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Jeffery Lee Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), Jefferson, LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, and including ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, John Quincy Adams and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Martin Van Buren, Teddy Roosevelt, U.S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison “The Signer”, Benjamin Harrison, Jimmy Carter, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, William Taft, John Tyler (10th President), James Polk (11th President)Zachary Taylor, and Abraham Lincoln.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! http://wwwfamilytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
• • Books written about our unique DNA include:
• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.
Birthdays on April 19…
David Andrews
John Cale
Mary E. Crawford BOWMAN
Samuel L. Davidson
Richard F. Finne
Reine C. Godlove Eisenhow
Delores L. Godsell McIntyre
Steven W. Loveall
Charles A. McCormick
Daniel Mckinnon
Samuel M. Taylor
Thankful Winch
April 19, 1558: The contract of marriage between Mary and the Dauphin is signed at the Louvre. [1]
April 19, 1567: Close of the sittings of parliament. The same evening, Morton, Argyll, Huntly, Cassiilis, Sutherland, Glencairn, Rothes, Caithness, Herries, Hume, Boyd, Seaton, Sinclair, and a great number
of other Scotch noblemen, as well as several bishops of the kingdom, assemble at Bothwell's residence, sign a bond by which they oblige themselves to defend him against all calumniators, and promise to do
all that in them lies to make the queen marry him, as soon as the law will permit. [2]
April 19, 1572:– Treaty of Blois. Alliance between Elizabeth I and Catherine de Medici of France against Spain. [3]
April 19, 1587: – Drake lands at the harbour of Cadiz and successfully leads an attack on the Spanish fleet. [4]
April 29, 1726: John Cale, born April 19, 1726, died July 26, 1797; married July 25 1751 to Elizabeth Pugh, born December 13, 1730 in Frederick Co., Va., died September 14, 1796. [5]
April 19, 1732
Most of what we have concerning Andrew Vance (John2, Hannah3) and his family is a compilation from two sources: Notes by Roberta Crawford Smith of Cincinnati, OH and from Wm. Lusk Crawford, Sr., Ancestors and Friends, History and Genealogy, Dallas TX 1978. From this last, the following relates to Andrew: "We do not know how early Andrew Vance arrived in America, but we find him in Chester Co, PA, 19 April 1732 when he was appointed administrator of the estate of David McCuiston.[6]
April 19th, 1754
“Met an express who had letters form Capt. Trent, at the Ohio,[7]
April 19, 1755: In an April 19, 1755 letter to John Sharpe73, Governor Sharpe wrote about George Washington‘s
May 1754 road building activities. He stated that Washington was building a road ―toward the
Ohio‖, writing as follows:
The next Intelligence that I received was that while Col° Washington was employing his
Men in opening a Road from Wills-Creek toward the Ohio a party of his Command had on the 27th of May fallen in with a Detachment of about 30 Men from the French Fort on
Ohio under the Command of Ensign Jumonville upon which a Skirmish ensued &
Jumonville with 7 or 8 of his Detachment was killed & the rest (excepting 2 or 3) made
prisoners & sent to the Governor of Virga the first week in June Col° Fry fell from his
horse which occasioned his Death & thereupon Col° Washington succeeded in the chief
Command.[8]
April 19, 1767: Nancy HARRISON - 4624. Daughter of William HARRISON - 4625 & Sarah CRAWFORD - 4626. Born Dec 1772 in Westmoreland, PA. Died December 6, 1856 in Logan, OH. Residence Westmoreland, PA;Logan, OH.
She married Daniel McKINNON - 4622, son of Daniel McKINNON - 4623. Born
April 19, 1767 in VA. Died 25 Aug 1837 in Clark, OH. Residence VA;Clark, OH.
Early Clark County, Ohio Families, Vital Statistics, Volume 1 Friends of the
Library Genealogical Research Group Warder Public Library Springfield, Ohio
45501 1985 Submitted by: Helen Graham Silvey 6947 Serenity Dr., Sacramento,
CA 95823
They had the following children:
3 i. Josiah McKINNON - 4627[9]
April 19, 1767: Daniel and Catharine McKinnon was (born April 19, 1767) baptized June 7, 1767(53). These finding when taken together indicate Daniel re-married and his second wife was Catherine Lanham.
In 1768 Daniel appears to have again returned to England and was ordained by the Bishop of London
in 1768(54). Hardly something that would have been done if Daniel had been divorced. Thus it suggests
that Ruth may have died.
Daniel returned to Maryland in 1769 and is listed as the Minister at All Saints Parish in Frederick
County, Maryland(55).
In 1772 he is listed as the Minister at St. Margaret's Westminister (Broad Neck) Parish back in Anne
Arundel County Maryland(56). (This parish is a peninsula of land on the Chesapeake Bay between the
Severn and Magothy Rivers and near Annapolis)
The Church of England was dis-established in Maryland in 1777. According to various histories of
the colonial church, Daniel McKinnon was one of the ministers who returned to England. There is
also speculation that he died while a sea during this trip(57)[10]. [11]
St John's parish register shows Daniel, son of Daniel and Catharine McKinnon was (born April 19, 1767) baptized June 7, 1767.[12]These findings when taken together indicate Daniel re-married and his second wife was Catherine Lanham.[13]
Surprisingly for the times there is no evidence that Ruth McKinnon and Eleanor's father were in anyway held criminally responsible for the adultery which was considered a serious crime at the time. The only punishment that can be found is Daniels' publication of the illegitimate birth and the resulting scandal. Could it be that Eleanor's father was of such influence that the crime was not further pursued? [14]
St John's parish register shows Daniel, son of Daniel and Catharine McKinnon was (born April 19, 1767) baptized June 7, 1767.[15] These findings when taken together indicate Daniel re-married and his second wife was Catherine Lanham.[16]
1767 - Daniel McKinnon II of Clark Co., Ohio born April 19th, according to records of several descendants.[17]
I suggest that Daniel McKinnon’s parents were companions of William Crawford when he moved his family across the Alleghenies to Steward’s Crossing in 1766, based on Daniel’s birth date of 1767 and Crawford’s affidavit confirming the 1766 move of his family.[18]
I would like to obtain information which places Daniel’s parents
in Orange County, Virginia, and confirmation of the birth date of Daniel McKinnon; and also the relationship of McKinnon to William Crawford and Lawrence and Richard Harrison. Since Daniel McKinnon was 45 years younger than William Crawford, I am suggesting that Daniel’s father may have been the “close connection to Col. Crawford.” [19]
c. Evidence that Daniel McKinnon and William Crawford were associated appeared in the Logan County, Ohio, History on page 86 (Ref#6.1) “Mr. McKinnon was a close connection of Col. Crawford’s and moved to Kentucky where he lived a short time, and then came to what is now Clarke Co...”[20]
1767
In 1767 (Lawrence Harrison) bought 267 acres including Fort Necessity in right George Washington.
A Chronological Listing of Events In the Lives of. Andrew Harrison, Sr. of Essex County, Virginia. Andrew Harrison, Jr. of Essex and Orange Counties,...[21]
1767
“Lawrence Harrison, in right of George Washington, located’ 267 acres in Augusta County, Virginia, embracing Fort Necessity, in 1767.” [22]
The Crawford-Washington Deal
It appears to me very clearly that these settlers knew they were trespassing into Indian territory that had not been gained yet by treaty with the Indians. [23]The influence that George Washington had on these settlers was expressed in a book (Ref#34) entitled “West Virginia - A Bicentennial History.” On page 14 it explained that The deal that Washington offered Crawford in 1767 was representative of what became a familiar and mutually advantageous relationship.”
To Crawford, Washington had written “Any person who neglects the present opportunity of hunting out good lands, and in some measure marking and distinguishing them for his own, in order to keep others from settling them, will never regain it.”
Washington proposed that Crawford search out desirable lands while Washington took care of securing the titles and underwrote the cost of surveying and patenting. Washington said also “You (Crawford) shall then have such a reasonable proportion of the whole as we may fix upon at our first meeting....” and the article went on that “This was an arrangement that would be seen again and again in West Virginia”.
William Crawford knew George Washington quite well and no doubt put his trust and life on the line in business as well as in military endeavors for Washington.[24]
1767 Daughter Nancy born to Ann Connell. Letter from George Washington to Crawford to survey land in defiance of proclamation.[25]
1767
. By 1767 John Stephenson was a batteau man at the Fort Pitt trading post of Baynton, Wharton and Morgan.[26][27] A partner of the Philadelphia company, Samuel Wharton, had been a member of the Ohio Company, with John Mercer of Virginia.[28] [29]
1767
Townshend Actsw passed; non-importtation boycott begins.[30]
April 19, 1767
Daniel McKinnon[31] was born . . . reportedly in the present Fayette Co., Penn. It appears he was connected in some way to a Rev. Daniel McKinnon who was an Episcopal priest in Maryland before the revolution. (Also have birthplace as St. John’s Parrish, Prince Georges Cnty. MD.)[32]
April 19, 1767
St John's parish register shows Daniel, son of Daniel and Catharine McKinnon was (born April 19, 1767) baptized June 7, 1767(Maryland State Archives, St. John's Parish Records, M 229, Original Page 97 or revised . Page 341.) These findings when taken together indicate Daniel remarried and his second wife was Catherine Lanham.
(http://washburnhill.freehomepage.com/custom3.html)
1767 - St. John's Parish Register shows that "Daniel, son of Daniel and Catherine McKinnon, was baptized June the7th, 1767."[33]
April 19, 1767: Nancy Harrison married Daniel McKinnon, born Apr 19, 1767, died Aug. 25, 1837, buried Pheasant Hill Cemetery, Clark Co., OH. Daniel served as Ohio Senator several times, was the second son of Daniel McKinnon, 1st, who came from England. His son, Daniel, Jr. was born in Virginia April 19th 1767. Died August 25, 1837. They came to Ohio in 1802 by the way of Kentucky with the first settlers. When Daniel 2nd was an infant. He being born in a fort in Kentucky. They were the parents of a large family of children, names of all have not been secured.[34]
April 19, 1771: Maria Theresa granted two Sovereign Licenses to the Jews of Trieste, licenses that constitute real improvement in their economic conditions. [35]
Battles of Lexington and Concord - April 19, 1775.[36]
Thursday, January 20, 2005 (4)
The Von Donop Reenactment Regiment is given a final inspection by Hessian ancestor Gary Goodlove and his wife Mary “Winch” Goodlove (Mary’s GGGGG Grandfather Jason Winch was a minuteman, and responded to the alarm on April 19, 1775. He fought at the Battle of Lexington, and his name is listed officially as one of the men on the field on that day. He also served at the Battle of Bunker Hill, and remained in the
service for 8 months during the successful seige of Boston. He was given a pension for service, and he remembered seeing Gen. Washington.)
On April 19, 1775, the British regulars encountered a group of American militiamen at Lexington, and the first volleys of the American Revolutionary War were fired.[37]
Lexington Alarm Letter, April 20, 1775. Daniel Tyler, copyist. Brooklyn, Connecticut. Ink on paper. Museum Purchase, A95/011.
Lexington Alarm Letter, April 20, 1775. Daniel Tyler, copyist. Brooklyn, Connecticut. Ink on paper. Museum Purchase, Lexington Alarm Letter, April 20, 1775. Daniel Tyler, copyist. Brooklyn, Connecticut. Ink on paper. Museum Purchase, 5/011.1.
Lexington Alarm Letter, April 20, 1775. Daniel Tyler, copyist. Brooklyn, Connecticut. Ink on paper. Museum Purchase, A95/011.
Each year around the time of the Patriot’s Day holiday, the Museum is proud to display the Lexington Alarm letter drafted the morning of April 19, 1775. It alerted the colonies that war with the British had begun with the shots fired on the Lexington Green. This historic manuscript supports the claim that the skirmish in Lexington was, indeed, the principal event that launched the American War for Independence. Before the Museum acquired it, the Alarm letter had been privately held for more than 200 years.
April 19, 1775
Lexington and Concord. British troops march to Concord to seize “rebel supplies. Alarmed by Paul Revere and William Dawes, 70 Minute Men stand on Lexington Green. At Daybreak the first shots of the war are fired. Siege of Boston begins.[38][39]
April 19, 1775
Mary Winch Goodlove’s GGGGG Grandfather Jason Winch as a minuteman, and responded to the alarm on April 19, 1775. He fought at the Battle of Lexington, and his name is listed officially as one of the men on the field on that day. He also served at the Battle of Bunker Hill, and remained in the service for 8 months during the successful seige of Boston. He was given a pension for service, and he remembered seeing Gen. Washington. JG archives.
Winch, Jason, Roxbury.Private, Capt. Lemuel Child's (3d Roxbury) co., Col. William Heath's regt., which marched on the alarm of April 19, 1775; service, 15 days; company discharged May 3, 1775; reported returned home.[40]
Winch, John, Holden.Private, Capt. James Davis's (Holden) co. of Minute-men, Col. Doolittle's regt., which marched on the alarm of April 19, 1775; service, 5 ½ days.[41]
Concord Bridge The Nineteenth of April, 1775
Concord Bridge The Nineteenth of April, 1775[42]
Winch, Joseph, Framingham (probably).Private, Capt. Micajah Gleason's co. of Minute-men, which marched on the alarm of April 19, 1775, to Concord; service, 16 days.[43]
Winch, David, Holden.Private, Maj. Paul Raymond's co. of militia, 1st Worcester Co. regt., which marched on the alarm of April 19, 1775, to Cambridge, via Concord; service, 7 ½ days.[44]
April 19, 1775: Winch, Ebenezer, Framingham.Corporal, Capt. Micajah Gleason's co. of Minute-men, which marched on the alarm of April 19, 1775, to Concord; service, 6 days; also, Sergeant, Capt. Aaron Gardner's co., Col. Brooks's regt.; company return endorsed “1776;” said Winch reported as in camp and fit for duty.[45]
Lexington Common
At about midnight on April 19th, 1775, Boston silversmith and patriot alarm rider Paul Revere rode into the town of Lexington, Massachusetts to alert Samuel Adams and John Hancock along with local Minute and Militia companies along the way, that British Regulars were on the march to Concord. By 2:00 AM forty-five year old Capt. John Parker had formed his militia company on the Lexington common, approximately 130 men, and ordered them to load their muskets.
Unknown to Parker, there were actually some 700 elite British light infantry and grenadiers on the march to Concord, which would take them past the town common.
Finally, at about 5:00 AM, word did come back to Parker that the regulars were close. He ordered the young William Diamond to beat his drum and assemble the militia. Some 77 men hastily formed on the common facing the road to Concord in two ranks. As the British light infantry companies came onto the common at the double quick march, Major Pitcairn rode onto the common calling on his troops not to fire, but to surround and disarm the assembled militia, and also ordered the rebels to "Lay down your arms and disperse". A shot rang out, and the opening volley of the American Revolution had begun on a New England town green.
By: Don Troiani[46]
Concord, Battle of, first serious engagement of the American Revolution, which followed the American patriot Paul Revere's famous ride warning of British attack. The battle was fought at Concord, Massachusetts, on April 19, 1775. Large quantities of ammunition and military stores had been gathered by the colonists at Concord. The British general Thomas Gage sent about 700 British soldiers, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith, to Concord; their orders were to capture or destroy the supplies. The colonial militia, or minutemen, had been warned of the British advance by the American patriots Paul Revere, William Dawes, and Samuel Prescott. A skirmish had occurred at Lexington, Massachusetts, that morning, arousing excitement throughout the countryside but causing no serious block to the advancing force, which reached Concord at 7:30 AM.
The minutemen, numbering between 300 and 400, took position on the farther side of the North Bridge over the Concord River and stubbornly resisted the British advance. Several men on both sides were killed or wounded. The British troops fell back and began a retreat toward Boston. They were constantly harassed on the way by irregular colonial militia, steadily increasing in number, who fired from every vantage point and prevented any concerted attack. The British troops, exhausted and demoralized, finally reached Lexington, where they were reinforced by troops commanded by Brigadier General Hugh Percy. The colonists pursued the British all the way to Charlestown, Massachusetts, until the retreat became little better than a rout. The battle was significant, not in terms of casualties-more than 270 British and fewer than 100 Americans-but in demonstrating the resolution and fighting power of the Americans. In 1837 a stone replica of North Bridge was dedicated on the battle site.[47]
On April 19, 1775, Lexington and Concord became noted names of history. The astounding news
from those villages had scarcely reached the Monongahela valley,
when public meetings were held on the same day, to wit, May 16,
1775, both at Hanna's Town and Pittsburgh. At Hanna's Town
the Pennsylvania adherents assembled ; at Pittsburgh, the Virginia
partisans. Each meeting passed a set of resolutions with equally
forcible approval of the armed resistance to the invasion of Ameri-
can rights by the English government, and equally urging united
action by force of arms successfully to sustain that resistance. We may
call these sets of resolutions, adopted on the same day by the separate
adherents of two colonial jurisdictions, the Monongahela Declaration
of Independence. They antedate more than a year the Declaration
of Independence adopted and read to the people at Philadelphia on
July 4, 1776, and they antedate the celebrated Mecklenburg Reso-
lutions of North Carolina by four days. All honor to the Mononga-
hela valley !
A portion of the resolutions of the Westmoreland county meeting is
worthy of being copied :
"Resolved, unanimously, That there is no reason to doubt but the
same system of tyranny and oppression [referring to the oppressive
measures of the British government] will (should it meet with success
in Massachusetts Bay) be extended to other parts of America ; it is
therefore the indispensable duty of every American, of every man who
has any public virtue or love for his country, or any bowells for pos-
terity, by every means which God has put in his power, to resist and
oppose the execution of it ; that for us we will be ready to oppose it
with our lives and fortunes. ' ' [48]
Siege of Boston - April 19, 1775 - March 17, 1776[49]
Brodhead reached this point on April 19, 1781. The Delaware group was split on opposite sides of the river. Sixteen Indians were captured and killed. A group from this same Delaware tribe on the other side of the river asked to talk to the "big captain" (as they called Brodhead) and sent their chief to Brodhead's encampment the next day to negotiate. The chief was killed. Lewis Wetzel is suspected of the murder. Wetzel's father had been killed by Indians, and Lewis and his four brothers became life-long hunters of "any" Indian they came across.
The 300-man force then marched two and one-half miles north to Lichtenau, a Moravian village, which they also destroyed. They met little opposition as only a few stray Delaware were remaining at the nearly abandoned site. Later Brodhead met with the Reverend John Heckewelder and other Moravians at Newcomerstown and urged them to return to Fort Pitt with him as the frontier was in a state of chaos and their safety was in peril ("between two fires"). These Delaware Moravians refused the offer. They were the same Christian Indians massacred in 1782 at Gnadenhutten by Colonel David Williamson and—perhaps some of the same men who had accompanied Brodhead in 1781.
April 19, 1781: Brodhead and Shepard turned their men away from further fighting and took their twenty prisoners and headed back to Fort Pitt. On the trip back to the forks of the Ohio, they killed the warriors, leaving only the women and children. [50]
April 19, 1782: Adams secured the recognition of the United States as an independent government at The Hague on April 19, 1782.[25] During this visit, he also negotiated a loan of five million guilders financed by Nicolaas van Staphorst and Wilhelm Willink. [51]
April 19, 1794
An advertisement which appeared in the “Pittsburgh Gazette” on April 19, 1794, read that Meason and Dillon, had for sale: “At their furnace on Dunbar’s Run, Fayette County, three miles from Stewart’s
crossings, on Youghiogheny river, a supply of well assorted castings, which they will sell at the reduced price of Thirty-Five Pounds per ton.” The original furnace built by Mr. Meason was a smaller concern, but the larger furnace of Meason, Dillon and Company produced large quantities of castings, stoves, pots, kettles, irons for fireplaces, and different sizes of ovens, thus supplying the immediate needs of the Youghiogheny Valley and far beyond.
This firm furnished the iron for the first bridge in which this metal was used, and erected over Jacob’s Creek between Mt. Pleasant and Connellsville, at a place which was known by the community name of “Iron Bridge.”[52]
April 19, 1831:
To all whom it may concern
This is to Certify that John Cole Senior1 this day personally appeared before me a Justice of the Peace for Barren County in the State of Kentucky and made oath that John Smoot a Citizen of Craven County and State aforesaid did rendezvous at Winchester in the State of Virginia as an enlisted Soldier in Captain Daniel Morgan's Volunteer Company of independent Riflemen in July in the year 1775 – and did march from there to the grand camp at Boston and there served as a soldier until October – and then marched with the said Captain Morgan and his company on the Québec Expedition – and in the next January returned to headquarters; at Cambridge and from there was ordered by General Washington to join Captain Hugh Stevenson's Company of the same kind of Corps at Roxbury – and continued in the discharge of his duty, in the said Stevenson's Company until July when his time of enlistment expired and then was legally discharged at Staten Island and further this deponent sayeth not.
1 FPA S2458
2 George Michael Bedinger W2992
Given under my hand this 19th day of April (April 19)1831.
S/ John Martin, JP BC
[f p. 17]
April 19, 1838: Benjamin McKinnon marries Maria Fleming [53]
April 19, 1840: MARY ELIZABETH CRAWFORD, b. April 19, 1840, Jackson County, Missouri; d. June 17, 1920, Grain Valley, Purdee Cemetery, Missouri. [54]
MARY ELIZABETH9 CRAWFORD (JEPTHA M.8, VALENTINE "VOL"7, JOSEPH "JOSIAH"6, VALENTINE5, VALENTINE4, WILLIAM3, MAJOR GENERAL LAWRENCE2, HUGH1) was born April 19, 1840 in Jackson County, Missouri, and died June 17, 1920 in Grain Valley, Purdee Cemetery, Missouri. She married LEWIS S. BOWMAN March 10, 1861 in Jackson county, Missouri, son of HIRAM BOWMAN and ISABELL HOBLIT.
Notes for LEWIS S. BOWMAN:
In 1861, after his marriage to Mary, Lewis and his brother James left Jackson County, Missouri and returned to Logan County, Illinois in order to escape the brutality inflicted on residents of Western Missouri by the Union Army, Kansas Jayhawkers and Redlegs
Marriage Notes for MARY CRAWFORD and LEWIS BOWMAN:
Married by G. F. Harding
Children of MARY CRAWFORD and LEWIS BOWMAN are:
i. GENIJIE10 BOWMAN, b. 1864.
ii. CHARLES BOWMAN, b. 1865.
iii. JAMES M. BOWMAN, b. 1867.
iv. DAVID BOWMAN, b. 1868.
v. MILTON BOWMAN, b. 1870.
vi. WILLIE B. BOWMAN, b. 1870. [55]
April 19, 1861: Troops headed south towards Washington, D.C. to protect the capital in response to Lincoln's call. On April 19, angry secessionist mobs in Baltimore that controlled the rail links attacked Union troops traveling to the capital. George William Brown, the Mayor of Baltimore, and other suspect Maryland politicians were arrested and imprisoned as Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus.[129] John Merryman, a leader in the seccessionist group in Maryland asked Chief Justice Roger Taney to issue a writ of habeas corpus which he did, saying Lincoln's action of holding Merryman without a hearing was unlawful. Lincoln ignored it.
Conducting the war effort
In the war Lincoln would confront an unprecedented crisis with unprecedented powers which no previous President had wielded: he used his war powers to impose a blockade, to disburse funds before appropriation by Congress, and to suspend the writ of habeas corpus, imprisoning thousands of suspected Confederate sympathizers without warrant.[130]
The war was the source of frequent and severe criticism of the President, and occupied most of his time and attention, while he also mourned the death of son Willie. From the start it was clear that bi-partisan support would be essential to success in the war effort, and any manner of compromise alienated factions on both sides of the aisle, such as the appointment of Republicans and Democrats to command positions in the Union Army.[131] [56]
April 19, 1861: President Lincoln orders a blockade of Confederate ports.[57]
April 19, 1862: The Madison site of this hospital and orphans' home a tablet was erected, the gift of the school children of the city, who attended the exercises in large numbers, and took part in the patriotic songs. An oration was delivered by Attorney-General Frank L. Gilbert, who bad himself been one of the boys reared in the home. The tablet reads: "On this city block, during the Civil War, stood Harvey Hospital, and later the Wisconsin Soldiers' Orphans' Home, both established through the influence of Mrs. Harvey, whose honored husband, Governor Louis P. Harvey. had accidentally been drowned in Tennessee River, near Shiloh battlefield, April 19, 1862, where he had gone after the battle, with supplies for the comfort of the sick and wounded Wisconsin soldiers.')[58]
Tues. April 19, 1864
Called up in line of battle at 4 am
False alarm
William Harrison Goodlove civil war Diary, 24th Iowa Diary[59]
April 19, 1865: Lincoln’s funeral was held on April 19, before a funeral train carried his body back to his hometown of Springfield, Illinois. During the two-week journey, hundreds of thousands gathered along the railroad tracks to pay their respects, and the casket was unloaded for public viewing at several stops. He and his son, Willie, who died in the White House of typhoid fever in 1862, were interred on May 4.[60]
April 19, 1865: Funeral services for assassinated President Abraham :Lincoln are held in the East Room of the White House.[61]
April 19, 1865
On the evening of April 19, the regiment was informed at dress parade that General Johnston had surrendered to General Sherman and that the agreement needed only the new president’s approval. Sherman’s special order to his troops stated, “The General commanding announces to the army a suspension of hostilities and an agreem,ent with General Johnston and other high officials, which when formally ratified, will make peace from the Potomac to the Rio Grande.” The men were exubedrant that the war was finally over, and Lucas predicted that the regiment would be back in Iowa to celebrate the 4th of July.[62]
Shermans proposed agreement did not provoke the same enthusiasm with Washington officials as it had with the army. President Johnson and his cabinet ministers were in no mood for a document that proposed reconciliation and an easy peace. Coming only tow days after Lincoln’s funeral, only a proposal that conbtained the same unconditional surrender terms which Grant had given Lee would have been accepted. Secretary of War Stanton earned Sherman’s undying hatred by publicly renouncing Sherman’s proposal as little short of treason. [63]
April 1900: Victoria visited mainland Europe regularly for holidays. In 1889, during a stay in Biarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain when she crossed the border for a brief visit.[184] By April 1900, the Boer War was so unpopular in mainland Europe that her annual trip to France seemed inadvisable. Instead, the Queen went to Ireland for the first time since 1861, in part to acknowledge the contribution of Irish regiments to the South African war.[185][64]
April 19, 1903: Riots broke out after a Christian child is found murdered in Kishinev (Bessarabia). The mobs were incited by Pavolachi Krusheven, the editor of the anti-Semitic Newspaper Bessarabetz and the vice governor Ustrugov. Vyacheslav Von Plehev, the Minister of Interior supposedly gave orders not to stop the rioters. The Jews were accused of ritual murder. During the three days of rioting, 47 Jews were killed, 92 severely wounded, 500 slightly wounded and over 700 houses destroyed. Despite a world outcry, only two men were sentenced to seven and five years in prison, and twenty-two were sentenced for one or two years. This pogrom was instrumental in convincing tens of thousands of Russian Jews to leave to the West and to Eretz-Israel. The child was later discovered to have been killed by a relative.[65]
April 1909: a diplomatic crisis erupted. The matter would not be solved until the revision of the Treaty of Berlin in April 1909. The incident served to exacerbate tensions between Austria-Hungary and the Serbs.[66]
Mid April 1915: In mid-april 1915, Frank Joseph, deputy superintendent of pub lic instruction, returned to Delaware County on a combination business and pleasure trip. He was in Hopkinton to help proponents of consolidation in both Hopkinton and the Buck Creek areas get local consolidation movements under way. One of these local proponents was James Thompson, a former Lenox College classmate and member of the football team quarterbgacked by Joseph. Thompson owned and operated a farm about two miles southywest of the Buck Creek Church in the Hazel Green NO. 7 subdistrict.[67]
April 1915: Joseph Gabriel Smith (b. September 5, 1856 in GA / d. April 1915). [68]
April 1917: the most important effect of the U.S. entrance into the war was economic—by the beginning of April 1917, Britain alone was spending $75 million per week on U.S. arms and supplies, both for itself and for its allies, and had an overdraft of $358 million. The American entry into the war saved Great Britain, and by extension the rest of the Entente, from bankruptcy.
The United States also crucially reinforced the strength of the Allied naval blockade of Germany, in effect from the end of 1914 and aimed at crushing Germany economically. [69]
April 1918: Zionist commission arrives in Palestine.[70]
April 1920
Soviet Yevsektsiya (the Jewish section of the Communist Pary) attacks Bund and Zionist parties for “Jewish cultural particularism”. In April 1920, the All-Russian Zionist Congress is broken up by Cheka led by Bolsheviks, whose leadership and ranks included many who are anti-Jewish. Thousands are arrested and sent to Gulag for “counter-revolutionary…collusion in the interests of Anglo-French bourgeoisie…to restore the Palestine state.” Hebrew language is banned, Judaism is suppressed, along with other religions.[71]
April 1920
The Jerusalem pogrom of April 1920 of old Yishuv.
The idea that the Bolshevik revolution was a Jewish conspiracy for the world domination sparks worldwide interest in the ‘The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.’ In a single year, five editions are sold out in England alone. In the US Henry Ford prints 500,000 copies and begins a series of anti-Semitic articles in the ‘Dearborn Independent newspaper.’[72]
April 1920: Musa Kazim al-Husayni, mayor of Jerusalem, is replaced by Raghib al-Nashashibi; clan rivalry grows.[73]
April 1920: During the annual Nabi Musa procession in Jerusalem in April 1920, violent rioting broke out in protest at the implementation of the Balfour Declaration which supported the establishment in Palestine of a homeland for the Jewish people. Much damage to Jewish live and property was caused. [74] 46 Jews are killed.[75] The Palin Report laid the blame for the explosion of tensions on both sides.[17] Ze'ev Jabotinsky, organiser of Jewish paramilitary defences, received a 15-year sentence.[18] Al-Husseini, then a teacher at the Rashidiya school, near Herod's Gate in East Jerusalem, was charged with inciting the Arab crowds with an inflammatory speech and sentenced in absentia to ten years inprisonment by a military court.[19] It was asserted soon after, by Chaim Weizmann and British army Lieutenant Colonel Richard Meinertzhagen, that al-Husseini had been put up to inciting the riot by British Field-marshal Allenby's Chief of Staff, Colonel Bertie Harry Waters-Taylor, to demonstrate to the world that Arabs would not tolerate a Jewish homeland in Palestine.[20][21][22] The assertion was never proven, and Meinertzhagen was dismissed.[23][76]
April 19, 1920: Burnett “Red” Hogeland (b. April 19, 1920 in AL / d. July 20, 1997)[77]
April 1922: Treaty of Rapallo between Germany and the Soviet Union: April 1922. Economic cooperation. Secret military understandings are already in the making. German government tries to make the western powers more willing to make concessions in the reparation question and to stifle possible Russian claims on Germany, but the Treaty of Rapallo antagonizes the west without bringing tangible gains. It is nevertheless very popular in Germany because it looks like an independent and self-assertive foreign policy. [78]
February to April 1924: Hitler Trial Hitler receives a five-year prison term, of which he serves only one year. Ludendorff acquitted. In prison, Hitler writes the first volume of his autobiography/political program, Mein Kampf (My Struggle).[79]
April 1924 : New settlement for German reparations, offering lower yearly payments and American loans to Germany: Dawes Plan, proposed in April 1924, ratified in August. American loans to Germany are supposed to restart the German economy, so that Germany will be able to pay reparations to France and Britain, which in turn can start paying off their war debts to the United States. [80]
April 1933: Germany and (from March 1938) Austria
From April 1933 onwards Jews were banned from various kinds of work and activities, starting with the dismissal of Jews employed in the public sector. Then, later that month a large number of Jews were expelled from the German universities on 'racial' grounds. Then Jews were forbidden to run theatres or act ... So, how did the authorities actually pick the individuals?
Already before the Nazis came to power people in many parts of Germany were intensely Jew-conscious. 'Is he/she one [a Jew]?' was considered very interesting and very spicy. (The situation was very different from that in modern Britain, for example).
When it came to picking people out, co-workers and bosses in that Jew-conscious society generally had a pretty good idea of who was a Jew or of Jewish origin. In the cases referred to, the authorities dismissed the people they thought were Jews. The victims of these acts of discrimination then had the option of proving they weren't Jews. This involved producing the notorious Ariernachweis ('Aryan certificate') based on certificates of baptism for the parents and grandparents. On the whole, the authorities included people they though might be Jewish, and then let them produce evidence to the contrary.
In Germany, the Nazis were particularly bothered about 'secret Jews'. Nazi propganda worked with conspiracy theories that claimed that there were ethnic Jews lurking, so to speak, in all kinds of unlikely places, with fingers on just about every imaginable lever of power. So the tendency was to require more people than necessary to produce those certificates. The work involved was at times almost crippling for the Protestant and Roman Catholic Churches in Germany, but they collaborated in this shameful exercise.
2. Occupied countries in Western Europe
The Nazis relied heavily on collaborators. In Antwerp, Belgium, for example the Nazis asked the city council for a list of Jews and the council was only too delighted to provide a fairly full list ...
Here too there was an obsession was with 'secret Jews', with atheists, Communists, with perhaps one or two Jewish grandparent.
As mentioned above, roundups took place in stages, often by category (for example, stateless Jews first).
In France the government had already done some of the rounding up as many refugees from Nazi Germany were interned in camps ...
Nevertheless, in France and Belgium the Nazis were not on home ground and the proportion of people who managed to escape deportation to the death camps was higher than in Germany, for example.
3. Occupied Eastern Europe
Here the Nazis had least difficulty. The vast majority of Jews were Orthodox and followed their religion, often meticulously. There had been much less intermarriage with Christians than for example in Germany, and Jews often lived in recognizable communities.
(In most occupied territories, research on grandparents was usually not practical or was considered too cumbersome and time-consuming; and there were also linguistic problems).
There were degrees of being Jewish (half Jew for, obviously, one parent Jewish the other not) and there was also the problem of some one converting to another faith, perhaps generations ago, which the Church might defend. All of this made for some grey areas for the Nazis in deciding who was to be deported. There were sometimes well known figures protected (and sometimes not , Harry Gold a famous Polish composer died in Treblinka, Sigmund Freud's sisters, and so on).
The Nazis also used census returns and there were of course records kept of church and synagogue members, marriages, military and everything else just like today.
The "Jewish councils" (Judenrats) also helped prepare lists for those to be deported to the extermination camps --a certain number, say 5,000, was demanded on a given day and they hoped they could placate Nazi demands or "save some" by working for the German war cause, for instance. None of this helped in the end, since they were dealing with one of the most bloodthirsty group of fanatics ever. [81]
April 1933:
Below: Roman Catholic bishops saluting Hitler.
hitler4[82]
• When two bishops raised with Adolf Hitler the issue of his policy toward Jews, he promised them that he would do to the Jews what Christian preaching and teaching had been saying for almost two thousand years. Right up to his death Hitler was able to enjoy the support of responsible leaders of both the Catholic and the Evangelical churches. Hitler could die a Catholic in good standing, the Church did not act to excommunicate him.[83]
April 19, 1933: As an expression of Nazi anger over Churchill’s speech warning that the Jews of Poland could suffer the same fate as the Jews of Germany, “a correspondent of the Birmingham Post reported from Berlin that ‘today newspapers are full with ‘sharp warnings for England’ with one headline referring to ‘Mr. Winston Churchill’s Impudence.’”[84]
April 19, 1934: According to a report by Morton Rotehnberg, President of the Zionist Organization of America, 11,000 German Jewish refugees had entered Palestine from April 1, 1933 through January 1, 1934. As co-chair of the United Jewish Appeal, Rothenberg is contributions totaling three million dollars to aid the refugees from Germany.” At the same time, Dr. Arthur Hantke, director of the Palestine Foundation Fund reported that “there is no unemployment.” There is an “insistent demand for workers” throughout the country meaning that the influx of immigrants will be a net economic gain.[85]
April 19, 1936, a wave of protest strikes and attacks against both the British authorities and Jews was unleashed in Palestine. Initially, the riots were led by Farhan al-Sa'di, a militant sheik of the northern al-Qassam group, with links to the Nashashibis. After the arrest and execution of Farhan, al-Husseini seized the initiative by negotiating an alliance with the al-Qassam faction.[86] Apart from some foreign subsidies, including a substantial amount from Fascist Italy,[87] he controlled waqf and orphan funds that generated annual income of about 115,000 Palestine pounds. After the start of the revolt, most of that money was used to finance the activities of his representatives throughout the country. To Italy's Consul-General in Jerusalem, Mariano de Angelis, he explained in July that his decision to get directly involved in the conflict arose from the trust he reposed in Italian dictator Benito Mussolini's backing and promises.[88][86]
April 1937: As German rearmament moved forward at an alarming rate, Britain and France protested but failed to keep up with German war production. The German air fleet grew dramatically, and the new German fighter--the Me-109--was far more sophisticated than its counterparts in Britain, France, or Russia. The Me-109 was bloodied during the Spanish Civil War; Luftwaffe pilots received combat training as they tried out new aerial attack formations on Spanish towns such as Guernica, which suffered more than 1,000 killed during a brutal bombing by the Luftwaffe in April 1937.
The Luftwaffe was configured to serve as a crucial part of the German blitzkrieg, or "lightning war"--the deadly military strategy developed by General Heinz Guderian. As German panzer divisions burst deep into enemy territory, lethal Luftwaffe dive-bombers would decimate the enemy's supply and communication lines and cause panic. By the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, the Luftwaffe had an operational force of 1,000 fighters and 1,050 bombers.
First Poland and then Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, and France fell to the blitzkrieg. After the surrender of France, Germany turned the Luftwaffe against Britain, hoping to destroy the RAF in preparation for a proposed German landing. However, in the epic air battle known as the Battle of Britain, the outnumbered RAF fliers successfully resisted the Luftwaffe, relying on radar technology, their new, highly maneuverable Spitfire aircraft, bravery, and luck. For every British plane shot down, two German warplanes were destroyed. In the face of British resistance, Hitler changed strategy in the Battle of Britain, abandoning his invasion plans and attempting to bomb London into submission. However, in this campaign, the Luftwaffe was hampered by its lack of strategic, long-range bombers, and in early 1941 the Battle of Britain ended in failure.
Britain had handed the Luftwaffe its first defeat. Later that year, Hitler ordered an invasion of the USSR, which after initial triumphs turned into an unqualified disaster. As Hitler stubbornly fought to overcome Russia's bitter resistance, the depleted Luftwaffe steadily lost air superiority over Europe in the face of increasing British and American air attacks. By the time of the D-Day invasion of Normandy in June 1944, the Luftwaffe air fleet was a skeleton of its former self.[87]
April 1939: The German nuclear energy project, (German: Uranprojekt; informally known as the Uranverein; English: Uranium Club), was an attempted clandestine scientific effort led by Germany to develop and produce atomic weapons during the events of World War II. This program started in April 1939, just months after the discovery of nuclear fission in January 1939, but ended only months later, due to German invasion of Poland, where many notable physicists were drafted into the Wehrmacht.[88]
April 1939: At the Gurs camp, in the lower Pyrenees, 17 deaths are reported for the day. A total of 470 deaths are counted in Gurs for the months of November and December, almost all from hungfer and cold. (Gurs was the first French internment camp, established in April 1939 to hold Spanish Republican soldiers fleeing into France after their defeat by Franco’s army.) Food, sanitary, and material conditions in most French camps are disastrous during this exceptionally cold winter.[89]
April 19, 1939: Almedia married James T. Craft (b. December 3, 1860 / d. April 19, 1939 in AL).[90]
April 1941: The Allies became sufficiently disturbed by German plots that U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered covert surveillance of the Duke and Duchess when they visited Palm Beach, Florida, in April 1941. Duke Carl Alexander of Württemberg (then a monk in an American monastery) had told the Federal Bureau of Investigation that the Duchess had slept with the German ambassador in London, Joachim von Ribbentrop, in 1936, had remained in constant contact with him, and had continued to leak secrets.[78]
Some authors have claimed that Anthony Blunt, an MI5 agent, acting on orders from the British Royal Family, made a successful secret trip to Schloss Friedrichshof in Germany towards the end of the war to retrieve sensitive letters between the Duke of Windsor and Adolf Hitler and other leading Nazis.[79] What is certain is that George VI sent the Royal Librarian, Owen Morshead, accompanied by Blunt, then working part-time in the Royal Library as well as for British intelligence, to Friedrichshof in March 1945 to secure papers relating to the German Empress Victoria, the eldest child of Queen Victoria. Looters had stolen part of the castle's archive, including surviving letters between daughter and mother, as well as other valuables, some of which were only later recovered in Chicago after the war. The papers rescued by Morshead and Blunt, and those returned by the American authorities from Chicago, were deposited in the Royal Archives.[80]
After the war, the Duke admitted in his memoirs that he admired the Germans, but he denied being pro-Nazi. Of Hitler he wrote: "[the] Führer struck me as a somewhat ridiculous figure, with his theatrical posturings and his bombastic pretensions."[81] However, during the 1960s he said privately to a friend, Lord Kinross, "I never thought Hitler was such a bad chap."[82] In the 1950s, journalist Frank Giles heard the Duke blame British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden for helping to "precipitate the war through his treatment of Mussolini ... that's what he did, he helped to bring on the war ... and of course Roosevelt and the Jews".[83][91]
April 19, 1942: Ruchel Gottlieb, born Pfau, August 12, 1869 in Kuty, Galizien. Prenzlauer Berg, Strasburger Str. 41; 4. . Resided Berlin. Deportation: from Berlin, November 1, to Litzmannstadt, Lodz. Date of death: April 19, 1942, Litzmannstadt, Lodz am. [92]
(On April 19, 1943, three Jewish resistance fighters would stop the Twentieth Train with Jews bound for Auschwitz. Several hundred Jews would escape, although many were caught in later round-ups and sent to the camps. This episode teaches us many valuable lesson. One of them is about Jewish courage in the face of almost certain death. Another of them is that history is not made up of events, but of the events we know about. The ambush took place on the same day as the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Both knew events of great courage. But we only celebrate the events at Warsaw because that is the one that most people know about)[93]
April 19, 1943(14th of Nisan, 5703 ):PASSOVER, WARSAW Ghetto UPRISING; The Jews were determined not to be moved without giving up a fight. 2,100 Germans, fully armed, enter the Ghetto. The Jews fighting force consisted of about 700 men and women. They were armed with 17 rifles, 50 pistols and several thousand grenades and Molotov cocktails. A small group of Jewish fighters open fire on the entering German troops. After an hour of skirmishing, the Germans retreated. The final liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto began on the Eve of Passover, April 19, 1943. The deportation did not come as a surprise. The Germans had amassed a military force to carry it out, but did not expect to engage in a confrontation that included street battles. Armed German forces ringed the ghetto at 3:00 a.m. The unit that entered the ghetto encountered armed resistance and retreated. The main ghetto, with its population of 30,000 Jews, was deserted. The Jews could not be rounded up for the transport; the railroad cars at the deportation point remained empty. After Germans and rebels fought in the streets for three days, the Germans began to torch the ghetto, street by street, building by building. The entire ghetto became a sizzling, smoke-swathed conflagration. Most of the Jews who emerged from their hideouts, including entire families, were murdered by the Germans on the spot. The ghetto Jews gradually lost the strength to resist. On April 23, Mordecai Anielewicz the ZOB commander wrote the following to Yitzhak Zuckerman, a member of the ZOB command who was stationed on the "Aryan" side: "I cannot describe the conditions in which the Jews are living. Only a special few will hold out; all the others will perish sooner or later. Their fate is sealed. None of the bunkers where our comrades are hiding has enough air to light a candle at night.... Be well, my dear, perhaps we shall yet meet. The dream of my life has risen to become fact. Self - defense in the ghetto will have been a reality. I have been a witness to the magnificent, heroic fighting of Jewish men of battle". The rebels pursued their cause, even though they knew from the outset that they could not win. The Jewish underground would continue to fight the Nazis until the middle of May. The Polish underground only gave minimal help because of anti-Semitism prevalent among many. Although the Allies will neither publicize events nor try to help, even before the war ended, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising became a symbol of Jewish resistance.[94]
April 19-30, 1943: British and American representatives confer in Bermuda about rescue options and fail to come up with significant resue proposals.[95]
April 19-May 16, 1943: The Warsaw ghetto uprising takes place and the Warsaw ghetto is destroyed.[96]
November 25, 1941 to April 1944: The deportation of Polish Jews from Breslau begins, continuing intermittently until April 1944.[97]
April 1944: The first transport of Jews arrives at the Chelmo extermination camp on December 8, 1941, and transports continue to arrive until March 1943. The camp reopened for operation in April 1944. About 320,000 Jews were killed at Chelmno.[98]
April 1945
The Western Allies begin liberating survivors. In six years the Nazi’s murdered more than 14 million people, nearly half were Jews. After liberation, nearly 1 million survivors did not return to their homes for fear of another holocaust.. [99]
April 19, 1945: General Bedell Smith, Ike’s Chief of Staff, telephones Churchill to describe the horror that American troops found when they liberated Buchenwald. Smith assures Churchill that it was worse than the scenes Ike had described in his telegraph of the previous day.[100]
April 19, 1945: During an afternoon speech in the House of Commons, Churchill describes the horrors discovered by Allied troops at places like Buchenwald and calls for Parliament to send eight representatives to view the camps as the first step in bringing those responsible for these atrocities to justices.[101]
April 19, 1959: Richard Frost Finne b April 19, 1959 at Torrance, Calif. [102]
April 1960: Capt. Philip Streatfeild RN, MVO+17 b. May 27, 1872, d. April 1960[103]
April 1961: The CIA and the American military, headed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff (itself a creation of the National Security Act of 1947), were dead-set against Cuba. The idea of a Communist government so close to the United States was seen as completely unacceptable to the National Security State. Thus, in less than three months of JFK becoming president, in April of 1961, the CIA launched the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, in which nearly 2,000 Cuban exiles trained and supported by the CIA were to invade from the sea. However, Kennedy refused to go along with the operation and cancelled the air support for the invasion, leading to the failure of the invasion and capture of the exiles, and “the CIA, military, and Cuban exiles bitterly blamed Kennedy.” Kennedy, in turn, blamed the CIA and the Pentagon, and fired CIA Director Allen Dulles and Deputy Director of the CIA, Charles Cabell in January of 1962.[7][104]
The Bay of Pigs reveals some startling information about the “Deep Politics” surrounding the Kennedy administration. ‘Deep politics’ is a term popularized by former Canadian diplomat, author and academic Peter Dale Scott, who – in my opinion – is one of the pre-eminent researchers of the “secret government.” Scott defines ‘deep politics’ as “looking beneath public formulations of policy issues to the bureaucratic, economic, and ultimately covert and criminal activities which underlie them.”[8] In short, ‘deep politics’ is the functions and actions of the ‘secret government’.
David Talbott, former Editor-in-Chief of Salon, wrote a book about the assassinations of JFK and Robert Kennedy, in which he undertook in depth research into what can only be described as the ‘deep politics’ of their deaths. In it, he explained that upon JFK becoming President, Allen Dulles had felt that as he and his late brother John Foster Dulles (who died in 1959) “had largely run America’s foreign policy between the two of them during the 1950s,” that “he expected to continue the family’s policies undisturbed under the new, inexperienced president.” Dulles, in the presence of a close Kennedy confidante, even “started boasting that he was still carrying out his brother Foster’s foreign policy,” saying, “that’s a much better policy. I’ve chosen to follow that one.” The Kennedy confidante who was present informed JFK who was furious, “God damn it! … Did he really say that?”[9]
Richard Bissell, a man who formerly worked with the OSS (the precursor to the CIA), as well as the Ford Foundation, was brought into the CIA by Allen Dulles in 1958 as the Deputy Director for Plans, overseeing and personally running the covert plots to overthrow Arbenz in Guatemala, Patrice Lumumba in the Congo, Rafael Leónidas Trujillo in the Dominican Republic, Ngo Dinh Diem in South Vietnam and primarily Fidel Castro. He was in charge of the Bay of Pigs operation. In short, Bissell was a devout acolyte of the ‘secret government.’ Bissell reassembled the key CIA officers involved in the Guatemala coup for the Bay of Pigs operations, including Tracy Barnes, David Atlee Phillips, Howard Hunt (who would later become famous as one of the Watergate burglars) and David Sanchez Morales.[10]
The Bay of Pigs operations, which was organized in the Eisenhower administration, under the guidance of his Vice President, Richard Nixon, was briefed to Kennedy upon becoming president. JFK “made it clear to Dulles and Bissell that he would not commit the full military might of the United States to the Bay of Pigs operation.”[11] During the Bay of Pigs operation, when it was clear that the operation would fail without military support, a major meeting took place with Kennedy, his Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, Vice President Johnson, Secretary of State Dean Rusk and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Lyman Lemnitzer, as well as Admiral Burke, the Navy Chief and Richard Bissell of the CIA. Bissell urged the president to take military action, with the support of Navy Chief Burke. Kennedy had refused, and he “was beginning to realize that his top military and intelligence chiefs did not take his instructions that seriously.”[12]
Kennedy had repeatedly told Bissell in the lead up to the Bay of Pigs that as president, he reserved the right to abort the operation at any time. Yet Bissell had informed the military leaders of the Bay of Pigs operation that there were forces in the White House trying to stop it from going forward, and if they succeeded, he advised them to “mutiny against their U.S. advisors and proceed with the invasion.” Further, on the first day of the invasion, Admiral Burke, the Navy Chief, had sent “the U.S. aircraft carrier Essex and helicopter landing ship Boxer close to Cuban shore, in violation of Kennedy’s order to keep U.S. ships fifty miles away.”[13] This was the true first test of the young president:
“The country’s military and intelligence chiefs had clearly believed they could sandbag the young, untested commander-in-chief into joining the battle. But he had stunned them by refusing to escalate the fighting.”[14]
As declassified CIA documents later revealed, the CIA itself knew that the operation was doomed to fail, and had hid these bleak reports from Kennedy and went ahead with the operation anyhow. Startlingly, “the CIA knew that it couldn’t accomplish this type of overt paramilitary mission without direct Pentagon participation,” and further, the CIA had “discovered in advance that the plan had been leaked to Soviet intelligence” and Castro, who even knew the date of the attack. Dulles, therefore, “regarded the band of Cuban exiles who were about to hit the beaches as mere cannon fodder, a device to trigger the real invasion by the U.S. military.”[15]
On the evening that the mission had finally come to an abrupt failure, Allen Dulles sat down to dinner with Richard Nixon, “the man who had spearheaded the plan as vice president,” and Dulles proclaimed, “This is the worst day of my life!” Thus, the Bay of Pigs failure “sent shockwaves through the [central intelligence] agency, particularly among the agents who had worked closely with the Cuban émigrés on the operation.”[16]
Following the Bay of Pigs, “the heavens ripped open for the Kennedy administration” and “never came back together,” as JFK became “estranged from his national security team.” CIA agents like Howard Hunt, who were involved in the operation, would proclaim that the United States “owed the Cuban people a blood debt,” and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, General Lyman Lemnitzer proclaimed that Kennedy’s actions were “unbelievable… absolutely reprehensible, almost criminal.” With Kennedy’s first test as president, the nations’ top military and intelligence officials saw him “to be a dangerously weak link at the top of the chain of command.”[17]
Kennedy, for his part, said, “I’ve got to do something about those CIA bastards,” and also “lashed out at the Joint Chiefs.” JFK publicly took responsibility for the Bay of Pigs failure, but “CIA and Pentagon officials knew that he privately spread the word that they were to blame.” Subsequently, Kennedy threatened to “shatter the CIA into a thousand pieces, and scatter it to the winds.”[18]
Kennedy Versus the ‘Kings’ of the National Security State
Shortly after the Bay of Pigs, the Joint Chiefs approached Kennedy urging him to invade the Southeast Asian country of Laos, “to respond to the advances of Communist insurgents,” yet Kennedy quickly dismissed their advice, and Kennedy had personally thought of Chairman Lemnitzer as “a dope.” However, “Kennedy was acutely aware of how formidable the institutional powers were that he confronted.” As Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, an old family friend of the Kennedy’s explained, regarding JFK confiding in him, that Kennedy was “seared” by the Bay of Pigs experience, and “he had experienced the extreme power that these groups had, these various insidious influences of the CIA and Pentagon, on civilian policy.” JFK even questioned if he, as president, could “ever be strong enough to really rule these two powerful agencies.”[19]
Following the Bay of Pigs, JFK pulled away from any advice of these National Security kingpins and began to rely upon his most trusted personal advisers, and particularly his brother Robert Kennedy, who was the Attorney General, who would “move into the center of national security decision making for the rest of his brother’s presidency,” and took on the responsibility of supervising the CIA.[20]
Kennedy, for his part, “was more viscerally antiwar than has been recognized in some quarters,” as he once stated, “I am almost a ‘peace-at-any-price’ president.” As Robert McNamara, the Secretary of Defense, once explained, JFK “brought into the presidency the knowledge of history that many presidents didn’t have when they became president,” and that JFK had thought that, “the primary responsibility of the president is to keep the nation out of war if at all possible.”[21]
Arthur Schlesinger, Special Assistant to President Kennedy, later recalled that, “Certainly we did not control the Joint Chiefs of Staff,” reflecting on the deep divisions within the Kennedy administration. The National Security State’s “secret government,” which had controlled foreign policy in the previous two administrations of Truman and Eisenhower, “was not prepared to cede power to the new Kennedy government. This was soon made clear to the president’s team by the top military commanders.” In particular, Schlesinger explained regarding Kennedy’s fears of the military, “Kennedy’s concern was not that Khrushchev [the Soviet leader] would initiate something, but that something would go wrong in a Dr. Strangelove kind of way,” referring to Stanley Kubrick’s film in which a rogue U.S. general starts World War III. Even Defense Secretary Robert McNamara was struggling to control the generals under his command.[22]
General Curtis LeMay, the Air Force Chief, was a particularly staunch opponent of the Kennedy administration. He had once mused aloud to a Washington Post columnist in July of 1961 that he felt “nuclear war would break out in the final weeks of the year,” and that nuclear war was “inevitable.” LeMay, as McNamara acknowledged, was a staunch advocate of “preemptive nuclear war to rid the world of the Soviet threat,” casually acknowledging that “it would likely incinerate such major U.S. cities as Washington, New York, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, Chicago and Detroit.” LeMay, during World War II, made his name by “laying waste to much of Japan with his infamous firebombing campaign.”[23] [105]
April 1961: unconfirmed Border Patrol report of February 1962 alleges that Ferrie was the pilot who flew Carlos Marcello back into the United States from Guatemala after he had been deported in April 1961 as part of the U.S. Attorney General Robert Kennedy's crackdown on organized crime."[16] Another report, this one by the FBI, "...indicated Marcello offered [Ferrie associate Sergio] Arcacha Smith a deal whereby Marcello would make a substantial donation to the [anti-Castro] movement in return for concessions in Cuba after Castro's overthrow."[16][106]
April 19, 1961 While visiting Richard Nixon’s home, Allen Dulles is asked by Nixon if
he would like a drink. He replies: “I certainly would -- I really need one. This is the worst day of my
life.” Dulles blames the invasion’s failure on JFK’s last-minute cancellation of air strikes.
RFK dictates a letter to JFK today: “Our long-range policy objectives in Cuba are tied to
survival far more than what is happening in Laos or in the Congo or any other place in the world...The time
has come for a showdown, for in a year or two years the situation will be vastly worse.” RFK adds: “If we
don’t want Russia to set up missile bases in Cuba, we had better decide now what we are willing to do to
stop it.”
JFK’s depression about the Bay of Pigs reaches such depths that he tells his friend
LeMoyne Billings, “Lyndon [Johnson] can have it [the presidency] in 1964.” JFK refers to the
presidency as being “the most unpleasant job in the world.” [107]
In April 1962 Scamp was deployed to the western Pacific. [108]
in April 1963 Scamp deployed again to the western Pacific. While in the Far East, she conducted another extended period of advanced training, including operations in the Okinawa area. [109]
April 1963: Wheeler, Richard S.: The Boundary Stones (April 1963) [unpublished manuscript in the D.A.R. D.C. History collection].
April 19, 1963 At Oswald’s request, the New York FPCC office sends literature to him.
O&CIA
Also on this day George and Jeanne De Mohrenschildt drive to New York. A few days
later a CIA case officer asks the CIA’s Office of Security for an “expedite check of George De
Mohrenschildt.”
With details of JFK’s Cuban missile crisis agreement with Khrushchev still emerging, Dr.
Jose Miro Cardona resigns as head of the Cuban Revolutionary Council, originally set up by the
U.S. government as a means of controlling the disparate anti-Castro groups. Miro Cardona
charges that JFK is giving Castro “absolute immunity” and accuses him of “liquidating the struggle
for Cuba.” [110]
In mid-April 1967 B[oxley] was an editor on the Houston Tribune, working for THEODORE N. LAW, and wanted stories on GARRISON. B[oxley]’s source was BEN MORGAN. FRUGE was at the Holiday Inn, and after B[oxley] called MORGAN, MORGAN told FRUGE to contact B[oxley]. B[oxley] got together with FRUGE, [Garrison investigator Frank] MELOCHE and a girl at the Houston Tribune. [111]
April 1967: Hayden Pleasant Cole Nix (b. July 13, 1894 / d. April 19, 1967).[112]
Hayden Pleasant Cole Nix14 [Marion F. Nix13, John A. Nix12, Grace Louisa Francis Smith11, Gabriel Smith10, John “LR” Smith9, Ambrose J. Smith8, Christopher Smith7, Christopher Smith6, Thomas Smythe5, Thomas Smythe4, John Smythe3, Richard2, William1] (b. July 13, 1894 / d. April 19, 1967) married Rhoda Culwell (b. April 27, 1898 / d. September 13, 1974). [113]
April 1971
[114]
April 1981: John Thurman Pickelsimer14 [Susan D. Cavender13, Emily H. Smith12, Gideon Smith11, Gabriel Smith10, John “LR” Smith9, Ambrose J. Smith8, Christopher Smith7, Christopher Smith6, Thomas Smythe5, Thomas Smythe4, John Smythe3, Richard2, William1] (b. May 10, 1891 in Fannin Co. GA / d. May 1, 1970 in Clayton Co. GA) married Gladys Louise Mains (b. September 7, 1901 in Cumberland Co. MA / d. April 1981 in Henry Co. GA) on July 18, 1919.
A. Children of John Pickelsimer and Gladys Mains:
+ . i. John Thurman Pickelsimer (b. December 8, 1921 in Fulton Co. GA)
+ . ii. Hazel Ann Pickelsimer (b. November 23, 1923 in Polk Co. GA)[115]
April 1987: This is a copy of a diary written by William Harrison Goodlove dated from January 1, 1864 thru December 18, 1864. William Harrison Goodlove left the diary to his son, Earl Lee Goodlove who left it to his oldest son, Covert Lee Goodlove, who resided in Center Point, Iowa. The diary was copied “as written” by Jean (Goodlove) Lorence, daughter of Covert L. Goodlove, April 1987.[116] (It is in the possession of Jay Covert Goodlove.)
April 1996: Vandereycken, Walter & Van Deth, Ron, "The Anorectic Empress: Elisabeth of Austria", History Today, Vol. 46, April 1996
April 19, 2005: Former Hitler Youth member and Nazi soldier, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger from Germany became the successor to Pope John Paul II. Pope Benedict XVI[117]
Summer, 2005
100_1179
In 2005 the IKA joined with the racist skinhead group Blood and Honor to co-sponsor “Nordic Fest”, one of the largest racist music events in the United States. Each Summer several hundred Klansmen, Skinheads and Neo-Nazis converge at the IKA compound.[118]
\100_1180
• Members of the National Socialist Movement and racist Skinhead Organizations have joined forces with the Klan. The Nazi influence has increased the KKK’s hatred of the Jews.
• “A filthy Jew deserves nothing but death.”
• 2005 Nordic Fest speaker.[119]
100_1181
• “These groups have all pretty much settled on the same enemy, the Jew.”
• “The Klu Klux Klan has been Nazified and that is true with the vast majority of right wing groups out there.“
• Mark Potok
• Director, SPLC Intelligence Project.[120]
100_1183
• The IKA firmly embraces the Neo Nazis hatred of the Jews. The IKA is one of the most vehemently anti-Semitic Klan organizations in the country.[121]
100_1184
• “I believe that the Jews are the most devilish race on earth and if every one was destroyed it wouldn’t bother me a bit…would I do it, no, would I be happy to see it done, it wouldn’t bother me a bit.”
• Ron Edwards
• Imperial Wizard, Imperial Klans of America [122]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[2] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[3] http://www.tudor-history.com/about-tudors/tudor-timeline/
[4] http://www.tudor-history.com/about-tudors/tudor-timeline/
[5] Capon Valley, It’s Pioneers and Their Descendants, 1698 to 1940 by Maud Pugh Volume I page 190.
[6] Ancestors of Forrest Roger Garnett p. 1820.3.
[7] Dr. James Craik, afterwards the family physician of Washington, and his intimate and life-long friend.
[8] In Search of Turkey Foot Road, pages 81-82.
[9] Becky Bass Bonner Email: bbbonner@cox.net
Home of the *HARRISON* Repository
WWW: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~harrisonrep OR http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~harrisonrep
Data Managed by me and my mom Josephine Lindsay Bass (jbass@digital.net)
[10] 57 Research notes of Miss JoAnn Naugle published by private letter dated 1985.
[11] http://washburnhill.freehomepage.com/custom3.html
[12] (Maryland State Archives, St. John's Parish Records, M 229, Original Page 97 or revised . Page 341.)
[13] (http://washburnhill.freehomepage.com/custom3.html)
[14] (http://washburnhill.freehomepage.com/custom3.html)
[15] (Maryland State Archives, St. John's Parish Records, M 229, Original Page 97 or reviesed . Page 341.)
[16]
(http://washburnhill.freehomepage.com/custom3.html)
[17] Letter from JoAnn Naugle, 1985
[18] (Ref#33 page 522). Conrad and Caty, by Gary Goodlove
[19] (Ref32)
[20] Conrad and Caty, by Gary Goodlove
[21] URL: moon.ouhsc.edu/rbonner/harrbios/andrewharrison1018.html
[22] f* Winchester, Virginia. Frederick County Records, Deed Book, No. 7, p. 224.t Wiley’s history of Preston County, West Virginia, pp. 25-26. Torrence and Allied Families, Robert M. Torrence pg 323
[23] Ibid. The pages 58-74 (Ref#33) explain the problems which the states of Virginia and Pennsylvania had with these early settlers.
[24] Gerol “Gary” Goodlove Conrad and Caty, 2003
[25] The Brothers Crawford, Allen W. Scholl, 1995
[26] Baynton, Wharton and Morgan Papers, at Pennsylvania Archives
[27] Baynton, Wharton and Morgan. Philadelphia merchants establishing the first enterprise at Fort Pitt with an “east of the Alleghenies” home office. Built shingle-roofed building in Pittsburgh in 1766. Had traders down the Ohio River as far as Kentucky and Illinois buying furs from Indians. Suffered colonial PA’s most spectacular bankruptcy in 1767 when they went under with debts of £100,000.
John Baynton (b.1726, d.1773) was a member of the PA Assembly, provincial commissioner—supplied trade goods for the Indian treaty at Easton in 1758. Samuel Wharton (b.1732, d. 1800) expanded trade in agricultural goods and lumber from chiefly the Philadelphia area to customers in Quebec, Detroit, Fort Pitt, West Indies, Portugal, and London. The youngest member of the firm, George Morgan (b. 1743, d. 1810), brought inherited wealth and six years of experience to the firm (he was also the son-in-law of John Baynton). In 1765, George Morgan was sent to the Illinois country as the company's representative.
http://www.thelittlelist.net/bactoblu.htm
[28] Ref 31.6 Conrad and Caty, by Gary Goodlove 2003 ((Ancestors of Forrest Roger Garnett)
[29] 2- Wm. P. Palmer, Calendar of Va. State Papers, Vol. K pages 280, 281.
[30] The Complete Guide to Boston’s Freedom Trail by Charles Bahne, page 5.
[31] Nancy Harrison married Daniel McKinnon, born Apr 19, 1767, died Aug. 25, 1837, buried Pheasant Hill Cemetery, Clark Co., OH. Daniel served as Ohio Senator several times, was the second son of Daniel McKinnon, 1st, who came from England. His son, Daniel, Jr. was born in Virginia April 19th 1767. Died August 25, 1837. They came to Ohio in 1802 by the way of Kentucky with the first settlers. When Daniel 2nd was an infant. He being born in a fort in Kentucky. They were the parents of a large family of children, names of all have not been secured.
(This was provided by Mrs. Richard S. (Marian) Graham. It appears to be part of Mary C. Pearce’s DAR application papers.)
Ancestors of Forrest Roger Garnett Page 112.37
[32] http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/cgi-in/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=helens&id=I3109
[33] Letter from JoAnn Naugle, 1985
[34] (This was provided by Mrs. Richard S. (Marian) Graham. It appears to be part of Mary C. Pearce’s DAR application papers.)
Ancestors of Forrest Roger Garnett Page 112.37
[35]
[36] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kemp%27s_Landing
[37] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/patrick-henry-voices-american-opposition-to-british-policy
[38] The Complete Guide to Boston’s Freedom Trail by Charles Bahne, page 5.
[39] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[40] Ancestry.com. Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors in the War of the Revolution, 17 Vols. [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 1998. Original data: Secretary of the Commonwealth. Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors in the War of the Revolution. Vol. I-XVII. Boston, MA, USA: Wright and Potter Printing Co., 1896.
[41] About Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors in the War of the Revolution, 17 Vols.Prepared by the Secretary of the Commonwealth, this is an indexed compilation of the records of the Massachusetts soldiers and sailors who served in the army or navy during the...
[42] http://historicalartprints.com./hap/cmd?CMD=BROWSE&parent=17&catid=24
[43] About Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors in the War of the Revolution, 17 Vols.Prepared by the Secretary of the Commonwealth, this is an indexed compilation of the records of the Massachusetts soldiers and sailors who served in the army or navy during the...
[44] Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors in the War of the Revolution, 17 Vols. [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 1998. Original data: Secretary of the Commonwealth. Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors in the War of the Revolution. Vol. I-XVII. Boston, MA, USA: Wright and Potter Printing Co., 1896.
[45] Ancestry.com. Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors in the War of the Revolution, 17 Vols. [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 1998. Original data: Secretary of the Commonwealth. Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors in the War of the Revolution. Vol. I-XVII. Boston, MA, USA: Wright and Potter Printing Co., 1896.
[46] http://www.militaryartprints.com/proddetail.asp?prod=Troiani%2D0032&cat=27
[47] "Concord, Battle of," Microsoft’ Encarta’ Encyclopedia 2000. b 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
[48] http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924017918735/cu31924017918735_djvu.txt
[49] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kemp%27s_Landing
[50] The George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741-1799
The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745-1799. John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor.
[51] http://www.geni.com/people/John-Adams-2nd-President-of-the-USA-Signer-of-the-Declaration-of-Independence/6000000012593135757
[52] Annals of Southwestern Pennsylvania by Lewis Clark Walkinshaw, Volume III pg. 129.
[53] References in Old newspapers, gathered by Mrs. G. W. (Sylvia) Olson, address above, 22 Oct 1979.
Ancestors of Forrest Roger Garnett Page 112.48
[54] Crawford Coat of Arms
[55] Crawford Coat of Arms
[56] http://www.geni.com/people/Abraham-Lincoln/6000000002686627053
[57] ON This Day in America by John Wagman.
[58] Wisconsin Women in the War, 1911
[59] Annotated by Jeffery Lee Goodlove
[60] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/lincoln-dies-from-an-assassins-bullet
[61] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[62] History of the 24th Iowa Infantry by Harvey H Kimball, August 1974, page 200-201.)
[63] History of the 24th Iowa Infantry by Harvey H Kimball, August 1974, page 201.)
[64] Wikipedia
[65] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[66] Wikipedia
[67] There Goes the Neighborhood, Rural School Consolidation at the Grass Roots in Twentieth Century Iowa, by David R. Reynolds, page 159.
[68] Proposed Descendants of Wiiiam Smythe
[69] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/us-enters-world-war-i
[70] http://www.zionism-israel.com/his/Israel_and_Jews_before_the_state_timeline.htm
[71] www.wikipedia.org
[72] www.wikipedia.org
[73] http://www.zionism-israel.com/his/Israel_and_Jews_before_the_state_timeline.htm
[74] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haj_Amin_al-Husseini#World_War_I
[75] http://www.zionism-israel.com/his/Israel_and_Jews_before_the_state_timeline.htm
[76] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haj_Amin_al-Husseini#World_War_I
[77] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe
[78] http://www.colby.edu/personal/r/rmscheck/GermanyD4.html
[79] http://www.colby.edu/personal/r/rmscheck/GermanyD4.html
[80] http://www.colby.edu/personal/r/rmscheck/GermanyD4.html
[81] http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_did_the_Nazis_know_if_you_were_Jewish
[82] Remnantofgod.org/NaziRCC.htm
[83] Your People, My People by A. Roy Eckardt, page 24-25.
[84] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[85] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[86]
[87] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hitler-organizes-luftwaffe
[88] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_nuclear_energy_project
[89] French Children of the Holocaust, A Memorial, by Serge Klarsfeld, page 18.
[90] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe
[91] Wikipedia
[92] [1] Gedenkbuch, Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945. 2., wesentlich erweiterte Auflage, Band II G-K, Bearbeitet und herausgegben vom Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, 2006, pg. 1033-1035,.
{2}Der judishchen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus
“Ihre Namen mogen nie vergessen werden!”
[2]Memorial Book: Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Oppression in Germany, 1933-1945
[93] This Day in Jewish History
[94] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[95] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1776
[96] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1776
[97] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1769
[98] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1769
[99] WWII in HD 11/19/2009 History Channel
[100] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[101] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[102] http://cwcfamily.org/egy3.htm
[103] http://www.streatfield.info/p174.htm
[104] http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-national-security-state-and-the-assassination-of-jfk/22071
[105] http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-national-security-state-and-the-assassination-of-jfk/22071
[106] Wikipedia
[107] http://www.assassinationresearch.com/v2n1/chrono1.pdf
[108] This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.Skipjack-class submarine:
•Skipjack
•Scamp
•Scorpion
•Sculpin
•Shark
•Snook
[109] This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.Skipjack-class submarine:
•Skipjack
•Scamp
•Scorpion
•Sculpin
•Shark
•Snook
[110] http://www.assassinationresearch.com/v2n1/chrono1.pdf
[111] http://www.jfk-online.com/cher-boxley.html
[112] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe
[113] Proposed descendants of William Smythe.
[114] LBJ Presidential Museum, Austin, TX. February 11, 2012
[115] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe
[116] On the front page of the transcription.
[117] HISTI
[118] KKK:Inside American Terror. NTGEO 10/15/2008
[119] KKK:Inside American Terror. NTGEO 10/15/2008
[120] KKK:Inside American Terror. NTGEO 10/15/2008
[121] KKK:Inside American Terror. NTGEO 10/15/2008
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