This Day in Goodlove History, December 15, 2014

11,945 names…11,945 stories…11,945 memories…
This Day in Goodlove History, December 15, 2014

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Jeffery Lee Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com



Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove

The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), Jefferson, LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, and including ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, John Quincy Adams and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Martin Van Buren, Theodore Roosevelt, U.S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison “The Signer”, Benjamin Harrison, Jimmy Carter, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, William Taft, John Tyler (10th President), James Polk (11th President)Zachary Taylor, and Abraham Lincoln.

The Goodlove Family History Website:

http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html

The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:

• New Address! https://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/

• • Books written about our unique DNA include:

• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004





December 15, 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Ticameron. [1]

535 CE: The First Council (Synod) of Clermont; Gaul prohibits Jews from holding public office.[2]

535 CE: A volcanic eruption, almost 1500 years ago changed the weather so radically, that it may have altered the course of human history. A colossal eruption in 535 CE entombed the planet within a volcanic cloud of gas and dust. Accounts from the period say the the sun shined like the moon for a year. The drop in global temperature had huge and surprising side effects on societies around the world. Old empires were destroyed and new ones flourished. The world we live in today emerged out of this global chaos. [3]

535 AD — The "Dark Ages" Begin – Scientific Growth Stops !

Volcano Krakatoa Explodes, plunging the Whole Planet into Darkness !



PBS Program — "SECRETS OF THE DEAD"

www.pbs.org

" Catastrophe ! " ( 5–15–2000, 8:00 p.m. )

For many years, humans forgot their glorious past and huddled in a state of ignorance and fear. Scientists have uncovered evidence from around the world that the early Dark Ages may have been triggered by an actual event that occurred around 535 A.D. Science writer David Keys believes that the cause was a natural phenomenon of cataclysmic proportions. Determined to discover the exact nature of this natural catastrophe, and to understand its political, economic and social repercussions, he embarks on a scientific odyssey that ranges from Greenland to the Antarctica; from the Americas to the Far East. At the center of a stunningly complex chain of events seems to be "a loud bang" — according to Keys a volcanic explosion equal to "two thousand million Hiroshima size bombs { 2 Billion - 2,000,000,000 }." The subsequent environmental calamity, he believes, affected human civilization from Mongolia to Constantinople, precipitating plague, famine, death, great migration, the fall of the great Mexican city of Teotihuacan, the Anglo-Saxon victory over the Celts, and may even have played a role in the rise of Islam.
Catastrophe ! { PBS Script Part 1 } Catastrophe ! { PBS Script Part 2 }

Krakatoa Island, Indonesia

The volcano Krakatoa is located on Rakata, an island in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra, Indonesia. Its eruption in 1883 was one of the most catastrophic ever witnessed in recorded history. Until recently, its only known previous eruption was a moderate one in 1680. On the afternoon of August 26, 1883, the first of a series of increasingly violent explosions occurred. A black cloud of ash rose 17 miles (27 kilometers) above Krakatoa. On the morning of the next day, tremendous explosions were heard 2,200 miles (3,540 kilometers) away in Australia. Ash was propelled to a height of 50 miles (80 kilometers), blocking the sun and plunging the surrounding region into darkness for two and a half days.

The drifting dust caused spectacular red sunsets throughout the following year. Pressure waves in the atmosphere were recorded around the Earth, and tsunamis, or tidal waves, reached as far away as Hawaii and South America. The greatest wave reached a height of 120 feet (36 meters) and took 36,000 lives in the coastal towns of nearby Java and Sumatra. Near the volcano masses of floating pumice produced from lava cooled in the sea were thick enough to halt traveling ships. Everything on the nearby islands was buried under a thick layer of sterile ash. Plant and animal life did not begin to reestablish itself to any degree for five years. The volcano was quiet until 1927, when sporadic weaker eruptions began. These tremors have continued into the 1990s. [4]

535 AD
•The nobles were returning from the middle east "HOLY WARS".
•Pope John II died.
•There were days of darkness.
•The plague swept around the world three times in about ten years.
•There were seven years of crop failures.
•Nations changed their religions.
•Empires Fell.
•In places great drought destroyed the land.
•In other places floods brought chaos.
•Tree rings didn't show normal growth for fifteen years. [5]

·

· “In AD 535/536 mankind was hit by one of the greatest natural disasters ever to occur …. It blotted out much of the light and heat of the sun for 18 months and resulted, directly or indirectly in climatic chaos, famine, migration, war and massive political change on virtually every continent”.

· This is in the opening page of “Catastrophe” by David Keys, 1999, a book that should have been on the best seller lists but very few people know of. The book took four years to write and research, and is extremely well researched. One can only assume that the Powers that Be are happy to keep this knowledge from the public. This article is an attempt to summarize that book and discuss some of the implications.

· The contemporary Roman historian Procopius described the mystery climatic disaster: “The sun gave forth its light without brightness like the moon during this whole year.”

· Sixth century historian and prominent church leader John of Ephesus wrote of 535 AD in his ‘Historiae Ecclesiasicae’ (‘Church Histories’), “There was a sign from the sun, the like of which had never been seen and reported before. The sun became dark and its darkness lasted for 18 months. Each day, it shone for about four hours, and still this light was only a feeble shadow. Everyone declared that the sun would never recover its full light again.”

· Another 6th Century writer Zacharias of Mytilene wrote, “The sun began to be darkened by day and the moon by night.”

· A Roman official known as John the Lydian reported that “the sun became dim for nearly the whole year.”[6]

·

· Sixth century historian and prominent church leader John of Ephesus wrote of 535 AD in his ‘Historiae Ecclesiasicae’ (‘Church Histories’), “There was a sign from the sun, the like of which had never been seen and reported before. The sun became dark and its darkness lasted for 18 months. Each day, it shone for about four hours, and still this light was only a feeble shadow. Everyone declared that the sun would never recover its full light again.”

· Another 6th Century writer Zacharias of Mytilene wrote, “The sun began to be darkened by day and the moon by night.”

· A Roman official known as John the Lydian reported that “the sun became dim for nearly the whole year.” [7]

· December 15, 687 - St Sergius I begins his reign as Catholic Pope succeeding Conon.[8]

· 688-691: The Dome of the Rock was built by Abdal-Malik on the Temple Mount. Even though it is the most prominent feature on the Temple Mount, the more holy site to the Moslems is the Al Aksa Mosque, which was a Byzantine church before being converted into a mosque. Supposedly, Mohammed stopped off at this site on his way to heaven, even though Jerusalem is never mentioned in the Koranic texts.-

· 691: scan0008

· The golden Dome of the Rock, still the most brilliant jewel of the Jerusalem skyline, was built in 691 on the site form which Muslims believe Muhammad ascended to heaven. The Rock is said to be the stone of Solomon’s Temple on which the Ark of the Covenant stood.[9]

· 100_1531

· 692: Islam proclaims that this was the spot that the Prophet Mohammed ascended into heaven to speak with Allah and the ten great prophets.[10]


691:

Battle of Deir ul Jaliq. Kufa falls to Abdul Malik.[11]


692:

The fall of Makkah. Death of Abdullah b Zubair. Abdul Malik becomes the sole Caliph. [12]


·

· 692: Quinisect Council in Constantinople forbids Christians on pain of excommunication to bathe in public baths with Jews, employ a Jewish doctor or socialize with Jews.[13]

· AD 692 - Quinisext Council (Council in Trullo) - condemns the Sabbath fast and warns against following Jewish customs and even fraternizing with Jews

CANON 55: Ancient Epitome: The Romans fast the Sabbaths of Lent. Therefore this Synod admonishes that upon these days the Apostolical canon is of force.

Since we understand that in the city of the Romans, in the holy fast of Lent they fast on the Saturdays, contrary to the ecclesiastical observance which is traditional, it seemed good to the holy synod that also in the Church of the Romans the canon shah immovably stands fast which says: "If any cleric shall be found to fast on a Sunday or Saturday (except on one occasion only) he is to be deposed; and if he is a layman he shall be cut off."

Canon lxix. [i.e., lxx.] of those commonly called Apostolic forbids the observance of festivals with the Jews; and declares it to be unlawful to receive manuscula from them, but by this canon all familiar intercourse with them is forbidden.

CANON 11 Ancient Epitome: Jewish unleavened bread is to be refused. Whoever even calls in Jews as physicians or bathes with them is to be deposed. Let no one in the priestly order nor any layman eat the unleavened bread of the Jews, nor have any familiar intercourse with them, nor summon them in illness, nor receive medicines from them, nor bathe with them; but if anyone shall take in hand to do so, if he is a cleric, let him be deposed, but if a layman let him be cut off. [20] [14]



December 15, 1124: Pope Honorius II (Lamberto Scannabecchi Imola) appointed December 15. [15]


St. Bernard

[16]

[17]

St Bernard was related to the Comte de Champayne and through him (also) to Hugues de Payens. Henri de St. Clair (11th century) was a crusader with Godefroi de Bouillon. His descendant (two centuries later) also a Henri, was the Commander of the Knights Templar at the Battle of Bannockburn. The Sinclairs had Viking heritage through both the Dukes of Normandy and the Jarls (Earls) of Orkney. Henry de St. Clair, son of Henri the crusader, was a Privy Councillor. His sister Richilde married into the Chaument family (also kin to Hugh de Payens ("Scotland and the Holy Grail" (295-297) in Highlander magazine).

an oath of poverty, obedience, and chastity. However, fraties conjugati (married brothers) were permitted later, and if a knight died before his wife, she was entitled to part of the Templars' property. This rule was not established until 1124.

Hugh's second in command was Godefroi, a Flemish knight. It has been noted that many Scottish nobles also have their heraldic origins in Flanders: Balliol, Bruce, Comyn, Douglas, Fleming, Graham, Hay, and Lindsey are a few that come to mind. Legend tells us that Scotland has always been somehow associated with the Templars, since their beginnings. Another knight that was recuited was Andre de Montbard, a kinsman of the Count of Burgundy.

Originally Hugh and Godfrey (Godefroi Saint Omer) had only one horse between the two of them. This became the symbol of the Templars (two men on one horse). The Templars wore white surcoats with a red Maltese cross on the chest. However, so many people financed their journey that eventually the Knights Templar became rich money lenders. [18]

1125: Death of Henry V the last Salic emperor – Lothar of Saxony rules as king, death of Vladimir Il Monomakh Grand Duke of Kiev, Almohades conquer Morocco, Japanese history “O-Kagami” written, Cosmas of Prague the author of Chronica Bohemorum, dies, beginning of troubadour and trouvere music in France, earliest mariner’s account of a compass, Height of Khmer Dynasty in Cambodia, Philippe de Thaun produces first French bestiary based on Latin Physiologus from second-century Egyptian texts, End of Henry V HRE, Lothair of Saxony elected HRE to 1137, Henry V dies (HRE), Lothair II becomes king of Italy/HRE, Death of Henry V of Germany, Lothair II reigns. [19]

December 15, 1135: Henry delivered an agreement under which Stephen would grant extensive freedoms and liberties to the church, in exchange for the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Papal Legate supporting his succession to the throne.[52] There was the slight problem of the religious oath that Stephen had taken to support the Empress Matilda, but Henry convincingly argued that the late king had been wrong to insist that his court take the oath.[53] Furthermore, the late king had only insisted on that oath to protect the stability of the kingdom, and in light of the chaos that might now ensue, Stephen would be justified in ignoring it.[53] Henry was also able to persuade Hugh Bigod, the late king's royal steward, to swear that the king had changed his mind about the succession on his deathbed, nominating Stephen instead.[53][nb 6] [20]




December 1514

December 1514


Catherine had lost another son when Henry returned from France. He was either stillborn or died shortly after birth. In December 1514, she had another son, Prince Henry who died shortly after birth.




December 1514

December 1514

Henry, Duke of Cornwall


[21]

December 1533: In early 1533, Henry married Anne Boleyn, who was pregnant with his child, and in May Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury, formally declared the marriage with Catherine void, and the marriage to Anne valid. Henry broke with the Roman Catholic Church and declared himself Supreme Head of the Church of England. Catherine was demoted to Dowager Princess of Wales (a title she would have held as the widow of Arthur), and Mary was deemed illegitimate. She was styled "The Lady Mary" rather than Princess, and her place in the line of succession was transferred to her newborn half-sister, Elizabeth, Anne's daughter.[31] Mary's own household was dissolved;[32] her servants (including the Countess of Salisbury) were dismissed from her service, and in December 1533 she was sent to join the household of the infant Elizabeth at Hatfield, Hertfordshire.[33]

Mary determinedly refused to acknowledge that Anne was the queen or that Elizabeth was a princess, further enraging King Henry.[34] Under strain and with her movements restricted, Mary was frequently ill, which the royal physician attributed to her "ill treatment".[35] The Imperial ambassador Eustace Chapuys became her close adviser, and interceded, unsuccessfully, on her behalf at court.[36] The relationship between Mary and her father worsened; they did not speak to each other for three years.[37] Although both she and her mother were ill, Mary was refused permission to visit Catherine.[38] When Catherine died in 1536, Mary was "inconsolable".[39] Catherine was interred in Peterborough Cathedral while Mary grieved in semi-seclusion at Hunsdon in Hertfordshire.[40]

Adulthood

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Henry-VIII-kingofengland_1491-1547.jpg/170px-Henry-VIII-kingofengland_1491-1547.jpg

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Henry VIII, c. 1537

In 1536, Queen Anne fell from the king's favour and was beheaded. Elizabeth, like Mary, was downgraded to the status of Lady and removed from the line of succession.[41] Within two weeks of Anne's execution, Henry married Jane Seymour. Jane urged her husband to make peace with Mary.[42] Henry insisted that Mary recognise him as head of the Church of England, repudiate papal authority, acknowledge that the marriage between her parents was unlawful, and accept her own illegitimacy. She attempted to reconcile with him by submitting to his authority as far as "God and my conscience" permitted, but she was eventually bullied into signing a document agreeing to all of Henry's demands.[43] Reconciled with her father, Mary resumed her place at court.[44] Henry granted her a household (which included the reinstatement of Mary's favourite Susan Clarencieux).[45] Her privy purse expenses for this period show that Hatfield House, the Palace of Beaulieu (also called Newhall), Richmond and Hunsdon were among her principal places of residence, as well as Henry's palaces at Greenwich, Westminster and Hampton Court.[46] Her expenses included fine clothes and gambling at cards, one of her favourite pastimes.[47] Rebels in the North of England, including Lord Hussey, Mary's former chamberlain, campaigned against Henry's religious reforms, and one of their demands was that Mary be made legitimate. The rebellion, known as the Pilgrimage of Grace, was ruthlessly suppressed.[48] Along with other rebels, Hussey was executed, but there was no suggestion that Mary was directly involved.[49] The following year, 1537, Jane died after giving birth to a son, Edward. Mary was made godmother to her half-brother Edward and acted as chief mourner at the queen's funeral.[50]

Mary was courted by Duke Philip of Bavaria from late 1539, but Philip was Lutheran and his suit for her hand was unsuccessful.[51] Over 1539, the king's chief minister, Thomas Cromwell, negotiated a potential alliance with the Duchy of Cleves. Suggestions that Mary marry the Duke of Cleves, who was the same age, came to nothing, but a match between Henry and the Duke's sister Anne was agreed.[52] [22]

Late December 1535: Sensing her death was near, Catherine made her will, and wrote to her nephew, the Emperor Charles V, asking him to protect her daughter. She then penned one final letter to Henry, her "most dear lord and husband":[55]

My most dear lord, King and husband,

The hour of my death now drawing on, the tender love I ouge [owe] thou forceth me, my case being such, to commend myselv to thou, and to put thou in remembrance with a few words of the healthe and safeguard of thine allm [soul] which thou ougte to preferce before all worldley matters, and before the care and pampering of thy body, for the which thoust have cast me into many calamities and thineselv into many troubles. For my part, I pardon thou everything, and I desire to devoutly pray God that He will pardon thou also. For the rest, I commend unto thou our doughtere Mary, beseeching thou to be a good father unto her, as I have heretofore desired. I entreat thou also, on behalve of my maides, to give them marriage portions, which is not much, they being but three. For all mine other servants I solicit the wages due them, and a year more, lest they be unprovided for. Lastly, I makest this vouge [vow], that mine eyes desire thou aboufe all things.

Katharine the Quene. [23]

December 1537: The recently-widowed Henry VIII of England, in attempts to prevent this union, also asked for Mary's hand. Given Henry's marital history – banishing his first wife and beheading the second – Mary refused the offer. In December 1537, Henry VIII told Castillon, the French ambassador in London, that he was big in person and had need of a big wife.[6] Biographer Antonia Fraser writing in 1968 said Mary replied, "I may be a big woman, but I have a very little neck."[7] This was apparently a tribute to the famously macabre jest made by Henry's French-educated second wife, Anne Boleyn, who had joked before her death that the executioner would find killing her easy because she had "a little neck."

King Francis I of France accepted James's proposal over Henry's and conveyed his wishes to Mary's father. Francis had a marriage contract prepared that offered James a dowry as large as if Mary were a princess.[8] Mary's mother found the contract "marvellously strange", because the king had included Mary's son's inheritance in the dowry.[9] Mary received the news with shock and alarm, as she did not wish to leave family and country, especially as she had just lost her first husband and her younger son. It has been said that her father tried to delay matters apparently until James, perhaps sensing her reluctance, wrote to her, appealing for her advice and support.[10] However the authenticity of this letter, which was first produced in 1935, has been questioned.[11] [24]



December 1552: Mary of Austria, Queen of Hungary, sister of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, pointed out to Mary that her diplomatic complaints had no force and must come from Arran. Furthermore, she was dissatisfied by Mary's evident friendship with France.[48] [25]

December 1553: His estates fell prey to the ruling clique in the reign of Edward VI, for which he was later partly compensated by lands worth £1626 a year from Queen Mary I.[2]Norfolk remained in the Tower throughout the reign of King Edward VI. He was released and pardoned by Queen Mary in 1553, and in Mary's first parliament (October–December 1553), his statutory attainder was declared void, thereby restoring him to the dukedom.[11] [26]

December 1539: When the king saw Anne for the first time in late December 1539, a week before the scheduled wedding, he did not find her attractive but was unable, for diplomatic reasons and in the absence of a suitable pretext, to cancel the marriage.[53] [27]

December 1553: Henry II, at the solicitation of the Queen-dowager of Scotland^ writes to the Duke of Chatelherault, to induce him to cede the regency to that princess. [28]



December 1573: The Bishop of Ross obtained from Mary permission to resign his office of ambassador at the court of Elizabeth, and soon afterwards he was set at liberty, and retired into France. [29]



1574: Charles IX was a puppet for his mother until he died in 1574. His brother, Henry III became King. He was stabbed and unable to continue, so Henry the King of Navarre became king and was crowned Henry IV.[30]



1574 –Thomas Smythe Obtained Bachelor’s degree.[31]



December 1576, Charles Stuart, Earl of Lennox, brother of Darnley, dies. [32]



December 1582: Henry III sends MM. de la Mothe Fénélon and De Maigneville to Scotland, to assist the young king in recovering his liberty. [33]



December 15, 1582: Elizabeth orders Davison to accompany M. de la Mothe Fénélon, and accredits him to James VI, that he may assist Sir Robert Bowes, her ambassador in Scotland, in counterpoising the influence of France. [34]



End of December 1582: The Duke of Lennox was obliged to leave Scotland. He directed his course to London, bearing letters, secretly conveyed to him by James VI, in which he was warmly recommended to Queen Elizabeth. [35]



December 1584: William Parry, a secret agent of Burleigh, and who was in correspondence with the English and Scotch Catholic refugees in Italy and France, returns to London, and maintains that the Pope had proposed to him the assassination of Queen Elizabeth, and that, by the intervention of Morgan, he had communicated on this subject with the nuncio Ragazzoni and Cardinal Como, secretary of state. [36]



December 1588: Henry III had Henry I of Guise murdered,[9] along with his brother, Louis Cardinal de Guise.[10] This increased the tension further and Henry III was assassinated shortly thereafter by a fanatic monk.[11] [37]

December 15, 1769, GW petitioned the Virginia governor and council on behalf of the officers and men of the Virginia Regiment of for the 200,000 acres of land promised them by Dinwiddie. The council agreed that 200,000 acres would be surveyed along the Great Kanawha and Ohio rivers for the benefit of the 1754 veterans (Va. Exec.Jls., 6:337—38). William Crawford, who often served as GW’s agent in the west, made the first survey in 1771. GW received four tracts of land surveyed by Crawford, three on the Ohio River between the Little Kanawha and Great Kanawha rivers totaling 9,157 acres and one tract of io, 990 acres along the Great Kanawha. In the second bounty allotment under the Proclamation of (?) made in November i~ he secured a tract of 7,276 acres on the Great Kanawha, 3,953 acres in his own right and the rest by a trade with George Muse (ibid., 513—14, 548—49).

On November 6, 1773, after gaining the Virginia council’s approval for the second allotment of land under the Proclamation of GW persuaded the governor and council to authorize warrants of survey on the “western waters” for those entitled to land under the Royal Proclamation of 1763 (Hening, 7:663—69). Under the second proclamation GW was entitled to 5,000 acres for his own service as colonel of the Virginia Regiment. In addition, he already had purchased shares entitling him to an additional 5,000 acres from other officers, and in 1774 he obtained the right to purchase 3,000 more acres through his purchase of a warrant of survey from a former captain in the 2d Virginia Regiment.

Crawford’s appearance today at Mount Vernon, allowing land discussions that were spread over a six-day period, was GW’s first opportunity to confer personally with his man in the field.



December 15, 1772

Rode to a settlement of Virginians, near Yohiogeni. Preached on the last Judgment. Lodged at Mr. Stevensons. In the evening arrived Capt. St. Clair, Sheriff Proctor, Esq. Laughree, & Mr. McLane, Surveyor. They are out to run the line of the Province. [38]

“ December 15, 1777: At one o’clock this aftenoon, our regiment, as well as the 2nd Battalion of the 71st Regiment, commenced embarking at Bruce’s Wharf. Everyone was ?‘.it on flatboats and sailed to Chester The sick and wounded were it on a small, two-masted sloop with the name Fanny The cabin was so small and miserable that our group, which consisted of seven peoople, could hardly turn around. At one-thirty we sailed with the ebb tide from Philadelphia. In the evening, at sunset, we passed the first row of chevaux de frise and Mud Island, but as it soon became too dark to see, we anchored at dusk [39]

December 15, 1779: On this date in 1779, American Union Lodge, a traveling lodge under the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, met and proposed that George Washington become the General Grand Master of Masons in the United States. There is no evidence that Washington ever heard about this, and no evidence that he ever held any Masonic position other than Master of a lodge (and no evidence that he attended this lodge while he was Master, or possibly ever).[40]

CLARK TO THE WESTERN CoMMIISSIONERS, December 15, 1782

[Clark MSS., Va. State Archives.][41]

LINCOLN Dec 15, 1782.



DR GENT.



I have received your several Letrs of 14th Novr & 4th Inst the settlement of the Acts of this Dept is what I have long most ardently wished for and nothing in my power shall be wanting to faciliate the business but have to inform you that several persons Imployed as alluded to in yours of the 14 Novr do not come under my notice in .

the settlement of their Acts the Comertial ageants and part of the purchasers for the Campain Eighty one to wit Mr John Dodge of Ilinois Col William Harrison of ye Monongehaly & Capt. R Madi­son of Bottetourt and Deputies as they ware appointed by government and ordered to settle their Acts with the auditors notwithstanding I shall take pleasure in promoting the settlement of those or any other acts that may concern the Publick flattering myself that when the whole should be adjusted that you will find that great attention have be paid to accg. least as great as circumstances would admit of in all acts I could possibly pay attention to.

His Excellency the Governour hath Recommended it to me to Select you as councelbor in any Military Case that may be of a Dubious nature and if your times would permit I should thank you for your advice in the follow Case of Importance to this Cuntrey In Jany. last I received orders from the Executive to have the fol­lowing post erected (and garrisoned by Draughts from the Militia) the mouth of Kentucky the Mouth of Licking & Limestone Various Circumstances put it out of our power to have this business Executed without the greatest probability of loosing the party that should be sent for the purpose until the present Fall when it would have be attended with the loss of the late Expedition Since my return I have Received farther instructions to have those orders Amediately Exe­cuted I donot think they would have been so positive if his Excel­lency had not been imposed on by some designing fellows that did not care for the Interest of the Cuntrey or knew very very little about it of which your presence will better inable you to Judge it is now not by business to inquire into the propriety of Establishing those posts, under our present circumstances but to Execute the orders if in my power at same time could wish to know your opinions of them and particularly in what manner they are to be supported with provitions &c there may be about Sixty thousand lbs of Flower in Store at Fort Nelson and not a Ration to be bought on the Credit of the State Small quantities of Meat is to he got by hunting at the Risque of the lives of the Hunters and Expense of almost its worth of Amunition the grain &c of Fyatt is ordered to be delivered for the support of the Troops and expect to be impowered receive that of the other Counties v° whole that will be collected I doubt

will be but a small Amount this is all the dependance we have for the Support of those posts without government would furnish Cash or send Flower by the way of Pittsburg I belive there will be a sufficient number of delinquents to garison one of them the Militia will murmur but I believe may be got to duty if their should be any other Circumstance that you wish to know of me before you favour me with the Result of your Consultation I shall transmit them with dispatch to you

I am Dr Gentn.

Your obedt Servt

G R Clark[42]



December 15, 1785: Soon after he reached the age of 21, the Prince became infatuated with Maria Fitzherbert. She was a commoner, six years his elder, twice widowed, and a Roman Catholic.[8] Despite her complete unsuitability, the Prince was determined to marry her. This was in spite of the Act of Settlement 1701, which barred the spouse of a Catholic from succeeding to the throne, and the Royal Marriages Act 1772, which prohibited his marriage without the consent of the King, which would never have been granted.

Nevertheless, the couple contracted a marriage on December 15, 1785 at her house in Park Street, Mayfair. Legally the union was void, as the King's consent was not granted (and never even requested).[9] However, Fitzherbert believed that she was the Prince's canonical and true wife, holding the law of the Church to be superior to the law of the State. For political reasons, the union remained secret and Fitzherbert promised not to reveal it.[10]

The Prince was plunged into debt by his exorbitant lifestyle. His father refused to assist him, forcing him to quit Carlton House and live at Fitzherbert's residence. In 1787, the Prince's political allies proposed to relieve his debts with a parliamentary grant. The Prince's relationship with Fitzherbert was suspected, and revelation of the illegal marriage would have scandalised the nation and doomed any parliamentary proposal to aid him. Acting on the Prince's authority, the Whig leader Charles James Fox declared that the story was a calumny.[11] Fitzherbert was not pleased with the public denial of the marriage in such vehement terms and contemplated severing her ties to the Prince. He appeased her by asking another Whig, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, to restate Fox's forceful declaration in more careful words. Parliament, meanwhile, granted the Prince £161,000 (equal to £16,775,000 today) to pay his debts and £60,000 (equal to £6,252,000 today) for improvements to Carlton House.[5][12][13]

Regency crisis of 1788

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Portrait of George published by Sir Joshua Reynolds in 1785. [43]

December 15, 1791: The Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution adopted to protect the right to keep and bear arms.[44]

1792- John Edwards, James Garrard, James Smith, John McKinney and Benjamin Harrison represented Bourbon County at the Convention in Danville which framed the first Constitution of Kentucky. [45]

1792 - John Edwards, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Jones, Andrew Hood and John Allen were Senatorial Electors from Bourbon County under the First Constitution of Kentucky. [46]

1792

Fayette County, Kentucky part of Virginia until 1792 when Kentucky was admitted to the Union. [47] Prior to 1792, Kentucky was known as Kentucky County, Virginia and the three original counties were: Lincoln, county seat at Stanford; Fayette, county seat at Lexington; Jefferson, county seat at Louisville. Most of the early Bounty Land Warrants were issued for the land in these three original counties, including the formation of the next six counties. ()nine counties in all). Mason, Bourbon, Woodford, Fayette, Madison, Jefferson, Mercer, Nelson and Lincoln.



1792

1792, John Crawford, 5 horses, 17 cattle, 913 acres of land.[48]





These images are from the 1792 Reading Howell map of Pennsylvania, and show the various connecting routes between Cumberland MD, Bedford PA, and Pittsburgh PA. The map shows both the Turkey Foot Road and Braddock’s Road.[49]



1792-1794

1792-1794 William Henry Harrison served as aide-de-camp to General Anthony Wayne.[50]

December 15, 1824: Andrew Jackson appointed to a Senate select committee to report on the president’s message about the visit of the Marquis de Lafayette. [51]

December 15, 1838:"Shortly after the end of the Rev. War., Lt. John Crawford sold the

family farm in Fayette co., Pa. and settled on Iron Ridge,

overlooking the Ohio River at the mouth of Brush Creek. He was

the only son of col. Wm. Crawford..." !DAR app. Natl. # 633878

(Sharon Jean Karg) !Warrant No. 2309, for Crawford's Delight,

issued to John Crwford, 376 1/2 acres, September 22, 1769. Warrant to

Accept January 5, 1787 to Edward Cook. Neighboring Warrant July 4,

1795 to Wm. McCormack (on other side of river). Neighboring

Warrant No. 3441. Mt. Pleasant. Lawrence Harrison, 346 1/4

acres, surveyed September 11, 1769. In Harrisburg, Pa. !Crawford Family

Ref. in Index for Old Ky. Surveys and Grants in Old State House,

Fkt. Ky. !Various dates given for birth are 1752, 1750, December 27,

1744, August 27, 1750, tombstone says died September 22, 1816,k aged 66 1/3

years which would be May 1750. Another account re death from L.

A. Burgess, Virginia soldiers of 1776, vol. 1, pp. 463-465.

Reprint Co., Spartanburg, S.C. states "He died in 1796 at iron

Ridge, overlooking the Ohio River at the mouth of Brush Creek,

Adams co., Oh. where he had settled after selling his family

farm in Fayette co., Pa..." See also app. for Bounty Land

granted December 15, 1838, synopsis of petition in Burgess as above[52]



December 15, 1869: From the Jewish community life
Jew-friendly attitude of a known (1869)


http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/images/Images%20264/Werneck_Israelit_15121869_small.jpgArticle in the magazine "The Israelite" by December 15, 1869:Werneck (Bavaria), end of November (1869)." In the recent State election Mr spoke to judges fuller Jewish voters with the following words (Hebrew and German): 'Even though mountains and hills shake, is my love and my Federal of you not soft.' (Quote from Isaiah 54,10). The Lord spoke these words judges Hebrew, without adding in the translation. This learned man, who commonly speaks five foreign languages, characterized, as well by his righteousness, his humanity by his philanthropy and charity. He is loved as well therefore in our whole area as respected. "Namely the Israelites in intimate love and worship are done to him." [53]




1870: It was perhaps no accident that Rome’s ghetto was the last in Europe to be abolished in 1870.[54]



Leila2 Vance (1870 – 1957): Leila married Julius2 Marion Welch.[55]



1870-1871- The Franco-German War. Breach-loaded guns are dominant.[56]



December 15, 1875

The House of Representatives approve a resolution banning a third term for presidents.[57]



1876: Theopolis McKinnon voted for Hayes for president in 1876.[58]



1876: Gottlober also often published in the Hebrew press, with his articles appearing in such periodicals as Kokheve Yitsḥak and Ha-Asif, and in the newspapers Ha-Magid, Ha-Melits, Ha-Shaḥar, and Ha-Ḥavatselet. In 1876, after a dispute with the editor of Ha-Shaḥar, Perets Smolenskin, Gottlober launched publication of the monthly Ha-Boker or, which served as the main platform for his writings until 1881. He was assisted in editing this periodical by Braudes and others. The monthly’s stance, as fashioned by Gottlober, was that of classical Haskalah, which dictated both its format and content. Like most Haskalah periodicals and newspapers of the time, Ha-Boker or’s contents included poetry and prose literature, popular science, feature articles, and literary criticism. It served as a platform for maskilim of Gottlober’s generation, such as Eli‘ezer Zweifel and Ze’ev Kaplan, as well as for maskilim of the second and third generations, including Naḥum Me’ir Shaikovits, Shelomoh Mandelkern, Y. L. Peretz, David Frishman, Sholem Yankev Abramovitsh (Mendele Moykher-Sforim), and Pesaḥ Roderman.



Because of the wide range of his activities, his proficiency in various languages, his diversified fields of interest, and his educational, literary, and journalistic activities—and because during his long lifetime he was acquainted with most of its major figures—Gottlober personified the Jewish Enlightenment of Eastern Europe more than any other East European maskil of his time. Despite his sharp criticism of various aspects of the life of traditional Jewish society, his roots remained deeply implanted in the world of that society. At the same time, he attached great importance to imparting the Haskalah heritage to the younger generation—and indeed, some of his disciples, among them Abramovitsh and Re’uven Kulisher, played important roles in shaping Jewish culture in the Russian Empire during the second half of the nineteenth century. [59]



1876 - Custer defeated at Little Big Horn.[60]



The Treaties at Forts Carlton and Pitt

1876: The Treaties with The Indians of Manitoba, The North-West Territories, and Kee-Wa-Tin, in The Dominion of Canada.

The treaties made at Forts Carlton and Pitt in the year 1876, were of a very important character.

The great region covered by them, abutting on the areas included in Treaties Numbers Three and Four, embracing an area of approximately 120,000 square miles, contains a vast extent of fertile territory and is the home of the Cree nation. The Cree had, very early after the annexation of the North-West Territories to Canada, desired a treaty of alliance with the Government. So far back as the year 1871, Mr. Simpson, the Indian Commissioner, addressing the Secretary of State in a dispatch of date, the 3rd November 1871, used the following language:

"I desire also to call the attention of His Excellency to the state of affairs in the Indian country on the Saskatchewan. The intelligence that Her Majesty is treating with the Chippewa Indians has already reached the ears of the Cree and Blackfeet tribes. In the neighborhood of Fort Edmonton, on the Saskatchewan, there is a rapidly increasing population of miners and other white people, and it is the opinion of Mr. W. J. Christie, the officer in charge of the Saskatchewan District, that a treaty with the Indians of that country, or at least an assurance during the coming year that a treaty will shortly be made, is essential to the peace, if not the actual retention, of the country. I would refer His Excellency, on this subject, to the report of Lieut. Butler, and to the enclosed memoranda of Mr. W. J. Christie, the officer above alluded to."

He also enclosed an extract of a letter from Mr. Christie, then Chief Factor of the Hudson's Bay Company, and subsequently one of the Treaty Commissioners, in which, he forwarded the messages of the Cree Chiefs to Lieut.-Gov. Archibald, "our Great Mother's representative at Fort Garry, Red River Settlement." This extract and messages are as follows.

The Treaties At Forts Carlton And Pitt - Edmonton House, 13th April, 1871.

On the 13th instant (April) I had a visit from the Cree Chiefs, representing the Plain Cree from this to Carlton, accompanied by a few followers.

The object of their visit was to ascertain whether their lands had been sold or not, and what was the intention of the Canadian Government in relation to them. They referred to the epidemic that had raged throughout the past summer, and the subsequent starvation, the poverty of their country, the visible diminution of the buffalo, their sole support, ending by requesting certain presents at once, and that I should lay their case before Her Majesty's representative at Fort Garry. Many stories have reached these Indians through various channels, ever since the transfer of the North-West Territories to the Dominion of Canada, and they were most anxious to hear from myself what had taken place.

I told them that the Canadian Government had as yet made no application for their lands or hunting grounds, and when anything was required of them, most likely Commissioners would be sent beforehand to treat with them, and that until then they should remain quiet and live at peace with all men. I further stated that Canada, in her treaties with Indians, heretofore, had dealt most liberally with them, and that they were now in settled houses and well off, and that I had no doubt in settling with them the same liberal policy would be followed.

As I was aware that they had heard many exaggerated stories about the troops in Red River, I took the opportunity of telling them why troops had been sent, and if Her Majesty sent troops to the Saskatchewan, it was as much for the protection of the red as the white man, and that they would be for the maintenance of law and order.

They were highly satisfied with the explanations offered, and said they would welcome civilization. As their demands were complied with, and presents given to them, their immediate followers, and for the young men left in camp, they departed well pleased for the present tune, with fair promises for the future. At a subsequent interview with the Chiefs alone, they requested that I should write down their words, or messages to their Great Master in Red River. I accordingly did so, and have transmitted the messages as delivered. Copies of the proclamation issued, prohibiting the traffic in spirituous liquors to Indians or others, and the use of strychnine in the destruction of animal life, have been received, and due publicity given to them. But without any power to enforce these laws, it is almost useless to publish them here; and I take this opportunity of most earnestly soliciting, on behalf of the Company's servants, and settlers in this district, that protection be afforded to life and property here as soon as possible, and that Commissioners be sent to speak with the Indians on behalf of the Canadian Government.[61]







1876-1878




Indian Great Famine of 1876-–78 The Worst Droughts and Famines in History Politics & History picture

Known simply as the Great Famine of 1876–78, this tragedy that took the lives of as many as 10.3 million, affected over 250,000 square miles in India. The two-year famine also distressed over 58 million in the Madras, Mysore, Hyderabad and Bombay areas.[62]

1876-1879: Northern Chinese Famine

As the name suggests, the Northern Chinese Famine affected the northern portion of the country of China. As the fifth-worst famine in history, this disaster lasted from 1876 to 1879 and is believed to have killed 13 million people.[63]

Indian Great Famine of 1876-–78

December 15, 1881: Catherine Ann “Kitty” STEPHENSON. Born on October 12, 1837 in Missouri. Catherine Ann “Kitty” died in Keytsville, Missouri on December 12, 1881; she was 44. Buried on December 15, 1881 in Keytsville, Missouri.



Information on the 7 children of Levi Flowers and Catherine Ann Stephenson was taken from the Capt. Hugh Stephenson Estate Court Records. A copy of these records are in the possession of Mabel Hoover.--REF



On September 20, 1855 when Catherine Ann “Kitty” was 17, she married Dr. Levi FLOWERS, in Carroll County, Missouri. [64]



December 15, 1881: Nancy E. Smith13 [Aaron Smith12, Richard W. Smith11, Gabriel Smith10, John “LR” Smith9, Ambrose J. Smith8, Christopher Smith7, Christopher Smith6, Thomas Smythe5, Thomas Smythe4, John Smythe3, Richard2, William1] (b. August 4, 1858 in Carroll Co. GA / d. June 26, 1936 in Carroll Co. GA) married Joseph Marion McClain (b. July 14, 1859 in GA / d. February 10, 1942 in GA), the son of Josiah Marion McClain and Julie Ann America King, on December 15, 1881.[65]



December 15, 1883: Flora Gottlieb, born December 15, 1883 in Brunn. Resided Nurnberg. Deportation: from Nurnberg, November 29, 1941, Riga. missing[66]



December 15, 1897: Oskar Gottlob, born December 15, 1897, Transport AAo- Olomouc, Terezin 8. cervence 1942. Bc- August 25, 1942 Maly Trostinec.[67]





December 15, 1907

Francis McAtee, a Civil War Veteran from an Ohio regiment, passed on to his reward December 15, 1907.[68]



1908: First Arabic newspaper in Haifa, al-Karmil, popularizes opposition to selling land to Zionists.[69]



1908: The eighth Zionist congress in 1908 adopted "Synthetic Zionism" incorporating both Practical Zionism (settlement on the land) and Political Zionism (attempts to get an internationally recognized homeland). Jewish Agency brings Yemenite Jews as immigrants to provide inexpensive labor 1908-1914.[70]



December 15, 1943: Erich Gottlieb born March 27, 1912. Dr – December 15, 1943 Osvetim. Zahynuli. Transport AAw – Praha. Terezin 3. srpna 1942.

924 zahynulych

74 osvobozenych

1 osudy nezjisteny[71]



1946: A year after the end of hostilities a Nazi underground movement remained active in Bavaria.[72]



1946: Jerusalem population during Late British Mandate (Christian rule), 165,000.[73]



1946: Bikini string is invented.[74]



December 15, 1961: HARRISON, Benjamin Rodgers b: March 08, 1869 in Range

Township, Madison County, Ohio d: August 13, 1936 in

Columbus, Ohio

........ +CLARK, Cuie M. b: May 04, 1869 in Madison County, Ohio

m: December 18, 1890 in Mt. Sterling, Ohio

d: December 15, 1961 in Columbus, Ohio[75]

Benjamin Harrison b: February 08, 1815 in Ross County, Ohio

src: Tombstone in Kirkwood Cemetery, London, OH lists birth and death dates;

"History of Fayette County", R.S. Dills 1881; "Portrait and Biographical Record of Fayette,

Pickaway and Madison Counties, Ohio" Chapman Bros. Chicago, 1892 - Page 167.

d: August 24, 1902 in Madison County, Ohio

src: Tombstone in Kirkwood Cemetery, London, OH lists birth and death dates;

+Martha M. Reeves b: October 30, 1815

src: Tombstone in Kirkwood Cemetery, London, Ohio lists birth and death dates;

"Portrait and Biographical Record of Fayette, Pickaway and Madison Counties, Ohio" Chapman

Bros. Chicago, 1892 - Page 167

d: August 25, 1903 in Madison County, Ohio

src: Tombstone in Kirkwood Cemetery, London, OH lists birth and death dates;

m: March 09, 1837 src: "History of Fayette County", R.S. Dills 1881 also "Portrait and

Biographical Record of Fayette, Pickaway and Madison Counties, Ohio" Chapman Bros. Chicago,

1892 - Page 167

4 Batteal Harrison b: November 06, 1839 in Madison / Fayette County, Ohio

src: Tombstone at Kirkwood Cemetery, London, OH gives both birth and death dates;

Family Bible of Cuie Harrison; Obituary in London Vigilant, Jan. 21, 1890; "History of

Madison County, Ohio", Windmill Publications, page 1048

d: January 19, 1890 in Range Township, Ohio

src: Tombstone at Kirkwood Cemetery, London, OH gives both birth and death dates;

Family Bible of Cuie Harrison; Obituary in London Vigilant, Jan. 21, 1890;

+Lydia Ann Rodgers b: January 17, 1841 in Ross County, Ohio

src: Tombstone at Kirkwood Cemetery, London, OH gives both birth and death dates;

Family Bible of Cuie Harrison;

d: February 07, 1922 in Madison County, Ohio

src: Tombstone at Kirkwood Cemetery, London, OH gives both birth and death dates - death date

given as 2/7/1922; Family Bible of Cuie Harrison - death date given as 2/6/1921;

m: December 24, 1861 in Fayette County, Ohio

src: Obituary in London Vigilant, Jan. 21, 1890; Copy of Marraige License;

Cuie Harrison Family Bible

5 Benjamin Rodgers Harrison b: March 08, 1869 in Range Township, Madison County, Ohio

src: Copy of Death Certificate; Family Bible of Cuie Harrison;

"Portrait and Biographical Record of Fayette, Pickaway and Madison Counties, Ohio" Chapman

Bros. Chicago, 1892 - Page 613-614;

"History of Madison County, Ohio" Windmill Publications - Page 1048;

d: August 13, 1936 in University Hospital, Columbus, Ohio

src: Copy of Death Certificate lists both birth & death dates

+Cuie M. Clark b: May 04, 1869 in Madison County, Ohio

src: Copy of Death Certificate lists both birth & death dates;

"Portrait and Biographical Record of Fayette, Pickaway and Madison Counties, Ohio" Chapman

Bros. Chicago, 1892 - Page 613-614

d: December 15, 1961 in Del Stone Rest Home, Columbus, Ohio

src: Copy of Death Certificate lists both birth & death dates

m: December 18, 1890 in Mt. Sterling, Ohio

src: "Portrait and Biographical Record" book[76]



December 1961: Tangier and an accompanying oiler were to be escorted by Admiral Frank Fletcher's Saratoga force, but with Task Force 16 making slower progress than expected, Tangier departed Pearl Harbor on December 15 with no escort, followed a day later by Saratoga and her escorts. Meanwhile, the Marines and civilians on Wake endured nearly daily bombing raids, often by land-based bombers late in the morning, and flying boats in the late afternoon. Heroic efforts by Marine and civilian mechanics managed to keep two to four Wildcats in good working order, while some of the ruined aircraft were placed on the airfield as decoys. Despite the appalling odds, Wake's pilots and gunners took a steady toll on the attacking Japanese squadrons. [77]

December 15, 1962 LHO mails one dollar as payment for a subscription to the

Militant. O&CIA[78]

December 15, 1978: Jimmy Carter announces normalization of relations with People’s Republic of China.[79]

December 15, 2002: Booknotes interview with John Taliaferro on Great White Fathers: The Story of the Obsessive Quest to Create Mt. Rushmore, December 15, 2002.[80]

Great White Fathers

Program Air Date: December 15, 2002



BRIAN LAMB, HOST: John Taliaferro, I have to start first about your book on "Great White Fathers" to ask you about that name because people have seen John -- looks like "Talli-a-ferro," and it's not. Where'd you get the name "Tolliver"?

JOHN TALIAFERRO, AUTHOR, "GREAT WHITE FATHERS" Italian originally, I'm sure. My ancestors came here several hundred years ago, and the pronunciation got stepped on pretty hard. My father will say that it means Eisenhower in Italian, which is true. Pronounced "Tolliver."

LAMB: "Great White Fathers" -- when you look at the cover of the book, who is that, first of all?

TALIAFERRO: Lincoln.

LAMB: And you can't miss it for being Mount Rushmore. What's this book about?

TALIAFERRO: This book is, obviously, about Mount Rushmore. I was one of those people who didn't go to Mount Rushmore in the back of a station wagon when I was a child. I went more recently, in the mid-'90s. And I was struck in a couple of different ways. One is Mount Rushmore as a work of art, but the other was Mount Rushmore as an artifact of the idea that if archaeologists came upon this colossal carving in the Black Hills, in the center of our nation, 10,000 years from now and treated it the way we now treat the pyramids, or something like that, what does it say about the civilization that created it? Who are these men on the mountain? How did they get here? Who carved it? What are the values behind this?

And so that was my approach, so that took -- when I started digging, as an archaeologist, if you will, I had to know what came before. I wanted to look at the community around it, the -- Mount Rushmore is a tourist attraction, along with being America's shrine of democracy. It draws two-and-a-half million people a year. There is an immense community around them of water slides and paintball courses and reptile gardens that have grown up around Mount Rushmore. I wanted to understand the culture.

LAMB: Where is it?

TALIAFERRO: It is in the Black Hills of South Dakota, a long way from a lot of places. And in fact, that's why it is there. In the 1920s, when the idea came to a man named Doane Robinson, South Dakota was in the midst of the Great Depression, a depression that carried over into the depression of the '30s, even. And he thought, Well, how can we get Americans to come to our region of the world? He was -- it was conceived as the next leg under the economic table in South Dakota, and it worked.

LAMB: What year was it started?

TALIAFERRO: Officially started 1927. The idea was conceived in '24. The sculptor, Gutzon Borglum, came in 1925.

LAMB: When was it finished?

TALIAFERRO: In 1941, almost minutes before Pearl Harbor.

LAMB: Who's on the mountain?

TALIAFERRO: I know the answer to that question! (LAUGHTER)

TALIAFERRO: George Washington, and then to his left -- the viewer's right -- is Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln.

LAMB: First picture in the book is of this man right here, and he's holding a little boy. Who is it?

TALIAFERRO: That is Gutzon Borglum, the sculptor of Mount Rushmore. I knew nothing really about him until I had been to Mount Rushmore and nothing about him until I started digging into the archives at the Library of Congress about him. And at that point, I really had to fight hard not to write a biography of Gutzon Borglum because he is such a terrifically fascinating, complex, colossal figure in his own right, forgotten today in arts circles, one of the great and most important sculptors of the early 20th century.

LAMB: In this picture, who's he holding?

TALIAFERRO: That is his son, Lincoln, who, of course, was named after his great hero, Abraham Lincoln, who was -- there's a model of a sculpture in the -- also in that photo, which is called "The Seated Lincoln," which is in front of the courthouse in Newark, New Jersey, one of his very first efforts at colossal sculpture.

LAMB: If I remember your book right, when Lincoln was 29 and his father died, he took over what was left of the Mount Rushmore?

TALIAFERRO: Yes, the son was the protégé, went with his father on all of his sculptural jobs, starting with Stone Mountain, Georgia, which was initially a Borglum project. And he would tag along with him. And he climbed the mountain for the first time with his father as a teenager and eventually became his right-hand man and took over the day-to-day operation. And when the father, Gutzon, died in the spring of 1941, the son took over and finished the mountain.

LAMB: Where could we find Gutzon Borglum's work in this country?

TALIAFERRO: Starting with the Capitol rotunda. There is a wonderful bust of Lincoln that if you go look at that, you understand how Borglum then got to Mount Rushmore. It was done -- forgive me, dates fly out of my head -- during the Roosevelt presidency. I want to say 1907, but that might be '08. It's a large head of Lincoln done in marble. If it were a full figure, it would have been on a man some 8 to 10 feet tall.

We think of Lincoln as a -- with dark features, with the dark eyes, all the famous photographs by Matthew Brady. We think of this character as -- of Lincoln as -- in shadow a lot. And Borglum did this bust of Lincoln in white marble, and it is a gorgeous, gorgeous treatment of him. Lincoln's son said it was the best piece ever done of him.

There's a wonderful sculpture of General Philip Sheridan in DuPont Circle here in Washington. Unfortunately, Borglum -- what would have been Borglum's biggest work, even bigger than Mount Rushmore, was never completed and ultimately destroyed, and that is at Stone Mountain, Georgia.

LAMB: What year was this picture taken?

TALIAFERRO: That picture was taken probably in the late teens or -- no, probably early teens. After the Civil War, there was a -- you know, a huge rush to create memorials to the fallen in both the North and the South. And the South, after it sort of caught its breath, decided it needed to have its memorials to match those in the North.

Stone Mountain is this huge granite formation 16 miles outside of Atlanta, and the Daughters of the Confederacy thought that wouldn't it be nice to have a little shrine there, perhaps a little niche at the bottom where you could come and ponder the heroes of the lost cause and maybe some busts carved into the side of it. And they invited Gutzon Borglum to come down and look at it. And he saw this canvas that was acres and acres, hundreds and hundreds of square feet, and he said, We need to give it its due. And he conceived a cavalcade of cavalry and artillery marching down the face of the mountain, ending up with Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson at the fore.

Unfortunately, he fell in with the wrong crowd down there, and the Klan was reemerging then, in 1915, same time as the movie "Birth of a Nation" was coming out. And Borglum, who liked the political thrust and parry considered himself a bit of a rebel himself, joined in with the Klan. And ultimately, when the Klan got to fighting amongst itself, they threw Borglum off the mountain.

LAMB: You said he got to be close friends with the -- was it the Grand Dragon, the number-two person in the Klan, D.C. Stephenson from Indiana.

TALIAFERRO: Yes. The -- I guess the greatest myth about the Klan is that they were all sort of redneck, a bunch of louts from the South. Well, what we've forgotten is that when the -- with the second coming of the Klan, beginning in 1915, there was a -- through to the early '20s, it was much more middle-class, much more -- the members were much more from the establishment, and they weren't just from the South. The majority of Klan members in the 1920s were from the Southwest and the Midwest. It was a huge political force in the 1924 presidential election. The Klan insisted it could bring 6,000 voters to the polling places. This fellow named D.C. Stephenson was the head of the Klan in Indiana. At his inauguration, an estimated 100,000 people, Klansmen in robes came to the inauguration. He was -- and he was in a power play with the Klan leaders in Atlanta.

There was some thought that the Klan could get a candidate elected to the presidency, even, for a while there.

LAMB: Borglum was fired from the Stone Mountain project when and why?

TALIAFERRO: Fired, why? Because of ego. A man who's going to carve mountains -- statues into mountains does not have a small ego. He was fired because they thought he wasn't spending enough time there. He was fired because he sided with this fellow from Indiana, D.C. Stephenson, who was trying to take over control of the Klan in Atlanta. He was fired because of -- he complained he wasn't getting paid enough. And they literally ran him out of town. He was -- he destroyed his models so that no one else could follow them. There was an arrest warrant issued. This was in 1925. And they chased him out of town, across the Georgia state line. A bunch of -- the sheriff and a bunch of Klan thugs chased him into Georgia.

And so he effectively fled Georgia to South Dakota. Just at the time things were falling apart in Georgia, he was getting letters saying, "Hey, we'd like to carve something out here, too."

LAMB: What -- if you go down there to Stone Mountain today, what do you see there?

TALIAFERRO: There is a carving that -- Borglum had gotten partly through the Robert E. Lee head and a little bit into Stonewall Jackson. That was blasted off the mountain. It took to the Nixon administration to complete Stone Mountain. There is a carving of the Confederate generals that Borglum had intended to carve, but they're by an entirely different group of artists.

LAMB: You say he was married twice and that his first wife was 18 years older than he was. What were the circumstances?

TALIAFERRO: Borglum's birth parents were Mormon. In fact, his father was a polygamist. His parents were Danish immigrants, came over with the -- with a wave of Mormon converts in the 1860s, and they all made the long trek out to Utah. And his father's wife -- wife's sisters -- if you follow me there -- came over a year later. And his father took the sister on as his second wife. And then the father decided he didn't want to be a Mormon anymore, and the prejudice against polygamy was very strong, and the Mormons were greatly persecuted, which is part of the reason why they ended up in Utah. And so the father decided to abandon one of his wives, and that happened to be Gutzon Borglum's mother. So when he was 6 years old, all of a sudden his mother was banished and disappeared from his life.

A long way of answering the question, why did he marry a woman 18 years older. Pop shrinks would suggest that he's looking for his mother.

LAMB: How long did he stay married to her?

TALIAFERRO: He stayed married to her a lot longer than he stayed with her.

LAMB: Who was she, by the way?

TALIAFERRO: She was an artist. He met her in California. She was a very talented landscape painter, and I think she brought him into the art world out there and encouraged him. And they went to Europe together and spent nearly 11 years in Europe, 1890s to the turn of the century, to 1901. Borglum -- and so their life together was as husband and wife, but as fellow artists. And that was also part of what was going on. I think he got to a certain level of talent and maybe didn't need her anymore.

And -- but in Europe -- he went to Europe as a painter and came home a sculptor. And the reason was Rodin. Rodin was, after Michelangelo, probably the most influential sculptor I can think of. And he happened to be at his -- Rodin happened to be at his height in Paris, when Borglum showed up. And it turned his head and turned his world around not just because of the sheer talent of Rodin, but Rodin was a celebrity. He was -- Rodin didn't respond to anybody else but himself, and he was a very powerful, potent, colorful person. And I think for the first time, being around Rodin, Borglum realized that an artist could be more than an artist and an artist could be a celebrity.

LAMB: How well did he know Rodin?

TALIAFERRO: Not that well. And it's a little hard to determine, but I -- Rodin -- he knew him well enough so Rodin remembered Borglum. And when Borglum got back to the United States, Rodin wrote letters to certain people, saying, This guy's good. You ought to pay attention to him. And they were real letters of entre that really gave Borglum a boost when he got back.

LAMB: You list, at one point in your book, the different places that Borglum lived in his life. And I want to tick them off and get you just to tell us a little bit about why he was there. The first one is Idaho.

TALIAFERRO: Yes, born in Idaho. The Mormon thing, when his parents moved just north of the Utah border into Idaho when he was born.

LAMB: Nebraska.

TALIAFERRO: Father left the Mormon church, went back to medical school in Nebraska, took the family with him.

LAMB: England.

TALIAFERRO: Gone to Europe to study art, sell art.

LAMB: How long did he live there?

TALIAFERRO: Couple years, three years.

LAMB: Spain.

TALIAFERRO: That's sort of a wilderness year. He -- we don't know that much about him, went down there to paint, to study. Not clear how...

LAMB: Young years?

TALIAFERRO: Yes. We're talking about in his 30s.

LAMB: France.

TALIAFERRO: Those years when he was studying sculpture and working -- absorbing Rodin and the Beaux Arts style there.

LAMB: New York?

TALIAFERRO: Where he settled when he came back from Europe in 1901. There was so much sculpture being commissioned there. That was the art center of -- for sculpture, anyway.

LAMB: Where did he meet his second wife?

TALIAFERRO: On the boat back from Europe.

LAMB: Under what circumstances?

TALIAFERRO: She was coming home from finishing a Ph.D. This was a woman who got a Ph.D. from the University of Berlin, one of the very first women ever to receive a Ph.D. there. Spoke about six different languages. Her parents had been Protestant missionaries in Turkey. And he fell in love with her on the boat.

LAMB: How long were they married?

TALIAFERRO: Until -- she survived him, so they were married, oh, gosh -- putting me on the spot on the man -- more than 30 years.

LAMB: How many children did he have by both women?

TALIAFERRO: None by the first. By the -- and that was one of the reasons for the break-up of the first marriage. And two, Lincoln, who we've talked about, and another -- a daughter named Mary Ellis, who has just passed away this year.

LAMB: Did you know her?

TALIAFERRO: No, I did not.

LAMB: He lived in Connecticut?

TALIAFERRO: Yes, moved to New York and then bought an estate up near Stamford.

LAMB: How long was he there?

TALIAFERRO: Well, he kept it for a long time, but he got -- he borrowed money and got behind, and then he started doing these commissions in Georgia, in South Dakota. He moved to Texas for a while. He thought there were a lot of big jobs there. So while he kept his estate, which he called Borgland, by the way, he didn't go back there that much.

LAMB: How long did he live in Georgia?

TALIAFERRO: Stone Mountain was begun in 1915. The war broke out, so he left that job for a while, came back in '22 and left in '25.

LAMB: How long was he in San Antonio?

TALIAFERRO: Part of the year, from 1925 through until about 1936 or '37.

LAMB: Did he ever live in D.C., Washington?

TALIAFERRO: No. He was here often. He was a -- this -- he was a great political operator. He knew everybody. He could go up to the door of the White House and knock on the door and they'd let him in, beginning with Roosevelt through to Roosevelt. He would stay at the -- he was a member of the -- what is the club...

LAMB: Metropolitan Club.

TALIAFERRO: Metropolitan Club. I'm getting it confused with -- the Century Club in New York, Metropolitan here. Yes.

LAMB: He also lived for a while, as you say, in California. And how long was he out there?

TALIAFERRO: Briefly, when he was a very young man, a teenager, and then when he got married several years later.

LAMB: You say that the -- Mount Rushmore cost $989,000 in 1941 money, I guess, or in that -- back in those years, but that the feds paid for $836,000.

TALIAFERRO: Yes. There's a great story about that. They thought they could raise the money through philanthropy. In 19 -- in the late '20s, there was a lot of wealth in the United States. But before they got very far -- got going very far on Mount Rushmore, of course, the stock market crashed, and all of a sudden, the people who had any money were holding -- had lost it or they were holding onto what they had.

In the summer of 1927, two years before the crash, President Calvin Coolidge was looking for a place to spend his summer vacation. The White House was being renovated. His son had died from a blister he'd gotten playing tennis without socks on the White House lawn, and Grace and Calvin Coolidge were saddened by that and did not want to spend another -- summers in the White House. So they went casting about for a place to stay, and every state in the nation wanted the president, as dull as he was, to come there for summer vacation. Somehow, the Black Hills of South Dakota won that lottery, and Calvin Coolidge and his wife arrived in the summer of 1927.

By a total coincidence, it was when Borglum was just getting to work on Mount Rushmore. And Coolidge said he was on vacation. He wasn't going to give any speeches. But it was also the summer of Charles Lindbergh flying the transatlantic flight. And so air miracles were on everybody's tongue. So Borglum hired a plane, flew over the summer White House and dropped a note onto the lawn, inviting the president and the first lady to the dedication of Mount Rushmore, and they accepted.

And Coolidge, like so many others, was taken by Borglum and his talent and his charm and his -- just his forcefulness, and said, When I get back to Washington, I'm going to tell the Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon to help you out here. And so what began as -- what should have been a privately funded project ended up being a publicly funded project.

LAMB: You also broke it down and suggest that over 17 years, he made an average of $10,000 a year on the project?

TALIAFERRO: Yes, and he thought...

LAMB: For himself.

TALIAFERRO: ... he was only going to work there part-time. After all, they could only work on Mount Rushmore in the warm months. It's a tough winter up there in the Black Hills. And he thought he could dash off to other parts of the country, down to Texas, where there was a lot of oil money and people wanted big monuments to various causes. And he thought he could do that with his left hand and with his son and others, supervise Mount Rushmore. Didn't work out, and he was bound to the mountain, like Prometheus.

LAMB: Where did you get interested in this, in the first place?

TALIAFERRO: I went there. I was just -- it was one of those "pull off the interstate" deals, almost, and...

LAMB: What year?

TALIAFERRO: About 1996. And I pulled in there, and I was just -- I didn't know what I thought. Here was this massive, colossal sculpture in the middle of the nation. It's a monument to an idea. I mean, the statue -- it doesn't even compare to the Statue of Liberty, after all, which is there at New York harbor, where Ellis Island is, where the immigrants came in. Here is a monument not so much to a person, it's not a monument to a battle, such as Gettysburg, it's a shrine of democracy. It's a monument to an idea. Forced me to want to think about those ideas. It made me -- it just opened up a lot of my pores intellectually, and I wanted to sort out what I really thought.

LAMB: How many books have been written about this?

TALIAFERRO: Oh, perhaps a dozen.

LAMB: And how is yours different?

TALIAFERRO: The previous books have done a very good job of telling the nitty-gritty of how Mount Rushmore was carved, which is a wonderful, fascinating story, as interesting and as heroic as, say, the accounts of building the Golden Gate Bridge, the Hoover Dam or something like that, how 200 out-of-work miners were turned into skilled stone carvers by Gutzon Borglum, and the process of taking a small model and turning it into large heads on a -- on a living mountain -- fascinating story. And I tell that story also.

I wanted to go beyond that and talk about what was there before, how it was conceived and also very much how Mt. Rushmore has been received. I think sort of one of the lessons that I've learned, or one of the things I've thought about and even more so in the last year is we as Americans put our values and our ideals before the public and say this is what we stand for but we can't guarantee how they will be received.

Well, Mt. Rushmore is very representative of that. This is truly, more than anything I can think of, it's our monument of who we are, what we stand for. These four presidents embodying various American values and so Mt. Rushmore has been interpreted. Not everybody receives that message in the same way including Native Americans.

LAMB: Well, this picture here of him, which Lincoln statue is that next to him?

TALIAFERRO: That is the bust that is in the Capitol Rotunda.

LAMB: If you look at him in that picture, I don't know what you see but it looks to me like he's not a very happy man.

TALIAFERRO: Borglum's interpretation of Lincoln was not as a great orator or as a statesman or as a rail splitter, that Lincoln. Borglum was fascinated by the pensive, reflective Lincoln. One of the other Lincolns, that's “The Seated Lincoln” that's before the courthouse in Newark, Borglum called his Lincoln at Gethsemane during the Civil War. President Lincoln would go out into the garden after receiving bad news from the front and look inward and Borglum I think more than anyone else saw that side of Lincoln.

And having done a couple of Lincoln sculptures, there were so many done after Lincoln's death it was an industry doing Lincoln statues. There's one everywhere. We all can think of one, including the Lincoln Memorial which Borglum was very jealous of. He had wanted that to be his vision. He thought Lincoln belonged to him. One of the reasons why he did Mt. Rushmore was to show those people in Washington what Lincoln really should look like.

LAMB: But if you go back to the picture of him and his expression, you paint in the book a man who at one point or another was anti-Semitic, anti-Black, anti-Indian.

TALIAFERRO: That's a pretty strong way to put it. The evidence of anti-Semitism is a little more evident. I wouldn't say that he was anti-Black or anti-Indian. Yes, his involvement with the clan was not just - he was not just being opportunistic. It wasn't just a way to gain power when he was working and clout when he was working in Georgia.

He actually believed that the clan platform was a worthy platform and his letters and correspondence are full of anti-Semitic rhetoric. The Indian story is a little more complicated.

LAMB: Before you go to the Indians, let me just ask you about Eugene Meyer who was Jewish and owned "The Washington Post" here. What was his relationship with him? He called him a shylock you say.

TALIAFERRO: Shylock, yes. Arguably Borglum would have not gotten - we wouldn't be here talking about this if it weren't for Eugene Meyer. Eugene Meyer was an investment banker in New York when Borglum did his first Lincoln bust. Meyer decided to buy it and donate it to the U.S. Government. It was placed in the White House briefly and then placed in perpetuity in the rotunda. That really gave Borglum his entre.

LAMB: He's Catherine Graham's father, Eugene Meyer?

TALIAFERRO: Meyer then went from his New York investment banking business, moved to Washington, worked in the Wilson administration, some other administrations, bought "The Washington Post." His daughter was Catherine Graham.

Meyer also loaned Borglum a ton of money, really was his patron, to buy land in Connecticut where he was going to set up his estate and studio and Borglum never paid him back. He was an artist in that sense that money didn't represent money to him and Meyer was very patient with him, very persistent though, and Borglum just wouldn't pay him back and then ultimately wrote some letters back to him and said, you know, isn't that just, you know, his being like an ultra-Jew to do this and started calling him a shylock and it really hurt Meyer's feelings, needless to say, and Borglum alienated a very good friend and a true supporter.

LAMB: You say that he promised women that he'd put a woman somewhere on the mountain and he promised the Indians that he would put an Indian at the eagle's nest wherever that was.

TALIAFERRO: Oh, that's a wonderful story about Susan B. Anthony. Just as he was getting to the end of Mt. Rushmore, there was a national campaign, a women's movement to get some memorial somewhere of Susan B. Anthony and there was a woman named Rose Arnold Powell who took it on as her life's mission to promote the image of Susan B. Anthony and corresponded with Borglum for years and years and years.

And, he backhandedly with sort of a wink and a nod said yes, we'll find a place somewhere on the mountain for her and she enlisted Eleanor Roosevelt too to push for it, and there was actually some legislation drawn up to add Susan B. Anthony to Mt. Rushmore. It never got anywhere.

Borglum had a sort of noble savage appreciation of Native Americans, of Indians who were on their reservations. The Pine Ridge Reservation is not far from Mt. Rushmore. It is today and has been for a long time one of the poorest places in America. The Lakota Sioux were one of the fiercest, strongest tribes on the plains and how far they fell -- they had defeated Custer and the army wanted them to pay for it.

So, Borglum developed some sympathy for them, went down to the reservation, did things for them. If they came up to the mountain...

LAMB: Did you say, a couple carloads full, I mean railroad cars full of stuff?

TALIAFERRO: Yes, they're in the '30s when things were dust bowl times, he made sure that they got some food and blankets. Let me back up a little. Mt. Rushmore and the Black Hills are the Holy mount to Native Americans, particularly the Lakota Sioux Indians. Some of their most sacred rituals and ceremonies are held there, their vision quests, their sun dances. There is nothing more sacred to these Indians than the Black Hills.

LAMB: How many are there out there now? How many Lakota Sioux are left?

TALIAFERRO: I don't have, I can't site the tribal registry but 30,000, 40,000 I think would be on the reservation and in the hills.

LAMB: Isn't there, don't they have a claim right now to a certain amount of money that's being kept for them?

TALIAFERRO: You might remember the Bradley Bill. Well, the Supreme Court, there was a lawsuit filed back in the '20s saying that the Black Hills, the treaty had been violated and the Black Hills had been taken unjustly from the Sioux. It worked all the way through the courts up into the '80s and it went to the Court of Claims and award was given. It was upheld by the Supreme Court, payment for this breach of treaty.

Well, the Lakota Sioux said we don't want this money. We want our Black Hills back. If we take this money it's like wampum. We don't want it. And so it sits in a trust fund in Washington, $600 million now. Shannon County where Pine Ridge Reservation is, is the poorest county in the United States. Six hundred million dollars would help, but this is the strength, this is the passion of the Sioux. This is how badly they want the Black Hills back. They want Mt. Rushmore back.

LAMB: Who has claim specifically to that $600 million right now?

TALIAFERRO: The Sioux tribe of South Dakota.

LAMB: If they took the money, it would be dispersed among them?

TALIAFERRO: It would be dispersed, yes, and I can't remember what the number would come out to but, you know several thousand dollars per person or obviously maybe it wouldn't be divvied person by person. But anyway this is all moot because if there is one thing that the Lakota agree on is we don't want the money. We want what was rightfully ours and they have a good argument.

LAMB: So, the eagle's nest, where is it, and why did he promise the Sioux that he'd put a face up there of, who was it going to be Crazy Horse?

TALIAFERRO: That's a funny story. Indians who Borglum loved and wanted to help came to him and said look we have our heroes too. We want some recognition that we were here first and we had great men also and he said well, I'll find a place for you, as he said where the eagles nest. He was speaking in that sort of White man's version of Indian lingo, but he was a little vague about that and never really did follow through.

And, what happened was another sculptor showed up in the Black Hills, a man named Korczak Ziolkowski who went on and took that idea and ran with it and I'm sure you're familiar with his Crazy Horse memorial which is many times the size of Mt. Rushmore and it's a work in progress, and it's even more controversial than Mt. Rushmore.

LAMB: What is it about 19, 20 miles away from Mt. Rushmore?

TALIAFERRO: Yes, that's about right.

LAMB: And it's still being built?

TALIAFERRO: And it will be built for many more generations. This man, Ziolkowski, is dead. His children are working on it.

LAMB: Wait. Go back and tell the story, while you're talking also about the eagle's nest, about how the fellow that started Crazy Horse worked for Borglum for a while.

TALIAFERRO: Yes, he was a sculptor from Connecticut. He came out and worked for Borglum for about three weeks and people who, sculptors in general but sculptors of colossal sculpture are pretty headstrong and they didn't get along. And, Ziolkowski was fired from the job after three weeks. Borglum said get out of here.

There was rumored to have been a fight between Borglum's son Lincoln and Ziolkowski on the mountain over chain of command or who knows what. And anyway, they sent this young guy packing and this was in the '30s. World War II came and nobody did any work on the mountain and Ziolkowski came back in the late '40s and said I've got an even bigger idea.

Very controversial from a Native American standpoint, arguably Crazy Horse the great Lakota Holy man, chief, warrior gave his life to keep White people from the Black Hills.

LAMB: And you say that they don't...

TALIAFERRO: And now they're building this immense memorial, which is to him but it's an enormous magnet for tourists and...

LAMB: You say it doesn't even look like him?

TALIAFERRO: Well, no one knows what Crazy Horse looked like. He refused to be photographed, you know. He refused to sign a treaty, refused to sleep in a bed, so when they had the inauguration, when they had the dedication, when they began work on Crazy Horse, their model was there and there was some - at that point, there were still some survivors of Little Big Horn and some people who had known Crazy Horse who came and said it doesn't look like our friend.

LAMB: Quick thing on the money, when you go to Mt. Rushmore, does it cost anything to go see it?

TALIAFERRO: The original legislation said it's got to be free but the parking costs.

LAMB: So you pay a parking fee?

TALIAFERRO: You pay a parking fee, you know.

LAMB: Eight bucks?

TALIAFERRO: Is that what it is? I can't remember. Yes, something like eight bucks.

LAMB: So, when you go over to Crazy Horse, what's the deal there?

TALIAFERRO: Oh, it's private. It's private enterprise. That's the American dream, yes. It costs eight bucks to get in or how many per car.

LAMB: You had $19 per car, $19 a car where you could load it up.

TALIAFERRO: Yes, I think that's right.

LAMB: And the family is still there. What did he have ten kids?

TALIAFERRO: He had a bunch of kids, yes and they're all hardworking and dedicated to their father's dream, and his widow is also there and she's a force of nature herself and very well regarded by a broad range of people.

LAMB: But in the end, Gutzon Borglum didn't put an Indian on the mountain, didn't put a woman on the mountain, but as you say he got away with promising he would.

TALIAFERRO: Yes, well the issue dropped with respect to Mt. Rushmore as soon as the Crazy Horse thing came on. You got to understand that the Indians consider blowing up carving into their sacred Black Hills is like gouging flesh from the breast of their mother. So even if it's a memorial to one of their greatest leaders the irony of blowing up the Black Hills to honor Crazy Horse doesn't sit well with a lot of Native Americans. A lot of Native Americans support it. I would suggest that a majority don't.

LAMB: Which book is this for you?

TALIAFERRO: Third book.

LAMB: What were your first two?

TALIAFERRO: The first was a biography of the western artist Charles Russell. The second book was called "Tarzan Forever," a biography of Edgar Rice Burroughs, the creator of Tarzan. I like to take these American images, the cowboy and hold them up and treat them as sort of a Rorschach of our culture.

LAMB: Where do you live now?

TALIAFERRO: I live in two places, Austin, Texas, and also in Montana, a little bit outside of Yellowstone National Park.

LAMB: Why the two places?

TALIAFERRO: They're both great places. I can't make up my mind. I married a Texan, moved to Austin in 1979, knocked around in journalism for a few years, about ten years decided that books was going to be the way to go and bought a little house in Montana. I go up when it's hot in Texas.

LAMB: When you were in journalism before books, what did you do?

TALIAFERRO: Last year I was with "Newsweek." I was senior editor in New York and briefly a bureau chief in Los Angeles.

LAMB: For how long?

TALIAFERRO: Three years.

LAMB: Where did you grow up?

TALIAFERRO: Native of Baltimore, left age nine, upstate New York, schools in New England.

LAMB: Where?

TALIAFERRO: Secondary school Phillips Exeter Academy, college Harvard.

LAMB: Studied what at Harvard?

TALIAFERRO: That's a tough question. I would say education is what you get when you're going to college. I was an English major.

LAMB: Now, when you wrote this book and researched it, researched it and wrote it, did you feel better about Mt. Rushmore and what it symbolizes or worse after you finished?

TALIAFERRO: That is a good question. I felt better. I mean I - what I shrank from, what unsettled me about Mt. Rushmore was the story was too simplified, that America can be boiled down into a bumper sticker. I like it when things are a little messier.

The fact that the creator of our shrine of democracy also had been a Klansman, this is a little more complicated there that our values, as good as they are, our message of democracy comes from a stew that is not pure. Good people can do bad things. Bad people can do good things. I like that part of the discussion of our American civilization.

Nationalism is a complicated subject and I think I got at it fairly successfully through this book. This book is much more than just a book about a couple hundred guys chiseling four faces on a big rock. It's really about who are these men, why we've worshipped them? What are the values that they are projecting into the future?

LAMB: One of the other things you did was write about Keystone, right where Mt. Rushmore is and the rebuilding of the facilities, the National Park Service. I want to show that we were out there over a year ago and did a program on it but those who didn't see it, you can see on the screen there, that's the Mt. Rushmore Visitor's Center, and how new is this?

TALIAFERRO: Completed in 1998 and it's a wonderful structure. Mt. Rushmore gets two and a half million people a year, visitors, so that's over, most of them coming over about a six-month period. Yellowstone Park, which is two million acres, gets roughly three million visitors a year. Mt. Rushmore, which is in terms of the acreage that people can actually set foot on is like 12.

So, it's packed. It's a city at the end of a long highway, so Mt. Rushmore, finally somebody said look we've got a traffic jam here. We've got to deal with the number of visitors. So, this is the avenue of the flags. You come in through this wonderful colonnade, a visitor's center, and it's like going down the center aisle of a cathedral with these columns. I think they did a wonderful job. These are the flags of all the United States and the territories.

And so, you walk down it and then you come to this viewing terrace at the end and it's like standing at the bow of a ship, all of the parking facilities and the visitor centers are all of a sudden behind you and it's just you and the mountain. You could be in an immense crowd in a summer day of 20,000, 30,000 people and feel quite alone with this sculpture and I think that's the great achievement of the Park Service.

LAMB: The face that's hardest to see when you're just standing there is the one in the middle, or not the middle but it's the Theodore Roosevelt face.

TALIAFERRO: Yes.

LAMB: And Gutzon Borglum had quite a history with this man. When did he first meet him, Theodore Roosevelt?

TALIAFERRO: He had done a little bit of work, a little bit of carving for Roosevelt for his house at Oyster Bay, Long Island. He did the first Lincoln bust that Eugene Meyer had commissioned. Roosevelt admired it. It was in the White House briefly and Roosevelt made sure it got into the rotunda.

Then, Borglum and Rushmore were in some ways the same -- Borglum and Roosevelt were in some ways the same person. They were stocky. They had a bristling moustache. They believed in this strenuous life. They were both very athletic and Borglum worshipped Roosevelt and got to know him personally.

You'll recall in 1912 when - in 1908, Roosevelt decided not to run for reelection. Taft came in. Roosevelt didn't like how Taft had run the White House, decided to run again as a Bull Moose in 1912 and Borglum became very involved in his presidential race, and there was immense amount of personal correspondence. It's hard to imagine Borglum without Roosevelt in the picture as well.

LAMB: Well, he knew him since he was a police commissioner in New York?

TALIAFERRO: Yes, that's right.

LAMB: Did he get on the mountain because of their personal friendship?

TALIAFERRO: I think so. Roosevelt died in 1919. Mt. Rushmore was conceived in 1925. There was a big -- there was an immense amount of money raised for a Roosevelt memorial. What a lot of people forget is that where the Jefferson Memorial is now in Washington was supposed to be the Roosevelt memorial. They had the money in place to build a Roosevelt, Teddy Roosevelt memorial there but then some Democrats came forward and there was the centennial of the death of Jefferson said look there's no Jefferson memorial here.

So, there was a big movement for a Roosevelt memorial. Borglum had known Roosevelt and said hey I want to be the guy to do that. It wasn't happening in Washington and he said I'm going to put my guy out here in South Dakota. Also remember that Roosevelt, after his wife had died, had gone out and been a rancher in South Dakota briefly.

LAMB: You also write a lot about, well not a lot but at the end you write about Keystone and one man who seems to have done very well there.

TALIAFERRO: Keystone is the community closest to Mt. Rushmore. It's the little tourist town at the bottom of the mountain with all the little gift shops and ice cream stands, and I wanted to meet the movers and shakers of this town because after all Mt. Rushmore was conceived as a way to draw tourists to western South Dakota and it did that in spades.

I met a wonderful man named Bill Durst who owns or controls most of the businesses in Keystone and two or three of the hotels, the definition of an entrepreneur. He'd grown up in the Black Hills and he has in a sense taken Borglum's lead and carved out the side of the mountain in Keystone to put in hotels.

He just completed a hotel several years ago called The President's View, where you can sit in your room or some of the rooms and look across at Mt. Rushmore. It's the final shoe dropping I suppose on the dream of Gutzon Borglum and the other people in the Black Hills who wanted Mt. Rushmore to be carved, that if we build it they will come. Well, they came and then this is the buildings that are coming in.

LAMB: How many of the stores does he own?

TALIAFERRO: Gosh, what is it, 20 or something? It's hard to remember the numbers from my own. Yes, but he is the - he's got Boardwalk and Park Place and a lot of the other cards on the Monopoly board there. I can't tell you, you know, Mt. Rushmore when it was conceived was remote. You drove across dirt roads. There were scarcely any bridges across the major rivers in the west and you drove for days and you looked up on the hill and there was this carving.

And now, when you drive across South Dakota, it's Wall Drug, Reptile Garden, Bear Country USA. It comes at you for hundreds of miles. Mt. Rushmore is the engine that drives that economy but it's one of the things people come to see when they come to this region. It was a case of build Mt. Rushmore so we can get a tourism industry started.

LAMB: How far is it from Rapid City?

TALIAFERRO: About half an hour, 20 miles.

LAMB: And one of the things you said about your friend Mr. Durst is when a bus would drive up outside, he'd say that's worth $5,000 right there.

TALIAFERRO: Well, he's a frank man and I really enjoyed his company. He was quite open, took me in, but yes, you know, tour busses come into his hotel and when I first interviewed him, this big bus of Midwestern senior citizens pulled up outside his window and the airbrakes went off and he says you hear that? He said what is that? I said that's the brakes. He said no, that's $5,000. They come and stay in his hotels, eat in his restaurants. He is one of the great visionaries of that area.

LAMB: In the end, who made the selection of Washington, Jefferson, Roosevelt, and Lincoln?

TALIAFERRO: Borglum.

LAMB: Totally his decision?

TALIAFERRO: Well, his first sketch was of a profile of a Continental soldier, of Washington. Then they thought about adding Lincoln and then one by one Jefferson and Teddy Roosevelt. But I'm sure Roosevelt wouldn't have been there if they had not been friends.

LAMB: So, if someone has never been there and they've always wanted to go, how much time should they give themselves in order to have a good experience?

TALIAFERRO: I think Mt. Rushmore is worth spending part of two days. I think it's great to see it in the light. I urge anybody who's going there to go for the largest tourist experience but also go to treat Mt. Rushmore as a work of art.

If I could add anything is that with all the kitsch and all the tourist culture stuff and even the message of patriotism, all of that aside, Mt. Rushmore is a terrific piece of sculpture done by a great American sculptor, and to go there and to see it in the early morning light, which is what Borglum intended, to get see it in the evening when they turn the lights on, to walk around it, to look at the carvings as one would if they were in a museum I think is really worthwhile, so a day or so.

LAMB: Your next book?

TALIAFERRO: Haven't decided.

LAMB: Not even close?

TALIAFERRO: I'm not going to tell you.

LAMB: A person, an issue, an idea?

TALIAFERRO: All that.

LAMB: John Taliaferro our guest. Here's the cover of the book, called "Great White Fathers: The Story of the Obsessive Quest to Create Mt. Rushmore." Thank you very much.

TALIAFERRO: Thank you.



Copyright National Cable Satellite Corporation 2002. Personal, noncommercial use of this transcript is permitted. No commercial, political or other use may be made of this transcript without the express permission of National Cable Satellite Corporation.

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Covert Lee Goodlove Initiated March 11, 1946 Passed April 1 1946, Raised April 22, 1946, all at Vienna Lodge No 142. Suspended November 13, 1972, Reinstated January 10, 1973. Demitted May 10, 1988 when they closed. Birthdate November 12, 1911, Died August 30, 1997. May 10, 1988 joined Benton City LodgeNo. 81, Shellsburg, IA. Became a 50 Year Mason, June 19, 1996. Karen L. Davies Administrative Assistant, Grand Lodge of Iowa A.F. & A.M.PO Box 279, Cedar Rapids, IA 52406-0279. 319-365-1438.



December 15, 2012: 'Peking Man' Was a Fashion Plate

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•Homo erectus fossil from Zhoukoudian caves.

Homo erectus fossil from Zhoukoudian …

"Peking Man," a human ancestor who lived in China between roughly 200,000 and 750,000 years ago, was a wood-working, fire-using, spear-hafting hominid who, mysteriously, liked to drill holes into objects for unknown reasons.

And, yes, these hominids, a form of Homo erectus, appear to have been quite meticulous about their clothing, using stone tools to soften and depress animal hides.

The new discoveries paint a picture of a human ancestor who was more sophisticated than previously believed.

Peking Man was first discovered in 1923 in a cave near the village of Zhoukoudian, close to Beijing (at that time called Peking). During 1941, at the height of World War II, fossils of Peking Man went missing, depriving scientists of valuable information.

Recently, researchers have embarked on a re-excavation of the cave site searching for artifacts and answers as to how the Peking Man lived. Just as importantly, they engaged in new lab work that includes using powerful microscopes to look at artifacts made by Peking Man to determine how they were used, a process archaeologists called "use-wear" analysis.

On December 15, four of these scientists gathered at Toronto's Royal Ontario Museum to give an update on their most recent findings. Three of the scientists, Xing Gao, Yue Zhang and Shuangquan Zhang are with the Chinese Academy of Science's Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology. The fourth, Chen Shen, is a curator at the Toronto museum and a special member of the academy.

Among their archaeological findings is a 300,000-year-old "activity floor" (as the scientists call it) containing what may be a hearth and fireplace, akin to a prehistoric living room. Analysis is ongoing and Yue Zhang noted that 3D scanners are being used to map it. If the results hold up, it may prove once and for all that Peking Man was able to control fire, an important skill given the chilly weather at times in northern China. [The 10 Biggest Mysteries of the First Humans]

Spear discovery

The use-wear analysis of Peking Man's tools yielded several interesting finds. Chen Shen said that analysis of the base of Peking Man's stone tools reveal that the hominid "likely" attached stone points to sticks creating a sort of spear. It's an important step in human development as it involves putting two materials, the stone tip and stick, together to form a composite tool.

Scientists are still trying to determine the details. For instance, Shen said it is possible that Peking Man was making spears with short sticks. While not as useful for hunting, the short stick would act as "an extension of the tool," and "you can hold it while you are scrapping or engraving," Shen said in an interview with LiveScience. Researchers are also trying to determine whether Peking Man used some form of sticky organic material to aid in the process of hafting a spear.

Another question is how this fits, chronologically, with other recent prehistoric findings. Just last month, scientists working in South Africa reported in the journal Science that another hominid named Homo heidelbergensis was making spears500,000 years ago (in its case likely to hunt animals). This leaves researchers with the question whether Peking Man, a different hominid, started making spears at around the same time.

More mysteries

The team also found evidence through the use-wear analysis that Peking Man was working wood (which didn't preserve in the cave) with their stone tools, possibly to turn it into wooden tools.

Perhaps the strangest finding was evidence for "drilling." Shen explained they don't know what the hominids were drilling into, or why, but they were certainly engaging in it with their stone tools. There is no evidence so far that Peking Man made ornaments or what we would consider art.

Finally, the analysis shows that Peking Man had an interest in clothes. "A certain proportion of tools were being used for the working and scraping of hides," Shen said in the interview..

"If they are depressing the hides, if they are softening hides, they can use the hides for their clothes," something no sophisticated hominids would dare live without. [82]



--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[1] http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/533


[2] www.Wikipedia.org


[3] Big Freeze, NTGEO, 3/29/2006


[4] http://customers.hbci.com/~wenonah/history/535ad.htm




[5] http://customers.hbci.com/~wenonah/history/535ad.htm




[6] http://www.relfe.com/07/super_volcano_ice_age.html




[7] http://www.relfe.com/07/super_volcano_ice_age.html




[8] http://www.historyorb.com/events/december/15


[9] Heritage:Civilization and the Jews by Abba Eban. 1984, page 99.


[10] The Middle East: Land of Contrasts. 01/28/2004


[11] http://barkati.net/english/chronology.htm


[12] http://barkati.net/english/chronology.htm


[13] www.wikipedia.org


[14] Excerpted from Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Volume 14
http://www.freewebs.com/bubadutep75/


[15] mike@abcomputers.com


[16] Art Museum, Austin, TX. February 11, 2012


[17] Art Museum, Austin, TX. February 11, 2012


[18] http://www.angelfire.com/mi4/polcrt/KnightsTemplar1.html


[19] mike@abcomputers.com


[20] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_of_England


[21] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon


[22] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England


[23] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon


[24] References[edit]

1. ^ Wood, Marguerite, ed., Balcarres Papers: The French Correspondence of Marie de Lorraine, vol. 1, Scottish History Society (1923), p. 228, c. 1542.

2. ^ Marshall, R. K., Mary of Guise, Collins, (1977), 36–39: Wood, Marguerite, ed., Balcarres Papers, vol. 1, SHS (1923), 1.

3. ^ Wood, Marguerite, ed., Balcarres Papers, vol. 1, SHS (1923), 110 from Joinville, 145 from Fontainebleau.

4. ^ Strickland, Agnes, Lives of the Queens of Scotland, vol. 1, Edinburgh (1850), 337–339, quoting William Drummond of Hawthornden, Works, (1711) 104.

5. ^ Seward, Denis, Prince of the Renaissance, (1973), 193–6; cited Marshall (1977), 38, Rosalind Marshall does not repeat Hawthornden's story.

6. ^ Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 12, part 2 (1891) no. 1285, (Louis de Perreau, Sieur de Castillon to François Ier)

7. ^ Fraser, Antonia, Mary Queen of Scots, Weidenfield & Nicholson, (1969), 7.

8. ^ Teulet, Alexandre, Relations Politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Ecosse, vol. 1, Paris (1862) 115, (the surviving draft calls Mary, 'Marguerite').

9. ^ Wood, Marguerite, Balcarres Papers, vol. 1, SHS (1923), ix, 3 & fn., "mervyleusement estrange."

10. ^ Marshall (1977), 51–3, but see fn. 15.

11. ^ Marshall (1977), 268–269 (fn. 15), the letter first appeared in Stefan Zweig, Mary Queen of Scots, London (1935), 1–2.

12. ^ Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 12, part 2 (1891) no. 962: Lang, Andrew, 'Letters of Cardinal Beaton, SHR (1909), 156: Marshall (1977), 45, (which suggests he thought the couple had not met)

13. ^ Hay, Denys, ed., The Letters of James V, HMSO (1954), 340-341. The same offer was made to Madeleine of Valois and Mary of Bourbon. See also; Bapst, E., Les Mariages de Jacques V, 324; Teulet, Alexandre, Relations Politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Ecosse, vol. 1, Paris (1862), 115-118.

14. ^ State Papers Henry VIII, vol. 5 part 4. (1836), 135, Margaret to Henry, July 31, 1538.

15. ^ Thomas, Andrea, Princelie Majestie,(2006): Wood, Marguerite, Balcarres Papers, vol. 1 (1923).

16. ^ Edington, Carol, Court and Culture in Renaissance Scotland, Tuckwell, (1994), 111, citing ALTS vol. 7.

17. ^ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 7 (1907), 347 (gun-chambers), 357 (fireworks).

18. ^ Wood, Marguerite, Balcarres Papers, vol. 1, STS (1923), 60–61.

19. ^ Strickland, Agnes, Lives of the Queens of Scotland, vol. 2 (1851), 39-41: Clifford, Arthur, ed., Sadler State Papers, vol.1, (1809), 134-5, Sadler to Henry VIII, April 9, 1543; p.86

20. ^ Clifford, Arthur ed., Sadler State Papers, vol. 1 (1809), 249–253, Sadler to Henry VIII, 10 August 1543.

21. ^ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 9 (1911), 195.

22. ^ Calendar of State Papers Spain, vol. 9 (1912), 569: Teulet, A., ed., Relations politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Écosse au XVIe siècle, vol. 1 (1862), 220-221

23. ^ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 9 (1911), 226.

24. ^ Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 Haddington Abbey, July 7, 1548

25. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (1898), 155, Ruthven to Grey.

26. ^ Marshall, Rosalind K., Mary of Guise, Collins (1977), 175.

27. ^ Murray, James AH. ed.,The Complaynt of Scotland, 1549, EETS (1872), 2.

28. ^ Michaud & Poujoulat, Nouvelle Collection des memoirs pour server a l’histoire de France, vol. 6 (1839) 6–7.

29. ^ Marcus, Merriman, The Rough Wooings, Tuckwell (2002), 337–339, 344–345, "ny ont laisse que la peste derriere eulx."

30. ^ Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings, Tuckwell (2000), 346.

31. ^ Jordan, W.K., Chronicle of Edward VI, London (1966), 22, 24, 26, 27, 29.

32. ^ Lodge, Edmund, Illustrations of British History, vol. 1 (1791), 137, Lambeth Palace Talbot Mss. vol. B, f.205, Lodge assumes it was Francis, not Claude.

33. ^ Michaud & Poujoulat, Nouvelle Collection des Memoires pour servir a l'histoire de France, vol. 6, (1839), 39.

34. ^ British Library festival books website "C'est la Deduction du Sumpteaux Spectacles, ... Rouen (1551)". , 8.

35. ^ Tytler, Patrick Fraser, England under Edward & Mary, vol. 1 (1839), 329.

36. ^ Ritchie, Pamela, Mary of Guise, Tuckwell (2002), 69–71, 81–5, 250–255.

37. ^ Calendar State Papers Foreign Edward, (1861) 97, no. 332, John Mason to PC, April 29, 1551.

38. ^ Calendar State Papers Spain, vol. 10 (1914): Jordan, WK ed., Chronicle of Edward VI, (1966), 62.

39. ^ Calendar State Papers Foreign Edward, (1861), 103.

40. ^ Ritchie, Pamela, Mary of Guise, Tuckwell, (2002), 66, 86–90

41. ^ Calendar State Papers Foreign Edward, London (1861), 190–1, (PRO SP68/9/85)

42. ^ Strype, John, Ecclesiastical Memorials, vol.2 part 2, Oxford (1822), 255 & vol. 2 part 1, 501, citing treasury warrant April 1553.

43. ^ Starkey, David, The Inventory of Henry VIII, Society of Antiquaries, (1998), no. 3504, p94, notes Edward's warrant March 24, 1553.

44. ^ Calendar State Papers Spanish, vol. 10 (1914), 391.

45. ^ Aylmer, John, An Harborowe for Faithfull and Trewe Subjectes agaynst the Late Blowne Blaste, concerninge the Government of Wemen, Strasborg (1559): quoted by Strickland, Agnes, Lives of the Queens of England, vol.6 (1844), p.59.

46. ^ Strype, John, Ecclesiastical Memorials, vol. 2 part 1, Oxford (1822), 502–3.

47. ^ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 10, (1913), xvi, 32–34.

48. ^ Calendar State Papers Spanish, vol. 10 (1914), 608–609, Queen Dowager to Mary of Guise 23 December 1552.

49. ^ Calendar State Papers Spanish, vol. 11, (1916), 41–42.

50. ^ Ritchie, Pamela, Mary of Guise, (2002), 94.

51. ^ Reports on various collections: Manuscripts of Robert Mordaunt Hay at Duns Castle, vol.5, HMC (1909), p.90-1.

52. ^ Michaud & Poujoulat, Nouvelles collection, vol. 6, (1839), letters from Mary of Guise to her brothers: Wood, Marguerite, (1923), letters to Mary of Guise

53. ^ Ritchie, Pamela, (2002), 127–128

54. ^ CSP Scotland, vol. 1 (1898), p.203 no.426, 21 January 1558.

55. ^ Ritchie, Pamela, Mary of Guise, Tuckwell (2002), pp.126-9; 153–155; 163–7; 182–187, citing Lambeth Talbot Ms. 3195.

56. ^ Ritchie, Pamela, Mary of Guise, Tuckwell (2002), 205–207.

57. ^ CSP Scotland, vol. 1 (1898); p.221, Croft to Cecil, July 3, 1559; 212–3, 215, Croft to English council, May 19 & 22 & June 5, 1559; no. 500, 'Articles of Leith'

58. ^ Knox, John, History of the Reformation, book 3, various editions.

59. ^ CSP Scotland, vol. 1 (1898), 266–7, Randolph to Sadler & Croft, 11 November 1559.

60. ^ Dickinson, Gladys, ed., Two Missions od de la Brosse, SHS (1942), pp.151-157.

61. ^ CSP Scotland, vol. i (1898), 389.

62. ^ Dickinson, Gladys, Two Missions of de la Brosse, SHS (1942), 171–177.

63. ^ Laing, David, ed., Works of John Knox, vol.2 (1846), p.592, citing Tytler, P.F., History of Scotland, and Pere Anselme, Histoire Genealogique, vol.3, "en bronze en habit royaux, tenant le sceptre et la main de justice."

64. ^ Dickinson, Gladys, Two Missions of de la Brosse, SHS (1942), 176–179.

65. ^ Knox, John, History of the Reformation, vol. 2, 68.

66. ^ CSP Scotland, vol. i (1898), 389 and CSP Foreign Elizabeth, vol. ii (1865), 604, April 29, 1560.


[25] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England


[26] See also[edit]
•Dukes of Norfolk family tree

Footnotes[edit]

1. ^ a b Knafla 2008

2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Graves 2008

3. ^ Waugh 2004.

4. ^ Graves 2008; Horrox 2006

5. ^ Horrox 2006

6. ^ Ives 2004.

7. ^ Graves 2004; Graves 2008

8. ^ Leithead 2009

9. ^ a b Warnicke 2008

10. ^ a b Brigden 2008

11. ^ a b Graves January 2008

12. ^ Archer 2006

References
•Brigden, Susan (2008). Howard, Henry, earl of Surrey (1516/17–1547), poet and soldier. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
•Graves, Michael A.R. (2004). Howard (née Stafford), Elizabeth, duchess of Norfolk (1497–1558), noblewoman. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
•Graves, Michael A.R. (2008). Howard, Thomas, third duke of Norfolk (1473–1554), magnate and soldier. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
•Graves, Michael A.R. (January 2008). Howard, Thomas, fourth duke of Norfolk (1538–1572), nobleman and courtier. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
•Harris, Barbara. "Marriage Sixteenth-Century Style: Elizabeth Stafford and the Third Duke of Norfolk," Journal of Social History, Spring 1982, Vol. 15 Issue 3; 371-82 in JSTOR
•Head, David M. Ebbs & Flows of Fortune: The Life of Thomas Howard, Third Duke of Norfolk (1995), 360pp; the standard scholarly biography
•Horrox, Rosemary (2006). Edward IV (1442–1483), king of England and lord of Ireland. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
•Ives, E.W. (2004). Anne (Anne Boleyn) (c.1500–1536), queen of England, second consort of Henry VIII. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
•Knafla, Louis A. (2008). Stanley, Edward, third earl of Derby (1509–1572), magnate. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
•Leithead, Howard (2009). Cromwell, Thomas, earl of Essex (b. in or before 1485, d. 1540), royal minister. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
•Warnicke, Retha M. (2008). Katherine (Catherine; née Katherine Howard) (1518x24–1542), queen of England and Ireland, fifth consort of Henry VIII. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

Waugh, Scott L. (2004). Thomas (Thomas of Brotherton), first earl of Norfolk (1300–1338), magnate. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.


[27] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England


[28] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt




[29] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt


[30] History of Early LeFeveres by Mary Ellen (Miller) Boller, page 1, 1994


[31] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe


[32] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt


[33] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt


[34] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt


[35] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt


[36] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt


[37] Wikipedia


[38] Diary of David McClure, Doctor of Divinity 1748-1820 with notes by Franklin B. Dexter, M.A. 1899. pg.105.


[39] Lieutenant Rueffer, Enemy Views by Bruce Burgoyne, pgs. 244-245.


[40] http://www.bessel.org/datemas.htm


[41] This letter is printed in Calendar of Virginia State Papers, 3:396-397


[42] GEORGE ROGERS CLARK PAPERS 1781-1784, Edited by James Alton James, pgs. 167-169.


[43] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom


[44] http://www.talonsite.com/tlineframe.htm




[45] (Drake etc., p. 138) l Chronology of Benjamin Harrison compiled by Isobel Stebbins Giuvezan. Afton, Missouri, 1973 http://www.shawhan.com/benharrison.html


[46] (Drake etc., p. 139) Chronology of Benjamin Harrison compiled by Isobel Stebbins Giuvezan. Afton, Missouri, 1973 http://www.shawhan.com/benharrison.html


[47] ) BENJAMIN HARRISON 1750 – 1808 A History of His Life And of Some of the Events In American History in Which He was Involved By Jeremy F. Elliot 1978 http://www.shawhan.com/benharrison.html


[48] A tax list on microfilm at the Kentucky State Library at Frankfort, Ky. For Lincoln County. From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford by Grace U. Emahiser, 1969 p. 183.


[49] In Search of the Turkey Foot Road.


[50] http://www.in.gov/history/markers/515.htm


[51] The Papers of Andrew Jackson, Volume V, 1821-1824


[52] !The Crawfords of Adams co., Oh., comp.

by H. Marjorie Crawford, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus of Chemistry,

Vassar College. Publ. Poughkeepsie, NY, 1976, p. 3:

http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/gmd:@filreq(@field(NUMBER+@band(g3892k+ct000363))+@field(COLLID+setlmap))


[53] http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=de&to=en&a=http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/werneck_synagoge.htm


[54] The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism From Ancient Times to the Present Day, Walter Laqueur page 63.


[55] http://matsonfamily.net/WelchAncestry/family_vance.htm


[56] http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/technique/gun-timeline/


[57] On This Day in America by John Wagman


[58] Theopolis McKinnon, August 6, 1880, London, Ohio. History of Clark County, page 384.


[59] Suggested Reading: Shmuel Feiner, Haskalah and History: The Emergence of a Modern Jewish Historical Consciousness, trans. Chaya Naor and Sondra Silverton (Oxford and Portland, Ore., 2002); Isaac Fridkin, Avrom-Ber Gotlober un zayn epokhe, 2 vols. (Vilna, 1925–1927); Reuven Goldberg, “Mavo’,” in Zikhronot u-masa‘ot, by Abraham Baer Gottlober, vol. 1, pp. 7–50 (Jerusalem, 1976); Joseph Klausner, Historyah shel ha-sifrut ha-‘Ivrit ha-ḥadashah, vol. 5, pp. 286–344 (Jerusalem, 1955); Yair Mazor, Panim u-megamot ba-mivneh shel ha-poetikah ba-siporet ha-‘Ivrit ha-realistit ba-tekufat ha-Haskalah (Tel Aviv, 1981); Puah Shalev-Toren, A. B. Gotlober vi-yetsirato ha-piyutit (Tel Aviv, 1958); Arn Tseytlin (Arn Zeitlin), “Di yidish-yerushe fun di tsvey Haskole-shraybers: Y. L. Gordon un A. B. Gotlober,” YIVO-bleter 36 (1952): 99–112; Mordekhai Zalkin, Ba-‘Alot ha-shaḥar (Jerusalem, 2000); Israel Zinberg, A History of Jewish Literature, vol. 9, Hasidism and Enlightenment, trans. and ed. Bernard Martin (Cleveland, Ohio, 1976). AuthorMordechai Zalkin


[60] http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/technique/gun-timeline/




[61] http://www.firstpeople.us/FP-Html-Treaties/The-Treaties-At-Forts-Carlton-And-Pitt.html


[62] http://www.timelinesdb.com/listevents.php?subjid=521&title=Drought


[63] http://www.timelinesdb.com/listevents.php?subjid=521&title=Drought


[64] www.frontierfolk.net/ramsha_research/families/Stephenson.rtf


[65] Proposed Descedants of William Smythe


[66] [1] Gedenkbuch, Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945. 2., wesentlich erweiterte Auflage, Band II G-K, Bearbeitet und herausgegben vom Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, 2006, pg. 1033-1035,.

[2] Gedenkbuch (Germany)* does not include many victims from area of former East Germany).


[67] Terezinska Pametni Kniha, Zidovske Obeti Nacistickych Deportaci Z Cech A Moravy 1941-1945 Dil Druhy


[68] Celia E. Neal McAtee Obituary.


[69] http://www.zionism-israel.com/his/Israel_and_Jews_before_the_state_timeline.htm


http://www.zionism-israel.com/his/Israel_and_Jews_before_the_state_timeline.htm


[71] Terezinska Pametni Kniha, Zidovske Obeti Nacistickych Deportaci Z Cech A Moravy 1941-1945 Dil Druhy


[72] Encyclopedia Judaica, volume 4, page 346.


[73] Fascinating Facts about the Holy Land, by Clarence H. Wagner, Jr. page 200.


[74] The Epic History of Everyday Things, H2, 2011


[75] http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~harrisonrep/harrbios/benjaminHarr3468VA.htm


[76] http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~harrisonrep/HarrList/msg00581.html


[77] http://www.cv6.org/1941/wake/wake_2.htm


[78] http://www.assassinationresearch.com/v2n1/chrono1.pdf


[79] Jimmy Carter, The Liberal Left and World Chaos by Mike Evans, page 497


[80] wikipedia


[81] http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/173700-1/John+Taliaferro.aspx


[82] http://news.yahoo.com/peking-man-fashion-plate-191530302.html