This Day in Goodlove History, April 20, 2014

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Jeffery Lee Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com

Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove

The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), Jefferson, LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, and including ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, John Quincy Adams and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Martin Van Buren, Teddy Roosevelt, U.S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison “The Signer”, Benjamin Harrison, Jimmy Carter, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, William Taft, John Tyler (10th President), James Polk (11th President)Zachary Taylor, and Abraham Lincoln.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:

• New Address! http://wwwfamilytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx

• • Books written about our unique DNA include:

• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.

Birthdays on April 20
Sarah E. Davidson
Elizabeth Godlove MCKEE
Nelson Godlove
Edwin E. Henderson
Mildred Hitchell Johnson
Elizabeth LeFevre LANTZ
William L. Mckee
Sherri L. Mendoza
Keziah Moore Allen
Joseph E. Smith
April 20 or April 26, 121: Birthdate of Marcus Aurelius 16th Roman emperor. The “Philosopher” Emperor reigned from 161-180 and he was a cut above those who came before and after him. But he had a low opinion of the Jews, referring to them as “stinking and tumultuous” as “he rode through Judea.” He reportedly preferred the company of the barbaric Teutons in the north to that of the Jews. This attitude may have been shaped by the difficulty the Romans had in defeating the Jews during their successive rebellions against Rome. Only 25 years before Marcus Aurelius came to power, it had taken the full force of the Roman Empire four years to finally defeat Bar Kochba and Rabbi Akiva.
Hadrian's Wall
Coordinates: 55°01′27″N 2°17′33″W55.02417°N 2.29250°W

This article is part of the series on:
Military of ancient Rome (portal)
753 BC – AD 476
Structural history

Roman army (unit types and ranks, legions, auxiliaries, generals)

Roman navy (fleets, admirals)

Campaign history

Lists of wars and battles

Decorations and punishments

Technological history

Military engineering (castra, siege engines, arches, roads)

Political history

Strategy and tactics

Infantry tactics

Frontiers and fortifications (limes, Hadrian's Wall)

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Location of Hadrian's Wall


Route of Hadrian's Wall


Sections of Hadrian's Wall remain along the route, though much has been dismantled over the years to use the stones for various nearby construction projects.


Hadrian's Wall facing East towards Crag Lough
Hadrian's Wall (Latin: Vallum Aelium, "Aelian Wall" – the Latin name is inferred from text on the Staffordshire Moorlands Patera) was a defensive fortification in Roman Britain. Begun in AD 122, during the rule of emperor Hadrian, it was the first of two fortifications built across Great Britain, the second being the Antonine Wall, lesser known of the two because its physical remains are less evident today.
The wall was the most heavily fortified border in the Empire.[citation needed] In addition to its role as a military fortification, it is thought that many of the gates through the wall would have served as customs posts to allow trade and levy taxation.[1]
A significant portion of the wall still exists, having been rescued in the 19th century by John Clayton, who, alarmed at the destruction by quarrying, bought a number of sections.[2] For much of its length, the wall can be followed on foot by Hadrian's Wall Path or by cycle on National Cycle Route 72. It is the most popular tourist attraction in Northern England. It was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. English Heritage, a government organisation in charge of managing the historic environment of England, describes it as "the most important monument built by the Romans in Britain".[3]
•
Dimensions
Hadrian's Wall was 117.5 km (73.0 mi) long [4] its width and height were dependent on the construction materials which were available nearby. East of River Irthing, the wall was made from squared stone and measured 3 metres (9.8 feet) wide and 5 to 6 metres (16 to 20 feet) high, while west of the river the wall was made from turf and measured 6 metres (20 feet) wide and 3.5 metres (11 feet) high. This does not include the wall's ditches, berms and forts. The central section measured eight Roman feet wide (7.8 ft or 2.4 m) on a 10-foot (3.0 m) base. Some parts of this section of the wall survive to a height of 10 feet (3.0 m).
Route
Hadrian's Wall extended west from Segedunum at Wallsend on the River Tyne, via Carlisle and Kirkandrews-on-Eden, to the shore of the Solway Firth, ending a short but unknown distance west of the village of Bowness-on-Solway.[5]
Although the curtain wall ends near Bowness-on-Solway, this does not mark the end of the line of defensive structures. The system of milecastles and turrets is known to have continued along the Cumbria coast as far as Maryport. For classification purposes, the milecastles west of Bowness-on-Solway are referred to as Milefortlets.
The A69 and B6318 roads follow the course of the wall from Newcastle upon Tyne to Carlisle, then along the northern coast of Cumbria (south shore of the Solway Firth). It is a common misconception that Hadrian's wall marks the boundary between England and Scotland. This is not the case; Hadrian's wall lies entirely within England, and south of the border with Scotland by less than one kilometre in the west at Bowness-on-Solway, and 110 kilometres (68 mi) in the east.[6]
Purpose of construction
Hadrian's Wall was likely planned before Roman Emperor Hadrian's visit to Britain in 122. According to restored sandstone fragments found in Jarrow that date from 118 or 119, it was Hadrian's wish to keep "intact the empire," which had been imposed upon him via "divine instruction."[7] The fragments then announce the building of the wall. It is entirely possible that, on his arrival in Britain in 122, one of the stops on his itinerary was the northern frontier and an inspection of the progress of the wall as it was being built.
Although Hadrian's biographer wrote "(Hadrian) was the first to build a wall 80 miles long to separate the Romans from the barbarians",[8] reasons for the construction of the wall vary, and no recording of any exact explanation survives. However, a number of theories have been presented by historians, primarily centering around an expression of Roman power and Hadrian's policy of defence before expansion. For example, on his accession to the throne in 117, Hadrian had been experiencing rebellion in Roman Britain and from the peoples of various conquered lands across the Empire, including Egypt, Israel, Libya and Mauretania.[7] These troubles may have had a hand in Hadrian's plan to construct the wall, and his construction of limes in other areas of the Empire, but to what extent is unknown.
Scholars also disagree over how much of a threat the inhabitants of northern Britain actually presented, and whether there was any more economic advantage in defending and garrisoning a fixed line of defences like the Wall over simply conquering and annexing what has become the Scottish Lowlands and manning the territory with a loose arrangement of forts.[7] The Limes of Rome were never expected to stop whole tribes from migrating or entire armies from invading, and while a frontier protected by a palisade or stone wall would surely help curb cattle-raiders and the incursions of other small groups,[9] the economic viability of constructing and constantly manning a 72-mile (116 km) long boundary along a sparsely populated border to stop small-scale raiding is dubious.[7]
Another possible explanation for the erection of the great wall is the degree of control it would have provided over immigration, smuggling, and customs.[7] Limes did not strictly mark the boundaries of Rome, with Roman power and influence often extending beyond its walls.[7] People inside and beyond the limes travelled through it each day when conducting business, and organized check-points like those offered by Hadrian's Wall provided good opportunities for taxation. With watch towers only a short distance from gateways in the limes, patrolling legionaries would have been able to keep track of entering and exiting natives and Roman citizens alike, charging customs dues, and checking for smuggling activity.
Another theory is of the simpler variety—Hadrian's Wall was, if not wholly, at least partially, constructed to reflect the power of Rome, and was used as a political point by Hadrian. Once its construction was finished, it is thought to have been covered in plaster and then white-washed, its shining surface able to reflect the sunlight and be visible for miles around.[7]
Construction
Construction probably started sometime in 122[10] and was largely completed within six years.[11] Construction started in the east, between milecastles four and seven, and proceeded westwards, with soldiers from all three of the occupying Roman legions participating in the work. The route chosen largely paralleled the nearby Stanegate road from Luguvalium (Carlisle) to Coria (Corbridge), upon which were situated a series of forts, including Vindolanda. The wall in the east follows a hard, resistant igneous diabase rock escarpment, known as the Whin Sill.


Roman fort and town at Corstopitum viewed along the Stanegate
The initial plan called for a ditch and wall with 80 small gated milecastle fortlets, one placed every Roman mile, holding a few dozen troops each, and pairs of evenly spaced intermediate turrets used for observation and signalling. However, very few milecastles are actually situated at exact Roman mile divisions; they can be up to 200 yards east or west because of landscape features or to improve signalling to the Stanegate forts to the south.[12] Local limestone was used in the construction, except for the section to the west of Irthing where turf was used instead, since there were no useful outcrops nearby. Milecastles in this area were also built from timber and earth rather than stone, but turrets were always made from stone. The Broad Wall was initially built with a clay-bonded rubble core and mortared dressed rubble facing stones, but this seems to have made it vulnerable to collapse, and repair with a mortared core was sometimes necessary.
The milecastles and turrets were of three different designs, depending on which Roman legion built them — inscriptions of the Second, Sixth, and Twentieth Legions, show that all were involved in the construction. All were about 493 metres (539 yards) apart and measured 14.02 square metres (46.0 square feet) internally.
Construction was divided into lengths of about 5 miles (8.0 km). One group of each legion would excavate the foundations and build the milecastles and turrets and then other cohorts would follow with the wall construction. It was finished in 128.


Vallum at Hadrian's Wall near Milecastle 42 (Cawfields)
'Broad Wall' and 'Narrow Wall'[edit]
Early in its construction, just after reaching the North Tyne, the width of the wall was narrowed to 2.5 metres (8.2 feet) or even less (sometimes 1.8 metres) (the "Narrow Wall"). However, Broad Wall foundations had already been laid as far as the River Irthing, where the Turf Wall began, demonstrating that construction worked from east to west. Many turrets and milecastles were optimistically provided with stub 'wing walls' in preparation for joining to the Broad Wall, offering a handy reference for archaeologists trying to piece together the construction chronology.
Within a few years it was decided to add a total of 14 to 17 (sources disagree) full-sized forts along the length of the wall, including Vercovicium (Housesteads) and Banna (Birdoswald), each holding between 500 and 1,000 auxiliary troops (no legions were posted to the wall). The eastern end of the wall was extended further east from Pons Aelius (Newcastle) to Segedunum (Wallsend) on the Tyne estuary. Some of the larger forts along the wall, such as Cilurnum (Chesters) and Vercovicium (Housesteads), were built on top of the footings of milecastles or turrets, showing the change of plan. An inscription mentioning early governor Aulus Platorius Nepos indicates that the change of plans took place early on. Also some time still during Hadrian's reign (before 138) the wall west of the Irthing was rebuilt in sandstone to basically the same dimensions as the limestone section to the east.
After most of the forts had been added, the Vallum was built on the southern side. The wall was thus part of a defensive system which, from north to south included:
• A row of forts built 5 to 10 miles (16 km) north of the wall, used for scouting and intelligence (e.g. Bewcastle Roman Fort)
• a glacis and a deep ditch
• a berm with rows of pits holding entanglements
• the curtain wall
• a later military road (the Military Way)
• The Vallum.


Part of Hadrian's Wall from Housesteads showing the Knag Burn Gateway in the valley
Standards[edit]
Above the curtain wall's foundations, one or more footing courses were laid. Offsets were introduced above these footing courses (on both the north and south faces), which reduced the wall's width. Where the width of the curtain wall is stated, it is in reference to the width above the offset. Two standards of offset have been identified. Standard A, where the offset occurs above the first footing course, and Standard B where the offset occurs after the third (or sometimes fourth) footing course.[13]
Garrison[edit]
The wall was garrisoned by auxiliary (non-legionary) units of the army (non-citizens). Their numbers fluctuated throughout the occupation but may have been around 9,000 strong in general, including infantry and cavalry. The new forts could hold garrisons of 600 men (120 cavalry and 480 infantry for example as at Segedunum), while cavalry units of 1,000 troops were stationed at either end. The total number of soldiers manning the early wall was probably greater than 10,000.
They suffered serious attacks in 180, and especially between 190 and 197 when the garrison had been seriously weakened, following which major reconstruction had to be carried out under Septimius Severus. The region near the wall remained peaceful for most of the rest of the 3rd century. It is thought that some in the garrison may have married and integrated into the local community throughout the years.


Leahill 51B is a typical example of the many turrets built into the wall between the mile castles.
After Hadrian[edit]
In the years after Hadrian's death in 138, the new emperor, Antoninus Pius essentially abandoned the wall, leaving it occupied in a support role, and began building a new wall called the Antonine Wall, about 160 kilometres (99 mi) north, in what later became known as the Scottish Lowlands, though the short strip running West South West to East North East from coast to coast sometimes referred to as the Central Belt or Central Lowlands. This turf wall ran 40 Roman miles (about 37.8 mi (60.8 km)) and had significantly more forts than Hadrian's Wall. Antoninus was unable to conquer the northern tribes, so when Marcus Aurelius became emperor, he abandoned the Antonine Wall and reoccupied Hadrian's Wall as the main defensive barrier in 164. The wall remained occupied by Roman troops until their withdrawal from Britain.
In the late 4th century, barbarian invasions, economic decline, and military coups loosened the Empire's hold on Britain. By 410, the Roman administration and its legions were gone, and Britain was left to look to its own defences and government. The garrisons, by now probably made up mostly of local Britons who had nowhere else to go,[citation needed] probably lingered on in some form for generations.[citation needed] Archaeology is beginning to reveal that some parts of the wall remained occupied well into the 5th century. Enough also survived in the 8th century for spolia from it to find its way into the construction of Jarrow Priory, and for Bede to see and describe the wall thus in Historia Ecclesiastica 1.5, although he misidentified it as being built by Septimius Severus:
After many great and dangerous battles, he thought fit to divide that part of the island, which he had recovered from the other unconquered nations, not with a wall, as some imagine, but with a rampart. For a wall is made of stones, but a rampart, with which camps are fortified to repel the assaults of enemies, is made of sods, cut out of the earth, and raised above the ground all round like a wall, having in front of it the ditch whence the sods were taken, and strong stakes of wood fixed upon its top.
But in time the wall was abandoned and fell into ruin. Over the centuries the stone was reused in other local buildings.


Painting by William Bell Scott


Hadrian's Wall near Birdoswald Fort, with a man spraying weed-killer to reduce biological weathering to the stones
The wall fascinated John Speed, who published a set of maps of England and Wales by county at the start of the 17th century. He described it as 'the Picts Wall' (or 'Pictes'; he uses both spellings). A map of Newecastle (sic), drawn in 1610 by William Matthew, described it as 'Severus' Wall', thus giving it the name ascribed by Bede. The maps for Cumberland and Northumberland not only show the wall as a major feature, but are ornamented with drawings of Roman finds, together with, in the case of the Cumberland map, a cartouche in which he sets out a description of the wall itself.
Preservation by John Clayton[edit]
Much of the wall has disappeared. Long sections of it were used for roadbuilding in the 18th century,[14] especially by General Wade in construction of a military road (most of which lies beneath the present day B6318 "Military Road") for the purpose of moving troops to crush the Jacobite insurrection.[15] The preservation of much of what remains can be credited to John Clayton. He trained as a lawyer and became town clerk of Newcastle in the 1830s. He became enthusiastic about preserving the wall after a visit to Chesters. To prevent farmers taking stones from the wall, he began buying some of the land on which the wall stood. In 1834 he started purchasing property around Steel Rigg. Eventually he had control of land from Brunton to Cawfields. This stretch included the sites of Chesters, Carrawburgh, Housesteads and Vindolanda. Clayton carried out excavation work at the fort at Cilurnum and at Housesteads, and he excavated some milecastles.
Clayton managed the farms he had acquired and succeeded in improving both the land and the livestock. His successful management produced a cash flow which could be invested in future restoration work.
Workmen were employed to restore sections of the wall, generally up to a height of seven courses. The best example of the Clayton Wall is at Housesteads. After Clayton’s death, the estate passed to relatives and was soon lost at gambling. Eventually the National Trust began the process of acquiring the land on which the wall stands.
At Wallington Hall, near Morpeth, there is a painting by William Bell Scott, which shows a centurion supervising the building of the wall. The centurion has been given the face of John Clayton.
World Heritage Site[edit]
Hadrian's Wall was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987, and in 2005 it became part of the transnational "Frontiers of the Roman Empire" World Heritage Site which also includes sites in Germany.[16]
Tourism to the Wall[edit]
Although Hadrian's Wall was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987, it remains unguarded, allowing those interested in the site full advantage of going up to, and standing upon, the wall (although this is not encouraged, as it could damage the historic structure).
April 20, 636: At the Battle of Yarmuk the Arabs took control of Syria and Palestine away from the Byzantine Empire. It is considered by some historians to have been one of the most significant battles in the history of the world, since it marked the first great wave of Muslim conquests outside Arabia, and heralded the rapid advance of Islam into Christian Palestine, Syria and Mesopotamia. The battle took place only four years after the prophet Muhammad died in 632. Considering the way the Christians had been treating them, the conquest by the Arabs left the Jews in a comparatively better position. The victory at Yarmuk led to the first great wave of Moslem conquest that would sweep across Egypt, North Africa and across the Mediterranean to Spain. Conditions for the Jews improved compared to life under the Byzantines. The Golden Age of Spain was the ultimate high point of this change. But life under Islam was uneven for Jews and they suffered in many different areas depending upon which group of Islamists was in control.
April 20, 1536: According to author and Tudor historian Alison Weir, Thomas Cromwell plotted Anne's downfall while feigning illness and detailing the plot April 20-21, 1536. Anne's biographer Eric Ives, among others, believes that her fall and execution were engineered by Thomas Cromwell.[106] The conversations between Chapuys and Cromwell thereafter indicate Cromwell as the instigator of the plot to remove Anne; evidence of this is seen in the Spanish Chronicle and through letters written from Chapuys to Charles V. Anne argued with Cromwell over the redistribution of Church revenues and over foreign policy. She advocated that revenues be distributed to charitable and educational institutions; and she favoured a French alliance. Cromwell insisted on filling the King's depleted coffers, while taking a cut for himself, and preferred an imperial alliance.[107] For these reasons, Ives suggests, "Anne Boleyn had become a major threat to Thomas Cromwell."[108] Cromwell's biographer John Schofield, on the other hand, contends that no power struggle existed between Anne and Cromwell and that "not a trace can be found of a Cromwellian conspiracy against Anne... Cromwell became involved in the royal marital drama only when Henry ordered him onto the case."[109] Cromwell did not manufacture the accusations of adultery, though he and other officials used them to bolster Henry's case against Anne.[110] Historian Retha Warnicke questions whether Cromwell could have manipulated the king in such a matter.[111] Henry himself issued the crucial instructions: his officials, including Cromwell, carried them out.[112] The result, historians agree, was a legal travesty.[113] To do so, the Master Secretary Cromwell would need sufficient evidence that would be convincing enough for her conviction or risk his own offices and perhaps life.
April 20, 1549: Catherine's other jewels were kept in a coffer with five drawers at Sudeley and this was sent to the Tower of London on April 20, 1549, and her clothes and papers followed.
April 20. 1571: To Monsieur de Verac.
Monsieur de Verac, I have been informed of some proposal which the Earl of Lennox has made to you which threatens my life with poison. And because there have been discovered here certain things which have a tendency to the same design, of which there are sufficient marks and proofs, I write this to you, judging from what I have heard of your departure, that you will be in France soon as the bearer, to request that you will write to me a letter signed by yourself, which I may be able to exhibit as testimony of the words used by the said Lennox. Which I am sure you would not conceal from me, any more than you have done to my servants who have mentioned the matter to me. And thus I conclude, leaving the rest to the bearer aforesaid, who goes hence for the reasons which he will tell you. Praying God, Monsieur de Vérac, to
have you in his holy keeping.

Written at the Castle of Sheffield, this 20th of April, 1571.

Your very good friend,

Marie R.

April 20, 1642: James II Honours
• KG: Knight of the Garter, April 20, 1642[152]
Arms]


Half-Crown coin of James II, 1686
Prior to his accession, James's coat of arms was the royal arms (which he later inherited), differenced by a label of three points Ermine.[154] His arms as king were: Quarterly, I and IV Grandquarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England); II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland).

Coat of arms of James II of England

Coat of arms of James VII in Scotland

In popular culture
James is a character in the novel The Man Who Laughs by Victor Hugo. He was portrayed by Josef Moser in the 1921 Austrian silent film Das grinsende Gesicht and by Sam De Grasse in the 1928 silent film The Man Who Laughs.
He has also been portrayed by Gibb McLaughlin in the 1926 silent film Nell Gwynne, based on a novel by Joseph Shearing, Lawrence Anderson in the 1934 film Nell Gwyn, Vernon Steele in the 1935 film Captain Blood, based on the novel by Rafael Sabatini, Douglas Matthews in the 1938 BBC TV drama Thank You, Mr. Pepys, Henry Oscar in the 1948 film Bonnie Prince Charlie, John Westbrook in the 1969 BBC TV series The First Churchills, Guy Henry in the 1995 film England, My England, the story of the composer Henry Purcell, and Charlie Creed-Miles in the 2003 BBC TV miniseries Charles II: The Power & the Passion.
The squabbling surrounding James's kingship, the Monmouth Rebellion, the Glorious Revolution, James's abdication, and William of Orange's subsequent accession to the throne are themes in Neal Stephenson's 2003 novel Quicksilver.

On April 20, 1653 Cromwell dismissed the Rump Parliament by force, setting up a short-lived nominated assembly known as the Barebones Parliament, before being invited by his fellow leaders to rule as Lord Protector of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland.
April 20, 1563: Cromwell was so angered by this that on April 20, 1653, supported by about forty musketeers, he cleared the chamber and dissolved the Parliament by force. Several accounts exist of this incident: in one, Cromwell is supposed to have said "you are no Parliament, I say you are no Parliament; I will put an end to your sitting".[86] At least two accounts agree that Cromwell snatched up the mace, symbol of Parliament's power, and demanded that the "bauble" be taken away.[87] Cromwell's troops were commanded by Charles Worsley, later one of his Major Generals and one of his most trusted advisors, to whom he entrusted the mace.
Establishment of Barebones Parliament: 1653
After the dissolution of the Rump, power passed temporarily to a council that debated what form the constitution should take. They took up the suggestion of Major-General Thomas Harrison for a "sanhedrin" of saints. Although Cromwell did not subscribe to Harrison's apocalyptic, Fifth Monarchist beliefs—which saw a sanhedrin as the starting point for Christ's rule on earth—he was attracted by the idea of an assembly made up of men chosen for their religious credentials.
April 20, 1754
“The 20th.-Came down to Col. Cresap’s [Old Town, Md.] to order the detachment, and on my route had notice that the fort was taken by the French. That news was confirmed by Mr. Ward, the ensign of Capt Trent, who had been obliged to surrender to a body of one thousand French and upwards, unde command of Capt. Contrcooeur, who was came down from Venango with sixty bateaux and three hundred canoes , and who, having planted eighteen pieces of cannon against the fort, afterwards had sent him a summons to depart.”

The French take the British fort at the present-day location of Pittsburgh
In his April 20, 1754 journal entry, Washington recorded hearing about Ward‘s encounter with
the French as follows:
April 20th Came down to Colonel Cresap‘s to order the Detachment, and on my Route,
had notice that the Fort was taken by the French. That news was confirmed by Mr Ward,
the Ensign of Captain Trent, who had been obliged to surrender to a Body of one
thousand French and upwards, under the Command of Captain Contrecoeur, who was
come from Venango Presque Isle with sixty bateaux, and three hundred canoes , and who
having planted eighteen pieces of Cannon against the Fort, afterwards had sent him a
Summons to withdraw.
The ejection of Trent‘s forces under threat of military force was an overt act of war, as was the
attack at Loggstown. The first such overt act was the attack on Pickawillany.

April 20, 1756.

Sir: I received yours, dispatched last night by Express about two o’clock this morning. There is ammunition already sent up, but I send you more now. I hope ere this, Captain Harrison is safe arrived with you. Let him know it is my Orders, that he return the Horses he took up with him, per the first safe hand that is coming down: and that he transmit me constantly what intelligence he may receive.
I can scarcely give credit to any part of the Report you transmitted to me, from Captain Ashby. If Captain Harrison can, by good woodsmen, get intelligence of the number of the Enemy, and their place of Rendezvous, if near your Station. I would have them endeavour to surprise them in the night, by failing upon them at their sleeping places. Yours, &c.

George Washington to Edward Hubbard, April 20, 1756

April 20, 1756

Sir: You will receive by the Bearer as much powder as I think will suffice: Ball, according to your own account, you have enough of. I am informed by the Bearer, that the Inhabitants at Enoch’s (where your party is garrisoned) are desirous of moving. I would therefore recommend that you may, if you can convey them, and such Stores as are in your Custody, to retreat to Edward’s. If you find this impracticable; Captain Harrison is ordered to send a Sergeant and ten men, to strengthen you, from that place. You are to take care that it is sent for that purpose. I expect in a very little time to have a number of men to relieve the Inhabitants on all the waters: But in case this should not be done: you : Garrison: and see that there is the greatest care and economy therein. I am, Sir, &c.

No. 8.—CRAWFORD TO WASHINGT0N.

April 20, 1771.
SIR:—Agreeable to your request, I went to view Colonel Croghan’s land; but before it could be done the line was to be run, which I attended and viewed the whole; but I could not find the quantity of land you wanted, nor one thousand acres such as you would like, or such as I would have, to be laid off as he wanted me to lay it off. There was some good land on Raccoon creek, (1) along the stream, but it was very hilly off from the creek. The hills are of the poorest sort, all piney, where the bottoms are of any goodness. What land is worth anything is already taken by somebody, whose survey comes within the line we run. But the Colonel is not content with that line, as he thinks it does not include lands enough. I am afraid he has not a proper title to what lie is now claiming; but I will avoid giving him any certain answer about the land as long as I can possibly do so. I have found some good tracts of land on the head of Chartier’s creek and the head of Raccoon creek. It is good, level, farming land, and good meadow, but not that quantity you wanted. I believe I can procure you a tract, in one body of three thousand acres, which is very good, well watered, and about fifteen or twenty miles from the fort. I have not told him where the land lies, and I am afraid to tell him till he runs the line, for I think if he knew of it he would run it in on purpose to have the selling of it to you; as he prides himself much upon it, and makes it a handle to all bargains he is making with other people.
I have told him I have found some land; and if it comes in his land, or within his line, I will agree with him for it. I have run it out, and have hired some hands to work on it, in order to hold it till I know how to come by a right for it; as it is very good. I think you may have between three and four thousand acres in a body—very good land for farming.
You may depend on my being as cautious as you could wish in every particular concerning the soldier lands; and as soon as I can finish the outlines I shall wait on you, which I hope will be by the first of August. I shall then run out lines going down the river and coming back; as then the stream will be low, and I can measure up the beach. You shall hear from me by all safe opportunities. I am, etc.

Gunpowder Incident - April 20, 1775

April 20, 1775: Virginia's Royal Governor Lord Dunmore attempted to take the gunpowder from the Williamsburg magazine as part of his attempt to hold on to power in the colony. In response, Henry led the Patriot militia in a standoff with Dunmore's troops until fellow Virginian Patriot Carter Braxton negotiated a settlement. The incident is known as the Gunpowder Affair.
From 1776 to 1779, Henry served as the first governor of the state of Virginia. He held the post again from 1784 to 1786. After serving as governor, Henry continued to influence American politics. Among his most important work was his fight for the addition of the first 10 amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, to the U.S. Constitution, which guarantee basic freedoms, such as the freedoms of speech and religion, to American citizens.
April 20, 1776: At a Court held at Pittsburgh, for the District of West
Augusta the Twentieth day of August, 1776 :

Present, Edward Ward, Dorsey Penticost, John Gibson,
David Sheperd, John Cannon, and William Goe, gent.

Dorsey Penticost and John Gibson, Gent, administered the
Oath prescribed by an ordinance entitled ' ' an ordinance to en-
able the present Magistrates & officers to continue the adminis-
tration of Justice & for setling the General mode of Proceeding
in criminal and other cases, till the same can be more amply
provided for," to Edward Ward, Gent, and then the said Ed-



Minutes of Court at Fort Dunmore. 565

ward Ward administered the aforesaid oath to John Gibson,
Dorsey Penticost, John Cannon, David Shepherd, and Wm.
Goe, Gentn. David Shepherd, and John Cannon, Gent, are

(77) appointed to Contract with some person or persons to build a
house 24 by 14 With a petition in the middle, to be Used for
a Goal at Augusta Town. 17

John Madison, Jun'r, Denuty Clerk, took the Oath appointed
by an Ordinance of Convention.

Patrick McElroy, Deputy Sheriff, took the Aforesaid Oath.

Court Proclaimed.

McKinley vs Beal, Agreed, pd.

Samuel Newell and Michael Thorn, being bound over on the
Complt of James Chambers, who being called and not appear-
ing to prosecute It is Ord that they be discharged.

Dav'd Steel, a Deputy Sheriff, took the Oath appointed by
an Ordinance of Convention.

Admon of the Estate of Joshua Hudson, dec'd, granted to
his brother Wm. Hudson, he hav'g Comp with the Law.

Ordered that Robert Jones, John Jarrett, Henry Hall, and
Aaron Jenkins, or any 3, App the Estate.

Ord that all the Constables be Summoned to be Sworn agre-
able to the Ordinance of Convention before the most Con-
venient Magistrate to them.

Edward Ward, Dorsey Penticost, and John Gibson, Gentn,
are recommended as proper persons for his Excellency to choose
one of them to Act as Sheriff for the Ensuing Year.

Alex'r McKee, Philip Ross, Benja Kuykendall, John Nevill,
David Rodgers, Isaac Cox, Geo McCormick, Matthew Ritchey,
Wm. Louther, John Evans, Jas. Chew, David Scott, John

(78) Harden, Sen'r, John Swearengen, Thomas Gaddis, James Mc-
Coy, Wm. Harrison, John DeCamp, Caleb Graydon, Henry
Heath, Sam'l Newell, Thos Brown, James Hammond, Thos
Freeman, Wm Moore, Joshua Wright, Rich'd Yeats, John Mc-
Dowell, Erasmus Bokias, David Enocks, James Hopkins, Henry
Enocks, Henry Vanmetree, Chas Dodd, Daniel Mcfarlane,
John Mitchell, James Caldwell, John Walker, John Williamson,
Sen'r, Wm. Scott, Thomas Polk, David Andrews, John Mc-

11 This Augusta Town, was at Catfish-camp, afterward Washington, Washington
Co., Pa.

37



566 Annals of the Carnegie Museum.

Donald, Oliver Miller, Zachariah Spriggs, And'w Swearengen,
BenjaFry, Jonathan Coburn,John Hamilton, and Jonas Freind,
are recommended as proper persons to be added to the Com-
mission of the Peace.

Moses Williamson, Jun'r, is App'd a Constable, and It is
Ord that he be Sum'd to be Sworn into the office before Mr.
David Shepherd.

Ord that the Court be adjorned until the third Tuesday in
September next to Catfish Camp 1S Augusta Town

Edw. Ward.

April 20, 1779: Cutting a 1779 road to Turkey Foot
The 1900 book ―Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society‖ (Appendix 0024) summarizes Revolutionary War Quartermaster General Nathanael Greene‘s copy of a letter from Captain Charles Clinton to Colonel Morgan. The summary indicates that a road from Fort Cumberland to Turkey Foot was cut in 1779 by troops under Clinton‘s command. The published summary reads as follows:
CLINTON, CHARLES (Capt.), to COL. MORGAN: 1779.—April 20. Fort Cumberland.
— Has opened the road from the above place to Turkey Foot, except four or five miles.
Money needed to pay hands. Enclosing survey.
We have not been able to locate the survey that accompanied the original letter88 . The body ofthe letter (Figure 0364) reads:
Yours of the 25th of March came to hand the 6th instant. I have open‘d the Road from this place to Turkey Foot except four or five miles which I expect will be completed this week.
I shall be in Want of Money to pay the Hands, which you will please to send by the first
Opportunity — I think three thousand five hundred dollars89 will be sufficient — The Men who are employed are all of Opinion that a good Waggon Road may be made as the
whole way is clear of Swamps except about twenty Perches near the little Crossings —
The enclosed Survey is laid down by a Scale of 600 equal parts to an Inch –
Little Crossings
Clinton‘s mention of ―Little Crossings‖ seems, at first blush, to mean that Clinton‘s road went through the present-day Grantsville area, where the 1813 Stone Bridge crosses the Casselman River. After all, that place has been referred to as the ―Little Crossings‖ since George 88 The letter and survey are not part of the Morgan Letter Book Collection at the Carnegie Library (Pittsburgh) or the Morgan family papers at the Senator John Heinz History Center (Pittsburgh).
Washington called it that in 175590. The complicating factor with that interpretation is that the entire Casselman River was sometimes referred to as ―Little Crossings‖. For example, Doctor James Craig‘s October 2, 1784 letter to General Washington (quoted at length in the following chapter) mentions ―sixty miles of difficult navigation up the Little Crossing‖. This is a clear reference to a stream, rather than a fording site. For another example, see the 1790 Abrams survey of the present-day location of Confluence (Figure 0365). Volume IV of the 1814 book ―The Geographical and Historical Dictionary of America and the West Indies‖ also refers to the Casselman River as ―Little Crossings‖, stating: TURKEY FOOT, in Youghiogany river, is the point of junction of the great S. Branch, Little Crossings from the s. e. and N. Branch from the n. It is 40 miles from the mouth of the river, 20 miles s.s.w. of Berlin, in Pennsylvania, and 29 n.e. of Morgantown. Lat. 39º 48‘ n..

FORT PITT, April 20, 1782.
Sir:—I arrived here the 25th of March. At that time things were in greater confusion than can well be conceived. The country people were, to all appearance, in a fit of frenzy. About three hundred had just returned from the Moravian towns, where they found about ninety men, women and children [Moravian Indians, usually so stated], all of whom they put to death, it is said, after cool deliberation and considering the matter for three days. The whole were collected into their church and tied when singing hymns. On [after] their return, a party came and attacked a few Delaware Indians, who have yet remained with us, on a small island close by this garrison, killed two who had captains’ commissions in our Service, and several others; the remainder effected their escape into the fort, except two who ran to the woods, and have not Since been heard of. There was an officer’s guard on the island at the same time, but he either he did not do his duty or his men connived at the thing; which, I am not yet able to ascertain. This last outrage was committed the day before I arrived; nothing of this nature has been attempted since.



A number of wrong-headed men had conceived an opinion that Colonel Gibson was a friend to Indians, and that he must be killed also. These transactions, added to the then mutinous disposition of the regular troops, had nearly brought on the loss of this whole country. I am confident, if this post was evacuated, the bounds of Canada would be extended to the Laurel Hill in a few weeks. I have the pleasure, however, to inform your excellency that things now wear a more favorable aspect. The troops are again reduced to obedience, and I have had a meeting or convention of the county lieutenants and several field officers, with whom I have made arrangements for defending their frontiers, and who promise to exert them¬selves in drawing out the militia, agreeably to law, my requisitions. The few remaining Indians, chiefly women and children, are exceedingly troublesome to us, as they dare not stir out of the fort; not one of the warriors will even venture on a reconnoitering party. I think they would be bettor in some more interior part of the country, where they could be both cheaper fed and clothed. Besides, it is not only inconvenient but improper to have them among the troops, who are, without them, crowded in dirty, bad barracks. I begyour excellency’s instructions how to dispose of them. Their chief, Killbuck, has a son and brother at Princeton college,- whom he is anxious to see.
Captain [Uriah] Springer, of the Virginia line, marched, some time since, with three Indians and as many white men, towards Sandusky, for the purpose of gaining intelligence; but the Indians proved too timid for him to venture to go all the way. He of course returned, without being able to accomplish anything. I thought it too great a risk, but it was by his request, and that of the Indians, who were very solicitous. It was proved on one of the party, named [John] Eels , that he intended betraying Captain Springer, and all the party, into the hands of the enemy. I directed a board of officers to inquire into his conduct, who were of opinion he should suffer death. I ordered him executed; he was shot on the 12th instant, seemingly much to the satisfaction of the other Indians.
Civil authority is by no means properly established in this country, which I doubt not proceeds in some degree from in attention in the executives of Virginia and Pennsylvania. Not running the boundary line is, I think, a proof of this, which is at present an excuse for neglects of duty of all kinds, for at least twenty miles on each side of the line. More evils will arise from this neglect, than people are aware of. Emigration and new states are much talked of. Advertisements are set up, announcing a day to assemble at Wheeling, for all who wish to become members of a new state on the Muskingum. A certain Mr. J~ is at the head of this party; he is ambitious, restless, and some say disaffected. Most people, however, agree he is open to corruption; he has been in England since the commencelnent of the present war. Should these people actually emigrate, they must be either entirely cut off or immediately take protection from the British, which I fear is the real design of some of the party, though I think a great majority have no other views than to acquire lands. As I apprehended taking cognizance of these matters would come best from tile civil authority, I have Written to the governors of Virginia and Pennsylvania on the subject, which I should not have done, till I bad first acquainted your excellency thereof, but for tills consideration, namely, that the 20th of May is the day appointed for the emigrants to rendezvous; consequently, a representation from you would be too late, in case the states.shouid think proper to take measures to prevent them. I am much embarrassed by the scanty and irregu. lar supply of provision. I intend to write to Mr. Morris on this head.

April 20, 1782
Irvine to Harrison, April 20, 1782. It is evident from what Irvine says that he refers to the establishing of a new state beyond the Ohio, in the Indian country.

April 20, 1784: The Regiment V. Mirbach departed on March 1, 1776 from Melsungen. It embarked from Breznerlehe on May 12, 1776 and reached New York on August 14, 1776. The regiment was part of the Hessian First Division and took part in the following major engagements:

-- Long Island (NY, August 27, 1776)
-- Fort Washington (upper Manhattan, NY, November 16, 1776)
-- Brandywine (PA, September 11, 1777)
-- Redbank (Gloucester County, NJ, also known as Fort Mercer, October 22-November 21, 1777)

The regiment departed from New York on November 21
1783 and arrived at Breznerlehe on April 20, 1784.
They returned to their quarters in Melsungen on May 30, 1784.


April 20, 1792: In the end, the Legislative Assembly, supported by Louis, declared war on the Holy Roman Empire first, voting for war on April 20, 1792, after a long list of grievances was presented to it by the foreign minister, Charles François Dumouriez. Dumouriez prepared an immediate invasion of the Austrian Netherlands, where he expected the local population to rise against Austrian rule. However, the revolution had thoroughly disorganised the army, and the forces raised were insufficient for the invasion. The soldiers fled at the first sign of battle, deserting en masse and, in one case, murdering their general[citation needed].


The Storming of the Tuileries Palace.
While the revolutionary government frantically raised fresh troops and reorganised its armies, a mostly Prussian allied army under Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick assembled at Coblenz on the Rhine.

April 20, 1799: In a proclamation, a copy of which is quoted below, Napoleon "promised" the Jews of Eretz Israel the "reestablishment of ancient Jerusalem", coupled with a plea for their support. This was the first promise by a modern government to establish a Jewish state. In 1799, the French armies under Napoleon were camped outside of Acre. Napoleon issued a letter offering Palestine as a homeland to the Jews under French protection. The project was stillborn because Napoleon was defeated and was forced to withdraw from the Near East. The letter is remarkable because it marks the coming of age of enlightenment philosophy, making it respectable at last to integrate Jews as equal citizens in Europe and because it marked the beginning of nineteenth century projects for Jewish autonomy in Palestine under a colonial protectorate. After the defeat of Napoleon, it was largely the British who carried forward these projects, which have in hindsight been given the somewhat misleading name of "British Zionism." Napoleon conquered Jaffa but retreated from Acco (Acre); Napoleon's Proclamation of a Jewish State was stillborn, and his declaration of equal rights for Jews was repealed in part in 1806.

Letter to the Jewish Nation from the French Commander-in-Chief Bonaparte issued at General Headquarters, Jerusalem 1st Floreal, April 20th, 1799, in the year of 7 of the French Republic by BUONAPARTE, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMIES OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC IN AFRICA AND ASIA, TO THE RIGHTFUL HEIRS OF PALESTINE.

Israelites, unique nation, whom, in thousands of years, lust of conquest and tyranny have been able to be deprived of their ancestral lands, but not of name and national existence!
Attentive and impartial observers of the destinies of nations, even though not endowed with the gifts of seers like Isaiah and Joel, have long since also felt what these, with beautiful and uplifting faith, have foretold when they saw the approaching destruction of their kingdom and fatherland: And the ransomed of the Lord shall return, and come to Zion with songs and everlasting joy upon their heads; they shall obtain joy and gladness and sorrow and sighing shall flee away. (Isaiah 35,10) Arise then, with gladness, ye exiled! A war unexampled In the annals of history, waged in self-defense by a nation whose hereditary lands were regarded by its enemies as plunder to be divided, arbitrarily and at their convenience, by a stroke of the pen of Cabinets, avenges its own shame and the shame of the remotest nations, long forgotten under the yoke of slavery, and also, the almost two-thousand-year-old ignominy put upon you; and, while time and circumstances would seem to be least favorable to a restatement of your claims or even to their expression ,and indeed to be compelling their complete abandonment, it offers to you at this very time, and contrary to all expectations, Israel's patrimony! The young army with which Providence has sent me hither, let by justice and accompanied by victory, has made Jerusalem my head-quarters and will, within a few days, transfer them to Damascus, a proximity which is no longer terrifying to David's city. Rightful heirs of Palestine! The great nation which does not trade in men and countries as did those which sold your ancestors unto all people (Joel,4,6) herewith calls on you not indeed to conquer your patrimony ;nay, only to take over that which has been conquered and, with that nation's warranty and support, to remain master of it to maintain it against all comers.
Arise! Show that the former overwhelming might of your oppressors has but repressed the courage of the descendants of those heroes who alliance of brothers would have done honor even to Sparta and Rome (Maccabees 12, 15) but that the two thousand years of treatment as slaves have not succeeded in stifling it. Hasten!, Now is the moment, which may not return for thousands of years, to claim the restoration of civic rights among the population of the universe which had been shamefully withheld from you for thousands of years, your political existence as a nation among the nations, and the unlimited natural right to worship Jehovah in accordance with your faith, publicly and most probably forever (JoeI 4,20).

April 20, 1812: William Harris Crawford was elected President pro tempore in 1811. When Vice President George Clinton died on April 20, 1812, Crawford, as President pro tempore, became the first "Acting Vice President"
1812 - April 20 - The representatives of Benjamin Harrison entitled to land allowed a Captain of the Continental Line for three years. Virginia Council Chamber, Apr. 20, 1812, James Barbour, Governor. Received of Register, Warrant 6014 for 4,000 acres issued April 20, 1812.
Attest: John Davenport
(Burgess, v. 3, P. 1397)
Battle Harrison
(for myself and as attorney for Robert Harrison)
1812 - April 20 - Land Office Military Warrant 6014 (our soldier's name was misspelled!): To the Principal Surveyor of the Land set apart for the Officers and Soldiers of the Commonwealth of Virginia: THIS shall be your WARRANT to survey and lay off in one or more surveys, for Representatives of Benjamin Harris, their heirs or assigns, the quantity of Four Thousand acres of Land, due unto the said Representatives in consideration of the said Benjamin Harris services for three years as a Captain of the Virginia Continental line agreeably to a certificate from the Governor and Council, which is received into the Land Office. Given under my hand, and the seal of said Office, this twentieth day of April in the year one thousand Eight hundred and twelve -
4000 Acres
Chas. Blagrove
Regr - Land Off
For value received I do hereby assign unto William Fulton Eight Hundred acres of the within Warrant Number Six Thousand and fourteen -
1824 April 20, 1824
Age 39 Birth of Betty Dandridge
Jefferson Co., Kentucky

April 20, 1812 - Land Office Military Warrant 6014 (our soldier's name was misspelled!): To the Principal Surveyor of the Land set apart for the Officers and Soldiers of the Commonwealth of Virginia: THIS shall be your WARRANT to survey and lay off in one or more surveys, for Representatives of Benjamin Harris, their heirs or assigns, the quantity of Four Thousand acres of Land, due unto the said Representatives in consideration of the said Benjamin Harris services for three years as a Captain of the Virginia Continental line agreeably to a certificate from the Governor and Council, which is received into the Land Office. Given under my hand, and the seal of said Office, this twentieth day of April in the year one thousand Eight hundred and twelve -
4000 Acres
Chas. Blagrove
Regr - Land Off
For value received I do hereby assign unto William Fulton Eight Hundred acres of the within Warrant Number Six Thousand and fourteen -
June 16th 1812.
Witness present
Eliza Fulton
John A. Fulton
Batteal Harrison the legal Representative of Benjamin Harrison
April 20, 1836: Congress establishes the Wisconsin Territory.

April 20, 1861: Robert E. Lee resigned his commission on April 20th and was appointed Brigadier General in the Confederate Army. Lee had disapproved of secession, but decided that he could not fight against his native Commonwealth. Instead of accepting the Union command, he resigned his commission in the Army in a letter written at Arlington House on April 20. Within days of his resignation, Lee reported to Richmond for the duty of commanding Virginia's Provisional Army. He joined the Confederate States Army with Virginia's forces a month later and was promoted to general. Lee was concerned for the safety of his wife, who was still residing at the mansion and convinced her to vacate the property, at least temporarily. She managed to send many of the family's valuables off to safety, as she had advance notice of the impending Union occupation from her cousin, Orton W. Williams. Robert E. Lee never set foot on the property again, but shortly before her 1873 death, Mary Anna Custis Lee visited her Arlington once more.[12]
April 20, 1863: The original intention to move to Carthage was changed at this time by reason of several breaks in the levee along Bayou Vidal, which placed Carthage on an island. On the morning of the 20th, our division (General Hovey's) took the lead.
Wed. April 20, 1864:
Laid in camp
Troops leaving for Alexandra
Willliam Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary, 24th Iowa Infantry.

Battle at Red River, Louisiana on April 20, 1864.

April 20, 1867: Perens W. Smith (b. July 29, 1868 in GA / d. August 10, 1937).More about Perens Smith: Perens married Joseph Enoch Smith (b. April 20, 1867 / d. March 16, 1939).

April 20, 1881: On board Convoy 48 was Fernande Gottlieb born June 25, 1909 from Paris, France, Meyer Gottlieb born April 15, 1881 from Paris, France, and Rosa Gottlieb, born April 20, 1881, from Paris, France.

April 20, 1889
Adolf Hitler is born in Austria/Hungary, an empire of many races and languages. Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 at the Gasthof zum Pommer, an inn in Ranshofen, a village annexed in 1938 to the municipality of Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary. He was the fourth of six children to Alois Hitler and Klara Pölzl (1860–1907). Adolf's older siblings – Gustav, Ida, and Otto – died in infancy.

April 20, 1899
Last week Thursday in some way Hazel Goodlove, who is living with George Whitcomb, got her finger in a cornsheller, and had it badly lacerated, but will not lose it.
April 20, 1903: Carter Henry Harrison Jr (IV) terms as Mayor of Chicago
Inauguration:
4th term: April 20, 1903
On April 20, 1906: 20,000 refugees trapped by the massive fire were evacuated from the foot of Van Ness Avenue onto the USS Chicago.

April 20, 1907: The ceremony was performed by the bride’s pastor, Rev. J. P. Van Horn, of Marion. There were thirty-five guests present, nearly all being relatives. Following the ceremony a bountiful supper was served, and after the festivities of the evening, which included an old-fashioned chaviari, the bride and groom went to their new home near Jordon’s [Jordan’s] Grove church, where the will be at home to friends after April 20th.

Mr. and Mrs. Wilkinson grew up in the neighborhood where they were married, and they are held in high esteem by everyone in the community. The bride has been a successful school teacher. She was, for a time a student in Cornell College and she has also taken instruction at the Iowa State Normal School at Cedar Falls. The groom is an industrious young farmer and has already proven that he understands his chosen work.

They begin their matrimonial life among a host of old neighbors and friends, who unite in good wishes to them for long life and happiness.

There were a number of useful and beautiful wedding gifts.”

[Note: In another clipping on the same page is a listing of marriage licenses with ages. LP]

“Thomas Wilkenson [Wilkinson], Central City ….32
Cora A. Goodlove, eCntral [Central] City………..….30”

April 20, 1910: Halley’s comet returns. It is widely believed that there is poison in the tail. Mark Twain, who was born during the last return of Halley, predicted that he would die in this one. Twain died in his home in Connecticut the next day.


April 20, 1921: All told, 232 persons registered their objections to the formation of the district by signing one of five petitions circulated throughout the area. The first petition, signed by 102 voters and taxpayers from Hazel Green Township, was filed on April 20, 1921. It read qute simply: “ We the undersigners, voters and taxpayers of Hazel Green Twp., Delaware Co., Ia. Do most emphatically protest against the incorporation of any part of the Hazel Green Destrict into the Buck Creek Consolidation as outlined in your proclamation published in the Hopkinton Leader of April 14, 1921. WE also claim that the law does not intend that the interests of one locality should be jeopardized because of the prior action of another.”
Most of those signing were Cathoolics. Some no doubt were loath to lose eight section of prime farmland to the Buck Creek district because it reduced the tax base available for the provision of schoos in Hazel Green Township. Many more, howver, mobilized and opposed the formation of the Buck Creek district because of the vehement anti-Catholic sentiment of the Buck Creekers. Another petition filed by a second contingent of forty three opponents from the subdistricts No. 6 and No. 7 in Hazel Green Township objected “to being forcibly and against the will of a large majority of the residents and taxpayers included” in the consolidated district. They appealed to the superintendent to “set out and not include” their subdistricts.
Very few men and women in the affected subdistricts in Hazel GTreen Township failed to sign one of these two petitions. This served to indicate that if the results of the election hinged on the support it received in the Hazel Green portion of the district, it would be defeated soundly. The only ones who did not sign were a few prominent members of the Buck Creek Church, the Thompsons, the Shovers, and the Houstons. Many people from those portions of Hazel Green not included in the proposed district also signed the first of these petitions. Apparently they were trying to impress upon Ottilie that the formation of the Buck Creek district as proposed would adversely affect the quality of education in the rest of Hazel Green Township.
Two identically worded petitions protesting consolidation were filed by the residents of the Union ‘”Township portion of the proposed district. Over whelmingly the signers were from the Castle Grove neighborhood, but they also included a handful of persons from the Nos. 3 and 6 subdistricts. It stated that the undersigned “emphatically protest against the consolidation of school…for reasons that the taxpayers are hard hit enough at the present time without additional burdenhs, also the proposed location of the school in inaccessibgle to a large number of the pupils of said district and for many other valid reasons that shoul appeal to an unselfish and fair minded adjudication.” The first of these was signed by thirty three people and the second by ten persons, all from the No. 4 subdistrict. Because of the storm, the latter was filed a day late, butwas apparently considered nonetheless. At least one adult from every Catholic household in these four subdistricts signed one of the two petitions. Also signing were a number of Protestant tenants not affiliated with the Buck Creek Church and a few Protestants who were opposed to the township going into debt to build a new school or found the Ku Klux Klan activities on its behalf repugnant.
It is important to note that forty persons, a majority of the voters in the three Union Townshipo subdistricts excluded froj the proposed district, also signed petitions objecting to the formation of the diestirct. These were the voters whose silendcde supposedley had been secured by their exclusion from the proposeal the previous year. Now, Klan activities in support of consolidation, coupled with the dramatic shcange for the worse in the regional economy, forced a reevaluation and political mobgilization among the predominantly Catholic families in these subdistricts. Their objections were

1. That it conflicts with the spirit and also the letter of the law as laid down in Acts of the 37th and 38th Gen. Assembly.
2. That because of the outling the Districts in which we live are so isolated that an Independent signle school is impossible and that the territory so isolated, being in the form of an ell (L) cannot do justice to the children with less than three school
3. That the territory does not comprise but 7 and a fraction sections while the law contemplates 12 sec. for (3) three schools or four for one school.

The “letter of the law” in the first objection referred to the consolidation statute requiring that the boundaries of a consolidated district correspond with district and subdistrict boundaries already established. This provision had been the one upon which the district court’s decision had been based. The voters from the now officially delimited Union No. 1 subdistrict maintained that their territory was still simply part of Union No. 2. Its formal delimitation by the reconvened Union Township board the previous month was forcted upon them against their will as part of the scheme to create a Buck Creek consolidated district. In short, they maintained that an additional three sections of territory should be excluded brom the proposal. This would have brought all of the
old Upper Buck Creek neighborhood together again in a single subdistrict. It would also have left the new, but downsized, Union School Township with somewhat more than ten sections of territory. Ten sections was the minimum size territory for a xchool township to support the three country schools that the protesters felt necessary, a figure still below the twelve sections dictated by tradition. Those signing this last petition included both Catholics and Protestants proportionately in proportion to their relative numbers in the three subdistricts. It even included at least two families who were members of the Buck Creek Chjurch. With the downturn in the economy, families in thr northern one third of Union Township genuinely feared that they would be unable to support their country schools with the relatively meager tax base they would have if the Buck Creek Consolidated district was formed. Thje farmland in theis area was generally of poorer quality than that found in other neighborhoods in the township. When they claimed that the proposed district violated the “spirit” of the law laid soen bgy the 37th and 38th General Assemblies, they were referring to changes in the consolidation laws intended to ensure that rural school consolidation would not leave adjoining districts or subdistricts with too few resources to provided a good quality education for their children.
The fifth and final petition was filed on behalf of six landowners from Hopkinton who owned land in Union Township along the aMaquoketa River south of Hopkinton. Six years earlier, one of the protesters, F. E. Williamson, had been one of the advocates of forming a consolidated district centered on Hopkinton. These protesters did not object to consolidation in princicple. They simpy opposed having their properties included with the Buck Creek Consolidated district. They realized that the children of their tenants could be served by the Hopkinton school district at far less cost on a contractual basis, like that extended to the Best district.
Of the 232 persons protesting the formation of the Buck Creek consolidated district, at least 96 lived within the proposed boundaries of the edistrict. This was 20 more than had voted against the earlier proposal and 8 more than the number signing the petition urging the formation of the district. The sheer number of protesters led the leaders of the opposition to think they mnight have a good chance of convincing the county superintendent or the county board of education to sustain their objections this time. If all were sustained, there would have been less than sixteen sections of territory remaining for inclusion in the consolidated district, thereby killing the proposal.

April 20, 1926: John Kilpatrick Nix (b. February 16, 1845 in AL / d. April 20, 1926 in AL).

John Kilpatrick Nix13 [John A. Nix12, Grace Louisa Francis Smith11, Gabriel Smith10, John “LR” Smith9, Ambrose J. Smith8, Christopher Smith7, Christopher Smith6, Thomas Smythe5, Thomas Smythe4, John Smythe3, Richard2, William1] (b. February 16, 1845 in Randolph Co. AL / d. April 20, 1926 in Cullman Co. AL) married Louisa Bankhead (b. May 3, 1847 / d. October 24, 1911 in Cullman Co. AL).
April 20, 1935: LUCILLE SELVEY31 JOYCE (ETHEL SUSIE30 SELVEY, ROBERT R.29, ANN ELIZABETH28 CRAWFORD, JEPTHA M.27, VALENTINE "VOL"26, JOSEPH "JOSIAH"25, VALENTINE24, VALENTINE23, WILLIAM22, MAJOR GENERAL LAWRENCE21, HUGH20, HUGH19, CAPTAIN THOMAS18, LAWRENCE17, ROBERT16, MALCOLM15, MALCOLM14, ROGER13, REGINALD12, JOHN, JOHN, REGINALD DE CRAWFORD, HUGH OR JOHN, GALFRIDUS, JOHN, REGINALD5, REGINALD4, DOMINCUS3 CRAWFORD, REGINALD2, ALAN1) was born in Lamar, Barton County, Missouri. She married HAROLD EDWIN CLOW April 20, 1935 in Joplin, Missouri.
Children of LUCILLE JOYCE and HAROLD CLOW are:
i. DAVID SANFORD32 CLOW, Lamar, Barton County, Missouri; m. BONNIE LEE DAWSON, November 11, 1960.
ii. DONALD HAROLD CLOW m. CAROLYN LEE ALCORN, June 09, 1967, Joplin, Missouri.
iii. CONNIE SUE CLOW m. DAVID FRANKLIN BOGNER, December 19, 1970, Joplin, Missouri.


March 12-April 20, 1942: Thirty thousand Jews are deported from Lublin to Belzec.

November 24, 1941 to April 20, 1945: A total of 140,937 Jews of Bohemia and Moravia are deported to Theresiuenstadt; 33,539 die and 88,196 are deported further.
April 20, 1945: The Soviet Union reaches Berlin.

April 20, 1961 Carlos Marcello associate, David Ferrie, admits to the FBI that following
the Bay of Pigs invasion he has severely criticized President JFK both in public and private. “He
ought to be shot.” Ferrie also admits that he has said anyone could hide in the bushes and shoot
the President. AOT
Also on this day, JFK adopts the concept of counterinsurgency as the accepted program
for Vietnam and directs Deputy Secretary of Defense Roswell Gilpatric to make
recommendations for a series of actions to prevent the Communist domination of the
government of Vietnam. Gilpatric and Lansdale head a task force established to carry out these
instructions from the President.
JFK makes a telephone call to Richard Nixon and tells him that the Bay of Pigs is “the
worst experience of my life.” Nixon advises JFK: “I would find a proper legal cover and go
[back] in. There are several legal justifications that could be used, like protection of American
citizens living in Cuba and defending our base in Guantanamo.”
n Angus McNair is executed on this date in Cuba as a suspected CIA agent. McNair is a
close friend of Frank Sturgis, who will admit that he [McNair] was part of the espionage network
Sturgis is running in Cuba. McNair was apprehended by Castro while trying to create a diversionary
action during the Bay of Pigs invasion.

April 20, 1963 JFK orders the Joint Chiefs to plan for military action against North
Vietnam.
Ruth Paine and children come to Neely Street for a picnic with the Oswalds. LHO
spends most of his time fishing.

April 2005: The Genographic Project was launched in April 2005. A five year, 40 million dollar research effort, it seeks to capture a genetic snapshot of our species at this point in time, before the genetic trails can no longer be followed.

April 20, 2009:
Proud Navy man: Howard Snell survived battles of Pearl Harbor and Midway and is still fighting
• Story
Proud Navy man: Howard Snell survived battles of Pearl Harbor and Midway and is still fighting
CHRIS HUBBUCH / chubbuch@lacrossetribune.comlacrossetribune.com | Posted: Monday, April 20, 2009 12:00 am
Howard Snell is a Navy man and damn proud of it. Survived 17 battles, including Pearl Harbor and Midway. Rode one ship till it sunk.
He beams when he talks about his old employer. Who else could rescue a ship captain from a boat of gun-wielding pirates? "There's no greater Navy," he said. "We found that out last week."
Snell lives south of Genoa, in a hillside trailer court with a view of the Mississippi River. He moved there from Texas in 2006 for no real reason other than La Crosse had been his wife's hometown. He planned to do some fishing, and has a flat-bottom boat that's being painted - with "remember Pearl Harbor" on the side, but lymphoma has slowed him down again.
He still drives around the country, visiting his three grown children and attending naval reunions.
"You wouldn't know it, but she's got 211,000 miles," he says, gesturing to his white Silverado, plastered with stickers commemorating Pearl Harbor and blessing the USA.
In 2004, the first time he got sick, Snell put off his chemotherapy to attend the dedication of the World War II memorial in Washington, D.C. Last fall, he went to France for the dedication of a memorial to the 1,068 sailors who died in the D-Day invasion of Normandy. A member of the Naval Order, Snell did his part, writing checks for $106.80.
Snell is 86. He has startling blue eyes and a pencil mustache that hugs his lip. Chemotherapy has claimed some of his white hair and sapped his strength, but not his memory.
His battle stories come in rapid-fire sailor's jargon.
Born in Minnesota, he was the youngest of three kids and never knew his father. The family moved to Iowa when he was 13. He joined the Navy in 1941 and was assigned to the USS Enterprise at Pearl Harbor.
On Dec. 7, the aircraft carrier was at sea, but Snell was attending cooking school on the island. He was at breakfast when he heard the noise of the Japanese attack.
Snell remembers running to the fleet landing to see what was happening to see what was happening.
"I couldn't figure out what I was looking at," he said. "It was the Oklahoma. She'd already flipped over."
He lost a lot of friends that day.
In 1944, Snell was on leave in California while his ship was repaired after the battle of Leyte Gulf. When the sailors collected their letters, Snell had only a V-mail card from his mother. He told his shipmates he was going to get married so he could get some mail, too.
Snell and his friend George Sears went down to Los Angeles. He spotted two girls and asked George if they should make a move. He went over and asked for a dance.
"Long brown hair and beautiful," he said. "I danced with her for 57 years."
Her name was Dorothy Hoyer and she was from La Crosse. George danced with her sister, Dee.
With 16 days of leave, Snell had just enough time to get Dorothy to the altar. George made plans to marry Dee, but the sailors returned to sea. George never came back.
On May 4, 1945, the USS Morrison was attacked by Japanese kamikaze pilots. Snell remembers the first hit, and the pilot's face.
The ship sank in about 15 minutes. Snell slid down the side into the water. He took a life jacket from a dead seaman and stayed in the oil slick hoping it would keep the sharks away. According to the Navy, 152 sailors died that day.
When the war ended, Snell re-upped. He went to sonar school and qualified as a submariner. It took more than a decade, but he finally made chief petty officer.
He left in 1962 but spent another 13 years as a civilian researcher assembling information on Soviet ships.
After that, he retired and moved to Texas.
Dottie died in 2001, nine years after her stroke. Snell keeps a tray of her lipstick and perfumes on his dresser, right next to his rack of battle ribbons.
"Smells good," he says, fingering a bottle.
These days Snell's fight is on land, a doctor's office.
"I got a 60 percent chance of making it, which when you consider it - I'm 86 years old and done a lot of things," he says. "My highlight was to raise the flag at the Normandy cemetery and honor all those men."
April 20, 1995: Indian Boundary Park

Indian Boundary Park
U.S. National Register of Historic Places

U.S. Historic district

Chicago Landmark


Indian Boundary Park Fieldhouse


Location: 2500 W. Lunt, Chicago, Illinois

Coordinates: 42°0′34″N 87°41′36″W42.00944°N 87.69333°WCoordinates: 42°0′34″N 87°41′36″W42.00944°N 87.69333°W

Area: 13 acres (5.3 ha)
Architect: Glode, Richard F.; Hatzfeld, Clarence
Architectural style: Tudor Revival
Governing body: Local
MPS:
Chicago Park District MPS

NRHP Reference#: 95000485[1]

Significant dates
Added to NRHP: April 20, 1995
Designated CL: May 11, 2005



April 2008: SE6
901 Southern Avenue. Prior to April 2008, this was one of the best-looking stones. Then an out-of-control car broke the stone in half at ground level and destroyed the protective fence. As of 2012, the above-ground portion of the stone has been moved to the D.C. Office of the Surveyor for safekeeping.



April 20, 2010



Jacqulin’s Tug a War team getting ready for battle. They went on to win for the first time in eight years. (Jacqulin upper right)