in Bavaria. Radical unrest also grows. The rearming rightist bands start planning to overthrow the Republic, should it give up resistance to France. The Communists intensify their own preparations for a putsch. They hope to strike a decisive blow in October 1923 ("Red October"), six years after the successful Russian Revolution.
In the growing crisis, a grand coalition from SPD to DVP is formed under Gustav Stresemann, the DVP's chairman (August to November 1923). After hesitating for several weeks, Stresemann breaks off passive resistance on September 26,1923. President Ebert declares a national state of emergency in order to deal with the expected unrest following Stresemann's decision.
Bavarian right-wing activism, virulent, well-armed, and politically radical, is the first to challenge the Republic. In order to check the most militant rightists in Bavaria (including the Nazis), the Bavarian government forms an emergency government, practically a dictatorship, under the more moderate rightist Gustav von Kahr. Bavaria also moves toward greater autonomy from Berlin. [58]
December 14, 1925
Alban Berg's opera, Wozzeck has its première at the Staatsoper in Berlin. [59]
December 14, 1954: Earl L. Goodlove (September 27, 1878-December 14, 1954) married Fannie Vesta McAtee, daughter of Frank McAtee (Bk. I, F-il), who lived east of the old Kearns later Pleasant Valley (Bk. II, Schools). [60]
December 14, 1960: Cora Alice Goodlove(November 1, 1876-December 14, 1960) marriedThomas Wilkinson, April 4, 1907, at the home of the bride’s parents. Thomas died February 1968. Both are buried at Jordan’s Grove. They had three daughters, Nelevene Illini, Kathryn, Dorothy, and one son, Thomas E. "Wendell", who farmed south of Springville for several years. [61]
December 14, 1962 The USA’s Mariner-2 completes the first Venus flyby. [62]
December 14, 1978: In Iran, Ayatollah Khomeini issued a statement from his French exile rejecting proposals for the formation of a Regency council to rule until the elections of June 1979. The prime minister banned all demonstrations and threatened severe measures against strikers.[63]
December 14, 1985: Roger Eugene Maris (September 10, 1934 – December 14, 1985) was an American professional baseball player. He was a Major League Baseball right fielder for 12 seasons and on four teams, from 1957 through 1968. Maris hit a Major League record 61 home runs during the 1961 season for the New York Yankees, breaking Babe Ruth's single-season record of 60 home runs in 1927.
Maris began his professional career in 1953, and reached the major leagues in 1957 with the Cleveland Indians. He was traded to the Kansas City Athletics during the 1958 season, and to the Yankees after the 1959 season. With the Yankees, Maris was a two-time American League Most Valuable Player (1960 and 1961), All-Star (1959-1962), and Gold Glove winner (1960). Maris ended his career with the St. Louis Cardinals in 1967 and 1968.
Maris appeared in seven World Series, five as a member of the Yankees and two with the Cardinals. His accomplishment of 61 home runs in a season came back to the forefront in 1998, when the home run record was broken by Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa.
Maris died on December 14, 1985 at M.D. Anderson Hospital in Houston, Texas. A Roman Catholic, he was buried at Holy Cross Cemetery in Fargo, North Dakota. Fellow major league player Ken Hunt was interred several feet away from Maris in 1997.[18]
Maris remains a baseball hero in his hometown of Fargo and was a recipient of the State of North Dakota's Roughrider Award. Tributes include Roger Maris Drive, The Roger Maris Cancer Center, the fund raising beneficiary of the annual golf tournament, and the 61 for 61 Home Walk & Run, which is held in conjunction with the 61 for 61 radiothon on KPFX (aka "107.9 The Fox").[19][64]
December 14, 1986: Jodie Arbelle STEPHENSON. Born on June 15, 1899 in Near Keytesville, Missouri. Jodie Arbelle died in Marceline, Linn County, Missouri on December 14, 1986; she was 87.
On May 2, 1923 when Jodie Arbelle was 23, she married Conway BEEBE. Conway died on May 12, 1956.
They had the following children:
i. William Delbert (1925-1926)
ii. Robert Jesse (1926-)
iii. James Preston (1929-1985) [65]
December 14, 1994: On this date in 1994, the United Grand Lodge of England issued a statement that it found the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, the source of all Prince Hall Masonry in the United States, to be regular and deserving of recognition.[66]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] http://www.historyorb.com/events/december/14
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland#Family_and_issue
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland
[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville
[5] wikipedia
[6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_of_England
[7] wikipedia
[8] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland
[9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland
[10] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[11] http://www.tudor-history.com/about-tudors/tudor-timeline/
[12] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[13] wikipedia
[14] wikipedia
[15] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[16] Trial by Fire, by Harold Rawlings, page 138.n
[17] Trial by Fire, by Harold Rawlings, page 89.
[18] www.wikipedia.org, This day in Jewish History
[19] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe.
[20] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England
[21] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England
[22] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[23] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[24] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[25] Letters to a .Nobleman, p. 52.
[26] Monchhausen, fasc. 3, fol. 76, Note 11. Slagle, ‘The von Lossberg Regiment’, (The American University, 1965), p. 68, says there is no documentary evidence that Rall asked
[27] The Hessians, by Rodney Atwood pg. 87
[28] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[29] www.frontierfolk.net/ramsha_research/families/Stephenson.rtf
[30] On This Day in America, by John Wagman.
[31]http://www.firstpeople.us/FP-Html-Treaties/AgreementWithTheDelawaresAndWyandot1843.html
[32] Theopolis McKinnon, August 6, 1880, London, Ohio. History of Clark County, page 384.
[33] 365 Fascinating facts about the Holy Land by Clarence H. Wagner Jr.
[34] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom
[35] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort
[36] State Capital Memorial, Austin, TX, February 11, 2012
[37] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
[38] Crawford Coat of Arms.
[39] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom
[40] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort
[41] http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~harrisonrep/harrbios/carterharr4IL.htm
[42] L. Frank Baum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the retired German footballer, see Frank Baum (footballer).
L. Frank Baum
Baum in 1911
Born
Lyman Frank Baum
(1856-05-15)May 15, 1856
Chittenango, New York
Died
May 6, 1919(1919-05-06) (aged 62)
Hollywood, California
Resting place
Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California
Occupation
Author, Newspaper Editor, Actor, Screenwriter, Film Producer
Spouse(s)
Maud Gage (1882–1919; his death)
Children
Frank Joslyn Baum
Robert Stanton Baum
Harry Neal Baum
Kenneth Gage Baum
Signature
Lyman Frank Baum (May 15, 1856 – May 6, 1919) was an American author of children's books, best known for writing The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. He wrote thirteen novel sequels, nine other fantasy novels, and a host of other works (55 novels in total, plus four "lost" novels, 83 short stories, over 200 poems, an unknown number of scripts,[1] and many miscellaneous writings), and made numerous attempts to bring his works to the stage and screen. His works anticipated such century-later commonplaces as television, augmented reality, laptop computers (The Master Key), wireless telephones (Tik-Tok of Oz), women in high risk, action-heavy occupations (Mary Louise in the Country), and the ubiquity of advertising on clothing (Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work).
Baum's childhood and early life[edit]
Baum was born in Chittenango, New York, in 1856, into a devout Methodist family. He had German, Scots-Irish, and English ancestry, and was the seventh of nine children of Cynthia Ann (née Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum, only five of whom survived into adulthood.[2][3] He was named "Lyman" after his father's brother, but always disliked this name, and preferred to go by his middle name, "Frank".[4]
Benjamin Baum was a wealthy businessman, originally a barrel maker, who had made his fortune in the oil fields of Pennsylvania. Baum grew up on his parents' expansive estate, Rose Lawn, which he always remembered fondly as a sort of paradise.[5] As a young child, he was tutored at home with his siblings, but at the age of 12, he was sent to study at Peekskill Military Academy. He was a sickly child given to daydreaming, and his parents may have thought he needed toughening up. But after two utterly miserable years at the military academy, he was allowed to return home.[6] Frank Joslyn Baum, in his biography, To Please a Child, claimed that this was following an incident described as a heart attack, though there is no contemporary evidence of this (and much evidence that material in Frank J.'s biography was fabricated).[citation needed]
Baum started writing at an early age, perhaps due to an early fascination with printing. His father bought him a cheap printing press; which, with the help of his younger brother Henry (Harry) Clay Baum, with whom he had always been close, he used to produce The Rose Lawn Home Journal. The brothers published several issues of the journal, which included advertisements, perhaps which they may have sold. Rose Lawn was located in Mattydale, New York. The house burned down in the 1950s, and is now the site of an abandoned skating rink. The only remains of Rose Lawn are a few concrete steps, located behind the building.[citation needed] By the time he was 17, Baum established a second amateur journal, The Stamp Collector, printed an 11-page pamphlet called Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory, and started a stamp dealership with friends.[7]
At the age of 20, Baum took on a new vocation: the breeding of fancy poultry, a national craze at the time. He specialized in raising a particular breed of fowl, the Hamburg. In March 1880 he established a monthly trade journal, The Poultry Record, and in 1886, when Baum was 30 years old, his first book was published: The Book of the Hamburgs: A Brief Treatise upon the Mating, Rearing, and Management of the Different Varieties of Hamburgs.[8]
Despite financial difficulties, Frank was always the spotlight of fun around the household. Due to the fact that one of his trades was selling fireworks, he always made the Fourth of July memorable. His skyrockets, Roman candles, and fireworks filled the sky, while many people around the neighborhood would gather in front of the house to watch the displays. Christmas was even more festive. Frank played Santa for the family. While his father placed the Christmas tree in the front parlor behind closed drapes, Frank would decorate the tree and talk to them from behind the drapes, although they never could manage to see him. He kept up this tradition all his life.[9]
Theater[edit]
At about the same time, Baum embarked upon his lifetime infatuation with the theater,[10] a devotion which would repeatedly lead him to failure and near-bankruptcy. His first such failure occurred when a local theatrical company duped him into replenishing their stock of costumes, with the promise of leading roles that never came his way. Disillusioned, Baum left the theatre — temporarily — and went to work as a clerk in his brother-in-law's dry goods company in Syracuse. At one point, he found another clerk locked in a store room dead, an apparent suicide. This incident appears to have inspired his locked room story, "The Suicide of Kiaros", first published in the literary journal, The White Elephant.[citation needed]
Yet Baum could never stay away from the stage long. He continued to take roles in plays, performing under the stage names of Louis F. Baum and George Brooks.[citation needed]
In 1880, his father built him a theatre in Richburg, New York, and Baum set about writing plays and gathering a company to act in them. The Maid of Arran, a melodrama with songs based on William Black's novel A Princess of Thule, proved a modest success. Baum not only wrote the play but composed songs for it (making it a prototypical musical, as its songs relate to the narrative), and acted in the leading role. His aunt, Katharine Gray, played his character's aunt. She was the founder of Syracuse Oratory School, and Baum advertised his services in her catalog to teach theatre, including stage business, playwriting, directing, and translating (French, German, and Italian), revision, and operettas, though he was not employed to do so. On November 9, 1882, Baum married Maud Gage, a daughter of Matilda Joslyn Gage, a famous women's suffrage and radical[citation needed] feminist activist. While Baum was touring with The Maid of Arran, the theatre in Richburg caught fire during a production of Baum's ironically-titled parlor drama, Matches, destroying not only the theatre, but the only known copies of many of Baum's scripts, including Matches, as well as costumes.[citation needed]
The South Dakota years[edit]
In July 1888, Baum and his wife moved to Aberdeen, Dakota Territory, where he opened a store, "Baum's Bazaar". His habit of giving out wares on credit led to the eventual bankrupting of the store,[11] so Baum turned to editing a local newspaper, The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer, where he wrote a column, Our Landlady.[12] Following the death of Sitting Bull at the hands of a federal agent, Baum urged the wholesale extermination of all America's native peoples in a column he wrote on December 20, 1890. On January 3, 1891 he reverted to the subject in an editorial response to the Wounded Knee Massacre:[13]
The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extirmination [sic] of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth.[14]
A recent analysis of these editorials has challenged their literal interpretation, suggesting that the actual intent of Baum was to generate sympathy for the Indians via obnoxious argument, ostensibly promoting the contrary position.[15]
Baum's description of Kansas in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is based on his experiences in drought-ridden South Dakota. During much of this time, Matilda Joslyn Gage was living in the Baum household. While Baum was in South Dakota, he sang in a quartet that included a man who would become one of the first Populist (People's Party) Senators in the U.S., James Kyle.[citation needed][16]
Baum becomes an author[edit]
Promotional Poster for Baum's "Popular Books For Children", 1901.
After Baum's newspaper failed in 1891, he, Maud and their four sons moved to Humboldt Park section of Chicago, where Baum took a job reporting for the Evening Post. Beginning in 1897, for several years he edited a magazine for advertising agencies focused on window displays in stores. The major department stores created elaborate Christmas time fantasies, using clockwork mechanisms that made people and animals appear to move. In 1900, Baum published a book about window displays in which he stressed the importance of mannequins in drawing customers.[17] He also had to work as a traveling salesman.[18]
In 1897, he wrote and published Mother Goose in Prose, a collection of Mother Goose rhymes written as prose stories, and illustrated by Maxfield Parrish. Mother Goose was a moderate success, and allowed Baum to quit his door-to-door sales job (which had had a negative impact on his health). In 1899 Baum partnered with illustrator W. W. Denslow, to publish Father Goose, His Book, a collection of nonsense poetry. The book was a success, becoming the best-selling children's book of the year.[19]
The Baum-Denslow Mother Goose book used as free premium for breakfast cereal
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz[edit]
In 1900, Baum and Denslow (with whom he shared the copyright) published The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to much critical acclaim and financial success.[20] The book was the best-selling children's book for two years after its initial publication.[citation needed] Baum went on to write thirteen more novels based on the places and people of the Land of Oz.[citation needed]
The Wizard of Oz: Fred R. Hamlin's Musical Extravaganza[edit]
1903 poster of Dave Montgomery as the Tin Man in Hamlin's musical stage version.
Two years after Wizard's publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer Paul Tietjens and director Julian Mitchell to produce a musical stage version of the book under Fred R. Hamlin.[21] Baum and Tietjens had worked on a musical of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in 1901 and based closely upon the book, but it was rejected. This stage version, the first to use the shortened title "The Wizard of Oz", opened in Chicago in 1902, then ran on Broadway for 293 stage nights from January to October 1903. It returned to Broadway in 1904, where it played from March to May and again from November to December. It successfully toured the United States with much of the same cast, as was done in those days, until 1911, and then became available for amateur use. The stage version starred David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone as the Tin Woodman and Scarecrow respectively, which shot the pair to instant fame. The stage version differed quite a bit from the book, and was aimed primarily at adults. Toto was replaced with Imogene the Cow, and Tryxie Tryfle, a waitress, and Pastoria, a streetcar operator, were added as fellow cyclone victims. The Wicked Witch of the West was eliminated entirely in the script, and the plot became about how the four friends, being allied with the usurping Wizard, were hunted as traitors to Pastoria II, the rightful King of Oz. It is unclear how much control or influence Baum had on the script; it appears that many of the changes were written by Baum against his wishes due to contractual requirements with Hamlin. Jokes in the script, mostly written by Glen MacDonough, called for explicit references to President Theodore Roosevelt, Senator Mark Hanna, Rev.Andrew Danquer and oil magnate John D. Rockefeller. Although use of the script was rather free-form, the line about Hanna was ordered dropped as soon as Hamlin got word of his death in 1904.[citation needed]
Beginning with the success of the stage version, most subsequent versions of the story, including newer editions of the novel, have been titled "The Wizard of Oz", rather than using the full, original title. In more recent years, restoring the full title has become increasingly common, particularly to distinguish the novel from the Hollywood film.[citation needed]
Baum wrote a new Oz book, The Marvelous Land of Oz, with a view to making it into a stage production, which was titled The Woggle-Bug, but since Montgomery and Stone balked at appearing when the original was still running, the Scarecrow and Tin Woodman were omitted from this adaptation, which was seen as a self-rip-off by critics and proved to be a major flop before it could reach Broadway. He also worked for years on a musical version of Ozma of Oz, which eventually became The Tik-Tok Man Of Oz. This did fairly well in Los Angeles, but not well enough to convince producer Oliver Morosco to mount a production in New York. He also began a stage version of The Patchwork Girl of Oz, but this was ultimately realized as a film.[citation needed]
Later life and work[edit]
With the success of Wizard on page and stage, Baum and Denslow hoped lightning would strike a third time and in 1901 published Dot and Tot of Merryland.[22] The book was one of Baum's weakest, and its failure further strained his faltering relationship with Denslow. It would be their last collaboration. Baum would work primarily with John R. Neill on his fantasy work beginning in 1904, but Baum met Neill few times (all before he moved to California) and often found Neill's art not humorous enough for his liking, and was particularly offended when Neill published The Oz Toy Book: Cut-outs for the Kiddies without authorization.[citation needed]
Several times during the development of the Oz series, Baum declared that he had written his last Oz book and devoted himself to other works of fantasy fiction based in other magical lands, including The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus and Queen Zixi of Ix. However, persuaded by popular demand, letters from children, and the failure of his new books, he returned to the series each time. Even so, his other works remained very popular after his death, with The Master Key appearing on St. Nicholas Magazine's survey of readers' favorite books well into the 1920s.[citation needed]
In 1905, Baum declared plans for an Oz amusement park. In an interview, he mentioned buying Pedloe Island off the coast of California to turn it into an Oz park. Trouble is, not only is there no evidence that he purchased such an island, no one has ever been able to find any island whose name even resembles Pedloe in that area.[23][24] Nevertheless, Baum stated to the press that he had discovered a Pedloe Island off the coast of California and that he had purchased it to be "the Marvelous Land of Oz," intending it to be "a fairy paradise for children." Eleven year-old Dorothy Talbot of San Francisco was reported to be ascendant to the throne on March 1, 1906, when the Palace of Oz was expected to be completed. Baum planned to live on the island, with administrative duties handled by the princess and her all-child advisers. Plans included statues of the Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, Jack Pumpkinhead, and H.M. Woggle-Bug, T.E.[25] Baum abandoned his Oz park project after the failure of The Woggle-Bug, which was playing at the Garrick Theatre in 1905.[citation needed]
Because of his lifelong love of theatre, he financed elaborate musicals, often to his financial detriment. One of Baum's worst financial endeavors was his The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908), which combined a slideshow, film, and live actors with a lecture by Baum as if he were giving a travelogue to Oz.[26] However, Baum ran into trouble and could not pay his debts to the company who produced the films. He did not get back to a stable financial situation for several years, after he sold the royalty rights to many of his earlier works, including The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. This resulted in the M.A. Donahue Company publishing cheap editions of his early works with advertising that purported that Baum's newer output was inferior to the less expensive books they were releasing. Baum had shrewdly transferred most of his property, except for his clothing, his library (mostly of children's books, such as the fairy tales of Andrew Lang, whose portrait he kept in his study), and his typewriter (all of which he successfully argued were essential to his occupation), into Maud's name, as she handled the finances, anyway, and thus lost much less than he could have.[citation needed]
Baum made use of several pseudonyms for some of his other, non-Oz books. They include:
Edith Van Dyne (the Aunt Jane's Nieces series)
Laura Bancroft (The Twinkle Tales, Policeman Bluejay)
Floyd Akers (The Boy Fortune Hunters series, continuing the Sam Steele series)
Suzanne Metcalf (Annabel)
Schuyler Staunton (The Fate of a Crown, Daughters of Destiny)
John Estes Cooke (Tamawaca Folks)
Capt. Hugh Fitzgerald (the Sam Steele series)
Baum also anonymously wrote The Last Egyptian: A Romance of the Nile.[citation needed]
Baum continued theatrical work with Harry Marston Haldeman's men's social group, The Uplifters,[27] for which he wrote several plays for various celebrations. He also wrote the group's parodic by-laws. The group, which also included Will Rogers, was proud to have had Baum as a member and posthumously revived many of his works despite their ephemeral intent. Although many of these play's titles are known, only The Uplift of Lucifer is known to survive (it was published in a limited edition in the 1960s). Prior to that, his last produced play was The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (based on Ozma of Oz and the basis for Tik-Tok of Oz), a modest success in Hollywood that producer Oliver Morosco decided did not do well enough to take to Broadway. Morosco, incidentally, quickly turned to film production, as would Baum.[citation needed]
L. Frank Baum grave at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Glendale, California. December 2011.
In 1914, having moved to Hollywood years earlier, Baum started his own film production company, The Oz Film Manufacturing Company,[28] which came as an outgrowth of the Uplifters. He served as its president, and principal producer and screenwriter. The rest of the board consisted of Louis F. Gottschalk, Harry Marston Haldeman, and Clarence R. Rundel. The films were directed by J. Farrell MacDonald, with casts that included Violet MacMillan, Vivian Reed, Mildred Harris, Juanita Hansen, Pierre Couderc, Mai Welles, Louise Emmons, J. Charles Haydon, and early appearances by Harold Lloyd and Hal Roach. Silent film actor Richard Rosson appeared in one of the films, whose younger brother Harold Rosson photographed The Wizard of Oz (1939). After little success probing the unrealized children's film market, Baum came clean about who wrote The Last Egyptian and made a film of it (portions of which are included in Decasia), but the Oz name had, for the time being, become box office poison and even a name change to Dramatic Feature Films and transfer of ownership to Frank Joslyn Baum did not help. Unlike with The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, Baum invested none of his own money in the venture, but the stress probably took its toll on his health.[citation needed]
On May 5, 1919, Baum suffered a stroke. He died quietly the next day, May 6, nine days short of his 63rd birthday. At the end he mumbled in his sleep, then said, "Now we can cross the Shifting Sands."[according to whom?] He was buried in Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery.[29] His final Oz book, Glinda of Oz, was published on July 10, 1920, a year after his death. The Oz series was continued long after his death by other authors, notably Ruth Plumly Thompson, who wrote an additional nineteen Oz books. [30]
Baum's beliefs[edit]
Literary[edit]
Baum's avowed intentions with the Oz books, and other fairy tales, was to tell such tales as the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen told, making them American and bringing them up to date by making the characters not stereotypical dwarfs or genies, and by removing both the violence and the moral to which the violence was to point.[31] Although the first books contained a fair amount of violence, it decreased with the series; in The Emerald City of Oz, Ozma objected to doing violence even to the Nomes who threaten Oz with invasion.[32] His introduction is often cited as the beginnings of the sanitization of children's stories, although he did not do a great deal more than eliminate harsh moral lessons. His stories still include decapitations, eye removals, maimings of all kinds, and other violent acts, but the tone is very different from Grimm or Andersen.[citation needed]
Another traditional element that Baum intentionally omitted was the emphasis on romance. He considered romantic love to be uninteresting for young children, as well as largely incomprehensible. In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the only element of romance lay in the backstory of the Tin Woodman and his love Nimmie Amee, which explains his condition and does not otherwise affect the tale, and that of Gayelette and the enchantment of the Winged Monkeys; the only other stories with such elements were The Scarecrow of Oz and Tik-Tok of Oz, both based on dramatizations, which Baum regarded warily until his readers accepted them.[33]
Political[edit]
Women's suffrage advocate[edit]
Sally Roesch Wagner of The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation has published a pamphlet titled The Wonderful Mother of Oz describing how Matilda Gage's radical feminist politics were sympathetically channeled by Baum into his Oz books. Much of the politics in the Republican Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer dealt with trying to convince the populace to vote for women's suffrage. Baum was the secretary of Aberdeen's Woman's Suffrage Club. When Susan B. Anthony visited Aberdeen, she stayed with the Baums. Nancy Tystad Koupal notes an apparent loss of interest in editorializing after Aberdeen failed to pass the bill for women's enfranchisement.[citation needed]
Some of Baum's contacts with suffragists of his day seem to have inspired much of his second Oz story, The Marvelous Land of Oz. In this story, General Jinjur leads the girls and women of Oz, armed with knitting needles, in a revolt; they succeed, and make the men do the household chores. Jinjur proves to be an incompetent ruler, but a female advocating gender equality is ultimately placed on the throne. His Edith Van Dyne stories, including the Aunt Jane's Nieces, The Flying Girl and its sequel, and his girl sleuth Josie O'Gorman from The Bluebird Books, depict girls and young women engaging in traditionally masculine activities.[citation needed]
Editorials about Native Americans[edit]
During the period surrounding the 1890 Ghost Dance movement and Wounded Knee Massacre, Baum wrote two editorials about Native Americans for the Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer which have provoked controversy in recent times because of his assertion that the safety of White settlers depended on the wholesale genocide of American Indians. Sociologist Robert Venables has argued that Baum was not using sarcasm in the editorials.[34]
The first piece was published on December 20, 1890, five days after the killing of the Lakota Sioux holy man, Sitting Bull (who was being held in custody at the time). Following is the complete text of the editorial:
Sitting Bull, most renowned Sioux of modern history, is dead.
He was not a Chief, but without Kingly lineage he arose from a lowly position to the greatest Medicine Man of his time, by virtue of his shrewdness and daring.
He was an Indian with a white man's spirit of hatred and revenge for those who had wronged him and his. In his day he saw his son and his tribe gradually driven from their possessions: forced to give up their old hunting grounds and espouse the hard working and uncongenial avocations of the whites. And these, his conquerors, were marked in their dealings with his people by selfishness, falsehood and treachery. What wonder that his wild nature, untamed by years of subjection, should still revolt? What wonder that a fiery rage still burned within his breast and that he should seek every opportunity of obtaining vengeance upon his natural enemies.
The proud spirit of the original owners of these vast prairies inherited through centuries of fierce and bloody wars for their possession, lingered last in the bosom of Sitting Bull. With his fall the nobility of the Redskin is extinguished, and what few are left are a pack of whining curs who lick the hand that smites them. The Whites, by law of conquest, by justice of civilization, are masters of the American continent, and the best safety of the frontier settlements will be secured by the total annihilation of the few remaining Indians. Why not annihilation? Their glory has fled, their spirit broken, their manhood effaced; better that they die than live the miserable wretches that they are. History would forget these latter despicable beings, and speak, in latter ages of the glory of these grand Kings of forest and plain that Cooper loved to heroize.
We cannot honestly regret their extermination, but we at least do justice to the manly characteristics possessed, according to their lights and education, by the early Redskins of America.[35][36]
Following the December 29, 1890, massacre, Baum wrote a second editorial, published on January 3, 1891:
The peculiar policy of the government in employing so weak and vacillating a person as General Miles to look after the uneasy Indians, has resulted in a terrible loss of blood to our soldiers, and a battle which, at best, is a disgrace to the war department. There has been plenty of time for prompt and decisive measures, the employment of which would have prevented this disaster.
The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extirmination [sic] of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth. In this lies safety for our settlers and the soldiers who are under incompetent commands. Otherwise, we may expect future years to be as full of trouble with the redskins as those have been in the past.
An eastern contemporary, with a grain of wisdom in its wit, says that "when the whites win a fight, it is a victory, and when the Indians win it, it is a massacre."[35][37]
These two short editorials continue to haunt his legacy. In 2006, two descendants of Baum apologized to the Sioux nation for any hurt their ancestor had caused.[38]
The short story, "The Enchanted Buffalo", claims to be a legend of a tribe of bison, and states that a key element made it into legends of Native American tribes. Father Goose, His Book contains poems such as "There Was a Little Nigger Boy" and "Lee-Hi-Lung-Whan." In The Last Egyptian, Lord Roane uses "nigger" to insult the title character, while in The Daring Twins, set in the American South, the only character to use the term is a boy from Boston complaining that his mother uses their money to help "naked niggers in Africa." Baum mentions his characters' distaste for a Hopi snake dance in Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John, but also deplores the horrible situation of Indian Reservations. Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch has a hard-working Mexican present himself as an exception to reiterate Anglo stereotypes of Mexican laziness.[citation needed] Baum's mother-in-law, Woman's Suffrage leader Matilda Joslyn Gage, had great influence over Baum's views. Gage was initiated into the Wolf Clan and admitted into the Iroquois Council of Matrons for her outspoken respect and sympathy for Native American people; it would seem unlikely that Baum could have harbored animosity for them in his mature years.
The interpretation of the Indian editorials has been explored in the context of satire and reverse psychology, highlighting their ironic inconsistencies. Analysis of Baum literature, both subsequent to and contemporary with the editorials, appears to reveal sympathy with the plight of the Indians, suggesting that in these editorials “…he was not advocating holocaust, he was deploring it, at the moment it was occurring and in the midst of it … (he) found himself surrounded not by bloodthirsty redskins, but rather by his subscribers, bloodthirsty frontier rednecks.”[39]
Political imagery in The Wizard of Oz[edit]
Main article: Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
Although numerous political references to the "Wizard" appeared early in the 20th century, it was in a scholarly article by Henry Littlefield,[40] an upstate New York high school history teacher, published in 1964 that there appeared the first full-fledged interpretation of the novel as an extended political allegory of the politics and characters of the 1890s. Special attention was paid to the Populist metaphors and debates over silver and gold.[41] As a Republican and avid supporter of Women's Suffrage, it is thought that Baum personally did not support the political ideals of either the Populist movement of 1890–92 or the Bryanite-silver crusade of 1896–1900. He published a poem in support of William McKinley.[42]
Since 1964 many scholars, economists and historians have expanded on Littlefield's interpretation, pointing to multiple similarities between the characters (especially as depicted in Denslow's illustrations) and stock figures from editorial cartoons of the period. Littlefield himself wrote to The New York Times letters to the editor section spelling out that his theory had no basis in fact, but that his original point was, "not to label Baum, or to lessen any of his magic, but rather, as a history teacher at Mount Vernon High School, to invest turn-of-the-century America with the imagery and wonder I have always found in his stories."[43]
Baum's newspaper had addressed politics in the 1890s, and Denslow was an editorial cartoonist as well as an illustrator of children's books. A series of political references are included in the 1902 stage version, such as references by name to the President and a powerful senator, and to John D. Rockefeller for providing the oil needed by the Tin Woodman. Scholars have found few political references in Baum's Oz books after 1902.[citation needed]
When Baum himself was asked whether his stories had hidden meanings, he always replied that they were written to please children and generate an income for his family.[citation needed]
Religion[edit]
Originally a Methodist, Baum joined the Episcopal Church in Aberdeen to participate in community theatricals. Later, he and his wife, encouraged by Matilda Joslyn Gage, became members of the Theosophical Society in 1892.[44] Baum's beliefs are often reflected in his writing. The only mention of a church in his Oz books is the porcelain one which the Cowardly Lion breaks in the Dainty China Country in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The Baums believed in God, but felt that religious decisions should be made by mature minds and not religious authorities. As a result, they sent their older sons to "Ethical Culture Sunday School" in Chicago, which taught morality, not religion.[45][46]
Bibliography[edit]
This literature-related list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Oz works[edit]
Main: List of Oz books
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)
The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)
Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1905, comic strip depicting 27 stories)
The Woggle-Bug Book (1905)
Ozma of Oz (1907)
Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)
The Road to Oz (1909)
The Emerald City of Oz (1910)
The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)
Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913, collection of 6 short stories)
Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)
The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)
Rinkitink in Oz (1916)
The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)
The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)
The Magic of Oz (1919, posthumously published)
Glinda of Oz (1920, posthumously published)
The Royal Book of Oz (1921, posthumous attribution—entirely the work of Ruth Plumly Thompson)
Princess Truella, a character from The Magical Monarch of Mo, illustrated by Frank Ver Beck
Non-Oz works[edit]
Mother Goose in Prose (prose retellings of Mother Goose rhymes, (1897)
By the Candelabra's Glare (poetry, 1898)[47]
Father Goose: His Book (nonsense poetry, 1899)
The Magical Monarch of Mo (Originally published in 1900 as A New Wonderland) (fantasy, 1903)
The Army Alphabet (poetry, 1900)
The Navy Alphabet (poetry, 1900)
Dot and Tot of Merryland (fantasy, 1901)
American Fairy Tales (fantasy, 1901)
The Master Key: An Electrical Fairy Tale (fantasy, 1901)
The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (fantasy, 1902)
The Enchanted Island of Yew (fantasy, 1903)
Queen Zixi of Ix (fantasy, 1905)
John Dough and the Cherub (fantasy, 1906)
Father Goose's Year Book: Quaint Quacks and Feathered Shafts for Mature Children (nonsense poetry for adults, 1907)
The Daring Twins: A Story for Young Folk (novel, 1911; reprinted in 2006 as The Secret of the Lost Fortune)
The Sea Fairies (fantasy, 1911)
Sky Island (fantasy, 1912)
Phoebe Daring: A Story for Young Folk (novel, 1912; announced for reprint by Hungry Tiger Press as Unjustly Accused!)
Our Married Life (novel, 1912) [lost]
Johnson (novel, 1912) [lost]
The Mystery of Bonita (novel, 1914) [lost][48]
Molly Oodle (novel, 1915) [lost]
Animal Fairy Tales (fantasy, 1969) (originally published 1905 as a magazine series)
Short stories[edit]
This list omits those stories that appeared in Our Landlady, American Fairy Tales, Animal Fairy Tales, Little Wizard Stories of Oz, and Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz.
"They Played a New Hamlet" (April 28, 1895)
"A Cold Day on the Railroad" (May 26, 1895)
"Who Called 'Perry?'" (January 19, 1896)
"Yesterday at the Exhibition" (February 2, 1896)
"My Ruby Wedding Ring" (October 12, 1896)
"The Man with the Red Shirt" (c.1897, told to Matilda Jewell Gage, who wrote it down in 1905)
"How Scroggs Won the Reward" (May 5, 1897)
"The Extravagance of Dan" (May 18, 1897)
"The Return of Dick Weemins" (July 1897)
"The Suicide of Kiaros" (September 1897)
"A Shadow Cast Before" (December 1897)
"John" (June 24, 1898)
"The Mating Day" (September 1898)
"Aunt Hulda's Good Time" (October 26, 1899)
"The Loveridge Burglary" (January 1900)
"The Bad Man" (February 1901)
"The King Who Changed His Mind" (1901)
"The Runaway Shadows or A Trick of Jack Frost" (June 5, 1901)
"(The Strange Adventures of) An Easter Egg" (March 29, 1902)
"The Ryl of the Lilies" (April 12, 1903)
the first chapter of The Whatnexters, an unfinished novel with Isidore Witmark[49] (1903, Unpublished and possibly lost)
"Chrome Yellow" (1904, Unpublished; held in The Baum Papers at Syracuse University)
"Mr. Rumple's Chill" (1904, Lost)
"Bess of the Movies" (1904, Lost)
"The Diamondback" (1904, First page missing)
"A Kidnapped Santa Claus" (December 1904)
"The Woggle-Bug Book: The Unique Adventures of the Woggle-Bug" (January 12, 1905)[50]
"Nelebel's Fairyland" (June 1905)
"Jack Burgitt's Honor" (August 1, 1905)
"The Tiger's Eye: A Jungle Fairy Tale" (1905)
"The Yellow Ryl" (1906)
"The Witchcraft of Mary–Marie" (1908)
"The Man-Fairy" (December 1910)
"Juggerjook" (December 1910)
"The Tramp and the Baby" (October 1911)
"Bessie's Fairy Tale" (December 1911)
"Aunt 'Phroney's Boy" (December 1912)
"The Littlest Giant—An Oz Story" (1918)
"An Oz Book" (1919)
Under pseudonyms[edit]
As Edith Van Dyne:
Aunt Jane's Nieces (1906)
Aunt Jane's Nieces Abroad (1907)
Aunt Jane's Nieces at Millville (1908)
Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work (1909)
Aunt Jane's Nieces in Society (1910)
Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John (1911)
The Flying Girl (1911)
Aunt Jane's Nieces on Vacation (1912)
The Flying Girl and Her Chum (1912)
Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch (1913)
Aunt Jane's Nieces Out West (1914)
Aunt Jane's Nieces in the Red Cross (1915, revised and republished in 1918)
Mary Louise (1916)
Mary Louise in the Country (1916)
Mary Louise Solves a Mystery (1917)
Mary Louise and the Liberty Girls (1918)
Mary Louise Adopts a Soldier (1919; largely ghostwritten based on a fragment by Baum; subsequent books in the series are by Emma Speed Sampson)
As Floyd Akers:
The Boy Fortune Hunters in Alaska (1908; originally published in 1906 as Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea by "Capt. Hugh Fitzgerald")
The Boy Fortune Hunters in Panama (1908; originally published in 1907 as Sam Steele's Adventures in Panama by "Capt. Hugh Fitzgerald"; reprinted in 2008 as The Amazing Bubble Car)
The Boy Fortune Hunters in Egypt (1908; reprinted in 2008 as The Treasure of Karnak)
The Boy Fortune Hunters in China (1909; reprinted in 2006 as The Scream of the Sacred Ape)
The Boy Fortune Hunters in Yucatan (1910)
The Boy Fortune Hunters in the South Seas (1911)
As Schuyler Staunton:
The Fate of a Crown (1905)
Daughters of Destiny (1906)
As John Estes Cooke:
Tamawaca Folks: A Summer Comedy (1907)
As Suzanne Metcalf:
Annabel, A Novel for Young Folk (1906)
As Laura Bancroft:
The Twinkle Tales (1906; collected as Twinkle and Chubbins, though Chubbins is not in all the stories)
Policeman Bluejay (1907; also known as Babes in Birdland, it was published under Baum's name shortly before his death)
Anonymous:
The Last Egyptian: A Romance of the Nile (1908)
Miscellanea[edit]
Baum's Complete Stamp Dealer's Directory (1873)
The Book of the Hamburgs (poultry guide, 1886)
Our Landlady (newspaper stories, 1890–1891)
The Art of Decorating Dry Goods Windows and Interiors (trade publication, 1900)
L. Frank Baum's Juvenile Speaker (or Baum's Own Book for Children), a collection of revised work (1910), later republished as The Snuggle Tales (1916–17) and Oz-Man Tales (1920)
Baum has been credited as the editor of In Other Lands Than Ours (1907), a collection of letters written by his wife Maud Gage Baum.[51]
Plays and adaptations[edit]
Main article: Plays of L. Frank Baum
Including those listed here and on the Oz books page, Michael Patrick Hearn has identified forty-two titles of stage plays associated with Baum, some probably redundant or reflective of alternate drafts, many for works that Baum may never have actually started. Listed below are those either known to have been performed (such as the lost plays of his youth) or that exist in at least fragmentary or treatment form.
The Mackrummins (lost play, 1882)
The Maid of Arran (play, 1882)
Matches (lost play, 1882)
Kilmourne, or O'Connor's Dream (lost? play, opened April 4, 1883)
The Queen of Killarney (lost? play, 1883)
The Songs of Father Goose (Father Goose set to music by Alberta N. Hall Burton, 1900)
"The Maid of Athens: A College Fantasy" (play treatment, 1903; with Emerson Hough)
"The King of Gee-Whiz" (play treatment, February 1905, with Emerson Hough)
Mortal for an Hour or The Fairy Prince or Prince Marvel (play, 1909)
The Pipes O' Pan (play, 1909, with George Scarborough; only the first act was ever completed)
King Bud of Noland, or The Magic Cloak (musical play, 1913; music by Louis F. Gottschalk, revised as the scenario to the film, The Magic Cloak of Oz)
Stagecraft, or, The Adventures of a Strictly Moral Man (musical play, 1914; music by Louis F. Gottschalk)
Prince Silverwings (long term project collaborating with Edith Ogden Harrison, based on her book; worked on as late as 1915; published in 1982)
The Uplift of Lucifer, or Raising Hell: An Allegorical Squazosh (musical play, music by Louis F. Gottschalk, 1915)
Blackbird Cottages: The Uplifters' Minstrels (musical play, 1916; music by Byron Gay)[52]
The Orpheus Road Show: A Paraphrastic Compendium of Mirth (musical play, 1917; music by Louis F. Gottschalk)
The Wizard of Oz on screen and back to stage[edit]
Following early film treatments in 1910 and 1925, and Baum's own venture, The Oz Film Manufacturing Company, Metro Goldwyn Mayer made the story into the now classic movie The Wizard of Oz (1939) starring Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale. It was only MGM's second feature-length film in three-strip Technicolor (the first having been Sweethearts, based on the Victor Herbert operetta). Among other changes, including largely eliminating the novel's feminist influences, the film was given an all-a-dream ending. (Baum used this technique only once, in Mr. Woodchuck, and in that case the title character explicitly told the dreamer that she was dreaming numerous times.)
In 1970, the actor Conlan Carter, formerly of ABC's Combat! and The Law and Mr. Jones, played the role of Baum in the episode "The Wizard of Aberdeen" in the syndicated television series Death Valley Days.[53]
A completely new Tony Award-winning Broadway musical based on African-American musical styles, The Wiz was staged in 1975 with Stephanie Mills as Dorothy. It was the basis for a 1978 film by the same title starring Diana Ross as an adult Dorothy and Michael Jackson as the Scarecrow. The Wizard of Oz continues to inspire new versions such as Disney's 1985 Return to Oz, The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, Tin Man (a re-imagining of the story televised in late 2007 on the Sci Fi Channel), and a variety of animated productions. Today's most successful Broadway show, Wicked provides a backstory to the two Oz witches used in the classic MGM film. Wicked author Gregory Maguire chose to honor L. Frank Baum by naming his main character Elphaba—a phonetic take on Baum's initials.
Baum was portrayed by actor John Ritter in the television movie Dreamer of Oz.
In 2013 the film titled Oz the Great and Powerful was released
See also[edit]
Biography portal
Storybook Land is a theme park in Aberdeen, South Dakota. It features the Land of Oz, with characters and attractions from the books.[citation needed]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ 42 titles are known, but whether any writings ever existed to go with many of them is not known
Jump up ^ Rogers, p. 1.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Hearn, Introduction, The Annotated Wizard of Oz, p. xv n. 3.
Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 2–3.
Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 3–4.
Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 4–5.
Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 6–7; Hearn, Annotated Wizard, pp. xvii–xviii.
Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 49.
Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 8–9, 16–17 and ff.
Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 23–5.
Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 25–7 and ff.
Jump up ^ Stannard, David E, American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World, Oxford Press, 1992, page 126 ISBN 0-19-508557-4
Jump up ^ Hastings, A. Waller. "L. Frank Baum's Editorials on the Sioux Nation", Northern State University. (Retrieved Dec 20, 2011)
Jump up ^ Reneau, Reneau H. “Misanthropology: A Florilegium of Bahumbuggery,” donlazaro translations, 2004 pp. 145-164
Jump up ^ Koupal
Jump up ^ Emily and Per Ola d'Aulaire, "Mannequins: our fantasy figures of high fashion," Smithsonian, Vol. 22, no. 1, April 1991
Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 45–59.
Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 54–69 and ff.
Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 73–94.
Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 105–10.
Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 95–6.
Jump up ^ "Miscellaneous Questions" about L. Frank Baum, see heading "Has there ever been any sort of Wizard of Oz-themed amusement park or tourist attraction?"
Jump up ^ "L. Frank Baum's La Jolla, Halfway to Oz" by Bard C. Cosman, in The Journal of San Diego History, Fall 1998, volume 44, Number 4
Jump up ^ "First Princess of Oz and Owner of Island." June 18, 1905, unidentified Chicago newspaper clipping in the L. Frank Baum file at the New York Public Library of the Performing Arts
Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 162–3; Hearn, Annotated Wizard, pp. lxvi–lxxi.
Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 182–3.
Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 110, 177, 181, 202–5 and ff.
Jump up ^ Rogers, p. 239.
Jump up ^ http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Thompson__Ruth_Plumly.html Penn State University Library biography of Ruth Plumly Thompson
Jump up ^ Sale, p. 223.
Jump up ^ Riley, p. 164.
Jump up ^ Hearn, pp. 138–9.
Jump up ^ Venables, Robert. "Twisted Footnote to Wounded Knee". Northeast Indian Quarterly.
^ Jump up to: a b "L. Frank Baum's Editorials on the Sioux Nation" Full text of both, with commentary by professor A. Waller Hastings
Jump up ^ Rogers, p. 259.
Jump up ^ Professor Robert Venables, Senior Lecturer Rural Sociology Department, Cornell University, "Looking Back at Wounded Knee 1890", Northeast Indian Quarterly, Spring 1990
Jump up ^ Ray, Charles (2006-08-17). "'Oz' Family Apologizes for Racist Editorials". Morning Edition (National Public Radio). Retrieved 2007-09-04.
Jump up ^ Reneau, Reneau H. “A Newer Testament: Misanthropology Unleashed,“ donlazaro translations, 2008, pp. 129-147
Jump up ^ Littlefield, Henry. "The Wizard of Oz: Parable on Populism." American Quarterly. v. 16, 3, Spring 1964, 47–58.
Jump up ^ Attebery, pp. 86–7.
Jump up ^ Oz Populism Theory at www.halcyon.com
Jump up ^ "'Oz' Author Kept Intentions to Himself". The New York Times Company. February 7, 1992. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
Jump up ^ Algeo, pp. 270–3; Rogers, pp. 50–1 and ff.
Jump up ^ F. J. Baum, To Please a Child, p. 84
Jump up ^ Michael Patrick Hearn. The Annotated Wizard of Oz. 2nd Edition. 2000. pp. 7, 271, 328.
Jump up ^ Facsimile edition, Delmar, NY, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1981. ISBN 978-0-8201-1361-6
Jump up ^ According to Michael Patrick Hearn, this is mentioned in legal documents related to The Oz Film Manufacturing Company.
Jump up ^ "Isidore Witmark has in his cabinet the manuscript of the first and only chapter ever written of a book that he and Frank Baum had planned to write together, entitled, The Whatnexters." Isidore Witmark and Isaac Goldberg. The Story of the House of Witmark: From Ragtime to Swingtime. New York: Lee Furman, Inc., 1939, p. 238.
Jump up ^ Facsimile edition, Delmar, NY, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1978. ISBN 978-0-8201-1308-1
Jump up ^ Facsimile edition, Delmar, NY, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1983. ISBN 978-0-8201-1385-2
Jump up ^ The Book Collector's Guide to L. Frank Baum and Oz by Paul R. Bienvenue and Robert E. Schmidt asserts in its entry on Manuel Weldman's edition of The Uplift of Lucifer that the two titles belong to the same work.
Jump up ^ IMDB, Conlan Carter, acting roles: http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0141543/
References[edit]
Algeo, John. "A Notable Theosophist: L. Frank Baum." American Theosophist, Vol. 74 (August–September 1986), pp. 270–3.
Attebery, Brian. The Fantasy Tradition in American Literature. Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, 1980.
Baum, Frank Joslyn, and Russell P. Macfall. To Please a Child. Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1961.
Baum, L. Frank. The Annotated Wizard of Oz. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Michael Patrick Hearn. New York, Clarkson N. Potter, 1973. Revised 2000. New York, W.W. Norton, 2000.
Ferrara, Susan. The Family of the Wizard: The Baums of Syracuse. Xlibris Corporation, 1999. ISBN 0-7388-1317-6
Ford, Alla T. The High-Jinks of L. Frank Baum. Hong Kong, Ford Press, 1969.
Ford, Alla T. The Musical Fantasies of L. Frank Baum. Lake Worth, FL, Ford Press, 1969.
Gardner, Martin, and Russel B. Nye. The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was. East Lansing, MI, Michigan State University Press, 1957. Revised 1994.
Hearn, Michael Patrick. The Critical Heritage Edition of the Wizard of Oz. New York, Schocken, 1986.
Koupal, Nancy Tystad. Baum's Road to Oz: The Dakota Years. Pierre, SD, South Dakota State Historical Society, 2000.
Koupal, Nancy Tystad. Our Landlady. Lawrence, KS, University of Nebraska Press, 1986.
Parker, David B. The Rise and Fall of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a "Parable on Populism" Journal of the Georgia Association of Historians, vol. 15 (1994), pp. 49–63.
Reneau, Reneau H. "Misanthropology: A Florilegium of Bahumbuggery" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2004, pp. 155-164
Reneau, Reneau H. "A Newer Testament: Misanthropology Unleashed" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2008, pp. 129-147
Riley, Michael O. Oz and Beyond: The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum. Lawrence, KS, University of Kansas Press, 1997. ISBN 0-7006-0832-X
Rogers, Katharine M. L. Frank Baum, Creator of Oz: A Biography. New York, St. Martin's Press, 2002. ISBN 0-312-30174-X
Sale, Roger. Fairy Tales and After: From Snow White to E. B. White. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University press, 1978. ISBN 0-674-29157-3
Schwartz, Evan I. Finding Oz: How L. Frank Baum Discovered the Great American Story. New York, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009 ISBN 0-547-05510-2
Wagner, Sally Roesch. The Wonderful Mother of Oz. Fayetteville, NY: The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation, 2003.
Wilgus, Neal. "Classic American Fairy Tales: The Fantasies of L. Frank Baum" in Darrell Schweitzer (ed) Discovering Classic Fantasy Fiction, Gillette NJ: Wildside Press, 1996, pp. 113–121.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: L. Frank Baum
Wikimedia Commons has media related to L. Frank Baum.
Wikisource has original works written by or about:
L. Frank Baum
L. Frank Baum Papers at Syracuse University
Bibliography (Baum and Oz)
The International Wizard of Oz Club, Inc.
L. Frank Baum public domain audiobooks at Librivox.org
L. Frank Baum Works Archive
Wonderful Wizard of Oz Website
Works by L. Frank Baum at Project Gutenberg
Free scores by L. Frank Baum at the International Music Score Library Project
[show]
v
t
e
L. Frank Baum
Novels
(chronological)
including Oz
A New Wonderland, or The Magical Monarch of Mo (17 June 1896, revised 1903)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (9 October 1899)
Dot and Tot of Merryland (October 1901)
The Master Key (1901)
The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (12 April 1902)
The Enchanted Island of Yew (1903)
The Whatnexters (1903, unfinished)
The Marvelous Land of Oz (5 July 1904)
Queen Zixi of Ix (November 1904)
The Fate of a Crown (4 June 1905)
King Rinkitink (1905--lost)
Annabel (1906)
Aunt Jane's Nieces (1 March 1906)
Aunt Jane's Nieces Abroad (1906)
Daughters of Destiny (1906)
Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea (The Boy Fortune Hunters in Alaska) (1906)
Twinkle and Chubbins (19 May 1906, collected 1911)
John Dough and the Cherub (14 October 1906)
Ozma of Oz (29 July 1907)
Policeman Bluejay or Babes in Birdland (1907)
Sam Steele's Adventures in Panama (The Boy Fortune Hunters in Panama) (1907)
Tamawaca Folks (1907)
The Last Egyptian (1 May 1908)
Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (18 June 1908)
The Boy Fortune Hunters in Egypt (1908)
Aunt Jane's Nieces at Millville (1908)
Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work (1909)
The Boy Fortune Hunters in China (1909)
The Road to Oz (10 July 1909)
Aunt Jane's Nieces in Society (1909)
The Boy Fortune Hunters in Yucatan (1910)
The Emerald City of Oz (20 July 1910)
Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John (1910)
The Boy Fortune Hunters in the South Seas (1911)
The Daring Twins (1911)
The Flying Girl (1911)
The Sea Fairies (1911)
Aunt Jane's Nieces on Vacation (1912)
The Flying Girl and Her Chum (1912)
Phoebe Daring (1912)
Phil Daring's Experiment (unpublished)
The Flying Girl's Brave Venture (unfinished fragment)
Our Married Life (1912, lost)
Johnson (19 September 1912; lost)
Sky Island (1912)
Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch (1913)
The Patchwork Girl of Oz (25 June 1913)
The Mystery of Bonita (1914; lost)
Aunt Jane's Nieces Out West (1914)
Tik-Tok of Oz (19 June 1914)
Aunt Jane's Nieces in the Red Cross (1915; revised 1918)
The Scarecrow of Oz (16 July 1915)
Molly Oodle (17 September 1915; lost)
Mary Louise (1916)
Mary Louise in the Country (1916)
Rinkitink in Oz (1916 (revision of King Rinkitink))
The Lost Princess of Oz (5 June 1917)
Mary Louise Solves a Mystery (1917)
Mary Louise and the Liberty Girls (1918)
The Tin Woodman of Oz (13 May 1918)
The Magic of Oz (1919)
Mary Louise Adopts a Soldier (1919)
Glinda of Oz (1920)
Short story
collections
Our Landlady (1890; collected 1941/1996)
Mother Goose in Prose (1897)
American Fairy Tales (23 February 1901)
Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1903)
Animal Fairy Tales (1906; collected 1969)
L. Frank Baum's Juvenile Speaker (1910, reissued as Baum's Own Book for Children (1911)
Little Wizard Stories of Oz (24 July 1914)
The Musical Fantasies of L. Frank Baum (1958)
The Purple Dragon and Other Fantasies (1976)
The Runaway Shadows and Other Stories (1980)
Baum's Road to Oz: The Dakota Years (July 2000)
The Collected Short Stories of L. Frank Baum (2006)
Poetry
collections
By the Candelabra's Glare (1898)
Father Goose, His Book (16 March 1899)
The Army Alphabet (20 January 1900)
The Songs of Father Goose (30 March 1900)
The Navy Alphabet (1 August 1900)
Father Goose's Year Book (22 July 1907)
Father Goose's Party (10 August 1915)
Songs of Spring (1917)
The High-Jinks of L. Frank Baum (1969)
Plays
The Mackrummins (11 February 1882)
The Maid of Arran (11 February (opened 15 May) 1882)
Matches (11 February (opened 18 May) 1882)
Kilmourne, or O'Connor's Dream (opened 4 April 1883)
The Queen of Killarney (1883)
King Midas (1901)
The Octopus; or the Title Trust (1 May 1901)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (18 September 1901)
The Wizard of Oz (16 June 1902)
Montezuma, or The Son of the Sun (November 1902)
King Jonah XIII (September 1903)
The Maid of Athens: A College Fantasy or Spartacus (1903)
Prince Silverwings (1903)
Father Goose (August 1904)
The Pagan Potentate (1904)
The King of Gee-Whiz (23 February 1905)
The Woggle-Bug (February 1905)
unfinished, untitled play set in Egypt (January 1906)
Down Missouri Way (1907)
Our Mary (1907)
Mortal for an Hour or The Fairy Prince or Prince Marvel (1909)
The Koran of the Prophet (23 February 1909)
The Pipes O'Pan (31 March 1909)
Peter and Paul (1909)
The Girl from Oz/The Girl of Tomorrow (1909)
The Clock Shop (1910)
The Pea-Green Poodle (1910)
The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (31 March 1913)
The Patchwork Girl of Oz (16 November 1913)
King Bud of Noland, or The Magic Cloak (1913)
Stagecraft, or, The Adventures of a Strictly Moral Man (14 January 1914)
High Jinks (24 October 1914)
The Corrugated Giant (1915)
The Uplift of Lucifer, or Raising Hell: An Allegorical Squazosh (23 October 1915)
The Birth of the New Year (31 December 1915)
Blackbird Cottages: The Uplifter's Minstrels (28 October 1916)
Snow White (1916)
The Orpheus Road Show: A Paraphrastic Compendium of Mirth (1917)
Nonfiction
Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory (1873)
The Book of the Hamburgs (July-November 1882, collected 1886)
The Art of Decorating Dry Goods Windows and Interiors (1900)
Films
The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (24 September 1908)
The Patchwork Girl of Oz (6 August 1914)
The Magic Cloak of Oz (1914)
His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz (14 October 1914)
The Last Egyptian (7 December 1914)
Violet's Dreams (1915)
The Gray Nun of Belgium (26 April 1915)
Pies and Poetry (1915)
Related people
and collaborators
Maud Gage Baum
Matilda Joslyn Gage
Frank Joslyn Baum
Harry Neal Baum
Roger S. Baum
Paul Tietjens
Edith Ogden Harrison
Isidore Witmark
Louis F. Gottschalk
Nathaniel D. Mann
Frederic Chapin
Manuel Klein
Arthur Pryor
Byron Gay
Emerson Hough
George Scarborough
W.W. Denslow
John R. Neill
[show]
v
t
e
L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
Oz
General
Land of Oz
Emerald City
Munchkin Country
Gillikin Country
Winkie Country
Quadling Country
Yellow brick road
Oogaboo
Forest of Burzee
Nonestica
Land of Ev
Merryland
Mo
Ix
Noland
Apocrypha
The Oz Film Manufacturing Company
Authors
L. Frank Baum
Ruth Plumly Thompson
John R. Neill
Jack Snow
Rachel Cosgrove Payes
Eloise Jarvis McGraw
Dick Martin
Alexander Volkov
Gregory Maguire
Sherwood Smith
Roger S. Baum
Illustrators
William Wallace Denslow
John R. Neill
Frank Kramer
Dirk Gringhuis
Dick Martin
Eric Shanower
William Stout
Composers
Paul Tietjens
Nathaniel D. Mann
Frederic Chapin
Louis F. Gottschalk
Characters
Dorothy Gale
Toto
Princess Ozma
The Wizard of Oz
Scarecrow
Tin Woodman
Cowardly Lion
Jack Pumpkinhead
Tik-Tok
Sawhorse
Trot
Hungry Tiger
Good Witch of the North
Glinda, the Good Witch of the South
Wicked Witch of the West
Wicked Witch of the East
Aunt Em
Uncle Henry
Betsy Bobbin
Billina
Boq
Button-Bright
Cap'n Bill
Eureka
Herby
Jellia Jamb
Jenny Jump
Jinjur
Jinnicky the Red Jinn
John Dough
Kabumpo
Munchkins
Nome King
Mombi
Ojo the Lucky
Pastoria
Patchwork Girl
Peter Brown
Pigasus
Polychrome
Queen Lurline
Shaggy Man
Soldier with the Green Whiskers
Winged monkeys
Woggle-Bug
Canonical books
Baum
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)
The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)
Ozma of Oz (1907)
Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)
The Road to Oz (1909)
The Emerald City of Oz (1910)
The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)
Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)
The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)
Rinkitink in Oz (1916)
The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)
The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)
The Magic of Oz (1919)
Glinda of Oz (1920)
Thompson
The Royal Book of Oz (1921)
Kabumpo in Oz (1922)
The Cowardly Lion of Oz (1923)
Grampa in Oz (1924)
The Lost King of Oz (1925)
The Hungry Tiger of Oz (1926)
The Gnome King of Oz (1927)
The Giant Horse of Oz (1928)
Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz (1929)
The Yellow Knight of Oz (1930)
Pirates in Oz (1931)
The Purple Prince of Oz (1932)
Ojo in Oz (1933)
Speedy in Oz (1934)
The Wishing Horse of Oz (1935)
Captain Salt in Oz (1936)
Handy Mandy in Oz (1937)
The Silver Princess in Oz (1938)
Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz (1939)
Others
The Wonder City of Oz (1940)
The Scalawagons of Oz (1941)
Lucky Bucky in Oz (1942)
The Magical Mimics in Oz (1946)
The Shaggy Man of Oz (1949)
The Hidden Valley of Oz (1951)
Merry Go Round in Oz (1963)
Yankee in Oz (1972)
The Enchanted Island of Oz (1976)
The Forbidden Fountain of Oz (1980)
The Ozmapolitan of Oz (1986)
The Wicked Witch of Oz (1993)
The Giant Garden of Oz (1993)
The Runaway in Oz (1995)
The Rundelstone of Oz (2000)
The Emerald Wand of Oz (2005)
Trouble Under Oz (2006)
Alternate
Dorothy of Oz (1989)
Adaptations
Films
The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910)
Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz (1910)
The Land of Oz (1910)
John Dough and the Cherub (1910)
The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914)
The Magic Cloak of Oz (1914)
His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz (1914)
Wizard of Oz (1925)
The Wizard of Oz (1933)
The Wizard of Oz (1939)
The Wonderful Land of Oz (1969)
Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde (1971)
Journey Back to Oz (1974)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1975)
The Wiz (1978)
The Wizard of Oz (1982)
Return to Oz (1985)
Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz (1987)
The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990)
Lion of Oz (2000)
The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005)
Strawberry Shortcake: Berry Brick Road (2006)
Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz (2011)
Dorothy and the Witches of Oz (2011)
After the Wizard (2011)
Oz the Great and Powerful (2013)
Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (2014)
Stage
The Wizard of Oz (1902)
The Woggle-Bug (1905)
The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (1913)
The Wizard of Oz (1942)
The Wiz (1974)
The Marvelous Land of Oz (1981)
The Wizard of Oz (1987)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2000)
The Wizard of Oz (2011)
Television
Tales of the Wizard of Oz
Return to Oz (1964)
Off to See the Wizard (1967)
Dorothy in the Land of Oz (1980)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1986)
The Wizard of Oz (1990)
The Oz Kids (1996)
Adventures in the Emerald City
Lost in Oz (2002)
Comics
Dorothy of Oz
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
Adventures in Oz
Oz
Oz Squad
The Enchanted Apples of Oz
Lost Girls
Video
games
The Wizard of Oz (video game) (1993)
The Wizard of Oz: Beyond the Yellow Brick Road (2008)
Emerald City Confidential (2009)
Parodies
The Wozard of Iz
Os Trapalhões e o Mágico de Oróz
The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's
Wizard of Odd
Reimagining
The Wizard of Mars (1965)
Hunter (1973)
Zardoz (1974)
Oz (1976)
The Number of the Beast (1980)
A Barnstormer in Oz (1982)
The Wizard of A.I.D.S. (1987)
The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz (1990)
Twister (1994)
The Dark Tower IV: Wizard and Glass (1997)
Tin Man (2007)
The Wicked
Years
Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West
Son of a Witch
A Lion Among Men
Out of Oz
Wicked (musical)
Characters
Others
Rainbow Road to Oz
MӒR
The Wizard of Oz (pinball)
Category:Oz (franchise)
Portal:Children's literature
[43] Iroquois Theatre fire
Iroquois Theatre fire
The Iroquois Theatre, shortly after the fire
Date
December 30, 1903 (1903-12-30)
Time
about 3:15 P.M.
Location
Chicago, Illinois, United States
Cause
Ignition of muslin curtains due to broken arc light
Deaths
605
The Iroquois Theatre fire occurred on December 30, 1903, in Chicago, Illinois. It is the deadliest theater fire and the deadliest single-building fire in United States history. At least 605 people died as a result of the fire but not all the deaths were reported, as some of the bodies were removed from the scene.
The theatre[edit]
The Iroquois Theatre was located at 24–28 West Randolph Street, on the North Side between State Street and Dearborn Street in Chicago. The syndicate that bankrolled its construction chose the location specifically to attract women on day trips from out of town who, it was thought, would be more comfortable attending a theatre located close to the safe, police-patrolled Loop shopping district.[1] The theatre opened in November 1903 after numerous delays due to labor unrest[2] and, according to one writer,[3] the unexplained inability of architect Benjamin Marshall to complete required drawings on time. Upon opening it was lauded by drama critics; Walter K. Hill wrote in the New York Clipper (a predecessor of Variety) that the Iroquois was "the most beautiful ... in Chicago, and competent judges state that few theaters in America can rival its architectural perfections ..."[4]
The Grand Stair Hall as it appeared before the fire. The stairway on the right saw the greatest number of fatalities.
The theatre had three audience levels. The main floor (known as the "orchestra" or "parquet") was on the same level as the Foyer or Grand Stair Hall. The second level (the "dress circle") and the third level (the "gallery") were accessed through broad stairways that led off the foyer. The backstage areas were unusually large, with dressing rooms on five levels, an uncommonly large fly gallery (where scenery was hung), and even an elevator available to transport actors down to the stage level.
Fire readiness deficiencies noted before the fire[edit]
Despite being billed as "Absolutely Fireproof" in advertisements and playbills,[5] numerous deficiencies in fire readiness were apparent:
An editor of Fireproof Magazine had toured the building during construction and had noted "the absence of an intake, or stage draft shaft; the exposed reinforcement of the (proscenium) arch;[6] the presence of wood trim on everything and the inadequate provision of exits."[7]
A Chicago Fire Department captain who made an unofficial tour of the theatre days before the official opening noted that there were no extinguishers, sprinklers, alarms, telephones, or water connections; the only firefighting equipment available were six canisters of a dry chemical called "Kilfyre", which was normally used to douse chimney fires in residential houses.[8] "Kilfyre" is made out of bicarbonate-of-soda and powder. [9] The captain pointed out the deficiencies to the theatre's fire warden but was told that nothing could be done, as the fire warden would simply be dismissed if he brought the matter up with the syndicate of owners. When the captain reported the matter to his commanding officer, he was again told that nothing could be done, as the theatre already had a fire warden.[10]
Structural deficiencies in the theater[edit]
There were also structural deficiencies reported, including:
Large iron gates blocked off the stairways during performances to prevent patrons from moving down from the gallery to the dress circle or orchestra.
Many of the exit routes were confusing.[11]
Skylights on the roof of the stage, which were intended to open automatically during a fire to vent the heat and smoke, were fastened closed.[12]
The asbestos curtain was not tested periodically, and it got stuck when the theater personnel tried to lower it. [13]
The fire[edit]
A horse-drawn ambulance is filled with the bodies of victims.
On December 30, 1903, the Iroquois presented a matinee performance of the popular Drury Lane musical Mr. Bluebeard, which had been playing at the Iroquois since opening night. The play, a burlesque of the traditional Bluebeard folk tale, featured Dan McAvoy as Bluebeard and Eddie Foy[14] as Sister Anne, a role that allowed him to showcase his physical comedy skills. Attendance since opening night had been disappointing, people having been driven away by poor weather, labor unrest, and other factors. The December 30 performance drew a much larger sellout audience, with every seat being filled and hundreds of patrons in the "standing room" areas at the back of the theatre. Many of the estimated 2,000 patrons attending the matinee were children. The standing room areas were so crowded that some patrons instead sat in the aisles, blocking the exits.
At about 3:15 P.M., the beginning of the second act, a dance number was in progress when an arc light shorted out and sparks ignited a muslin curtain. A stagehand attempted to douse the fire with the Kilfyre canisters provided but it quickly spread to the fly gallery high above the stage where several thousand square feet of highly flammable painted canvas scenery flats were hung. The stage manager attempted to lower the fire curtain, but it snagged. Although early reports state that it was stopped by the trolley-wire that carried one of the acrobats over the stage,[14][15] later investigation showed that the curtain had been blocked by a light reflector which stuck out under the proscenium arch.[16] A chemist who later tested part of the curtain stated that it was mainly wood pulp mixed with asbestos, and would have been "of no value in a fire."[17]
Foy, who was preparing to go on stage at the time, ran out and attempted to calm the crowd, first making sure his young son was in the care of a stagehand. He later wrote, "It struck me as I looked out over the crowd during the first act that I had never before seen so many women and children in the audience. Even the gallery was full of mothers and children."[14] Foy's role in this disaster was recreated by Bob Hope in the film The Seven Little Foys. Foy was widely seen as a hero after the fire for his courage in remaining on stage and pleading with patrons not to panic even as large chunks of burning scenery landed around him.[18]
By this time, many of the patrons on all levels were quickly attempting to flee the theatre. Some had located the fire exits hidden behind draperies on the north side of the building, but found that they could not open the unfamiliar bascule lock. One door was opened by a man who happened to have a bascule lock in his home and two were opened either by brute force or by a blast of air, but most of the other doors could not be opened. Some patrons panicked, crushing or trampling others in a desperate attempt to escape the fire.[19] Many were killed while trapped in dead ends or while attempting to open windows that were designed to look like doors.
The dancers on stage were also forced to flee, along with the performers backstage and in the numerous dressing rooms.[20] When the performers and stagehands went out the back exit, the icy wind rushed in and made the fire substantially bigger. [21] Many escaped the theatre through the coal hatch and through windows in the dressing rooms, while others attempted to escape via the west stage door, which opened inwards and became jammed as actors pressed toward the door frantically trying to get out. By chance a passing railroad agent saw the crowd pressing against the door and undid the hinges from the outside using tools he normally carried with him, allowing the actors and stagehands to escape.[22] Someone else opened the huge double freight doors in the north wall, normally used for scenery, allowing "a cyclonic blast" of cold air to rush into the building and create an enormous fireball.[23] As the vents above the stage were nailed or wired shut, the fireball instead traveled outwards, ducking under the stuck asbestos curtain and streaking toward the vents behind the dress circle and gallery 50 feet (15 m) away. The hot gases and flames passed over the heads of those in the orchestra seats and incinerated everything flammable in the gallery and dress circle levels, including patrons still trapped in those areas.
Those in the orchestra section were able to exit into the foyer and out the front door, but those in the dress circle and gallery who escaped the fireball were unable to reach the foyer because the iron grates that barred the stairways were still in place. The largest death toll was at the base of these stairways, where hundreds of people were trampled, crushed, or asphyxiated.
Patrons who were able to escape via the emergency exits on the north side found themselves on the unfinished fire escapes. Many jumped or fell from the icy, narrow fire escapes to their deaths; the bodies of the first jumpers broke the falls of those who followed them.
Students from the Northwestern University building located north of the theatre tried bridging the gap with a ladder and then with some boards between the rooftops, saving those few able to manage the makeshift cross over.
Aftermath[edit]
Corpses were piled ten bodies high around the doors and windows. Many patrons had clambered over piles of bodies only to succumb themselves to the flames, smoke, and gases. It is estimated that 575 people were killed on the day of the fire itself; well over 30 more died of injuries suffered over the following weeks. Many of the Chicago victims were buried in Montrose, Forest Home, and Graceland cemeteries.[24][25]
Of the 300 or so actors, dancers, and stagehands, only five people - the aerialist (Nellie Reed), an actor in a bit part, an usher, and two female attendants died. The aerialist's role was to fly out as a fairy over the audience on a trolley wire, showering them with pink carnations. She was trapped above the stage while waiting for her entrance; during the fire she fell, was gravely injured, and died of burns and internal injuries three days later.[26]
In New York City on New Year's Eve some theaters eliminated standing room. Building and fire codes were subsequently reformed; theaters were closed for retrofitting all around the country and in some cities in Europe. All theater exits had to be clearly marked and the doors configured so that, even if they could not be pulled open from the outside, they could be pushed open from the inside.[27]
After the fire, it was alleged that fire inspectors had been bribed with free tickets to overlook code violations.[28] The mayor ordered all theaters in Chicago closed for six weeks after the fire.[29]
As a result of public outrage many were charged with crimes, including Mayor Carter Harrison, Jr.. Most charges were dismissed three years later, however, because of the delaying tactics of the owners' lawyers and their use of loopholes and inadequacies in the city's building and safety ordinances. The only person convicted was a tavern keeper charged with grave robbing.
The exterior of the Iroquois was largely intact. The building later reopened as the Colonial Theater, which was torn down in 1926 to make way for the Oriental Theater.[30]
Memorial[edit]
A bronze bas-relief memorial by sculptor Lorado Taft without any identifying markings was placed inside the LaSalle Street entrance to City Hall.[31] On December 31, 1911, The Chicago Tribune described the marker as depicting "the Motherhood of the World protecting the children of the universe, the body of a child borne on a litter by herculean male figures, with a bereaved mother bending over it". The memorial was located in the Iroquois Hospital on Wacker until the building was demolished in 1951. It was placed in storage in City Hall until it was installed in its current location in 1960. On November 5, 2010, the memorial was rededicated and a descriptive plaque was donated by the Union League Club of Chicago. The dedication was attended by members of the Chicago City Council, the Union League Club and Taft's granddaughter.[32]
Chicago held an annual memorial service at City Hall, until the last survivors died.[31]
Developments[edit]
The Iroquois fire prompted widespread implementation of the panic bar, first invented in the United Kingdom following the Victoria Hall disaster. Panic exit devices are now required by building codes for high-occupancy spaces, and were mass manufactured in the US following the fire by the Von Duprin company (now part of Ingersoll Rand).[33]
A second result of the fire was the requirement that a fireproof asbestos curtain (or sheet metal screen) be raised before each performance and lowered afterward to separate the audience from the stage. (Not common practice and not code in many jurisdictions—not for every performance.)[clarification needed]
The third result was that all doors in public buildings must open in the direction of egress, but that practice did not become national until the Collinwood School Fire of 1908.[34]
See also[edit]
Chicago portal
Illinois portal
Disasters portal
Fire portal
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Brandt, Nat (2003). Chicago Death Trap: The Iroquois Theatre Fire of 1903. Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 11–13. ISBN 0-8093-2490-3.
Jump up ^ Hatch, Anthony P. (2003). Tinder Box: The Iroquois Theatre Disaster, 1903. Chicago: Academy Chicago Publishers. pp. 7–12. ISBN 0-89733-514-7.
Jump up ^ Brandt, pp. 11–13.
Jump up ^ Quoted in Hatch, p. 18.
Jump up ^ Brandt, p. 5.
Jump up ^ The concrete arch above the stage.
Jump up ^ Quoted in Hatch, p. 12.
Jump up ^ Hatch, pp. 13–14.
Jump up ^ Brandt, Nat (2003). Chicago Death Trap: The Iroquois Fire of 1903. Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 31.
Jump up ^ Hatch, p. 14.
Jump up ^ "Iroquois Theatre Fire". Eastland Memorial Society. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Fire Inquiry Discloses: Skylights Reported Opened After the Disaster—Cannot Find the "Asbestos" Curtain—Usher Arrested". The New York Times (NYTimes.com). January 5, 1904. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
Jump up ^ ""What is a 'Fireproof' Screen"". Chicago Tribune. January 2, 1904. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "A Tragedy Remembered" (PDF). NPFA (National Fire Protection Association) (July/August). 1995. "Actor Eddie Foy's personal account"
Jump up ^ Secter, Bob (December 30, 1903). "The Iroquois Theater fire". Chicago Tribune.
Jump up ^ Hatch, p.88.
Jump up ^ Quoted in Hatch, p. 150.
Jump up ^ Hatch, pp. 81–87.
Jump up ^ Brandt, pp. 41–51.
Jump up ^ Brandt, pp. 28–40.
Jump up ^ Eastlandmemorialsociety.org
Jump up ^ Brandt, p.39.
Jump up ^ Brandt, p. 40.
Jump up ^ Brandt, p. 90.
Jump up ^ Jane Doe of the Iroquois Theatre Fire gravesite
Jump up ^ Brandt, pp. 36–40.
Jump up ^ Bob Secter (19 December 2007). "The Iroquois Theater fire". Chicago Tribune (Chicagotribune.com). Retrieved 2011-12-05.
Jump up ^ Brandt, pp. 126–130.
Jump up ^ Brandt, p. xviii.
Jump up ^ Brandt, p. 139.
^ Jump up to: a b Zasky, Jason. "Burning Down The House: The 1903 Iroquois Theater Fire". Failure Magazine. Retrieved October 1, 2009. "The Iroquois Theater advertised itself as "absolutely fireproof," it went up in flames six weeks after opening"
Jump up ^ "Historic City Hall Plaque to be Rededicated". WBBM-TV News (CBS Chicago.com). 4 November 2010. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
Jump up ^ Schweyer, Jenny (2008-11-05). "Exit Devices: Von Duprin Changes the Face of Commercial Security". Article Alley. Retrieved 2009-01-13.
Jump up ^ "Collinwood School Fire". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. 27 March 2008. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
RE: NFPA Life Safety 101 Chapter 13 Existing Assemblys 13.4.5.7.F All proscenium curtains shall be in the closed position, except during performances, rehearsals, or similar activities.
Further reading
McCurdy, D.B. (1904). Lest We Forget: Chicago's Awful Theatre Horror. Chicago: Memorial Publishing.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iroquois Theater Fire.
"The Iroquois Theater Fire". Eastland Memorial Society. Retrieved July 27, 2007. "The screams of the children for their mothers and mothers for their children I shall carry in my memory to my dying day. — Frank Slosson, Secretary-Treasurer of the Bain Wagon Works, survivor"
Chicago's Awful Theater Horror by Marshall Everett, 1904, includes photographs, at Internet Archive
Chicago's Awful Theater Horror, Chapter One, a LibriVox audiobook.
Hucke, Matt. "Iroquois Theater Fire Memorial". Graveyards (of Chicago). Retrieved July 27, 2007. "... photograph of memorial at Montrose Cemetery, Chicago ..."
"Iroquois Theatre Fire." Eastland Memorial Society, 2007. Web. 1 Oct.
www.eastlandmemorial.org/iroquois.shtml.
Verdict of Coroner's Jury
"Contradictions in reports about Iroquois disaster. Discuss what really happened on December 30, 1903".
Coordinates: 41°53′5″N 87°37′43″W / 41.88472°N 87.62861°W / 41.88472; -87.62861
[show]
v
t
e
Human stampedes
Pre–2000
1876 Brooklyn Theater Fire
1883 Victoria Hall disaster
1896 Khodynka Tragedy
1903 Iroquois Theatre fire
1908 Barnsley Public Hall disaster
1913 Italian Hall disaster
1927 Laurier Palace Theatre fire
1943 Bethnal Green tube station stampede
1946 Burnden Park disaster
1954 Kumbh Mela stampede
1967 Kayseri Atatürk Stadium disaster
1971 Ibrox disaster
1974 Zamalek disaster
1979 The Who concert disaster
1981 Karaiskakis Stadium disaster
1982 Luzhniki disaster
1985 Heysel Stadium disaster
1988 Kathmandu stadium disaster
1989 April 9 tragedy (Tbilisi Massacre)
1989 Hillsborough disaster
1991 Oppenheimer Stadium disaster
1992 Mahamaham stampede
1993 Camp Randall Stadium stampede
1993 Lan Kwai Fong#Stampede
1994 Gowari stampede
1996 Ujjain and Haridwar stampedes
1996 Estadio Mateo Flores stampede
1997 Uphaar Cinema fire
1999 Sabarimala stampede
1999 Nyamiha disaster
Post–2000
2001 Ellis Park Stadium disaster
2001 Accra Sports Stadium disaster
2001 Akashi pedestrian bridge accident
2003 E2 nightclub stampede
2003 The Station nightclub fire
2005 Mandher Devi temple stampede
2005 Baghdad bridge stampede
2005 Chennai floods
2006 PhilSports Stadium stampede
2008 Naina Devi temple stampede
2008 Jodhpur stampede
2009 Houphouët-Boigny stampede
2009 Rabat stampede
2010 Kor Royal Cup stampede
2010 Pratapgarh stampede
2010 Love Parade disaster
2010 Phnom Penh stampede
2011 Sabarimala stampede
2012 Port Said Stadium riot
2012 Satsanga Deoghar disaster
2013 Houphouët-Boigny stampede
2013 Kiss nightclub fire
2013 Kumbh Mela stampede
2013 Madhya Pradesh stampede
[show]
v
t
e
City of Chicago
Architecture
Beaches
Climate
Colleges and Universities
Community Areas
Crime
Culture
Demographics
Economy
Expressways
Flag
Geography
Government
History
Landmarks
Literature
Media
Music
Neighborhoods
Parks
Public Schools
Skyscrapers
Sports
Theatre
Tourism
Transportation
Portal
Metropolitan area
Illinois
United States
[show]
v
t
e
Music, theater and performing arts in Chicago
Theater
companies
Resident
A Red Orchid
American Blues
Annoyance
Bailiwick Repertory
Barrel of Monkeys
Black Ensemble
Chicago Fusion
Chicago Shakespeare
Chiesa Nuova
Chopin
Court
Drury Lane Water Tower Place
Gateway
Goodman
IO
Lifeline
Light Opera Works
Lookingglass Theatre Company
Marriott
MCA Stage
Merle Reskin
Neo-Futurists
Oak Park Festival
Opera in Focus
Oracle Productions
Organic
The Playground
Redmoon
Second City
Silk Road
Steppenwolf
Strawdog
Theatre Building Chicago
Trap door
Victory Gardens
Itinerant
BoHo
Child's Play
Collaboraction
ETA Creative Arts Foundation
Factory
First Folio
The House Theatre of Chicago
The Hypocrites
Kapoot Clown
Les Enfants Terribles
LiveWire Chicago
Off-Off Campus
Organic
Remy Bumppo
Salsation!
StarKid
Tantalus
Theater Oobleck
TUTA
Wicked Good
Former
Bang Bang Spontaneous
Body Politic
Compass Players
Defiant
Ethiopian Art
Famous Door
Fourth Wall Productions
Goat Island
Happy Happy Good Show
Illinois Theatre Center
Improv Institute
New Age Vaudeville
New Variety
Playwrights Theatre Club
The Practical Theatre Company
Remains
Roadworks
St. Nicholas
Wisdom Bridge
Opera
Current
Chamber Opera Chicago
Chicago Opera Theater
DuPage Opera Theatre
Light Opera Works
Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago
Lyric Opera of Chicago
Opera in Focus
Former
Chicago City Opera
Chicago Civic Opera
Chicago Grand Opera
Chicago Opera Association
Chicago Opera Company
San Carlo Opera Company
Music and
dance
Dance
Chicago Ballet
Civic Ballet of Chicago
Chicago Festival Ballet
Giordano Jazz Dance Chicago
Hedwig Dances
Hubbard Street Dance Chicago
Joffrey Ballet
Joel Hall Dancers
Luna Negra Dance Theater
River North Chicago Dance Company
Ruth Page Center for the Arts
Thodos Dance Chicago
Choruses
Apollo Chorus of Chicago
Bella Voce
Chicago a cappella
Chicago Children's Choir
Chicago Chorale
Chicago Gay Men's Chorus
Chicago Symphony Chorus
Symphonies
Chicago Symphony Orchestra
Chicago Sinfonietta
Grant Park Symphony Orchestra
Venues
Theater
Apollo Theater Chicago
Arie Crown Theatre
Auditorium Theatre
Bank of America Theatre
Biograph Theater
Briar Street Theater
Broadway Playhouse at Water Tower Place
Cadillac Palace Theatre
Chicago Avenue Pumping Station
Chicago Theatre
Chopin Theatre
Congress Theater
Ford Center for the Performing Arts Oriental Theatre
Gateway Theatre
Greenhouse Theater Center
Harris and Selwyn Theaters
New Regal Theater
Opera
Civic Opera House
Woodstock Opera House
DuPage Opera Theatre
Music
Harris Theater
Jay Pritzker Pavilion
Park West
Petrillo Music Shell
Riviera Theatre
Rosemont Theater
Symphony Center
The Vic Theatre
Former
Central Music Hall
Chicago Opera House
Drury Lane Theatres
Garrick Theater
Iroquois Theatre
Uptown Theatre
Festivals
List of festivals in Chicago
Culture of Chicago
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iroquois_Theatre_fire&oldid=585920994"
Categories:
1903 in Illinois
1903 fires
Building fires in the United States
Fire disasters involving barricaded escape routes
Fires in Illinois
Former buildings and structures in Chicago, Illinois
History of Chicago, Illinois
Theatres in Chicago, Illinois
Theatre fires
Human stampedes
[44] References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wheeler, William Ogden, Lawrence Van Alstyne, and Charles Burr Ogden. 1907. The Ogden family in America, Elizabethtown branch, and their English ancestry; John Ogden, the Pilgrim, and his descendants, 1640-1906. Philadelphia: Printed for private circulation by J.B. Lippincott Co. pp 468-70
Jump up ^ Edward R. Kantowicz, "Carter Harrison II: The Politics of Balance," in The Mayors: The Chicago Political Tradition, ed. by Paul Michael Green and Melvin G. Holli, Carbondale, IL, Southern Illinois University Press, 2005; p. 20.
Jump up ^ Erik Larsen, The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair That Changed America, New York, Crown, 2003.
Jump up ^ Michael Patrick Hearn, David L. Greene, and Peter E. Hanff, "The Faltering Flight of Prince Silverwings," The Baum Bugle, Vol. 18 No. 2 (Autumn 1974), pp. 4-10.
Jump up ^ Katharine Rogers, L. Frank Baum, Creator of Oz: A Biography, New York, St. Martin's Press, 2002; pp. 102-3.
Jump up ^ L. Frank Baum, The Annotated Wizard of Oz, Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Michael Patrick Hearn; revised edition, New York, W. W. Norton, 2000; Introduction, pp. lxix-lxx.
[45] Wikipedia
[46] Hitler and the Occult, 11/05/2007 NTGEO
[47] Hitler and the Occult, 11/05/2007 NTGEO
[48] Winton Goodlove papers.
[49] Winton Goodlove:A History of Central City Ia and the Surrounding Area Book ll 1999
[50] http://harrisonfamilytree.blogspot.com/
[51] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt
[52] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe.
[53] There Goes the Neighborhood, Rural School Consolidation at the Grass Roots in Twentieth Century Iowa, by David R. Reynolds, page 216-217.
[54] The Ku Klux Klan: A Study of the American Mind, by John Moffatt Mecklin, Ph. D, 1924, page 150-151.
[55] Encyclopedia Judaica, Volume
[56] http://www.colby.edu/personal/r/rmscheck/GermanyD4.html
[57] http://www.colby.edu/personal/r/rmscheck/GermanyD4.html
[58] http://www.colby.edu/personal/r/rmscheck/GermanyD4.html
[59] http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/page/operatimeline
[60] Winton Goodlove:A History of Central City Ia and the Surrounding Area Book ll 1999
[61] Winton Goodlove:A History of Central City Ia and the Surrounding Area Book ll 1999
[62] http://www.assassinationresearch.com/v2n1/chrono1.pdf
[63] Jimmy Carter, The Liberal Left and World Chaos by Mike Evans, page 504
[64] wikipedia
[65] This Day in Jewish History
[66] http://www.bessel.org/datemas.htm
No comments:
Post a Comment