11,945 names…11,945 stories…11,945 memories…
This Day in Goodlove History, December 26, 2014

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Jeffery Lee Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com



Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove

The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), Jefferson, LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, and including ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, John Quincy Adams and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Martin Van Buren, Theodore Roosevelt, U.S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison “The Signer”, Benjamin Harrison, Jimmy Carter, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, William Taft, John Tyler (10th President), James Polk (11th President)Zachary Taylor, and Abraham Lincoln.

The Goodlove Family History Website:

http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html

The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:

• New Address! https://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/

• • Books written about our unique DNA include:

• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004






December 26, 1135: Stephen


Stepan Blois.jpg


King of England (more...)


Reign

December 22, 1135 – April 1141


Coronation

December 26, 1135


Predecessor

Henry I


Successor

Matilda (disputed)


Coronation

December 26, 1135


Predecessor

Henry I


Successor

Matilda (disputed)




Henry was also able to persuade Hugh Bigod, the late king's royal steward, to swear that the king had changed his mind about the succession on his deathbed, nominating Stephen instead.[53][nb 6] Stephen's coronation was held a week later at Westminster Abbey on December 26, 1135.[55][nb 7]

Meanwhile, the Norman nobility gathered at Le Neubourg to discuss declaring Theobald king, probably following the news that Stephen was gathering support in England.[57] The Normans argued that the count, as the eldest grandson of William the Conqueror, had the most valid claim over the kingdom and the duchy, and was certainly preferable to Matilda.[47] [1]

December 26th, 1198: - French bishop Odo van Sully condemns Zottenfeest.[2]

1199: Death of Richard I of England in jousting tourney or siege in France, John (Lackland – son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine) rules instead, drought and famine in Egypt for three years, new crusade preached, work begins on Siena Cathedral, founding of Liverpool, End of Richard I the Lion Hearted of England – John Lackland son of Henry II rules to 1216, Death of Richard the Lionheart of England, brother John becomes king, Richard mortally wounded in Chalus France, John Lackland becomes king, Death of Richard I of England in jousting tourney, John rules in stead, drought and famine in Egypt for three years, new crusade preached. [3]

December 26, 1446:


December 26, 1446: Joanna

September 7 1438

December 26, 1446

Twin of Marie, died aged eight.


[4]

December 26, 1492 - 1st Spanish settlement in New World founded, by Columbus[5]

December 26, 1574: The Cardinal of Lorraine dies at Avignon, where he was staying with the King of France. [6]



1575: A spirit of tolerance and cooperation was strikingly demonstrated in the policies of Akbar, the third Moghul emperor, who reigned from 1560 to 1605 and who respected all faiths. Out of sensitivity to the Hindus, he became a vegetarian, gave up hunting, a sport he greatly enjoyed, and forbade the sacrifice of animals on his birthday or in the Hindu holy places. In 1575 he founded a house of Worship, where scholars from all religions could meet to discuss God. Here, apparently, the Jesuit missionaries from Europe were the most aggressive.[7]

December 26, 1620: In December of 1620, after 66 days at sea, and 5 uneasy weeks on the northern tip of Cape Cod, a scraggaly cult from England anchored it’s sailing vessal, the Mayflower, off the mainland coast and sent a small party of men to scout the wooded shores. Radical religious views had made the Pilgrims unwelcomed and unwanted, in England. They had no home to go back to if they failed to make it in this new world.[8]

102 pilgrims had made the voyage across the Atlantic. That winter, 15 had died of disease or depredation. By the end of the winter the Pilgrims had buried 45, and 13 of the eighteen women, had died.[9]

1620: European immigrants to Colonial America risked their lives and identities leaving home. Virginia’s vast tobacco coast drew immigrants from a variety of nationalities and religions who hoped for stable work, land, and prosperity. German Lutherans hoped to escape nearly constant war. French Protestant Huguenots and Jews fled brutal religious persecution. Young Englishmen of different classes gambled that they could succeed as planters. Forced migration brought many thousand West Africans as enslaved laborers. After 1620, many immigrants who survived the transition to the new climate became small tobacco planters and exporters. [10]

December 26, 1647: From Carisbrooke, Charles continued to try to bargain with the various parties. In direct contrast to his previous conflict with the Scottish Kirk, on December 26, 1647 Charles signed a secret treaty with the Scots. Under the agreement, called the "Engagement", the Scots undertook to invade England on Charles's behalf and restore him to the throne on condition of the establishment of Presbyterianism in England for three years.[157][170] [11]

December 26, 1664:


Marie Anne de France

November 15, 1664

December 26, 1664 (?)


[12]

December 26, 1765: George IV: Knight of the Garter, December 26, 1765 – January29, 1820. [13]


December 26, 1767

Christoph Willibald Gluck's reform opera Alceste has its première at the Vienna, Burgtheater. [14]


December 26, 1770

Mozart's first opera seria, Mitridate, re di ponte, is a success in Milan despite the composer's youth and the opera's running time of six hours. [15]







Gilbert Simpson to George Washington, December 26, 1772

DECEMBER 26, 1772

SR

I Received yours of the 18 of this instant by the hand of Mr Crawford and I am agreable to your perposeal in makeing of Corn the next Summer prvided there Could be Corn got to Live on which I doubt of at that time of year but you and I Shall be more able to judg of that in the month of Febuary if Mr Crawford Coms in as he Say he will and if any goos out there must goe more than two for I perpose to goe my Self and my Negro fellow and you must Find one fellow and one wench I shall stand good in labor against one [of] them for one Summer for I should not Care to trust a thing of that Conciquin C with any Common person and there mu[s]t [be] a wagon imployd for to go out for I should Chuse to take tools of Every Sort Sutable for plantation business and to Carry Two of my horsses and two Cows and Calves and other NesCesryes Sr there is one thing in the artickels of your ag[rlement and mine which is not as I perposed to you or Elce I mistake the mening of it which is that my Family was to hold the plantation 21 years after my decees but it looks to me as tho it was but for that Teerm in my hf and theres which is not according to my Expectation and the Shortnes of your Leeses has put the people much out of heart of Setling your Lots which they was very intent to have don but Sr I hope you will Consider that the time is two Short as the Rents is high Sr I should be glad to see you or to Receive a line or two from you the First opertunity I shall Com down to you when Mr Crawford Corns if I should not Chance to see you before So no more but Remain your humble



Servant GILBT. SIMPSON

LOUDOWN[16]

December 26, 1776: Battle of Trenton - December 26, 1776.[17]



December 26, 1776: Fifth Regiment General Stevens Brigade, William Crawford was promoted to lieutenant-colonel. He served until August 14, 1776. He was promoted to colonel at Trenton, NJ, December 26, 1776, of the Seventh Regiment which he headed 1776-1778. It was raised largely by William Crawford in the district of West Augusta.[18]

Wednesday, January 19, 2005 (5)



Standing on the spot where George Washington and William Crawford crossed the Delaware, December 26, 1776. Taken January 1, 2005. JG



Wednesday, January 19, 2005 (6)

Continental Lane: Road over which Washington’s Army began its march to Trenton, December 26, 1776

Photo taken January 1, 2005 by JG.



The Hessian Garrison at Trenton, December 26, 1776



Brigade Rall (Col. Johann Gottlieb Rall)

1,354 effective men “on duty” plus 28 officers; total effectives 1,382





Grenadier Regiment Rall (Col. Johann Gottlieb Rall)

Lt. Col. Baithasar Brethauer, acting commander

Maj. Johann Jost Matthaeus

Reported strength on December 26: 512 “effective men under arms,” 28

and 40 sick in hospitals at New York, 23 sick at Trenton



Fusilier Regiment von Lossberg (also Alt von Lossberg, after Lt. Gen. Baron Ft Wilhelm von Lossberg, commander of a brigade in Rhode Island)

Lt. Col. Francis Scheffer, acting commander Maj. Ludwig August von Hanstein

“Last Report,” 34 effective men “on duty”; no report of ineffectives



Fusilier Regiment von Knyphausen (after Lt. Gen. Wilhelm von Knyphausen commander 2d Division, Landgraflich Hessischen Corps in America)

Maj. Friedrich Ludwig von Dechow, acting commander

Strength on December 26, 1776: 429 men effective “on duty,” 45 wounded sick at New York, 8 sick at Trenton



Artillery (6 guns)

Lt. Friedrich Fischer

Lt. Johann Engelhardt

Strength included with regiments



Jagers, one company [50 men]

Lt. Friedrich Wilhelm von Grothausen

Estimated effectives, 50 men



Cavalry, British 16th Light Dragoons, [20 men]

Estimated effectives, 18 men[19]



December 26, 1776

He was promoted to colonel at Trenton, NJ, December 26, 1776, of the Seventh Regiment which he headed 1776-1778. It was raised largely by William Crawford in the district of West Augusta.

1776 December 26, Battle of Trenton, New Jersey.[20]



Thursday, January 20, 2005

Colonial troops attack…

Thursday, January 20, 2005 (2)

The Hessian’s are caught off guard…

Thursday, January 20, 2005 (3)

The Battle continues…



Thursday, January 20, 2005 (6)

Ready…

Thursday, January 20, 2005 (5)

Aim…

Thursday, January 20, 2005 (8)

Fire!!!



Battle of Trenton - December 26, 1776
Battle of Trenton - December 26, 1776[21]



Thursday, January 20, 2005 (9)

We stopped by the Trenton Memorial on New Years (January 1) morning and as we peered through the window, to our surprise a man who name was Henry, peered out and asked if we would like to ride the elevator to the top. We had to sit down and finish our coffee, as we were quite stunned that here, on a national holiday, there was a man who didn’t take a day off. This was what made our visit unique and unforgettable. Henry took us up the monument in the smallest elevator I’ve ever been in and as we learned as we reached the top, one of the oldest. Henry informed us to not let the door blow shut at the top, as a crane would have to bring us down.

I believe that Henry, who was in his mid seventies, takes a great deal of pride in his job. The memorial was immaculate, considering the neighborhood, and as we left Henry was caring for the grounds. The point of this conversation is that this is not only the time on our trip that someone has shown up, as a volunteer, and taken time to help tell the story. The story of the place and what happened there. There were many places where people have shown up to help tell the story of the people who lived there. Those are the people I would like to thank. Those people who understand the importance of telling the story, and passing it along for the next generation. JG.

Wednesday, January 19, 2005 (4)





Gary and Jeff Goodlove, late December, 2004 in Connellsville, PA. JG



December 26, 1776

Sketch of the engagement at Trenton, given on the 26th of December (December 26) 1776 betwixt the American troops under command of General Washington, and three Hessian regiments under command of Colonell Rall, in which the latter a part surrendered themselves prisoner of war. [By] Wiederhold Lieut: from the Hessian Rgmt of Knÿphauss. (Below)





PLAN of the affair which took place on the 26th of December, 1776, at Trenton, between a corps of six thousand rebels, commanded by General Washington, and a brigade of Hessians, commanded by Colonel Rall.



A. Trenton.

B. Picket of an officer and twenty-four men. (Wiederhold.)

C. Captain Aitenbocum’s company of the Lossberg regiment, which was quartered in the neighborhood, and which formed in front of the captain’s quarters, while the picket occupied the enemy.

D. Picket of one captain, one officer, and seventy-five men.

E. One officer and fifty Jagers, who immediately withdrew over the bridge. (Grothausen.)

F. Detachment of one officer and thirty men, which joined Donop’s corps.

G. Place where the regiments stopped after leaving the town, and where Colonel Rall attempted to make an attack on the town with his own regiment and that of Lossberg, but was violently driven back to

I. and taken prisoner with the regiments; meanwhile the Regiment von Knyphausen should have covered the flank.

K. Place where the Regiment von Knyphausen had likewise to surrender, after trying to reach the bridge. The cannon of the Lossberg regiment were with the Knyphausen regiment, and unfortunately stuck in the marsh; and while they were being extricated the moment for gaining the bridge was lost, and the bridge strongly occupied by the enemy.

L. Cannon of the Lossberg regiment.

M. Cannon of the Knyphausen regiment, which were not with the regiment during the affair.

N. Cannon of Rall’s regiment, dismounted in the beginning.

0. Attack of the enemy from the wood.

P. The enemy advance and surround the town.

Q. Two battalions of the enemy following the Knyphausen regiment.

R. Last manceuvre and attack upon the Knyphausen regiment.

S. Cannon of the rebels.

T. Place where General Washington posted himself and gave his orders.











Christmas Eve 1776 to January 3, 1777

Another verification which Butterfield made on page 104 of Chapter 5 is that “He (Crawford) was one of the heroic band that crossed the Delaware with Washington on Christmas Day (1776), participating in the Victory at Trenton on the next day, and at Princeton on the third of January, 1777.”[22]



December 26, 1776

December 26 1776 - In Jersey (New Jersey), part of the British and Hessian units have posts at Amboy (Perth?), Elizabethtown, Bergen, Powles Hook, Princeton, Bordentown, Pennington, Burlington, Maidenhead, and Trenton. The Hessian Battalions including the Von Minnigerode, Von Linsing Battalions and Hessian Jägers are at Bordentown. General Washington and his American troops cross the Delaware River, surpising and capturing three Hessian regiments at Trenton, New Jersey. Colonel Rall, commanding the three regiments is killed in the attack. In Cassel it was reported that of the 8,000 men, only 800 had escaped, and the whole of Germany was stirred up by the news.(False report, about 900 were captured at Trenton). [23]

Strength Estimates of American Forces

December 26, 1776: committed to the Delaware Crossing, 6,500 men

About 2,400 officers and men crossed the Delaware River at McConkey’s Ferry. Three other forces were ordered to cross the river: 8oo men under General James Ewing at the South Trenton Ferry, 1,8oo men under Colonel John Cadwalader at Bristol Ferry, and 1,ooo men under General Israel Putnam at Philadelphia. Putnam’s men were to join 500 militia who had been under Colonel Griffin in South Jersey. All three forces were unable to get across to NewJersey on Christmas night, except a few light infantry under Cadwalader and 300 men from Philadelphia who had crossed earlier. The total number of men committed to the operation was 6,500, of which only 2,400 were able to cross the river and engage at Trenton.[24]



December 26, 1776: A rider brought news of the disaster at Trenton about mid-day on December 26. Out of position, and fearing he would be cut off from the remaining Royal Forces, von Donop ordered his corps to move through Crosswicks to Princeton. He left a rear guard and allowed for baggage wagons, wounded and such to be brought along. He abandoned a good bit of plunder in his excitement and urgency. The victory at Trenton was won by Washington, but some credit should be given to the young widow who held von Donop out of position a day too long to be of help to Rall. [25]

December 26, 1776: General George Washington's Continental Army had crossed the Delaware River to make a surprise attack on the Hessians on the early morning of December 26, 1776. In the Battle of Trenton, the Hessian force of 1,400 was wiped out by the Continentals, with about 20 killed, 100 wounded, and 1,000 captured.[8]

Family records of Johann Nicholas Bahnert, one of the Hessians captured in the Battle of Trenton, indicate that back in Europe they were told they were needed to defend the American Colonies against Indian incursions. Only after they arrived, did they discover they had been hired to fight against the American colonists, rather than the Indians.[9] The Hessians captured in the Battle of Trenton were paraded through the streets of Philadelphia to raise American morale; anger at their presence helped the Continental Army recruit new soldiers.[10] Most of the prisoners were sent to work as farm hands.[11]

By early 1778, negotiations for the exchange of prisoners between Washington and the British had begun in earnest.[12] Nicholas Bahner(t), Jacob Strobe, George Geisler, and Conrad Kramm are a few of the Hessian soldiers who deserted the British forces after being returned in exchange for American prisoners of war.[13] These men were hunted by the British for being deserters, and by many of the colonists as an enemy.

Americans tried to entice Hessians to desert from the British and join the large German-American population. The US Congress authorized the offer of 50 acres (approximately 20 hectares) of land to individual Hessian soldiers to encourage them to desert. They offered 50 to 800 acres to British soldiers, depending on rank.[14] [26]

December 26, 1777: Battle of Red Bank

When Howe's forces captured Philadelphia in 1777, he then acted to open the Delaware River to the navy. The effort was directed at the forts on either side of the river. The Royal Navy attacked Fort Mifflin in Pennsylvania. In an attempt to recoup his tarnished reputation from his defeat at Trenton, Donop volunteered to attempt the capture of Fort Mercer at Red Bank in what is now National Park, New Jersey.



“December 26, 1777: - The regiment still spent this day aboard ship.”[27]

December 26th, 1779: The fleet sailed right into the teeth of a storm which made the poor soldiers very wretched, and soon scattered the ships, which met a succession of storms, and finally reached a harbor only on the 28th of January, and the point fixed for disembarkation on the 3ist. There, at Tybee Island, lay the transport “Polly,” with two companies of the Grenadier battalion v. Linsingen, which had been safely landed for two weeks, and were comfortably encamped on the shore.[28]

On the morning of the 26th at eight o’clock the signal was given to weigh anchor. The fleet set sail under a favorable northwest wind and passed the Hook and the Middle Ground where the men-of-war were anchored, under whose escort the entire fleet under Admiral Arbuthnot’1 sailed to the east in the following formation.

Perseus frigate, 32 guns, Captain Elphinstone,’2 an excellent and celebrated naval officer who was very familiar with the southern coast of North America.

Roebuck, The transport EEurope, The transport Romulus,

44 guns, ships with 64 guns,] ships of 44 guns,

Captain the English Principal the light Captain

Hamond,’3 grenadiers. Agent, infantry. Clinton

a very Captain [Gayton].15

meritorious Tonken.’4 The

naval officer, Commander

where Lord in Chief,

Cornwallis General

was aboard. Clinton was

aboard here.

Transport Second Transport

ships with Agent, ships with

the Hessians. Captain the English

Chads.’6 infantry.

Robust, Defiance,

74 guns.17 64 guns.’8

Ordnance Third Agent, Transport

ships with Captain ships with the

the artillery Winter.’9 engineers,

and all that pontoniers,

belonged to and pioneers,

it. including the

equipment

and horse

transports.

Renown, Raisonnable,

50 guns.2° 64 guns.2’

Provisions ships.

Provincial corps ships.

Russell, 74 guns.22

Richmond frigate, 32 guns, Captain Hudson,23

a very courageous and experienced seaman.

The entire fleet consisted of one hundred and thirty-three sail, among which were a number of one-masters which had on board the horses for the dragoons, the mounted of the Legion, and the artillery.

On the morning of the 27th we lost sight of the coast and sailed SSE. Toward noon the wind turned NE and became stronger hour by hour, so that a very severe storm arose which continued until the 30th. The wind turned SE and the fleet had to tack about.[29]

December 26, 1792: the deposed King was brought from the Temple to stand before the Convention and hear his indictment, an accusation of high treason and crimes against the State. On December 26, his counsel, Raymond de Sèze, delivered Louis' response to the charges, with the assistance of François Tronchet and Malesherbes. [30]


December 26, 1803: Treaty of Fort Wayne


Description: Indiana Indian treaties.jpg


Type

Recognition of American ownership of the Vincennes Tract


Signed

June 7, 1803


Location

Fort Wayne, Indiana Territory


Effective

December 26, 1803


Condition

Transfer of money and goods to natives; US to relinquish land claims in adjacent territory


Signatories

William Henry Harrison, Little Turtle, Topinabee, Winnemac


Parties

United States of America, Delawares, Shawnee, Potowatomi, Miami, Kickapoo, The Eel River band, Weas, Piankeshaws, and Kaskaskias


Language

English


The Treaty of Fort Wayne was a treaty between the United States and several groups of Native Americans. The treaty was signed on June 7, 1803 and proclaimed December 26, 1803.





Parties

William Henry Harrison, who at the time was governor of Indiana Territory and superintendent of Indian affairs and commissioner plenipotentiary of the United States for concluding any treaty or treaties which may be found necessary with any of the Indian tribes north west of the Ohio river, negotiated the treaty for the United States. The native peoples were represented by chiefs and head warriors of the Delawares, Shawnee, Potowatomi, Miami and Kickapoo. The Eel River band of Miami, the Weas, Piankeshaws, and Kaskaskias were represented by proxy agents.[1]

Terms

The first article more precisely defined the boundaries of the Vincennes Tract surrounding Fort Vincennes on the Wabash River, which had been confirmed as a possession of the United States in the 1795 Treaty of Greenville.[1] The land was originally purchased from the tribes by the Kingdom of France. It was transferred to Great Britain in 1763, and to the United States in 1783. The area was a rectangular tract of approximately 160,000 acres (650 km2) lying at right angles to the course of the Wabash River at Vincennes.[2]

In the second article, the United States relinquished claims to any lands adjoining the tract defined in article one.[3]

Article 3 cedes to the United States a salt spring upon the Saline creek, which falls into the Ohio below the mouth of the Wabash, with a quantity of land surrounding it not exceeding 4 square miles (10 km2). The U.S. agreed to deliver to the Indians annually a quantity of salt not exceeding 150 US bushels (5.3 m3).[3]

Article 4 cedes to the United States the right of locating three tracts of land (of such size as may he agreed to by the Kickapoo, Eel River band of Miami, Wea, Piankeshaw, and Kaskaskia tribes), for the purposes of erecting houses of entertainment for the accommodation of travellers on the main road between Vincennes and Kaskaskia and one other on the road between Vincennes and Clarksville.[3]

Article 5 allowed for alterations to the boundary lines described in the first article if it is found that settlements of land made by citizens of the United States fall in the Indian country. It was agreed that a quantity of land equal in quantity to what may be thus taken shall be given to the said tribes either at the east or the west end of the tract.[3]

Notable among the Indian signatories were
•Meseekunnoghquoh, or Little Turtle for the Miamis
•Tuthinipee (also known as Topinabee) for the Potawatomi
•Winnemac for the Potawatomi
•Bukongehelas for the Delawares

Subsequent treaties

The Eel River band of Miami, Wyandot, Piankishaw, Kaskaskia, and also the Kickapoo represented by the Eel River chiefs in a treaty of August 7, 1803 concurred in the cessions for houses of entertainment provided for Article 4 of this treaty.[4]

At two treaties concluded at Vincennes in August 1805, the Delawares and Piankishaw ceded claims to lands south of the Vincennes Tract.[5][31][32]

December 26, 1803: Private John Robertson (ca. 1780–?). Also "Roberson" in the journals, he is thought to be the Corporal John Robinson, born in New Hampshire, who was serving with Captain Amos Stoddard's artillery company at the time of the expedition. Clark refers to him as a corporal on December 26, 1803, but in subsequent references where rank is given he is a private; apparently he was demoted for some reason.[33]

1804



Conrad would have learned about the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1804.[34]



1804-1805: William Henry Harrison administered government of District of Louisiana 1804-1805.[35] In Vincennes, he served as a contact during the expedition; surviving records document his support[36] and his involvement in decisions about western Indian chiefs visiting Washington.[37]



Tenskwatawa

Also known as The Prophet

1804: Tenskwatawa (also known as The Prophet), a member of the Shawnee Indians, was born in 1775. Named Lalawethika (the Rattle), his mother abandoned him in 1779. By all accounts, Lalawethika was a homely child and lacked the physical abilities that his other siblings, including his elder brother Tecumseh, enjoyed. His older siblings refused to train him in hunting and fighting. He was so unskilled with a bow and arrow that he blinded himself in his right eye with a wayward arrow. As an adult, he became reliant on the kindness of his fellow tribesmen to feed himself and his family. He also turned to alcohol to forget his problems, quickly becoming dependent upon liquor. Not having the physical abilities to become a warrior, Lalawethika attempted to learn the ways of his village's medicine man. When the man died in 1804, Lalawethika quickly proved unable to meet his people's needs. They remembered the drunken Lalawethika and did not respect his medicinal abilities. He quickly turned back to alcohol to provide himself with solace.[38]



In 1804, Col. Meason filled the first order for sugar kettles called for by Southern planters.[39]



1804

By 1804 few Jews remained in Lancaster, and Jewish life there ended until a new group of Jews settled there fifty years later.[40]



1804

In 1804 the first post office was recorded for Springfield. Simon Kenton built a gristmill and distillery where the old International Harvester plant now stands.[41]



In 1804, Andrew Jackson (2nd cousin 8 times removed) acquired the "Hermitage", a 640-acre (2.6 km2) plantation in Davidson County, near Nashville. Jackson later added 360 acres (1.5 km2) to the farm. The primary crop was cotton, grown by enslaved workers. Jackson started with nine slaves, by 1820 he held as many as 44, and later held up to 150 slaves.[42]



1804: Napolean crowns himself emporor.[43]





The dark green line on this field is a cropmark that reveals the path of an 1804 alteration to the Turkey Foot Road. This 2010 photo shows both Maryland and Pennsylvania. [44]



1804: In the Napoleonic era Jewish children were permitted to attend the general schools (1804) in Bavaria.[45]



December 26, 1805: In exchange for providing France with a large auxiliary force, Napoleon recognized the Elector as King of Württemberg on December 26, 1805. [46]

December 26, 1812: The British announce a naval blockade of Chesapeake and Delaware Bays, during the War of 1812.[47]

December 26, 1813: James McDowell:
James married his cousin Sarah Buchanan Preston on September 7, 1818 in Abingdon, VA, and they had nine children. James was the Governor of VA from 1843 to 1846, and served in Congress from 1846 to 1851. He was the s/o James and Sarah (Preston) McDowell. He was a private in Capt. Benjamin Graves' company in the 4th Regiment of Virginia militia, commanded by his father, from October 12 to December 26, 1813 and served at Norfolk, VA. He attended Washington College, was a student at Yale College,, and was a student from 1814 to 1816 and graduated A.M. in 1816 at the College of New Jersey (Princeton), where he delivered the Latin salutatory for his class. His father gave him a 2,000 acre tract called "The Military" near Lexington, KY. After an attempt at farming "The Military and a brief law practice, he returned to Virginia where he established himself at "Col Alto" about one mile from Lexington, VA. He was one of the founders of The Virginia Historical Society. He represented Rock bridge Co., in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1830 until 1835, and again in 1838. After the Nat Turner insurrection he delivered one of his greatest speeches, maintaining that slavery was a cause of national dissention, that separation could not be peaceful and that the separate existence of slave states would be disastrous to their own welfare. He was defeated in 1832 for the U.S. Senate by John Tyler. In 1842 he was elected Governor of Virginia and served a three year term. He served in Congress until 1851, but his attempt at a run for Senate seat was defeated in 1847.
He was a trustee of Washington College from 1826 until his death. In 1844 Hampden-Sydney College and in 1846 Princeton College granted him LL.D. degrees. [48]



December 26, 1820: In a letter dated December 26, 1820, Frank DABNEY at Meriville, Kentucky, to his brother Charles DABNEY, he described the land and its yield--tobacco and corn; and the fortunate situation of their brother Samuel DABNEY seven miles from Clarksville. [49]

December 26, 1822: Sally McKinnon married Gabriel Banes.[50]

1823

Just four years later Conrad and Caty sell 80 acres of the identical description for $483. to John Hamilton. (Ref #12 & 12.1) Whether they kept three acres is not known, but they recovered $517. Less than was paid for the land four years earlier purchased under the name of Conrad only. It is somewhat interesting to note that the deed to Mr. Hamilton was signed by “Caty Goodlove”; she no doubt went by Caty and preferred it to the extent she signed the instrument as “Caty”. This signature prompted me to use the name in the title of this article: “Conrad and Caty”[51]

Sir William Mackinnon (1823-1893) Born in Campbeltown, Scotland. Became a partner in a general store in the Ganges in 1847; then to Calcutta as senior partner in Mackinnon, Mackenzie and Co., East India Merchants. In 1855 he developed the British India Steam Navigation Co., one of the greatest shipping companies in the world. He was the chief adviser to the government on granting the charter to the Imperial British East Africa Co. He obtained funds for Enim relief expedition under Stanley.[52]

1823 – George Guess, better known as Sequoyah, emigrated to the Cherokee Nation West. • In the Cherokee Nation East, the National Committee is given the power to review acts of the National Council.[53]


1823


Agustín Iturbide abdicates as Emperor of Mexico. Mexican leaders soon begin work on a national constitution.[54]

. December 26, 1826: MARY ELMIRA CRAWFORD, b. December 26, 1826, Haywood County, North Carolina; d. October 08, 1909, Haywood County, North Carolina. [55]











December 26, 1830





Gaetano Donizetti's Anna Bolena, one of his several operas on subjects from English history, has its première at the Teatro Carcano in Milan.[56]


December 26, 1831

Bellini's opera Norma, which includes the great coloratura aria 'Casta diva', has its première at the Teatro alla Scala, Milan. [57]


December 26, 1835: CRAWFORD, LEMUEL (1814-1836). Lemuel Crawford, Alamo defender, was born in South Carolina in 1814. He enlisted in the service of Texas in early October 1835 and served until December 26 of that year as an artilleryman under Col. James C. Neill. He probably took part in the siege of Bexar. Crawford reenlisted on February 11, 1836, and served in the Alamo garrison, probably as a member of Capt. William R. Carey's artillery company. He died in the battle of the Alamo on March 6, 1836.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: Comptroller's Records, Texas State Archives, Austin. Daughters of the American Revolution, The Alamo Heroes and Their Revolutionary Ancestors (San Antonio, 1976). Bill Groneman, Alamo Defenders (Austin: Eakin, 1990). Bill Groneman[58]

December 26, 1835: Lemuel Crawford (1814-3/6/1836) Age 22 Born South Carolina Residence Same Rank Private (artilleryman, Capt. Carey's artillery company) Killed in Battle Lemuel Crawford enlisted in the service of Texas in early October of 1835 and served until December 26 as an artilleryman. He probably took part in the siege and battle of Bexar. He remained in Bexar and reenlisted on February 13, 1836, serving in the Alamo garrison as a member of Carey's company. [59]

December 26, 1835

First page of Daniel Cloud's letter to his brother, December 26, 1835.

First page of Daniel Cloud's letter to his brother, December 26, 1835.

One of the treasures in the DRT Library’s collections is a letter written by Daniel William Cloud, a twenty-two year old lawyer from Kentucky. Written on December 26, 1835 near Natchitoches, Louisiana, and addressed to his “beloved brother,” the letter primarily discusses the circumstances of various family members and acquaintances and describes the weather, soil quality, and business prospects Cloud and his traveling companion, Peter J. Bailey, observed as they traveled through Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana on their way to Texas. In perhaps the most well-known and often-quoted section of the letter, Cloud explains his views on the causes of the Texas Revolution and his reasons for wanting to enlist (all punctuation and spelling in the original document have been maintained here):

Ever since Texas has unfurled the banner of Freedom and commenced a warfare for Liberty or Death, our hearts have been enlisted in her behalf. The progress of her cause has increased the ardor of our feelings, until we have resolved to embark in the vessel which contains the flag of Liberty and sink or swim in its defence. Our Brethren of Texas were invited by the Mexican Government while republican in its form to come and settle, they did so, they have endured all the privations & sufferings incident to the settlement of a frontier country and have surrounded themselves with all the comforts and conveniences of live. Now the Mexicans with unblushing effrontery call on them to submit to a Monarchical, tyrannical, Central despotism, at the bare mention of which every true hearted son of Kentucky feels an instinctive horror followed by a firm and steady glow of virtuous indignation. The cause of Philanthropy, of humanity, of Liberty & human happiness throughout the world call loudly on every man who can, to aid Texas. If you ask me how I reconcile the duties of a soldier with those of a Christian I refer you to the memorable conversation between Genl. Marion & DeKalb on this point, and the sentiments of the latter I have adopted as my own. If we succeed, the country is ours, it is immense in extent and fertile in its soil and will amply reward all our toils. If we fail death in the cause of liberty and humanity is not cause for shuddering. Our rifles are by our sides and choice guns they are; we know what awaits us and are prepared to meet it.

Along with Bailey, Cloud joined the Tennessee Mounted Volunteers and was killed when Santa Anna’s troops attacked the Alamo on the morning of March 6, 1836.

Second and third pages of Cloud's letter.

Second and third pages of Cloud's letter.

Final page of Cloud's letter, which he ends by telling his brother, "If I were with you, I could talk enough to tire you. I hope we shall meet."

Final page of Cloud's letter, which he ends by telling his brother, "If I were with you, I could talk enough to tire you. I hope we shall meet."[60]

Treaty of Medicine Creek

December 26, 1854

Articles of agreement and convention made and concluded on the She-nah-nam, or Medicine Creek, in the Territory of Washington, this twenty-sixth day of December, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-four, by Isaac I. Stevens, governor and superintendent of Indian affairs of the said Territory, on the part of the United States, and the undersigned chiefs, head-men, and delegates of the Nisqually, Puyallup, Steilacoom, Squawskin, S'Homamish, Stehchass, T'Peeksin, Squi-aitl, and Sa-heh-wamish tribes and bands of Indians, occupying the lands lying round the head of Puget's Sound and the adjacent inlets, who, for the purpose of this treaty, are to be regarded as one nation, on behalf of said tribes and bands, and duly authorized by them.

Article 1.

The said tribes and bands of Indians hereby cede, relinquish, and convey to the United States, all their right, title, and interest in and to the lands and country occupied by them, bounded and described as follows, to wit: Commencing at the point on the eastern side of Admiralty Inlet, known as Point Pully, about midway between Commencement and Elliott Bays; thence running in a southeasterly direction, following the divide between the waters of the Puyallup and Dwamish, or White Rivers, to the summit of the Cascade Mountains; thence southerly, along the summit of said range, to a point opposite the main source of the Skookum Chuck Creek; thence to and down said creek, to the coal mine; thence northwesterly, to the summit of the Black Hills; thence northerly, to the upper forks of the Satsop River; thence northeasterly, through the portage known as Wilkes's Portage, to Point Southworth, on the western side of Admiralty Inlet; thence around the foot of Vashon's Island, easterly and southeasterly, to the place of beginning.

Article 2.

There is, however, reserved for the present use and occupation of the said tribes and bands, the following tracts of land, viz: The small island called Klah-che-min, situated opposite the mouths of Hammerslev's and Totten's Inlets, and separated from Hartstene Island by Peale's Passage, containing about two sections of land by estimation; a square tract containing two sections, or twelve hundred and eighty acres, on Puget's Sound, near the mouth of the She-nah-nam Creek, one mile west of the meridian line of the United States land survey, and a square tract containing two sections, or twelve hundred and eighty acres, lying on the south side of Commencement Bay; all which tracts shall be set apart, and, so far as necessary, surveyed and marked out for their exclusive use; nor shall any white man be permitted to reside upon the same without permission of the tribe and the superintendent or agent. And the said tribes and bands agree to remove to and settle upon the same within one year after the ratification of this treaty, or sooner if the means are furnished them. In the mean time, it shall be lawful for them to reside upon any ground not in the actual claim and occupation of citizens of the United States, and upon any ground claimed or occupied, if with the permission of the owner or claimant. If necessary for the public convenience, roads may be run through their reserves, and, on the other hand, the right of way with free access from the same to the nearest public highway is secured to them.

Article 3.

The right of taking fish, at all usual and accustomed grounds and stations, is further secured to said Indians in common with all citizens of the Territory, and of erecting temporary houses for the purpose of curing, together with the privilege of hunting, gathering roots and berries, and pasturing their horses on open and unclaimed lands: Provided, however, That they shall not take shellfish from any beds staked or cultivated by citizens, and that they shall alter all stallions not intended for breeding-horses, and shall keep up and confine the latter.

Article 4.

In consideration of the above session, the United States agree to pay to the said tribes and bands the sum of thirty-two thousand five hundred dollars, in the following manner, that is to say: For the first year after the ratification hereof, three thousand two hundred and fifty dollars; for the next two years, three thousand dollars each year; for the next three years, two thousand dollars each year; for the next four years fifteen hundred dollars each year; for the next five years twelve hundred dollars each year; and for the next five years one thousand dollars each year; all which said sums of money shall be applied to the use and benefit of the said Indians, under the direction of the President of the United States, who may from time to time determine, at his discretion, upon what beneficial objects to expend the same. And the superintendent of Indian affairs, or other proper officer, shall each year inform the President of the wishes of said Indians in respect thereto.

Article 5.

To enable the said Indians to remove to and settle upon their aforesaid reservations, and to clear, fence, and break up a sufficient quantity of land for cultivation, the United States further agree to pay the sum of three thousand two hundred and fifty dollars, to be laid out and expended under the direction of the President, and in such manner as he shall approve.

Article 6.

The President may hereafter, when in his opinion the interests of the Territory may require, and the welfare of the said Indians be promoted, remove them from either or all of said reservations to such other suitable place or places within said Territory as he may deem fit, on remunerating them for their improvements and the expenses of their removal, or may consolidate them with other friendly tribes or bands. And he may further, at his discretion, cause the whole or any portion of the lands hereby reserved, or of such other land as may be selected in lieu thereof, to be surveyed into lots, and assign the same to such individuals or families as are willing to avail themselves of the privilege, and will locate on the same as a permanent home, on the same terms and subject to the same regulations as are provided in the sixth article of the treaty with the Omahas, so far as the same may be applicable. Any substantial improvements heretofore made by any Indian, and which he shall be compelled to abandon in consequence of this treaty, shall be valued under the direction of the President, and payment to be made accordingly thereof.

Article 7.

The annuities of the aforesaid tribes and bands shall not be taken to pay the debts of individuals.

Article 8.

The aforesaid tribes and bands acknowledge their dependence on the Government of the United States, and promise to be friendly with all citizens thereof, and pledge themselves to commit no depredations on the property of such citizens. And should any one or more of them violate this pledge, and the fact be satisfactorily proved before the agent, the property taken shall be returned, or in default thereof, or if injured or destroyed, compensation may be made by the Government out of their annuities. Nor will they make war on any other tribe except in self-defence, but will submit all matters of difference between them and other Indians to the Government of the United States, or its agent, for decision, and abide thereby. And if any of the said Indians commit any depredations on any other Indians within the Territory, the same rule shall prevail as that prescribed in this article, in cases of depredations against citizens. And the said tribes agree not to shelter or conceal offenders against the laws of the United States, but to deliver them up to the authorities for trail.

Article 9.

The above tribes and bands are desirous to exclude from their reservations the use of ardent spirits, and to prevent their people from drinking the same; and therefore it is provided, that any Indian belonging to said tribes, who is guilty of bringing liquor into said reservations, or who drinks liquor, may have his or her proportion of the annuities withheld from him or her for such time as the President may determine.

Article 10.

The United States further agree to establish at the general agency for the district of Puget's Sound, within one year from the ratification hereof, and to support, for a period of twenty years, an agricultural and industrial school, to be free to children of the said tribes and bands, in common with those of the other tribes of said district, and to provide the said school with a suitable instructor or instructors, and also to provide a smithy and carpenter's shop, and furnish them with the necessary tools, and employ a blacksmith, carpenter, and farmer, for the term of twenty years, to instruct the Indians in their respective occupations. And the United States further agree to employ a physician to reside at the said central agency, who shall furnish medicine and advice to their sick, and shall vaccinate them; the expenses of the said school, shops, employees, and medical attendance, to be defrayed by the United States, and not deducted from the annuities.

Article 11.

The said tribes and bands agree to free all slaves now held by them, and not to purchase or acquire others hereafter.

Article 12.

The said tribes and bands finally agree not to trade at Vancouver's Island, or elsewhere out of the dominions of the United States; nor shall foreign Indians be permitted to reside in their reservations without consent of the superintendent or agent.

Article 13.

This treaty shall be obligatory on the contracting parties as soon as the same shall be ratified by the President and Senate of the United States.

In testimony whereof, the said Isaac I. Stevens, governor and superintendent of Indian Affairs, and the undersigned chiefs, headmen, and delegates of the aforesaid tribes and bands, have hereunto set their hands and seals at the place and on the day and year hereinbefore written.

· Isaac I. Stevens, (L.S.)

· Governor and Superintendent Territory of Washington.

· Qui-ee-metl, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Sno-ho-dumset, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Lesh-high, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Slip-o-elm, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Kwi-ats, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Stee-high, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Di-a-keh, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Hi-ten, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Squa-ta-hun, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Kahk-tse-min, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Sonan-o-yutl, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Kl-tehp, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Sahl-ko-min, his x mark. (L.S.)

· T'bet-ste-heh-bit, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Tcha-hoos-tan, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Ke-cha-hat, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Spee-peh, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Swe-yah-tum, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Cha-achsh, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Pich-kehd, his x mark. (L.S.)

· S'Klah-o-sum, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Sah-le-tatl, his x mark. (L.S.)

· See-lup, his x mark. (L.S.)

· E-la-kah-ka, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Slug-yeh, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Hi-nuk, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Ma-mo-nish, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Cheels, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Knutcanu, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Bats-ta-kobe, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Win-ne-ya, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Klo-out, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Se-uch-ka-nam, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Ske-mah-han, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Wuts-un-a-pum, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Quuts-a-tadm, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Quut-a-heh-mtsn, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Yah-leh-chn, his x mark. (L.S.)

· To-lahl-kut, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Yul-lout, his x mark. (L.S.)

· See-ahts-oot-soot, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Ye-takho, his x mark. (L.S.)

· We-po-it-ee, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Kah-sld, his x mark. (L.S.)

· La'h-hom-kan, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Pah-how-at-ish, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Swe-yehm, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Sah-hwill, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Se-kwaht, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Kah-hum-klt, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Yah-kwo-bah, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Wut-sah-le-wun, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Sah-ba-hat, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Tel-e-kish, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Swe-keh-nam, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Sit-oo-ah, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Ko-quel-a-cut, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Jack, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Keh-kise-bel-lo, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Go-yeh-hn, his x mark. (L.S.)

· Sah-putsh, his x mark. (L.S.)

· William, his x mark. (L.S.)

Executed in the presence of us - -

· M. T. Simmons, Indian agent.

· James Doty, secretary of the commission.

· C. H. Mason, secretary Washington Territory.

· W. A. Slaughter, first lieutenant, Fourth Infantry.

· James McAlister,

· E. Giddings, jr.

· George Shazer,

· Henry D. Cock,

· S. S. Ford, jr.,

· John W. McAlister,

· Clovington Cushman,

· Peter Anderson,

· Samuel Klady,

· W. H. Pullen,

· P. O. Hough,

· E. R. Tyerall,

· George Gibbs,

· Benj. F. Shaw, interpreter,

· Hazard Stevens.

Ratified Mar. 3, 1855. Proclaimed Apr. 10, 1855.[61]



1855: A major pandemic, known as the Third Pandemic, begins in China and spreads throughout the world, with China and India affected the most. Overall, this pandemic brings death to more than 12 million people.[62]

The Third Pandemic

1855 – 1950s

Description: Boufford01141

“Third Pandemic” is the name given to a major plague pandemic that began in the Yunnan province (pictured above) in China in 1855. This episode of bubonic plague spread to all inhabited continents, and ultimately killed more than 12 million people in India and China alone. According to the World Health Organization, the pandemic was considered active until 1959, when worldwide casualties dropped to 200 per year. The bubonic plague was endemic in populations of infected ground rodents in central Asia, and was a known cause of death among migrant and established human populations in that region for centuries; however, an influx of new people due to political conflicts and global trade led to the distribution of this disease throughout the world. New research suggests Black Death is lying dormant.[63]



December 26, 1857: THOMAS L. VANDEVER, b. December 26, 1857, Jackson County, Missouri; d. May 23, 1931, Jackson County, Missouri. [64] THOMAS L.10 VANDEVER (SUSAN JANE9 CRAWFORD, JEPTHA M.8, VALENTINE "VOL"7, JOSEPH "JOSIAH"6, VALENTINE5, VALENTINE4, WILLIAM3, MAJOR GENERAL LAWRENCE2, HUGH1) was born December 26, 1857 in Jackson County, Missouri, and died May 23, 1931 in Jackson County, Missouri. He married MARGIE E..

Notes for THOMAS L. VANDEVER:
Fact #1: Thomas' mother, Susan Vandiver and her sister Arminia Selvey and her son Jeptha, had driven a wagon load of produce from Grain Valley to Kansas City and sold it, and was returning by way of Westport when they were captured by Union soldiers. They were held prisoners in what is now downtown Kansas City and were killed in the collapse of the building.

Fact #2: Mr. Vandiver's father disappeared during the war (he had a second family in Posey County, Indiana) and was cared for by a neighboring farm family. Separated from his sister who is now Mrs. Susie Whitsett neither of whom knew of the other's existence until both were in their 'teens although they lived near each other on Jackson County farms.

Fact #3: Had a half-sister, Mrs. Mary Showers of Reading Pa.

Fact #4; Burial at Forest Hill cemetery after services at the Newcomer chapel in Kansas City.

Child of THOMAS VANDEVER and MARGIE E. is:
i. EMMA JANE11 VANDEVER, b. July 1882; d. January 08, 1906, Jackson County, Missouri; m. EARL NANCE.

Notes for EARL NANCE:
Fact #1: Proprietor of the Nance Cafe at Twelfth and Main Streets. His home was the Sopbian Plaza [65]



December 26, 1862: Dr. William McKinnon Goodlove (1st cousin, 3 times removed) and the 57th Ohio Volunteer Infantry at the Chickasaw Bayou December 26-28, 1862. [66]

December 26, 1934: Paul Quinton Nix (b. December 26, 1934 / d. July 27, 1997 in CA).[67]

Paul Quinton Nix15 [Hayden Nix14, Marion F. Nix13, John A. Nix12, Grace Louisa Francis Smith11, Gabriel Smith10, John “LR” Smith9, Ambrose J. Smith8, Christopher Smith7, Christopher Smith6, Thomas Smythe5, Thomas Smythe4, John Smythe3, Richard2, William1] (b. December 26, 1934 in AL / d. July 27, 1997 in Artesia CA) married Living Bierer, daughter of James Bierer and Margaret Pershing. [68]


December 26, 2006: Adams died at his home in Quincy. His last words are often quoted as "Jefferson lives." Only the word "Jefferson" was clearly intelligible, however. Adams was unaware that Jefferson, his compatriot in their quest for independence, then great political rival, then later friend and correspondent, had died a few hours earlier on the very same day.

His crypt lies at United First Parish Church (also known as the Church of the Presidents) in Quincy. Until his record was broken by Ronald Reagan in 2001, he was the nation's longest-living President (90 years, 247 days) maintaining that record for 175 years. The record is currently held by former President Gerald Ford, who served less than one term, and who died December 26, 2006 at 93 years, 165 days.

John Adams remains the longest-lived person ever elected to both of the highest offices in the United States.[69]





















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December 26, 2012: 2 million years ago…Erratic Environment May Be Key to Human Evolution

By Charles Choi, LiveScience Contributor | LiveScience.com – Wed, December 26, 2012
•The first specimen of Paranthropus boisei, also called Nutcracker Man, was reported by Mary and Louis Leakey in 1959 from a site in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania.Enlarge Photo

The first specimen of Paranthropus …

At Olduvai Gorge, where excavations helped to confirm Africa was the cradle of humanity, scientists now find the landscape once fluctuated rapidly, likely guiding early human evolution.These findings suggest that key mental developments within the human lineage may have been linked with a highly variable environment, researchers added.

Olduvai Gorge is a ravine cut into the eastern margin of the Serengeti Plain in northern Tanzania that holds fossils of hominins — members of the human lineage. Excavations at Olduvai Gorge by Louis and Mary Leakey in the mid-1950s helped to establish the African origin of humanity.

The Great Drying?

To learn more about the roots of humanity, scientists analyzed samples of leaf waxes preserved in lake sediments at Olduvai Gorge, identifying which plants dominated the local environment around 2 million years ago. This was about when Homo erectus, a direct ancestor of modern humans who used relatively advanced stone tools, appeared.

"We looked at leaf waxes, because they're tough, they survive well in the sediment," researcher Katherine Freeman, a biogeochemist at Pennsylvania State University, said in a statement.

After four years of work, the researchers focused on carbon isotopes — atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons — in the samples, which can reveal what plants reigned over an area. The grasses that dominate savannasengage in a kind of photosynthesis that involves both normal carbon-12 and heavier carbon-13, while trees and shrubs rely on a kind of photosynthesis that prefers carbon-12. (Atoms of carbon-12 each possess six neutrons, while atoms of carbon-13 have seven.)

Scientists had long thought Africa went through a period of gradually increasing dryness — called the Great Drying — over 3 million years, or perhaps one big change in climate that favored the expansion of grasslands across the continent, influencing human evolution. However, the new research instead revealed "strong evidence for dramatic ecosystem changes across the African savanna, in which open grassland landscapes transitioned to closed forests over just hundreds to several thousands of years," researcher Clayton Magill, a biogeochemist at Pennsylvania State University, told LiveScience. [Know Your Roots? Take Our Human Evolution Quiz]

The researchers discovered that Olduvai Gorge abruptly and routinely fluctuated between dry grasslands and damp forests about five or six times during a period of 200,000 years.

"I was surprised by the magnitude of changes and the rapid pace of the changes we found," Freeman told LiveScience. "There was a complete restructuring of the ecosystem from grassland to forest and back again, at least based on how we interpret the data. I've worked on carbon isotopes my whole career, and I've never seen anything like this before."

Losing water

The investigators also constructed a highly detailed record of water history in Olduvai Gorge by analyzing hydrogen isotope ratios in plant waxes and other compounds in nearby lake sediments. These findings support the carbon isotope data, suggesting the region experienced fluctuations in aridity, with dry periods dominated by grasslands and wet periods characterized by expanses of woody cover.

"The research points to the importance of water in an arid landscape like Africa," Magill said in a statement. "The plants are so intimately tied to the water that if you have water shortages, they usually lead to food insecurity."

The research team's statistical and mathematical models link the changes they see with other events at the time, such as alterations in the planet's movement. [50 Amazing Facts About Earth]

"The orbit of the Earth around the sun slowly changes with time," Freeman said in statement. "These changes were tied to the local climate at Olduvai Gorge through changes in the monsoon system in Africa."

Earth's orbit around the sun can vary over time in a number of ways — for instance, Earth's orbit around the sun can grow more or less circular over time, and Earth's axis of spin relative to the sun's equatorial plane can also tilt back and forth. This alters the amount of sunlight Earth receives, energy that drives Earth's atmosphere. "Slight changes in the amount of sunshine changed the intensity of atmospheric circulation and the supply of water. The rain patterns that drive the plant patterns follow this monsoon circulation. We found a correlation between changes in the environment and planetary movement."

The team also found links between changes at Olduvai Gorge and sea-surface temperatures in the tropics.

"We find complementary forcing mechanisms — one is the way Earth orbits, and the other is variation in ocean temperatures surrounding Africa," Freeman said.

These findings now shed light on the environmental shifts the ancestors of modern humans might have had to adapt to in order to survive and thrive.

"Early humans went from having trees available to having only grasses available in just 10 to 100 generations, and their diets would have had to change in response," Magill said in a statement. "Changes in food availability, food type, or the way you get food can trigger evolutionary mechanisms to deal with those changes. The result can be increased brain size and cognition, changes in locomotion and even social changes — how you interact with others in a group."

This variability in the environment coincided with a key period in human evolution, "when the genus Homo was first established and when there was first evidence of tool use," Magill said.

The researchers now hope to examine changes at Olduvai Gorge not just across time but space, which could help shed light on aspects of early human evolution such as foraging patterns.

Magill, Freeman and their colleague Gail Ashley detailed their findings online Dec. 24 in two papers in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.[105]



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[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_of_England


[2] http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1198


[3] mike@abcomputers.com


[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France


[5] http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1492


[6] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt


[7] A History of God by Lauren Armstrong, page 263


[8] American Experience, We shall Remain; After the Mayflower, 4/13/2009


[9] American Experience, We shall Remain; After the Mayflower, 4/13/2009


[10] Yorktown Victory Museum, 2008


[11]


[12] Wikipedia


[13] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom


[14] http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/page/operatimeline




[15] http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/page/operatimeline




[16] Letters to Washington and Accompanying Papers. Published by the Society of the Colonial Dames of America. Edited by Stanislaus Murray Hamilton.--vol. 04


[17] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kemp%27s_Landing


[18] The Brothers Crawford


[19] Other estimates vary in detail. Smith estimates the Hessian strength at ? this is extrapolated from prisoners plus a rough guess of escapees plus killed and ? Dwyer variously estimated “1,400 hessians in crowded Trenton,” and repeated ? estimate of 1,6oo Hessians (The Day Is Ours! [New York, 1983], 264, 276).

SOURCES: Rall regiment, testimony in Hessian Court of Inquiry by Maj. Joha Matthaeus, New York, August 17, 1778; Lossberg regiment, Corp. William Hartung, P phia, April 22, 1778; Knyphausen regiment, Lt. Christian Sobbe, regimental adjutan delphia, April 25, 1778; all LT, ML 591, 200, 377. Secondary accounts include Wi Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton (Boston, 1898), 316, 378, 388—94, 408; bi data from Samuel Stelie Smith, The Battle of Trenton (Monmouth Beach, N.J.), 30. R tal reports do not include officers. Washington’s Crossing by David Hackett Fischer pg. 396






[20] The Brothers Crawford




[21] http://historicalartprints.com./hap/cmd?CMD=BROWSE&parent=17&catid=24


[22] Gerol “Gary” GoodloveConrad and Caty, 2003




[23] http://members.tripod.com/~Silvie/Schilling.html


[24] Sources include a report from Washington to John Hancock, December 27, 1776:

“I ordered the troops intended for this service which were about 2400 to parade back of McConkey’s Ferry.” GW, 7:454. Henry Knox’s estimate was a little higher: “a part of the army consisting of about 2500 or three thousand pass’d the River on Christmas night with almost infinite difficulty, with eighteen field pieces.” The source is a letter from Henry Knox to Lucy Knox, December 28, 1776, in William S. Stryker, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton (Boston, 1898), 371. Cadwalader wrote to Washington, probably on December 27, “we had about 1800 rank and file including artillery.” Cadwalader had first written 1,700, then crossed it out and wrote 1,800. GW, 7:445. In another letter dated December 26 at nine o’clock he wrote that “General Putnam was to cross at Philada to day, if the weather permitted. with 1000 men; 300 went over yesterday & 500 Jersey militia are now there as Col. Griffin informs me to day.” The source is a letter from Cadwalader to Washington, 2[7?] December 27, 1776. The date of this letter is mutilated in manuscript; editors of the Washington Papers believe that it was sent on December 26; I think that it would have been December 27, 1776. GW, 7:442. Washington’s Crossing by David Hackett Fischer pg. 381




[25] References

1. ^ a b Wilhelm Gottlieb Levin von Donop: Des Obermarschalls und Drosten Wilhelm Gottlieb Levin von Donop zu Lüdershofen, Maspe Nachricht von dem Geschlecht der von Donop. Paderborn 1796, pp. 21

2. ^ a b Fischer, David Hackett (2004). Washington's Crossing. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 56. ISBN 0-19-517034-2.

3. ^ a b c d "Donop, Carl Emil Kurt von". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.

4. ^ Fischer, David Hackett (2004). Washington's Crossing. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 57. ISBN 0-19-517034-2.

5. ^ Fischer, David Hackett (2004). Washington's Crossing. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 187–190. ISBN 0-19-517034-2.

6. ^ Griffith II, Samuel B.; Jane Griffith, Belle Gordon Griffith Heneberger (2002). The War for American Independence. University of Illinois Press. pp. 448–449. ISBN 0-252-07060-7.

Sources
•Philip R. N. Katcher, Encyclopedia of British, Provincial and German Army Units 1775-1783 (Harrisburg, Penna.: Stackpole Books, 1973).
•Rodney Atwood, The Hessians (Cambridge, 1980)
•
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Donop


[26] The American Pageant, Bailey, Kennedy, Cohen pg. 143


[27] Lieutenant Rueffer, Enemy Views by Bruce Burgoyne, pgs. 244-245.


[28] The German Allied Troop in the North American War of Independence, 1776-1783 by Max Von Eelking pg. 176.






[29] Diary of the American War, A Hessian Journal by Captain Johann Ewald pgs.191-196.


[30] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France


[31] Notes

1. ^ a b Kappler, p. 47

2. ^ Woodfill, Roger. "Greenville and Grouseland treaty lines". Surveyors Historical Society. http://www.surveyhistory.org/greenville_&_grouseland_treaty_lines1.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-01.

3. ^ a b c d Kappler, p. 48

4. ^ Kappler, p. 49

5. ^ Kappler, p. 54

Sources
•Kappler, Charles Joseph (1903). Indiana Affairs:Laws and Treaties by United States. Government Printing Office. http://books.google.com/books?id=WoUTAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 2009-02-23.




[32] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Wayne_(1803)


[33] The Lewis and Clark Expedition


[34] Gerol “Gary” GoodloveConrad and Caty, 2003


[35] The District of Louisiana (1804), or Territory of Louisiana (1805), included most of the land in the Louisiana Purchase north of the 33rd parallel (the present day northern boundary of the state of Louisiana). For administrative purposes, this portion of the territory was attached to the Indiana Territory. The land south of this boundary line was the "Orleans Territory." See "1803 Map of U.S. after the Louisiana Purchase, " compiled by H. George Stoll, Hammond Incorporated, 1967, revised by U. S. Geological Survey, 1970, Civics Online Web site, http://www.civics-online.org (accessed November 9, 2005). (B00592)


[36] Harrison sent William Clark a copy of the "Indian Office" map that included the Missouri River and Mandan Country, acknowledged Clark's intent to keep him informed, and asked Clark to invite Meriwether Lewis to visit him in Vincennes on the way home. Harrison to Clark, Vincenes, November 13, 1803, Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition with Related Documents, 1783-1854, ed. Donald Jackson (Urbana, 1962), 135-36. B00600)

For acts regarding the division of the lands of the Louisiana, see U.S. Statutes at Large, II, 283-89, 331-32, Library of Congress http://memory.loc.gov/cgibin/ampage (accessed August 26, 2005). (B00594, B00595) In a letter to Harrison dated March 31, 1804, President Thomas Jefferson informs Harrison of his new responsibilities and directs him to move quickly to determine how to implement the division and governance of the lands, Messages and Letters, Esarey, ed., 94. (B00596)

John D. Barnhart and Dorothy L. Riker, Indiana to 1816: The Colonial Period (Indianapolis, 1971), 342-44, provides a good summary of the process of bringing the Louisiana Purchase under U.S. governance. (B00589)




[37] For Harrison's involvement in sending a group of Indian chiefs to Washington, see the following sources: Pierre Chouteau (Agent of Indian Affairs, Saint Louis) writes to Harrison regarding the Indian chiefs who had arrived in St. Louis from Fort Mandan. Chouteau asked Harrison for instructions for conducting the chiefs to Washington. There are numerous references to taking Indians to Washington to meet the "father." Pierre Chouteau to Wm. H. Harrison, St. Louis, May 22, 1805, Messages and Letters, Esarey, ed., 128-30. (B00603)

Harrison writes back to Chouteau agreeing that the Indians' trip to Washington should be postponed-if the Indian chiefs agree-until cooler weather arrives. Harrison to Pierre Chouteau, Vincennes, May 27, 1805, Messages and Letters, Esarey, ed., 135-36. (B00604)

Harrison informs the Secretary of War about the possible travel of Indian chiefs to Washington. Harrison also relays that Clark has sent him a letter [April 2, 1805] saying that all is well. William Henry Harrison to Henry Dearborn, Vincennes, May 27, 1805, Letters, Jackson, ed., 246-47. (B00606)

Chouteau indicates that some of the Indians sent by Lewis are impatient to get back to their villages and some are sick (the "Mahas" and "Poncas"). The "Ottos, " Missouris and some Sioux have gone home but will return at the end of September. Those remaining with Chouteau are the great chiefs of the "Ottos" and "Missoury, " the chief "ricaras" and some Sioux. The Indians are worried about so long a journey (to Washington) in the warm season and prefer to travel in the fall. Chouteau will prepare for that and try to get some "Sakias" and "foxes" to come. Chouteau to Harrison, St. Louis, June 12, 1805. Papers of William Henry Harrison, Clanin, ed., microfilm, reel 2, pp. 215-16. (B00607)




[38] http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=312


[39] History of Fayette County Pennsylvania, by Franklin Ellis, 1882. pg 509.


[40] Jewish Life in Pennsylvania, by Dianne Ashton, 1998 pg. 3.


[41] Ci.springfield.oh.us/profile/history.html


[42] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson


[43] We Built This City, Paris, 10/12/2003.


[44] Dietle and McKenzie


[45] Encyclopedia Judaica, Volume 4, page 345.


[46] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_Princess_Royal


[47] On This Day in America by John Wagman.


[48] Proposed Descendant of William Smythe


[49] http://harrisonfamilytree.blogspot.com/


[50] Typescript Record of Marriages in Clark County 1816-1865, compiled under a DAR-WPA project. (MIcrofilm copy available through LDS). Volume and page numbers from Ancestors of Forrest Roger Garnett Page 112.47 Record Books provided by Mrs. G. W. (Sylvia Olson), 1268 Kenwood Ave., Springfield, OH 45505, June 28, 1979.


[51] Gerol “Gary” Goodlove, Conrad and Caty, 2003


[52] Clan Mackinnon compiled by Alan McKie 1986, page 34.


[53] Timetable of Cherokee Removal


[54] http://www.drtl.org/Research/Alamo2.asp


[55] http://penningtons.tripod.com/jepthagenealogy.htm


[56]http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/page/operatimeline




[57]http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/public/page/operatimeline




[58] Taken from The Handbook of Texas Online:




[59] Groneman, Bill. Alamo Defenders, A Genealogy: The People and Their Words. Austin: Eakin Press, 1990


[60] http://drtlibrary.wordpress.com/2008/12/26/letter-from-daniel-cloud-alamo-defender/


[61] http://www.firstpeople.us/FP-Html-Treaties/Treaty-Of-Medicine-Creek-1854.html


[62] http://www.twoop.com/medicine/archives/2005/10/bubonic_plague.html


[63] http://listverse.com/2009/01/18/top-10-worst-plagues-in-history/


[64] http://penningtons.tripod.com/jepthagenealogy.htm


[65] http://penningtons.tripod.com/jepthagenealogy.htm


[66] History of Logan County and Ohio, O.L. Basking & Co., Chicago, 1880. page 692.


[67] Proposed Descendants of William SMythe.


[68] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe.


[69] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams

http://www.stirnet.com/genie/data/british/aa/azmisc02.php#prez

http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/ja2.html

http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/signers/adams_j.htm

http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/declaration/bio1.htm




[70] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[71] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[72] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[73] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[74] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[75] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[76] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[77] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[78] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[79] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[80] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[81] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[82] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[83]






[84] Marengo Ridge, December 36, 2011


[85] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[86] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[87] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[88] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[89] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[90] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[91] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[92] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[93] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[94] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[95] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[96] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[97] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[98] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[99] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[100] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[101] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[102] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[103] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[104] Marengo Ridge, December 26, 2011


[105] http://news.yahoo.com/erratic-environment-may-key-human-evolution-135526876.html