This Day in Goodlove History, September 9, 2014
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Jeffery Lee Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), Jefferson, LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, and including ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, John Quincy Adams and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Martin Van Buren, Teddy Roosevelt, U.S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison “The Signer”, Benjamin Harrison, Jimmy Carter, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, William Taft, John Tyler (10th President), James Polk (11th President)Zachary Taylor, and Abraham Lincoln.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! http://wwwfamilytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
• • Books written about our unique DNA include:
• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.
Birthdays on September 11…
Ira Colyar (husband of the 3rd cousin 4x removed)
Gary Oestern (husband of the 3rd cousin)
Louise of Savoy (paternal grandmother of the wife of the 4th cousin 14x removed)
Edward G. Smith Rev. (2nd cousin 2x removed)
Norward R. Snell (maternal 1st cousin)
Robert R. Soisson (6th cousin 1x removed)
Annette J. Walz (2nd cousin)
Brenda A. Warren (5th cousin 1x removed)
Charles M. Yates (4th cousin 3x removed)
September 11, 3 BCE: Based on historical records, Fitzmyer guesses that Jesus birth occurred on September 11, 3 BCE.[1]
Joseph A. Fitzmyer – Professor Emeritus of Biblical Studies at the Catholic University of America, member of the Pontifical Biblical Commission, and former president of the Catholic Biblical Association – writing in the Catholic Church’s official commentary on the New Testament[1], writes about the date of Jesus’ birth, “Though the year [of Jesus birth is not reckoned with certainty, the birth did not occur in AD 1. The Christian era, supposed to have its starting point in the year of Jesus birth, is based on a miscalculation introduced ca. 533 by Dionysius Exiguus.” [2]
1 A.D.: Following the defeat of Babylonia by the Persians, the Jews in exile were allowed to return to their homeland and rebuild their state. Over the next few centuries many Middle Eastern people converted to Judaism, not only in Israel but in the Jewish communities scattered throughout the Middle East. By 1 A.D. the total Jewish population in the Middle East probably exceeded 5 million. [1][3]
By Alister Doyle | Reuters – 22 hrs ago
OSLO (Reuters) - A 200-year period covering the heyday of both the Roman Empire and China's Han dynasty saw a big rise in greenhouse gases, according to a study that challenges the U.N. view that man-made climate change only began around 1800.
A record of the atmosphere trapped in Greenland's ice found the level of heat-trapping methane rose about 2,000 years ago and stayed at that higher level for about two centuries.
Methane was probably released during deforestation to clear land for farming and from the use of charcoal as fuel, for instance to smelt metal to make weapons, lead author Celia Sapart of Utrecht University in the Netherlands told Reuters.
"Per capita they were already emitting quite a lot in the Roman Empire and Han Dynasty," she said of the findings by an international team of scientists in Thursday's edition of the journal Nature.
Rates of deforestation "show a decrease around AD 200, which is related to drastic population declines in China and Europe following the fall of the Han Dynasty and the decline of the Roman Empire," the scientists wrote.
Mankind's emissions 2,000 years ago, when the world population was an estimated 300 million, were discernible but tiny compared with current levels caused by a population of 7 billion.
Sapart estimated that methane emissions until 1800 were about 10 percent of the total for the past 2,000 years, with 90 percent since the Industrial Revolution.
Methane is generated from human sources including burning of forests and fossil fuels, rice paddies, livestock or landfills. Natural sources include wetlands, wildfires or mud volcanoes.
The findings by Sapart's team questioned the view by a U.N. panel of climate scientists that man-made climate change started with the surge in use of fossil fuels during the Industrial Revolution.
RICE PADDIES
"The pre-industrial time was not a natural time for the climate - it was already influenced by human activity," she said. "When we do future climate predictions we have to think about what is natural and what did we add. We have to define what is really natural," she said.
The scientists, in the Netherlands, Switzerland, Denmark, the United States and France, noted a second rise in methane in Medieval times, coinciding with a warm period from 800 to 1200 that also saw Europe's economy emerge from the Dark Ages.
That spike might be because population growth in Asia and Europe led to more deforestation for farming.
Rates then fell, perhaps partly because factors such as the Black Death cut the population.
Methane levels rose a third time around the start of a cool period known as the Little Ice Age in the 1500s, perhaps also reflecting strong population growth after the plague.
The scientists used variations in the chemical make-up of methane in the ice to try to distinguish background natural sources from man-made emissions.
Ice cores from Greenland - made up of layers of compacted snow that give a year-by-year record - found concentrations of methane rose from about 600 parts per billion around 2,000 years ago to above 700 ppb by 1800.
They are now at about 1,800 ppb. Methane is the second most important greenhouse gas behind carbon dioxide, emitted by human burning of fossil fuels.
A U.N. panel of climate scientists has said the build-up of greenhouse gases is pushing up temperatures and causing more droughts, floods, and rising sea levels. China is now the biggest greenhouse-gas emitter ahead of the United States, the European Union, India and Russia.
(Editing by Dan Lalor)[5]
0 A.D.
There is also a question of the exact timing of Jesus’s birth. Jesus was not born on December 25, in the year zero. We know this because the Monk who devised our calendar in the sixth century, made a mistake in his math when he calculated the first year A.D. [6]
[8]
Credit: Photographed by Aurel Stein, circa 1910
During an excavation beneath the Tarim Basin in western China, archaeologists were surprised to discover more than 100 mummified corpses that dated back 2000 years. But a college professor named Victor Mair was downright stupefied when he came skull-to-skull with some of the blonde-haired and long nosed Tarim mummies after they were dug up and put on display at a museum. So in 1993, Mair returned to collect DNA samples from the mummies. Test results ultimately validated his hunch that the bodies were of European genetic stock. While Ancient Chinese texts from as early as the first millennium BC describe groups of far-east dwelling Caucasian people, there is no mention of how or why they ended up there.[9]
2000 YEARS AGO…Visible Only From Above, Mystifying 'Nazca Lines' Discovered in Mideast
Owen Jarus, LiveScience Contributor
Date: September 14, 2011 Time: 10:33 AM ET
wheel stone structure in jordan
The giant stone structures form wheel shapes with spokes often radiating inside. Here a cluster of wheels in the Azraq Oasis.
CREDIT: David D. Boyer APAAME_20080925_DDB-02372
They stretch from Syria to Saudi Arabia, can be seen from the air but not the ground, and are virtually unknown to the public.
They are the Middle East's own version of the Nazca Lines — ancient "geolyphs," or drawings, that span deserts in southern Peru — and now, thanks to new satellite-mapping technologies, and an aerial photography program in Jordan, researchers are discovering more of them than ever before. They number well into the thousands.
Referred to by archaeologists as "wheels," these stone structures have a wide variety of designs, with a common one being a circle with spokes radiating inside. Researchers believe that they date back to antiquity, at least 2,000 years ago. They are often found on lava fields and range from 82 feet to 230 feet (25 meters to 70 meters) across. [See gallery of wheel structures]
"In Jordan alone we've got stone-built structures that are far more numerous than (the) Nazca Lines, far more extensive in the area that they cover, and far older," said David Kennedy, a professor of classics and ancient history at the University of Western Australia.
Kennedy's new research, which will be published in a forthcoming issue of the Journal of Archaeological Science, reveals that these wheels form part of a variety of stone landscapes. These include kites (stone structures used for funnelling and killing animals); pendants (lines of stone cairns that run from burials); and walls, mysterious structures that meander across the landscape for up to several hundred feet and have no apparent practical use.
His team's studies are part of a long-term aerial reconnaissance project that is looking at archaeological sites across Jordan. As of now, Kennedy and his colleagues are puzzled as to what the structures may have been used for or what meaning they held. [History's Most Overlooked Mysteries]
Fascinating structures
Kennedy's main area of expertise is in Roman archaeology, but he became fascinated by these structures when, as a student, he read accounts of Royal Air Force pilots flying over them in the 1920s on airmail routes across Jordan. "You can't not be fascinated by these things," Kennedy said.
Indeed, in 1927 RAF Flight Lt. Percy Maitland published an account of the ruins in the journal Antiquity. He reported encountering them over "lava country" and said that they, along with the other stone structures, are known to the Bedouin as the "works of the old men."
Kennedy and his team have been studying the structures using aerial photography and Google Earth, as the wheels are hard to pick up from the ground, Kennedy said.
"Sometimes when you're actually there on the site you can make out something of a pattern but not very easily," he said. "Whereas if you go up just a hundred feet or so it, for me, comes sharply into focus what the shape is."
The designs must have been clearer when they were originally built. "People have probably walked over them, walked past them, for centuries, millennia, without having any clear idea what the shape was."
(The team has created an archive of images of the wheels from various sites in the Middle East.)
What were they used for?
So far, none of the wheels appears to have been excavated, something that makes dating them, and finding out their purpose, more difficult. Archaeologists studying them in the pre-Google Earth era speculated that they could be the remains of houses or cemeteries. Kennedy said that neither of these explanations seems to work out well.
"There seems to be some overarching cultural continuum in this area in which people felt there was a need to build structures that were circular."
Some of the wheels are found in isolation while others are clustered together. At one location, near the Azraq Oasis, hundreds of them can be found clustered into a dozen groups. "Some of these collections around Azraq are really quite remarkable," Kennedy said.
In Saudi Arabia, Kennedy's team has found wheel styles that are quite different: Some are rectangular and are not wheels at all; others are circular but contain two spokes forming a bar often aligned in the same direction that the sun rises and sets in the Middle East.
The ones in Jordan and Syria, on the other hand, have numerous spokes and do not seem to be aligned with any astronomical phenomena. "On looking at large numbers of these, over a number of years, I wasn't struck by any pattern in the way in which the spokes were laid out," Kennedy said.
Cairns are often found associated with the wheels. Sometimes they circle the perimeter of the wheel, other times they are in among the spokes. In Saudi Arabia some of the cairns look, from the air, like they are associated with ancient burials.
Dating the wheels is difficult, since they appear to be prehistoric, but could date to as recently as 2,000 years ago. The researchers have noted that the wheels are often found on top of kites, which date as far back as 9,000 years, but never vice versa. "That suggests that wheels are more recent than the kites," Kennedy said.
Amelia Sparavigna, a physics professor at Politecnico di Torino in Italy, told Live Science in an email that she agrees these structures can be referred to as geoglyphs in the same way as the Nazca Lines are. "If we define a 'geoglyph' as a wide sign on the ground of artificial origin, the stone circles are geoglyphs," Sparavignawrote in her email.
The function of the wheels may also have been similar to the enigmatic drawings in the Nazca desert. [Science as Art: A Gallery]
"If we consider, more generally, the stone circles as worship places of ancestors, or places for rituals connected with astronomical events or with seasons, they could have the same function of [the] geoglyphs of South America, the Nazca Lines for instance. The design is different, but the function could be the same," she wrote in her email.
Kennedy said that for now the meaning of the wheels remains a mystery. "The question is what was the purpose?"[10]
1 CE: The Greek story of Joseph and Asenath resolves the apparent problem that in Genesis the patriarch Joseph marries the daughter of an Egyptian priest. Here Asanath resolves the apparent problem that in Genesis the patriarch Joseph marries the daughter of an Egyptian priest. Here Asanath embraces the reputedly compassionate, patient God of Joseph before her marriage. The story, in which Asanath’s exemplary conversion brings her immortality, may serve as a tract for proselytes.[11]
1 A.D.
Following the defeat of Babylonia by the Persians, the Jews in exile were allowed to return to their homeland and rebuild their state. Over the next few centuries many Middle Eastern people converted to Judaism, not only in Israel but in the Jewish communities scattered throughout the Middle East. By 1 A.D. the total Jewish population in the Middle East probably exceeded 5 million. [12]
1 C.E.: Popular myth puts Jesus’ birth on December 25th in the year 1 C.E.[13]
[14]
[15]
1 to 200 A.D.: Figure of a Dog, Colima, Mexico, Ceramic and pigment.
2,000 years ago…
Earth Temps Over Last 18,000 Years
Compiled by R.S. Bradley and J.A. Eddy based on J.T. Houghton et al., Climate Change: The IPCC Assessment, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990 and published in EarthQuest, vo. 1, 1991. Courtesy of Thomas Crowley, Remembrance of Things Past: Greenhouse Lessons from the Geologic Record[16]
[17]
First Century A.D.
The name of Crawford was created in Scotland sometime during the first century, A.D., when the Roman Conquest was in full swing. The place is known to be along the River Clyde, but more research is needed to pinpoint the exact spot. Since the River Clyde drains several shires, while winding its way northward to meet the Firth of Clyde, it is almost reasonable to choose one of these shires (or counties), preferably Lanarkshire. Here we find the site on which a very ferociaous battle was fought, between the Picks (Scots) and the Romans. During one of the conflicts, a tribe known as the Crow Tribe, engaged in the heaviest warfare, helping to bring a decisive victory in favor of the Scots.
The Romans, during their occupation of the British Islands, built two walls in defense of the Scottish area. One reaching from the Solvay Firth to the River Tyne. The second wall ‘Wall of Pius’ created a barrier between the Firth of Clyde and the Firth of Forth. Here we find our River Clyde and Lanarkshire between the two walls. One has difficulty in realizing the bloodshed caused by the warfare at this time. The Crow Tribe is most likely to have been the thickest of the fight and had no choice in the matter, due to their location in Lanark.
The Crow Tribe rallied and fought under a Crow totem for such they are named. In consideration of the Crow, this noted tribe produced family names as :Crowfoot, Crawfoot, Crawford, Crowford, Crafford, Crauford, ets… The ‘ford’ the climax of the name, represents the ford or crossing at the River Clyde, where some of their bloodiest battles were maneuvered. The Crow Tribe is likely to have been most trampled down, if it had not been for their gallantry and spirit. Thus, the production of brave soldiers by the name of Crawford. Centuries have passed and the Crawford name still ranks among those of outstanding military events of world history.
The Romans left very little in Scotland by which to be remembered. Except for the ruins of the two walls before mentioned and the name of Caledonia; and to this day the Scottish people are often referred to as Caledonians.
The Caledonians suffered plundering, raids and wars at the hands of other nations, from every direction and from exploitations originating on the mainland of Europe. The Gauls, Britons, Celts, Angles, Saxons and Norsemen, all of whom have made an impression on the Scots, until the former Scottish people compared to the Caledonians of today, might never be recognized. It may be stated that the Gayuls have accomplished more in Scotland than any other race. Gaulic influence has endured for generations on the Scottish soil.[18]
4 CE
Roman Emperor Augustus adopt his stepson Tiberius, who has demontrated military capabilities in central and eastern Europe.[19]
5 CE
The retelling of Genesis is composed in Aramaic and is found among the Dead Sea Scrolls. Similar to works such as 1 Ewpoch and Jubilees, the Genesis Apocryphon has Noah born of angels and Abram a healer and dream interpreter.[20]
James was born around 5 A.D. with the rest to follow.[21]
5-6 CE: Joazar ben Boethus ? - 6 CE (Sadducee) under Herodians and Romans.[22]. Joazar (reappointed) high priest of Israel. These local officials were expected to represent Roman interests (as when Joazar persuaded the people not to join in the rebellion in 6 C.E.) and to carry out whatever directives might be issued. [23]’
5 A.D. to 8 CE: When Jesus was about 12 years old he was taken to Jerusalem, where he listened to learned rabbis discuss the Torah, but, as in the case of Moses, we know little else of his childhood and nothing about his early manhood.[1][24]
There is just one mention of boy Jesus and it is only in a single gospel. At age 12 Jesus gets separated from his parents in Jerusalem. They discover him three days later in the temple. “They found him sitting among the teachers…all who heard him were amazed at his understanding…[25]
About 2000 years ago: One day about 2,000 years ago, a non Jew asked the great teach Rabbi Hillil to quickly teach him as much about Judaism as he could. “What is hateful to you, do not do to your neighbor,” Hillil said. “This is the whole of Jewish Law; the rest is commentary. Now go and study it.”[26]
There were alternative movements to Rabbinic Judaism in Rabbi Hillel’s time. Most of these movements for reform or change died out, but one sect would survive and ultimately thrive. As Judaism turned inward to establish the laws that would protect the religion from misinterpretation, this sect would spread outward, eventually becoming the dominant religion of the Roman world.[27]
5-10 A.D: Birth of Saul-Paul at Tarsus in Cilicia.[28]
About 6 A.D. : When Jesus was about 12 years old he was taken to Jerusalem, where he listened to learned rabbis discuss the Torah, but, as in the case of Moses, we know little else of his childhood and nothing about his early manhood.[29] Next to the events surrounding Jesus’ birth, this is the only other event from his childhood recorded in the Bible. Jesus was twelve years old, not quite a man according to Jewish custom, when this event occurred around A.D. 6. Luke 2:41-52.[30]
[31] Pulpit atTrinity Church, Boston MA. Designed by Charles Coolidge, executed by John Evans, 1916
“Every year his parents went to Jerusalem for the Feast of the Passover.[32] When he was twelve years old[33], they went up to the Feast, according to the custom. After the Feast was over, while his parents were returning home, the boy Jesus stayed behind in Jerusalem, thus they were unaware of it.Thinking he was in their company they traveled on for a day. Then they began looking for him among their relatives and friends. When they did not find him, they went back to Jerusalem to look for him. After three days they found him in the temple courts, sitting among the teachers[34], listening to them and asking them questions. Everyone who heard him was amazed at his understanding and his answers. When his parents saw him, they were astonished. His mother said to him, “Son, why have you treated us like this? Your father and I have been anxiously searching for you.”
Why were you searching for me? He asked. “Didn’t you know I had to be in my Father’s house?” But they did not understand what he was saying to them.”[35]
6 CE: Rome annexes Judea and Samaria and conducts census. When Judaea became a province in A.D. 6 and a census was held by Coponius, the first procurator, together with P. Sulpicius Quirinius, legate of Syria, Joazar the high Priest succeeded in persuading the Jews, who resented the census to submit to it quietly, except for a few extremists, who rebelled at the instigation of a Galilean named Judas. When the census was completed, Quirinius deposed Joazar because the people objected to him, and appointed Ananus in his place before leaving the province in Coponius’ care.[36]
6 A.D.: After the banishment of Archelaus to Vienna in Gaul in 6 A.D., the ephemeral rule of Judea by a Herodian ethnarch was replaced by a direct Roman take over. Following the census ordered in the same year by Publius Sulpicius Quirinius of Gospel fame, the legate of Syria, a Roman knight, Coponius, was appointed prefect of Judea, and as much, made directly responsible to the emperor for the military, financial and judicial administration of the region.Thus, despite the real power still possessed by the Sanhedrin and the aristocratic chief priests and Temple officials, Judea could not help but be humiliated by the presence of imperial Rome.[37]
6 CE: Roman Emperor Augustus reorganizes Judea as a Roman province after Samaritans and Judeans adamantly protest the administration of the ethnarch, Herod’s son Archelaus. The capital The capital is moved from Jerusalem to more Hellenized Caesarea. Herod’s other sons, Herod Antipas and Philipo, continue to govern Galilee and Transjordan, respectively.[38]
6 CE:A Roman census frives home the provincial status of Israel and, according to the Jewish Historeian Josephus[39], sparks the seditious Zealot movement. Led by Judah of Gamala and Zadok the Pharisee from Jerusalem, the Zealots see Jewish freedom and hastening trhe reign of God as intertwined goals.[40]
6 BCE: After his death in 4 BC, his son Archelaus was deposed as ruler of Judaea after ten turbulent years. Another son, Philip, inherited Galilee and Paraea. Philip was more successful, and ruled for thirty-three years. About the time of his death, and in the first year of the reign of the emperor Caligula, Joseph ben Matthias was born, scion of an ancient priestly family and son of a mother descended from Israel’s Maccabean kings. [41]
6 A.D.: Annas had officially served as high priest from 6 A.D., until the Romans removed him in 15 A.D.[42]
6 to 15: Ananus ben Seth, High Priest of Israel 6-15 A.D. under Herodians and Romans.[43]. Ananus, son of Seth, appointed high priest (the Annas of the New Testament) by Quirinius served in the post for nine years until some time in the first half of the procuratorship of Gratus, and whose son in law Caiaphas was the last of Gratus’ appointments. Later on, no less than five of his sons also assumed this position on and off until shortly before the war: Eleazar for one year under Gratus; Jonathan for a short time early in 37; Theophilus as Jonathan’s successor until 41; Matthias from 41 to 44; and Ananus in 62.[44]
After 6: The situation after 6 C.E. was, on the one hand, a continuation of what had held true since Herodian times; the high priesthood was not a hereditary position but was determined by outside forces, either the Herodians or the Romans.[45]
6 to 41: From 6 to 41 A.D. the religious leaders of the Jews were appointed by the representatives of the enemy and oppressor, and they could retain their position only by keeping in their good books. [46]
On the other hand, however, the first century priestly leadership was a throwback to pre-Herodian days, when the high priest was the most eminent political and religious figure in the city. The form of leadership that held sway throughout most of the Persian era and flourished in the Hellenistic era was now reintroduced, albeit with the important proviso that ultimate control of this office was in the hands of Rome or its appointees.[47]
September 1122: In the Concordat of Worms, signed in September 1122, Henry renounced the right of investiture with ring and crozier, recognized the freedom of election of the clergy, and promised to restore all church property.[31] The pope agreed to allow elections to take place in presence of the imperial envoys, and the investiture with the sceptre to be granted by the emperor as a symbol that the estates of the church were held under the crown. [48]
September 1144: After 1143 the war ground on, but progressing slightly better for Stephen.[175] Miles of Gloucester, one of the most talented Angevin commanders, had died whilst hunting over the previous Christmas, relieving some of the pressure in the west.[176] Geoffrey de Mandeville's rebellion continued until September 1144, when he died during an attack on Burwell.[177] The war in the west progressed better in 1145, with the king recapturing Faringdon Castle in Oxfordshire.[177] In the north, Stephen came to a fresh agreement with Ranulf of Chester, but then in 1146 repeated the ruse he had played on Geoffrey de Mandeville in 1143, first inviting Ranulf to court, before arresting him and threatening to execute him unless he handed over a number of castles, including Lincoln and Coventry.[172] As with Geoffrey, the moment Ranulf was released he immediately rebelled, but the situation was a stalemate: Stephen had few forces in the north with which to prosecute a fresh campaign, whilst Ranulf lacked the castles to support an attack on Stephen.[172] By this point, however, Stephen's practice of inviting barons to court and arresting them had brought him into some disrepute and increasing distrust.[178] [49]
September 1151: In 1151, David again requested a pallium for the Archbishop of St Andrews. Cardinal John Paparo met David at his residence of Carlisle in September 1151. Tantalisingly for David, the Cardinal was on his way to Ireland with four pallia to create four new Irish archbishoprics. When the Cardinal returned to Carlisle, David made the request. In David's plan, the new archdiocese would include all the bishoprics in David's Scottish territory, as well as bishopric of Orkney and the bishopric of the Isles. Unfortunately for David, the Cardinal does not appear to have brought the issue up with the papacy. In the following year the papacy dealt David another blow by creating the archbishopric of Trondheim, a new Norwegian archbishopric embracing the bishoprics of the Isles and Orkney.[92]
Succession and death
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/David_I_and_Malcolm_IV.jpg/200px-David_I_and_Malcolm_IV.jpg
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf13/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png
David alongside his designated successor, Máel Coluim mac Eanric. Máel Coluim IV would reign for twelve years, in a reign marked for the young king's chastity and religious fervour. [50]
September 1151: Geoffrey died in September 1151, and Henry postponed his plans to return to England, as he first needed to ensure that his succession, particularly in Anjou, was secure.[38] At around this time Henry was also probably secretly planning his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine, then still the wife of Louis.[38] Eleanor was the Duchess of Aquitaine, a duchy in the south of France, and was considered beautiful, lively and controversial, but had not borne Louis any sons.[39][51]
September 11, 1161:
2
Queen Melesende of Jerusalem14, F
Death Date
September 11, 1161
Misc. Notes
Melesende of Jerusalem, Queen of Jerusalem was the daughter of Baldwin II of Bourg, King of Jerusalem and Morfia of Armenia. She married Fulk V d'Anjou, 9th Comte d'Anjou, son of Fulk IV 'le Rechin', Comte d'Anjou and Bertrada de Montfort, circa 1129. She died on September 11, 1161.
Melesende of Jerusalem, Queen of Jerusalem succeeded to the title of Queen Melesende of Jerusalem in 1131. She was deposed as Queen of Jerusalem in 1152.
Marr Date
1129
Children
Almaric I , M (1136-1174)
[52]
September 1189: When John's elder brother Richard became king in September 1189, he had already declared his intention of joining the Third Crusade.[32] Richard set about raising the huge sums of money required for this expedition through the sale of lands, titles and appointments, and attempted to ensure that he would not face a revolt while away from his empire.[33] John was made Count of Mortain, was married to the wealthy Isabel of Gloucester, and was given valuable lands in Lancaster and the counties of Cornwall, Derby, Devon, Dorset, Nottingham and Somerset, all with the aim of buying his loyalty to Richard whilst the king was on crusade.[34] Richard retained royal control of key castles in these counties, thereby preventing John from accumulating too much military and political power, and, for the time being, the king named the four-year-old Arthur of Brittany as the heir to the throne.[35] In return, John promised not to visit England for the next three years, thereby in theory giving Richard adequate time to conduct a successful crusade and return from the Levant without fear of John seizing power.[36] Richard left political authority in England – the post of justiciar – jointly in the hands of Bishop Hugh de Puiset and William Mandeville, and made William Longchamp, the Bishop of Ely, his chancellor.[37] Mandeville immediately died, and Longchamp took over as joint justiciar with Puiset, which would prove to be a less than satisfactory partnership.[36] Eleanor, the queen mother, convinced Richard to allow John into England in his absence.[36]
The political situation in England rapidly began to deteriorate. Longchamp refused to work with Puiset and became unpopular with the English nobility and clergy.[38] John exploited this unpopularity to set himself up as an alternative ruler with his own royal court, complete with his own justiciar, chancellor and other royal posts, and was happy to be portrayed as an alternative regent, and possibly the next king.[39][53]
August/September 1197: Margaret (1158 – August/September 1197), married (1) Henry the Young King; (2) King Béla III of Hungary[54]
September 11, 1297: A large English force under the leadership of John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey, and Hugh de Cressingham was routed by a much smaller Scottish army led by Wallace and Andrew Moray at Stirling Bridge.[181] The defeat sent shockwaves into England, and preparations for a retaliatory campaign started immediately. Soon after Edward returned from Flanders, he headed north.[182][55]
September 11, 1476: Louise of Savoy
LouisedeSavoie1.jpg
Louise of Savoy
Spouse(s)
Charles of Orléans
Noble family
House of Savoy
Father
Philip II, Duke of Savoy
Mother
Margaret of Bourbon
Born
(1476-09-11)September 11, 1476
Pont-d'Ain
Died
September 22, 1531(1531-09-22) (aged 55)
Grez-sur-Loing
Louise of Savoy (September 11, 1476 – September 22, 1531) was a French noblewoman, Duchess regnant of Auvergne and Bourbon, Duchess of Nemours, the mother of King Francis I of France. She was politically active and served as the Regent of France in 1515, in 1525–1526 and in 1529.
Family and early life
Louise of Savoy was born at Pont-d'Ain, the eldest daughter of Philip II, Duke of Savoy and his first wife, Margaret of Bourbon. Her brother, Philibert II, Duke of Savoy, succeeded her father as ruler of the duchy and head of the House of Savoy. He was, in turn, succeeded by their half-brother Charles III, Duke of Savoy.
Because her mother died when she was only seven, she was brought up by Anne de Beaujeu,[1] who was regent of France for her brother Charles VIII. At Amboise she met Margaret of Austria, who was betrothed to the young king and with whom Louise would negotiate peace several decades later.[2]
Louise of Savoy
House of Savoy
Born: September 11, 1476 Died: September 22, 1531
Preceded by
New creation
Duchess of Nemours
1524–1528
Succeeded by
Philip of Savoy
[56]
September 11, 1541: After the Turkish Army had defeated the Austrians and seized the city of Buda, Sultan Suleiman I entered the city. Some of the Jews had remained in the city and before the Sultan arrived, they met with Ibrahim Pasha before whom they humbled themselves and begged to be spared.[57]
September 11, 1562: Mary arrives at Inverness, and during the night, Murray (then all-powerful, and who for a long time had been preparing the ruin of the chancellor, the Earl of Huntly), seizes the castle be-
longing to that nobleman, and causes the governor, Alexander Gordon, to be hanged. [58]
September 11, 1683: Battle of Vienna began as an army of European Christians leb by King Jan III of Poland fought to end the Ottoman siege of the Austrian metropolis that had begun in July. The defeat of the Ottomans was the “high water mark” of Moslem conquests in Europe. There are those who date the beginning of the slow decay of the Moslem dominated world from this event. There will be those who contend that this event was the impetus for choosing 9/11 as the date to blow up the Twin Towers in 2001. With the exception of Holland, Jews were doing better in the land of the Ottomans than they were in Christian Europe. For example, the Ottomans had provided a home the Jews who were expelled from Spain. However, as Ottoman power was receding, Jews enjoyed a growing amount of freedom as exonomic and social reform took hold in different parts of Western Europe. Whether or not the shift in power marked by thes “good for the Jews” is up for the debate; the important thing is that it took place and had a profound impact on the general society as well as the Jewish component.[59]
September 11, 1769, September 22, 1769, July 4, 1795.
[60]
September 11, 1769:
Monday, October 10, 2005 (2)
Warrant No. 3441. Mt. Pleasant. Lawrence Harrison, 346 ¼ acres, surveyed 11 Sep 1769.[61]
hess5[62]
September 11, 1777
Franz Gottlob’s battalion was at Brandywine (PA,
Grenadier Battalion von Linsingen’s 4th [63]
The following two sources list the engagements of the von Mirbach regiment. More analysis of the engagements is needed. JG.
REGIMENT VON MIRBACH
(MIR plus company number)
The Regiment V. Mirbach departed on March 1, 1776 from Melsungen. It embarked from Breznerlehe on May 12, 1776 and reached New York on August 14, 1776. The regiment was part of the Hessian First Division and took part in the following major engagements:
-- Long Island (NY, August 27, 1776)
-- Fort Washington (upper Manhattan, NY, November 16, 1776)
-- Brandywine (PA, September 11, 1777)
-- Redbank (Gloucester County, NJ, also known as Fort Mercer, October 22-November 21, 1777)
The regiment departed from New York on November 21
1783 and arrived at Breznerlehe on April 20, 1784.
They returned to their quarters in Melsungen on May 30, 1784.
Musketeer Regiment von Mirbach, to 1780: Musketeer Regiment Jung von Lossburg, 1780 to war’s end (Hesse Cassel) Arrived at New York August 1776 Sent on the 1777 Philadelphia campaign fighting at Brandywine and Red Bank, N.J. Returned to New York, December, 1777, and stationed there until returned to Germany, 1783. Uniform: Red facings trimmed with plain white lace, white small clothes, red stocks; officers’ lace, silver.
CHIEF: Major General W. von Mirbach, to 1780
Major General W. von Lossburg, 1780 to war’s end
COMMANDER: Colonel J.A. von Loos, to 1777 Colonel von Block, 1777-1779
Colonel C.C. von Romrod, 1777 to war’s end
FIELD COMMANDER: Lieutenant Colonel von Schieck, to October, 1777
Lieutenant Colonel H. von Borck, October, 1777 to war’s end.[64]
September 11, 1777
Col. William Crawford, still commanding the Virginia Thirteenth Regiment, had fought at Brandywine as well.[65]
Mike Ceceres book mentions Crawford
September 11, 1776
Fifth Regiment General Stevens Brigade, William Crawford was promoted to lieutenant-colonel. He served until August 14, 1776. He was promoted to colonel at Trenton, NJ, December 26, 1776, of the Seventh Regiment which he headed 1776-1778. It was raised largely by William Crawford in the district of West Augusta. It was accepted by Congress February 29, 1776 and was taken on the Continental Establishment June 17, 1776. It seems to have been attached to General Woodford’s Brigade during its entire term of service. The Regiment was nearly cut to pieces in the defeat at Brandywine.[66]
September 11, 1777
The column of Lord Cornwallis, on the eleventh, consisted of two battalions of grenadiers, two of light infantry, the Hessian grenadiers, part of the seventy-first regiment, and two British brigades; in all about thirteen thousand men.
That of Knyphausen consisted of two British brigades, the residue of the Hessians and Wemyss’s corps of rangers; in all about five thousand.
The position of the two armies on the morning of the eleventh of September will be seen by reference to the accompanying map. On the preceding night, the British army lay at Kennett Square and to the east and west of that place, which was a small village. A road led from it directly to Chadd’s Ford. Welsh’s tavern (still existing) is about three miles to the east of it, on this road; a short distance beyond is Kennett meeting house and grave yard; and about a mile west of Chadd’s Ford is an eminence then occupied by Maxwell’s out-posts. West of Welsh’s tavern a road runs directly north to the street- road, and after reaching this, recommences again a short distance to the eastward, and runs again north, crossing the west branch of the Brandywine at Trirnble’s Ford.
Early on the morning of the eleventh the Commander-in-Chief, with the column of Cornwallis, took this road leading northwardly to Trimble’s Ford, and under cover of the hills and forests, and aided by a fog, proceeded a considerable distance unobserved. Knyphausen started much later, and then pursued the direct road to Chadd’s Ford, upon the eminences near which it will be remembered that Maxwell’s regiment was posted. Scouting parties of light horse were also sent out upon this road.
To the east of Chadd’s Ford and commanding it was posted the main body of the American army, consisting of the brigades of Muhlenburg and Weedon, forming Gen. Green’s division. Wayne’s division and Proctor’s artillery occupied an entrenchment upon the brow of an eminence immediately above the ford. The brigades of Sullivan, Stirling and Stephens, forming the right wing, extended some distance up the river. To the left of the main body, and two miles below them, Gen. Armstrong with about a thousand Pennsylvania militia, was posted to guard Pyle’s Ford.
The Fords of the Brandywine in ascending order were Pyle’s Ford just mentioned; Chadd’s Ford, where the attempt to force a passage was anticipated; Brintori’s, one mile above and more difficult; Painter’s, called also Jones’s, on the street road, about three miles above Chadd’s Ford, and about two and a~ half miles below the forks of the creek ; Wister’s or Shunk’s, about a mile above Painter’s. On the east or north branch were three fords, Buffington’s,immediately above the forks, Jefferis’ Ford (by mistake called Jones’s in Washington’s letters and elsewhere,) about six miles from Chadd’s Ford, and about a mile and a half above the forks, and Taylor’s Ford about a mile and a half up higher, where “the old Lancaster Road” crossed. On the west branch was Trimble’s Ford, about one mile above the forks, and full five miles from the British encampment. Seeds’s Ford is unnoticed in the old annals.
The whole country abounded in forests, interspersed with plantations, more or less detached. To the east of the Brandywine it was more open, but both banks of the creek were pretty densely covered with woods. The country is undulating, the larger hills usually skirting the creek separated by flats now forming beautiful and luxuriant meadows, but then doubtless covered with the primitive forest. So dense and impenetrable were the wood and undergrowth upon these flats that a part of them above Painter’s bridge on the street road bears to this day the name of Dungeon Bottom.
Birmingham meeting house is on the brovofa hill, about three miles north of Chadd’s ford, one fourth of a mile south of the Street road, and about two miles east of Painter’s Ford.— Jones’s house lies to the north, the farm extending to the street road. An orchard occupied a portion of the angle formed by the street road, and “the great Dilworthtown road,” which passes both this house and Birmingham meeting house. Osborne’s hill is about a mile north of the meeting house. Sconneltown (now entirely extinct,) was on the top of another eminence between Jefferis’ Ford and Osborne’s Hill.
“The Great Valley road,” spoken of in the narratives of the battle, was the road leading from Kennett Square through Trimble’s and Jefferis’ Fords, and by the Turk’s Head (now West Chester,) to the Great Valley, four miles north of the latter place.
Martin’s tavern (now Marshalton) was about four miles west of the Turk’s Head, and about two miles west of Taylor’s Ford, on “the old Lancaster road,” which traversed nearly the same ground upon which the Strasburg road was subsequently laid out.
Upon the roads leading to Chadd’s and Taylors Fords and towards Wilmington, parties of British light horse were sent out on the tenth, most probably to reconnoitre.
The column under Cornwallis set out at daybreak on the eleventh, that under Knyphausen, about nine o’clock. A very dense and heavy fog continued until a late hour. A scouting party of American light horse had ventured as far as Welsh’s tavern, and having carelessly left their horses in front of the inn, were drinking at the bar when the advance of the British approached within a few rods, before they were discovered. The troopers fired one volley, escaped by the back of the house and fled across the fields to the - woods, leaving their horses in the hands of the enemy. Tradition mentions as the only result of their fire the death of a horse belonging to one of the British cavalry, who mounted one of those left by the Americans and rode on.
About a mile beyond, the column was again fired on by a party stationed behind the walls of Old Kennett Grave Yard, and a retreating fire was kept up from behind walls and trees, until Maxwell’s forces became engaged with the advance of the division. A body of troops sent to dislodge him from his position on the heights about a mile from the ford compelled him to retire until reinforced from the eminence at the edge of the creek. The front ranks of Knyphausen were then thrown into confusion, but being sustained by successive detachments, drove Maxwell back and finally across the creek. This part of the action began about ten o’clock. It is probable from the advantageous position of Maxwell’s men on each side of the road and upon entrenched heights, that the loss of the British must have been considerable. Washington’s Secretary, writing the same day, (before the engagement at Birmingham,) estimates their loss at three hundred killed and wounded, and adds, “ours does not exceed fifty in the whole.”
After securing the height, Knyphausen commenced a heavy cannonade, which was continued with little intermission until the ford was passed. Every feint and mancauvre was tried, to present the appearance of a large force and a vehement effort to cross the ford.
Several detachments of the Americans crossed the creek and assailed the British who were labouring to throw up entrenchments and batteries. Captains Porterfield and Waggoner having thus passed over and secured a footing on the western bank, Gen. Maxwell returned in force, and a warm conflict ensued. Maxwell driving the enemy from the ground, killing thirty men, (among them a captain of the forty.ninth, and seizing some entrenching tools with which they were throwing up a battery.) The sharpness of the skirmish soon drewupon them overwhelming numbers, and the Americans were again repulsed.
Lord Cornwallis, with the larger division arrived, it may be presumed, at the summit of the hills south of Trimble’s ford, before or about the time when Knyphausen moved from Kerinett Square. Some cannon were discharged’ at this point, (and balls have been found in the vicinity,) for which it is difficult to account, unless they were designed to notify to Knyphausen their having gained a midway position. or to direct him to march to the ford.
Gen. Sullivan, who commanded the right wing of the American army, had received instructions to guard the fords as high up as Buffington’s, just above the forks of the Brandywine. Scouting parties were sent out in various directions to watch the movements of the enemy. Col. Bland, with the light horse, crossed the creek at a point above the camp, probably at Painter’s Ford on the street road, with orders to watch the movements of the enemy should they make any demonstrations of an attempt to turn the enemy’s right. He in fact sent early information that he had seen two brigades advancing on “the valley road” towards Trimble’s Ford, and that the dust appeared to rise in their rear for a considerable distance. This was confirmed by a note from Col. Ross who was in their rear, and who estimated the force that he had seen at not less than five thousand.
The intelligence being thus confirmed of a large division’s being so far separated from the army at Chadd’s Ford, Washington formed the bold design of’ crossing the Brandywine with the great body of his troops and falling upon Knyphausen, and orders were sent to Gen. Greene to cross above the ford. Before this could be effected, counter intelligence was received by Sullivan, who had advanced to meet the division under Cornwallis. This is said to have come from a major of militia, who stated that he had just left the forks, and that there was no appearance of an enemy in that quarter. lt was also reported about the same time that Cornwailis had turned and was coming down the right or west bank of the creek to join Knyphausen. Sullivan communicated these reports to the Commander in Chief, and they seem to have had sufficient weight to discredit the intelligence received from Col. Bland and Col. Ross. Whether Sullivan be censurable or not for confiding in these reports, it is evident that it was within his power to ascertain the truth and that within an hour’s time. The street road was open across the whole country to the westward, and the road northward led to Buffington’s Ford just above the forks. Scouting parties might readily have reached Osborne’s Hill, even at a late hour; but though his orders required him to guard as high up as the forks, there is every reason to believe that he had no party (except Col. Bland) on the west of the stream, north of the street road. In this all tradition concurs.
Whilst Washington was in the state of painful uncertainty produced by these conflicting accounts, Squire Cheyney rode up to the forces under Sullivan, and being uncourteously received by that General, demanded to be led to the Commander in Chief. this was done; and the earnestness of his asseverations, to the truth of which he pledged his life, secured confidence in his statements, corroborating, as they did, the earlier information of the morning. According to his account, the enemy was already at hand, and in large force, to the eastward of the creek.
The brigades of Stephen, Stirling and Sullivan, under the command of the latter were pushed forward to Birmingham meeting house, whilst Greene’s division took the intermediate position that it had chiefly occupied. during the day. Washington remained with the latter, holding it as a reserve in aid of either Wayne or Sullivan.
Birmingham meeting house had been for some days occupied as a hospital; probably the sick and wounded had been removed thither when the army took its position on Red Clay Creek. In consequence,the Friends had adjourned their meeting to the day of their usual meeting in the middle of the week, (Thursday,) appointing the wheelwright shop in Sconneltown as the place. On this day they met. Some time before separating, the younger members manifested uneasiness, which was fully explained, when on breaking up the meeting the whole country about Jefferis’ Ford was seen covered with the British troops. The hour could have been little later than noon. Townsend, in his narrative, will be found clear and explicit as to these particulars. A heavy cannonade, the policy of Knyphausen, had been heard from below. About two o’clock in the afternoon Cornwallis’s division reached Osborne’s Hill, where they halted and took dinner, having marched nearly thirteen miles. Before they again fell in, the forces of the Americans were seen forming upon the brow of the opposite hill at Birmingham meeting house. Cornwallis, who with the field officers occupied the summit of Osborne’s Hill, exclaimed, on seeing their movements, “the damned rebels form well.’’
Among the Americans, some dissention had arisen as to who should have the honour of occupying the right of their line. Gen. Deborre, a French officer, who had recently entered the service, claimed this post; and Sullivan finding that his orders upon the subject had been disobeyed, made a considerable circuit for the purpose of outreaching him, and thus was late upon the field with his brigade, and unable to form before the columns of the enemy vehemently attacked him. It would seem that Sullivan’s manauvre was unsuccessful, and that Deborre obtained the position he coveted, for Deborre’s brigade was the first to give way, and the confusion evidently commenced at the extreme right of the line. This officer was suspended, and an inquiry into his conduct ordered, upon which he resigned.
The action was commenced by a party of Hessians, who crossed the street road and resting their guns upon the fence fired upon the outposts of the Americans, stationed in Jones’ orchard north of his house. In half an hour, about four o’clock, the action became general.[67]
4:00 PM, September 11, 1777
During this time the troops had been formed in three columns for an attack:
Left Column Center Column Right Column
4th English infantry brigade All the dismounted jagers Brigade of Guards 2 battlions of light infantry English:cavalry and Hessian cavalry 2 battalions of English grenadiers 3 battalions of Hessian grenadiers artillery
The 3rd English infantry brigade stayed behind to cover the baggage. At four o’clock in the afternoon the columns advanced to attack, the center column along the main road, and the other two on both sides through valleys and woods. When they had come close enough, they formed in line and advanced upon the enemy, who received them with a heavy fire of cannon and musketry. Our men, however, made a spirited attack with their bayonets and drove them back into the woods, following close upon their heels. Colonel von Donop with the Hessian grenadiers supported the English brigade of Guards throughout, as he had been ordered to do. Three companies of light infantry threw themselves against the flank of the enemy’s right wing, which seemed to be outflanking our line, and after turning it back, rejoined their battalion. The Hessian grenadiers joined the English grenadiers in the line. General Agnew, however, in spite of great efforts, was unable to align completely the fourth brigade forming the left wing, because of the rough terrain. Thus the left flank of the 2nd English Grenadier Battalion was unsupported for some time and was compelled to fall back a little before the enemy’s attack. However, when General Agnew did arrive to support this battalion, the enemy withdrew all along the line from one height to another. Though they fought stubbornly all the way, they were compelled to escape through Terrenton towards Chester. By five o’clock in the evening the entire column had gained a victory and advanced far enough to join our column on the Brandywine hills at nightfall.[68]
Unfortunately for Colonel Patrick Ferguson, his commander in America, Sir William Howe, did not take well to young upstarts with pet ideas. Howe publicly welcomed the new unit and its peculiar rifle, but he sought to dispose of both. That came with the September 1777 Battle of Brandywine, when Ferguson’s riflemen were unwisely employed and suffered more than 50 percent casualties, among them Ferguson, whose right arm was badly wounded. That encounter, however, almost turned the course of history. As Ferguson later wrote, at one point a mounted enemy officer rode past, well within range. “I could have lodged a half-doszen balls in or about him before he was out of my reach,” the British officer recalled, “but I was not pleasant to fire at the back of an unoffending individual who was acquitting himself very coolly of his duty; so I let him alone.” That officer was General Washington.[69]
Evening, September 11, 1777
The confusion created by the contest between Sullivan and Deborre spread through the ranks. In attempting to rally the troops, La Fayette was wounded in the left leg. Sullivan, whose own brigade was retreating, threw himself with Sterling and La Fayette personally into the conflict, and a most heroic stand was made, these officers continuing to maintain their ground until the American forces were completely broken and the enemy within twenty yards of them, when they escaped into the woods.
In the course of the day Washington had pointed out to Gen. Greene a suitable position for a second stand in the event of their being obliged to fall back from either point. As soon as the engagement at Birmingham meeting house took place, Greene quickly advanced and occupied this position. It was about a mile from Birmingham meeting house, on the road to Dilworthstown, in a narrow defile flanked on both sides by woods and commanding the road. Near this place on the road side, stood a blacksmith’s shop. here the retreating parties were stopped and formed in the rear. Several hours yet remained before the darkness of the night covered the further retreat of the Americans. Knyphausen, at the first fire at Birmingham, had attempted the passage of the ford in earnest, and after a short though severe contest, Wayne’s division was compelled to abandon their artillery and retreat.
Greene succeeded in defending the pass, and maintained his position until the close of the day. The brigades of Weedon and Muhlenburg greatly distinguished themselves. The most conspicuous among them were the 10th Virginia regiment, and a Pennsylania regiment under Col. Stewart.
The entire force of the Americans could not have exceeded eleven thousand men, whilst Cornwallis’s division alone is estimated at thirteen thousand. The continental troops laboured under serious disadvantages. Their muskets were not of the same calibre; their cartridges in consequence were not adapted to universal use, and the efficacy of their fire was impaired. Many of the soldiers were raw and undisciplined troops, the more readily thrown into disorder upon being attacked whilst in motion, and before they had gained their proper position in the line.
The troops that had served during the preceding campaign proved themselves able and effective; and the fact that Sir William Howe, with the superior force under his command, after pursuing the retreating Americans but for a single mile, was then checked by a few regiments, speaks much for the valour of the continental army.
According to Howe, the loss of the British was one hundred killed and four hundred wounded, whilst that of the Americans was three hundred killed and six hundred wounded. Three or four hundred were taken prisoners, chiefly of the wounded.
The militia under Gen. Armstrong, posted at Pyle’s Ford, had no opportunity of engaging.
The American army retreated during the night to Chester. The baggage had been previously sent off. Their loss of blankets was considerable, and in view of the approaching season, serious.
They had been in their knapsacks, and were mostly lost during the enagement. Seven or eight cannon and a howitzer fell into the hands of the enemy.
The ardour of the troops was unabated; and Washington immediately prepared for a second engagement.
Sir William Howe’s delay is unaccountable. With the exception of some movements towards Chester and Wilmington, his army remained near the field of battle until the sixteenth, when they learned that Washington was within a short distance, at the Warren tavern on the Lancaster (or old Provincial) road in the Great Valley, and prepared to give them battle. A succession of heavy rains, which ruined their ammunition, prevented the engagement, and rendered the retreat of the Americans unavoidable.
The bold design of Washington to cross the Brandywine and attack Knyphausen, whilst Sullivan was to cross above and hold the other division in check, has, singularly enough, been the occasion of a covert attack upon his military character. The author of the Life of Gen. Greene congratulates the country upon the receipt of the false intelligence which prevented the movement, and argues that the movement would have proved injurious, as his baggage would have fallen into the hands of Cornwallis. But Washington had already removed his baggage, as is shown in his letter from Chester, dated the same evening. Nothing appears to have been more likely than that a brisk attack upon Knyphausen would have been successful in dislodging, if not completely repulsing him, and that arrangements could then have been made for the more serious conflict with Cornwallis. It is not to be supposed that Washington would have been led to follow up his advantage over Knyphausen too far, to the neglect of the more important duty of guarding the fords against Cornwallis. His caution is too well known to admit of such a supposition.
This sketch has reached its proper limit. The events which succeeded—” the Massacre of Paoli” (as it is popularly called) on the night of the 20th of September, Howe’s entry into Philadelphia on the- 26th, the battle of Germantown and the encampment of the Americans at Valley Forge—” the darkest hour of the Revolution,” form suitable subjects for the future labours of the Society; and it is greatly to be desired that persons in the vicinity of these historial localities should engage in the work of gleaning the field of tradition that nothing may possibly be lost.[70]
At Midnight, Chester, September 11, 1777
I am sorry to inform you, that in this day’s engagement we have been obliged to leave the enemy masters of the field. Unfortunately the intelligence received of the enemy’s advancing up the Brandywine, and crossing at a ford about six miles above us, was uncertain and contradictory, notwithstanding all my pains to get the best. This prevented my making a disposition adequate to the force with which the enemy attacked us on the right; in consequence of which the troops first engaged, were obliged to retire before they could be reinforced. In the midst of the attack on our right, that body of the enemy which remained on the other side of Chad’s Ford, crossed it, and attacked the division there under the command of General Wayne, and the light Troops under Genl. Maxwell who, after a severe conflict, retired. The Militia under the command of Major Genl. Armstrong, being posted at a ford, about two Miles below Chad’s, had no opportunity of engaging. But altho’ we fought under many disadvantages and were from the causes above mentioned obliged to retire, yet our loss of Men is not, I am persuaded, very considerable, I beleive much less than the enemys. We have also lost about seven or eight pieces of cannon, according to the best information I can at present obtain. The baggage having been previously moved off is all secure, saving the men’s Blankets; which being at their backs, many of them doubtless are lost.
I have directed all the Troops to Assemble behind Chester, where they are now arranging for the night. Notwithstanding the misfortune of the day, I am happy to find the troops in good spirits; and I hope another time we shall compensate for the losses now sustained.
The Marquis La Fayette was wounded in the leg, and Genl. Woodford in the hand. Divers other Officers were wounded, and some slain; but the number of either cannot now be ascertained. I have the honor To be Sir Your obedient hub. Servant
Go: WASHINGTON
P.S. It has not been in my power to send you earlier intelligence; the present being the first leisure moment I have had since the action.[71]
The Hessian Yägers and Grenadiers, and the Ansbach Yägers, and the Hessian Light Cavalry, just mounted, won great praise for their gallantry. The Hessians lost Capt. Trautvetter, Lieuts. Dupuy, v Trümbach, v. Lissingen, and v. Baumbach; and the Ansbach Light Infantry lost Lieut. v. Förstner, and many men killed and wounded. Of the eleven guns taken, there were three Hessian guns that had fallen into the hands of the Americans at Trenton. (Capt. V. Baumbach was of the v. Linsing Regiment.) JG. [72]
After Brandywine, General Howe collected Ferguson’s rifles, the world’s fastest firing military rifles, and disbanded his rifle corps. It was not the end of Ferguson. [73]
September 11, 1778
The force of 2,000 men—1,500 of them militia—rendezvoused at Fort Pitt and then, guided by Col. William Crawford, who had followed the same Indian trail with Col. Bouquet, moved downriver to Fort McIntosh, which was now finished and boasted four strong blockhouses and a six-pounder cannon. McIntosh sent emissaries to the Delaware chiefs, asking permission to pass through their country, and considering the affronts the Delawares had recently suffered at the hands of the Americans, no one felt that any good would come of it. The Delawares, however, still thought it possible for whites and Indians to live in peace, and permission was granted. Delighted, McIntosh left Col. Brodhead in command of Fort McIntosh and led his force out on September 11, taking a northwestward course….[74]
September 11, 1781: Lt. Crawford’s party escorted a group from here to Lexington, A scout around that settlement resulted in the discovery of a new pair of moccasins and other signs of Indians and it was decided that the rather weak settlement, consisting of 28 families, should he evacuated. Yesterday, half of these people, taking many of their goods with them and escorted by Crawford’s squad, set out for Linn’s Station, the idea being that another escort would be sent to guard the remainder when they followed. Young Isaiah Boone, Squire’s son, was along, proudly wearing a broad—brim beaver hat of Quaker style and carrying a rifle that seemed bigger than himself.
They had traveled only a few miles when a Kentucky militia officer with them, Lt. John Welch, was abruptly taken so violently ill that he was unable to continue. It was decided the rest of the party should go on while a dozen men under Lt. Crawford, including Sam Murphy and the Mason brothers, stayed as a guard for Welch, to bring him in when he felt better.
The larger portion of the party contirnied to be escorted by Ens. Ravenscroft and Sgt. Philip Muckano and, in a mile or so, they were abruptly ambushed by that large body of Indians, mainly Shawnees, under Shemeneto, McKee and Thayendanegea[75]. Sgt. Muckano managed to get a shot off, and his bullet broke a warrior’s neck, but before he could even reload, he was himself shot dead and tumbled from his horse. After that, all was chaos.. Little Isaiah Boone managed to escape but lost his beaver hat in the process, and Isham Floyd tossed away his empty gun and galloped off.
By this time, beyond earshot, with Lt. Welch feeling a little better, the Crawford party had begun following the others. Abruptly, they encountered a riderless horse coming toward them with a traveling bag attached to the saddle and recognized it as belonging to the party who had left them. Moments later a young woman and a little boy were observed coming in their direction, obviously captives of the two Indians with them, one of whom was mounted. Seeing Crawford’s squad, the Indians were startled and fled, although one swung his tomahawk at the young woman as he dashed away, which fortunately missed, and she told them of the attack during which many had been killed including her mother. The little boy was her brother. A few others, she said, night also have been taken prisoner
Taking her and the little boy with them, Crawford’s party went on by a circuitous route and reached Linns Station after dark last night. There they found others of the defeated party who had managed to escape, including militia Col. John Floyd, who was in ihe process of berating his younger brother, Ishain. for having discarded his gun. Murphy was pleased to find at Linn’s old schoolmate of his. Sam Wells, Jr., from back on Jacobs’ Creek near Pittsburgh. Wells and his father had emigrated to Kentucky several years earlier.[76]
September 11, 1782: MOLLY SCOTT, a participant in the defense of Fort Henry at the "second siege"**, September 11, 1782. Lydia Boggs Shepherd Cruger credited her, not Betty Zane, with carrying the ammunition in her apron to the soldiers. [77]
September 11, 1782: SILAS ZANE, a founder of Wheeling, WV. At "first siege"* of Fort Henry, September 1, 1777. In command, September 11, 1782, during "second seige"** of Fort Henry. [78]
** - "Second Siege" of Fort Henry, September 11, 1782 - Known as the last battle of the Revolutionary War. Was one of the most important battles fought between the Indians & Whites along the frontier, in which 40 British soldiers and 260 Indians, known as "Queen's Rangers", commanded by Captain Pratt and white renegade, George Girty, were held off by some 20 men and several women. After several days, the attackers gave up the siege. Only one wounded and none killed inside the fort.
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[79]
September 11, 1782
“There is no nation without its heroes and heroins. Their historic bravery and sacrifice live as ideals of the race. Every man and woman cherishes in his soul a secret worship for the spectacular figures of the past. They belong to a people and are handed down as a heritage from generation to generation.
Betty Zane needs no introduction to millions throughout the United Statrs. Thrilling tales of her bravery are to be found in every library, and children read of her in their school books. Yet, as in the case of most prominent heroic individuals, little is known of her privat life. History recongnizes her as a supremely courageous woman, as a person responsible for the successful defense against British and Indians of one of the principal frontier fortresses during the War of the Revolution: but history has no record of the day to day existence of Betty Zane. It has no tales to tell of the loves and emotions of so romantic a figure.
The favorite stories of my childhood dealt with the lives and exploits of my own forefathers, the Zanes My grandmother had made a saga of their conquest of the wilderness, and loved to hold us spellbound with her tales. The fact that she had once knelt at the feet of Betty Zane and listened to the old lady as she told of her brother’s capture by the Indian Princess, of the burning of the Fort, and of her own race for life, proved to our credulous ears that she dealt with nothing but actual facts.
A number of years later my mother came to me one day with an old musty notebook that she had discovered in some rubbish burning in our back yard. The book had probably been hidden for many years. It had belonged to my great grandfather, Ebenezer Zane and was rich with the life and romance of those early days. From its faded and time worn pages, I have taken the main facts of my story.
Herein I tell of that early life of Hardship and struggle as revealed by my great grandfather’s diary. This book explains the monument that stands in a quit corner of the city of Wheeling, West Va. The inscription reads, “By authority of the State of West Virginia to commemorate the siege of Fort Henry, September 11, 1782, the last battle of the American Revolution, this tablet is here placed.”
Had it not been for the heroism of a girl, Betty Zne, the foregoing inscription would never have been written. Zane Grey[80]
September 11, 1808 – The National Council, meeting at Broomtown, authorizes the formation of the Cherokee Lighthorse Guard, a patrol of regulators to prevent squatting by whites, robbery, horse-stealing, and cattle-rustling; the Ridge was made head of the whole force.[81]
September 11, 1828: Hiram Winans, son of Lewis and Lydia Winans. Married in Miami Co, Ohio, September 11, 1828; moved to Shelby Co. about 1831;in 1853, he came here; have nine children, all born in Ohio.[82]
Line of MOSES PRYOR WINANS
JOHN-JOHN-LEWIS-JOHN-LEWIS-MOSES (1-5-5-1-1-4)
MOSES PRYOR was b January 4, 1808 at Stanton Twp., Ohio d August 5 or 25, 1871 at Springville, Iowa md September 11, 1828 Susan Simmons b February 12, 1812 at Fort Dearborn, Chicago, Ill. d April 27, 1900 at Santa Ana, Calif. She was the dau of John and Susan (Millhouse) Simmons. [83]
Wednesday, September 11, 1833.
New Salem, IL.
[Thomas S. Edwards fails to appear before the Sangamon County Circuit Court in two criminal cases, People v. Edwards and Edwards and People v. Edwards et al., and "Abraham Lincoln, William Green and Jesse Baker the bail of said defendant was also three times called to produce the body, and neither of them answering . . . their recognizance be forfeited and sci. fa. to next term."Record.]
[84]
September 11, 1814, Noon. The British attack begins on Baltimore.[85] British General Ross is killed by an American rifleman. Moments later the American sniper is killed by British fire. Had Ross lived he might have been remembered as the battles most well known figure. But now that distinction would go to a lawyer detained on an American truce vessel several miles away. His name was Francis Scott Key.[86]
September 11, 1816
September 11, 1816-September 12, 1816.
Elizabethtown, KY.
[Thomas Lincoln's Nolin River farm case is tried. Court orders Isaac Bush to return to Thomas $200 he paid in December 1808.Equity Papers Bundle No. 24, Hardin Circuit Court.]
[87]
September 11, 1841: Following the second bank veto, members of the cabinet entered Tyler's office one by one and resigned – an orchestration by Clay to force Tyler's resignation (and place his own lieutenant, Senate President Pro Tempore Samuel L. Southard, in the White House). The exception was Secretary of State Webster who remained to finalize what became the 1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty, as well as to demonstrate his independence from Clay.[51] Two days later, when the President stood firm, the Whigs in Congress officially expelled Tyler from the party. A national backlash ensued, as Tyler was lambasted by Whig newspapers and received hundreds of letters threatening his assassination.[52]
Tariff and distribution debate
By mid-1841, the federal government faced a projected budget deficit of $11 million. Tyler recognized the need for higher tariffs, but wished to stay within the 20-percent rate created by the Compromise Tariff of 1833. He also supported a plan to distribute to the states any revenue from the sales of public land, as an emergency measure to manage the states' growing debt, even though this would cut federal revenue. The Whigs supported high protectionist tariffs and national funding of state infrastructure, and so there was enough overlap to forge a compromise. The Distribution Act of 1841 created a distribution program with a proviso requiring tariffs to remain below 20 percent; a second bill enacted the top rate on previously low-tax goods. [88]
(b. September 11, 1860) Emily Thomason.[89]
September 11-13, 1861:
Cheat Mountain
September 11–13, 1861
Union victory
Reynolds
15,000
2,000
100
21
Lee's first battle of the Civil War. Severely criticized, Lee nicknamed "Granny Lee". Lee was sent to SC and GA to supervise fortifications.[83]
[90]
September 11, 1862: After reading of Hoy’s death, the officer was executed and
Quantrill started his men on a raid to Olathe, Kansas.
Exclaimed Quantrill, "We are going to Kansas and kill ten more men for
poor Perry!" Even before reaching Olathe the guerrillas killed ten men in
Kansas. When they arrived at the town on the evening of September 12, they
found it defended by a line of 125 militiamen, outnumbering Quantrill’s band
two to one. The raiders casually rode into town as if they were a group of
farmers or peaceful citizens and tied their horses to fence rails. The maneuver
confused the militia long enough for Quantrill’s men to form a line abreast and
draw their revolvers, one in each hand. Several guerrillas carried two or three
other revolvers in their waistbands. Although they outnumbered the guerrillas,
the militiamen with their single shot muskets were badly out-gunned. Quantrill
ordered the militiamen to surrender. Faced with such a fearsome group, all but
one did. That man died for his bravery, or because of his foolishness. The
guerrillas paroled the remaining militiamen. The Quantrill's men had killed
fourteen men in revenge for the death of Perry Hoy.
Quantrill and his gang spent the rest of the night sacking and looting
Olathe. They stole horses, clothes, money, jewelry and anything else they
fancied. They entered private homes as well as the hotel and the stores of
Olathe. The town was completely terrorized that night but no one else died.
Col. John Burris of the Union Fourth Kansas Cavalry was furious at the
sack of Olathe and immediately took out after Quantrill’s Raiders. He caught
up with them near Columbus, Missouri in northern Johnson County and chased
them through four counties for ten days without inflicting any harm on them. In
the pursuit, the Yankees burned several farmhouses belonging to suspected
southern sympathizers and liberated a large group of slaves. The raiders were
running for their lives and had to abandoned much of the loot stolen from
Olathe.
Hot Pursuit
Quantrill and his men were chased relentlessly by Burris during the early
fall of 1862. Major Hubbard of the Missouri 6th Federal Cavalry came up from
Clinton County to help Burris and engaged Quantrill's men in several hard
fought skirmishes. Ahead of his pursuers by only an hour, Quantrill and his men
came to Crenshaw's bridge on the Little Blue guarded by twenty-three militia.
Cole Younger and Sim Whitsett lead the charge on the bridge. The militia
guarding the bridge were appalled by the rush of the guerrillas and after firing
one volley broke in all directions without attempting to reload. Two men were
allowed to escape unscathed. One was a youth who had done Sim a favor once
and Whitsett saved him. Another had once cured a valuable horse for Cole
Younger and Younger returned the favor by giving the man his life.
After Quantrill and his men crossed the Blue they destroyed Crenshaw's
bridge. This gave the guerrillas some time for rest, but soon the militia were
1
on their tail again. The pursuit went through Johnson and Lafayette counties
with skirmishes here and there. Six miles out of Lexington the guerrillas had
gained enough of a lead to take a much needed six hour bivouac. As day was
breaking some citizens came into camp and warned Quantrill of a detachment
of seventy-five cavalry militia in Wellington. They were not part of the
pursuing columns, were unacquainted with the country and seemed to be
aimless with no particular objective. At this time the guerrillas in Quantrill's
Raiders numbered about fifty.
Quantrill attacked the rear of the detachment as it left Wellington for
Lexington. For three miles the guerrillas engaged the militiamen in a torrent of
lead and vicious fighting. Edwards reported that of the seventy-five only ten
Union men escaped the onslaught uninjured. The score of dead and wounded
by Edwards' account was: six shot by Quantrill; five by Andrew Blunt; four by
Will Hallar; four by Cole Younger; three each by Dave Poole, George Shepard
and Fletch Taylor; two each by George Todd, William Gregg, Sim Whitsett,
John Koger, Hicks George and Fernando Scott. Six or eight others whose names
Edwards did not list accounted for the remaining casualties in the Union ranks.
It was victories like this in 1861 and 1862 that made Quantrill's Raiders into a
legend. At first glance one would think the guerrillas were badly outnumbered
in a battle of fifty against seventy-five cavalry. In reality, the Raiders were
excellent horsemen on superb horses, probably much better mounted than the
run-of-the-mill militiaman; and, in firepower the guerrillas were far ahead of
the game. Quantrill's guerrillas were usually armed with as many as five
revolvers against the single firearm usually carried by the Federals. Even the
newest of Quantrill's men in the short time since Independence were battlehardened
veterans and all were excellent marksmen. The Federals were badly
outgunned. Nether-the-less, the courage of these guerrilla fighters was
unmatched in battle.
Soon the pursuing columns of Federals were again pressing hard on
Quantrill and his men. For five days and nights the Raiders were once more on
the run. They were pushed back over the Sni. By this time twenty-two of
Quantrill's men were injured, some badly. Finally, the Raiders were hemmed in
between Big Creek and the Sni with Federals on two sides. A ridge separated
the guerrillas from the nearest Union force of about (according to Edwards)
five hundred Federals under the command of Lt. Col. John T. Burris. There was
only one way out, and that was straight through the middle of the militia on
the other side of the ridge. Quantrill's men topped the crest of the ridge at a
walk and then broke into a full run at the first sight of the Union troops below
them. At the front of the charge, abreast of one another were William
Quantrill, William Gregg, George Todd, Cole Younger, Tom Talley, Dave Poole,
Hicks George, Sim Whitsett, Will Hallar, Charley "Ki" Harrison and John Koger.
The Raiders slashed through the Federal lines and as night approached made it
to the heavy timber along Big Creek. Now there was scarcely an unwounded
man in the company and one man named Scriviner had been killed. The
guerrillas did what only guerrillas can do when badly hurt and in need of rest.
1
The guerrillas disbanded and faded away into the night by twos and threes. By
morning, there was no one left for the Federals to chase.[91]
Sun. September 11, 1864:
A very hard rain in the afternoon. Preaching in the evening box of sanitary peaches
Distrib examination by a drunk doctor
(William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary)[92]
September 11, 1898: The autopsy was performed the next day (September 11) by Golay, who discovered that the weapon, which had not yet been found, had penetrated 3.33 inches (85 mm) into Elisabeth's thorax, fractured the fourth rib, pierced the lung and pericardium, and penetrated the heart from the top before coming out the base of the left ventricle. Because of the sharpness and thinness of the file the wound was very narrow and, due to pressure from Elisabeth's extremely tight corseting, the hemorrhage of blood into the pericardial sac around the heart was slowed to mere drops. Until this sac filled, the beating of her heart was not impeded, which is why Elisabeth had been able to walk from the site of the assault and up the boat’s boarding ramp. Had the weapon not been removed, she would have lived a while longer, as it would have acted like a plug to stop the bleeding.[35]
Golay photographed the wound, but turned the photograph over to the Swiss Procurator-General, who had it destroyed, on the orders of Franz Joseph, along with the autopsy instruments.[36]
As Geneva shuttered itself in mourning, Elisabeth’s body was placed in a triple coffin: two inner ones of lead, the third exterior one in bronze, reposing on lion claws. [93]
September 11, 1941: Charles Augustus Lindbergh testimony before Congress. At an America First rally in Des Moines, Iowa, on September 11, 1941, he made a speech titled "Who Are the War Agitators?" in which he claimed that Americans had solidly opposed entering the war when it began, and that three groups had been "pressing this country toward war" -- the Roosevelt Administration, the British, and the Jews, and complained about what he insisted was the Jews' "large ownership and influence in our motion pictures, our press, our radio and our government." He made clear however his opposition to anti-Semitism, stating that "All good men of conscience must condemn the treatment of the Jews in Germany", further advising "Instead of agitating for war, the Jewish groups in this country should be opposing it in every possible way for they will be among the first to feel its consequences. Tolerance is a virtue that depends upon peace and strength. History shows that it cannot survive war and devastation."[94]
September 11, 1962 Edward Becker, a Las Vegas promoter and corporate
“investigator” attends a meeting at Churchill Farms, Carlos Marcello’s private 6,400 acre swamp
land estate just outside New Orleans. [Marcello is the leader of the Mafia in New Orleans.]
Present at this meeting are Carlo Roppolo, a close personal friend from Shreveport, Louisiana,
Edward Becker, and Jack Liberto, a hulking bodyguard who is also Carlos’ personal barber. The
men are drinking scotch and eating antipasto in the farmhouse kitchen when Becker mentions
reading something in the papers about RFK’s plans to deport Marcello. According to Becker,
Marcello’s mood instantly changes. He utters a Sicilian curse referring to JFK: “Livarsi si na
petra di la scarpa.” (Take the stone out of my shoe.) It has been stated that, from this point on, JFK’s
assassination became for Carlos Marcello an affair of honor -- a Sicilian vendetta. “Don’t worry about that
little Bobby son of a bitch,” Marcello bellows. “He’s going to be taken care of!” Becker states that
Marcello also makes some kind of reference to the way in which he allegedly wants to arrange
JFK’s murder. Marcello “clearly indicated” that his own lieutenants must not be identified as the
assassins, and that there will thus be a necessity to have them use or manipulate someone else to
carry out the actual crime. He says he has already thought of a way to set up a “nut” to take all
the heat “the way they do in Sicily.” Becker has the distinct feeling that Carlos has already
discussed his plans with someone else. This information is sugsequently communicated to J.
Edgar Hoover. Hoover finds JFK’s immorality very offensive, having dwelled on the fact that
JFK has repeatedly committed adultery. Hoover decides to withold the Becker information.
Some will suggest that Hoover withholds Mafia death threats from the Secret Service because
they have been the product of illegal electronic surveillance. At this point, author Mark North
suggests that Hoover becomes guilty of: “ treason, seditious conspiracy, advocating overthrow of
the government, and conspiracy to impede or injure officer.” By withholding information,
Hoover ... in effect ... allows the assassination of JFK to happen.
Also on this date, the Soviet government states that it has no need to locate its most
powerful missiles in other countries, specifically mentioning Cuba. According to the Russians,
the “armaments and military equipment sent to Cuba are designed exclusively for defensive purposes”
and are unable to threaten the United States. It is a lie.
On this date, the CIA’s William Harvey meets in Miami with John Roselli. The subject
of this meeting is the assassination of Fidel Castro.[95]
September 11, 1963 Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge, eighteen days after his arrival
in Vietnam, cables: “The time has come for the U.S. to use what effective sanctions it has to bring about
the fall of the existing government.” This refers to the Diem regime. In response to the cable, JFK
calls a meeting for 6:00 this afternoon. During this meeting, advocates for a coup fail to get
strong presidential support. [96]
September 11, 1978: In the cities of Mashhad and Qom demonstrators were fired on by the army. Five deaths were reported. [97]
September 11, 1918: On Convoy 3 list of Deportees, is Moise Gotlib, born September 11, 1918 in Varsovie (Warsaw, Poland). Code F is indicated but its meaning is unknown as of this writing.
September 11, 1941: Charles Lindbergh made an anti-Semitic speech on radio. The Lone Eagle or Lucky Lindy as he was called was an isolationist and part of the America First Committee. He was impressed with the Nazis. He saw fascism as the wave of the future and believed that “the wave was rolling towards America. He saw World War II being a continuation of centuries old European tribal feuds that had nothing to do with theUnited States. He stood with those who believed that FDR’s New Deal was “a Jewish concoction”and that a foreign policy supportin European democracies against the Nazis was the product of “Jewish interventionists.” In fact, Lindberg was scheduled to give a speech about why Anerica should stay out of the war on the afternoon of December 7, 1941. [98]
September 11, 1942: The convoy arrived in Auschwitz on September 11. Twenty three men were selected for work and received numbers 63471 through 63493. A considerable number of men had been previously selected in Kosel for work (see Convoy 24). Sixty eight women were also left alive and were given numbers 19414 through 19481. The rest were gassed immediately.
The Ministry for War Veterans lists only 22 survivors from this convoy in 1945. One of them was Aron Gogiel, who managed to save his three sons and come home with them. Our research in Belgium enabled us to add 21 names to the list of survivors of this convoy, for a total of 43.
The list of Deportees on Convoy 31 included Joseph Gottlieb, born October 10, 1880, and Mato Gottlieb, born April 21, 1893. Both were from Poland.[99]
September 11, 1942: The Nazis wiped out the ghetto in Stolin, Poland, with the mass murders of 11,000 Jews. [100]
September 11, 1942: Meir Berliner, an Argentine Jew deported to the Treblinka death camp from Warsaw, stabs an SS officer to death with a penknife. In reprisal, Berliner and 150 other Treblinka inmates are executed.[101]
September 11, 1942: Five thousand Jews are deported from the Warsaw Ghetto in Treblinka. [102]
September 11, 1942: Ninety thousand Jews were sent to their deaths from the Warsaw ghetto. A total of 300,000 Jews were sent to Nazi killing camps during a 53 day period.[103]
September 11, 1943: German troops occupied Kosovo-Metohien.[104]
September 11, 1943: The Nazi’s began the liquidation of the Minsk and Lida ghettos.[105]
September 11, 1943: One thousand Jews discovered hiding in Przemysl Poland, are murdered.[106]
September 11, 1943: Starting on this date and ending 3 days later, the Jewish community at Minsk, Belorussia, is liquidated.[107]
September 11, 2001: September 11, 2001: The worst terrorist attack in America's history on September 11 destroyed the World Trade Center in New York City, part of the Pentagon and a downed passenger airliner in Pennsylvania and [108] claimed 2,973 lives. Radical Islam declared this attack was against the "Crusaders and Jews." [109]
September 11, 2001
100_5917[110]
100_5918[111]
2001 On September 11, the worst terrorist attack in U.S. history takes place when Al Qaeda terrorists hijack airplanes and use them as missiles, destroying the World Trade Center in New York and damaging the Pentagon. Another plane, thought to be heading for Washington, D.C., crashes in Pennsylvania. Nearly 3,000 people are killed. Attacks spread fear through the Jewish community leading to heightened security and a renewed sense of patriotism.[112]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/Christmas_TheRealStory.htm
[2] http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/Christmas_TheRealStory.htm
[3] [1] Mapping Human History by Steve Olson, 110.
[4] http://www.theatlanticwire.com/technology/2012/07/2000-years-climate-change-graphed-being-overweight-isnt-unhealthy/54347/
[5] http://news.yahoo.com/romans-han-dynasty-were-greenhouse-gas-emitters-study-201225220.html
[6] Who was Jesus, Green, 4/5/2009
[7] Ice Age Museum, Dundee, WI, July 23,2011.
[8] Volo Bog, IL June 24, 2012
[9] http://www.livescience.com/11361-history-overlooked-mysteries.html
[10] http://www.livescience.com/16046-nazca-lines-wheels-google-earth.html
[11] The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 56.
[12] Mapping Human History by Steve Olson, 110.
[13] http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/Christmas_TheRealStory.htm
[14] The Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[15] The Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011.
[16] http://www.geocraft.com/WVFossils/ice_ages.html
[17] The Grand Canyon, September 5, 2011
[18] From River Clyde to Tymotchtee and Col. William Crawford by Grace U. Emahiser, 1969, pg. 1-2.
[19] The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 56.
[20] The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 56.
[21] The Hidden History of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Chrisitanity, The Jesus Dynasty, by James D. Tabor page 292.
[22] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel
[23] Smallwood, “High Priests and Politics” page 32. Jerusalem, by Lee I Levine, pg 353.
[24] [1] Jews, God and History by Max I. Dimont, 1962 pg. 137.
[25] Jesus:The Man. NTGEO 10/12/2005
[26] Introducing Islam, Dr. Shams Inati, page 42.
[27] Introducing Islam, Dr. Shams Inati, page 42.
[28] The world Before and After Jesus, Desire of the Everlasting Hills by Thomas Cahill, page 336.
[29] Jews, God and History by Max I. Dimont, 1962 pg. 137.
[30] The One Year Chronology Bible, NIV, page 1304.
[31] Photo by Jeff Goodlove, November 14, 2009
[32] Feast of the Passover. Annual attendance at three feast by all adult males (normally accompanied by their families) was commanded in the law: Passover, Pentecost and Tabernacles, Distance prevented many from attending all three, but most Jews tried to be at Passover.
[33] At age 12 boys began preparing to take their place in the religious community the following year.
[34] The Rabbis, experts in Judaism.
[35] Luke 2:41-250 Zondervan New International Version Study Bible, 2008
[36] The Historical Jesus for Dummies, by Catherine M. Murphy, PhD, Smallwood, “High Priests and Politics” page 17.
[37] Jesus the Jew, A Historian’s Reading of the Gospels by Geza Vermes, page 45.
[38] The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 56.
[39] Josephus was from a priestly family. At the age of 29 he was appointed the Commander of Gallilee by the Jewish revolutionary government. He was a reluctant fighter. He believed that opposition to Rome was national suicide. (The Naked Archaeologist, Histi, 11/28/2005.
[40] The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 56.
[41] The Enemies of Rome, by Philip Matyszak, page 193.
[42] The Hidden History of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Christianity, The Jesus Dynasty, by James D. Tabor. Page 211.
[43] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel
[44] Jerusalem, by Lee I Levine, pg 353., Smallwood, “High Priests and Politics” page 15.
[45] Jerusalem, by Lee I Levine, pg 353.
[46] Smallwood, “High Priests and Politics” page 22.
[47] Jerusalem, by Lee I Levine, pg 353.
[48] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor
[49] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_of_England
[50] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland
[51] wikipedia
[52] http://www.cyberancestors.com/cummins/ps02/ps02_347.htm
[53] wikipedia
[54] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France
[55] "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_I_of_England&oldid=549624416"
[56] wikipedia
[57] This Day in Jewish History.
[58] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[59] This Day in Jewish history.
[60] Torrence and Allied Families, Robert M. Torrence pg. 324
[61] Ancestors of Forrest Roger Garnett Page 454.49
[62] http://www.americanrevolution.org/hess16.html
[63] Battalion was attached to Regiment von Mirbach. Notes on Hessian soldiers who remained in Canada and the United States after the American Revolution, 1775-1784 Clifford Neal Smith
[64] Encylopedia of British, Provincial, and German Army Units 1775-1783 by Philip R. N. Katcher
[65] That Bloody River Allan W. Eckert
[66] The Brothers Crawford
[67] The Battle of Brandywine, Joseph Townsend
[68] Letters from Major Baurmeister to Colonel von Jungkenn, Written during the Philadelphia Campaign, 1777-1778 Edited by Bernhard A. Uhlendorf and Edna Vosper pg. 16.
[69] American Rifleman, Riflemen of the Revolution, May 2009, pages 42-43.
[70] The Battle of Brandywine, Joseph Townsend
[71] George Washington, A Biography in His Own Words, Edited by Ralph K. Andrist
[72] The German Allied Troops on the North American War of Independence, 1776-1783 by Max von Eelking pg. 113.
[73] American Rifleman, Riflemen of the Revolution, May 2009, page 43.
[74] That Dark and Bloody River, Allan W. Eckert pg177
[75] Thayendanegea’s (Joseph Brant’s)… decision to side with the British was tragic for the Iroquois Confederacy or Six Nations as it was called. That ancient confederation boutnd together by wisdom, skill at war, and diplomacy became helplessly divided when it was agreed that each nation should go its own way. In the past a declaration of war had to be voted unanimously. Some nations like the Oneida went with the Americans, others tried to stay neutral, or like Brant’s Mohawk fought for the British.
Brant joined Colonel Barry St. Leger’s invasion of the AMOhawk, one of the prongs of Burgoyne’s doomed campaign The famous Battle of Oriskanyu, undoubtedly the bloodiest and most ferocious of the Revolution, was fought with Herkimer’s gallant farmers standing musket to musket with the King’s Own, the best of his Hessian gamekeeper-sharpshooters, and Brant’s painted warriors. Brant, who despised defeat, led his Indians back to Fort Niagara, bitterly advising the British high command in Montreal that from now on he would fight his way.
For six years he led his Indian raiders into the Mohawk, again and again leaving the beautiful valley a sea of lames while the alarm bells in the tiny forts clanged frantically. Some raids became classic atrocity stories of American war: Cherry Valley, where women and children lay dead in the snow with Brant protesting fiercely that Walter Butler, who led Butler’s Rangers, was to blame; Wyoming, which game birth to the celebrated eighteenth-century poem “Gertrued of Wyoming,” which pictures Brant as a murderous fiend who slaughtered the innocent. But as it developed Brant was never there.
(The McKenney-Hall Portrait Gallery of American Indians by James D. Horan, Crown Publisher, Inc. New York, 1972. page 114)
[76] That Dark and Bloody River, Allan W. Eckert
[77] (Source: Lewis Wetzel, The Life and Times of a Frontier Hero, by C. B. Allman, 1939; Time Steals Softly, by Virginia Jones Harper.)
[78] (Source: Lewis Wetzel, The Life and Times of a Frontier Hero, by C. B. Allman, 1939.)
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[79] http://www.wvgenweb.org/marshall/revwar.htm
[80] Betty Zane by Zane Grey.
[81] Timetable of Cherokee Removal.
[82] Brown Township, p 735 is in History of Linn County, Iowa, published 1878 by Western Historical Company, Chicago. IL.
[83] Ref: IW., JB., Mrs. Lila Hamilton Finne of Torrance, Calif.
[84] http://www.thelincolnlog.org/Calendar.aspx?year=1833&month=1
[85] First Invasion: The War of 1812, HISTI, 9/12/2004
[86] First Invasion: The War of 1812, HISTI, 9/12/2004
[87] http://www.thelincolnlog.org/Calendar.aspx?date=1816-09-11
[88] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler
[89] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe.
[90] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee
[91] http://www.whitsett-wall.com/Documents/James%20Simeon%20Whitsett,%20Civil%20War%20Guerrilla.pdf
James Simeon Whitsett, 1925
By Ronald N. Wall
Florence, Arizona 2005
James Simeon Whitsett, Quantrill Raider
By Ronald N. Wall
[92] Annotated by Jeffery Lee Goodlove
[93] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Elisabeth_of_Austria
[94] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
• [95] http://www.assassinationresearch.com/v2n1/chrono1.pdf
[96] http://www.assassinationresearch.com/v2n1/chrono1.pdf
[97] Jimmy Carter, The Liberal Left and World Chaos by Mike Evans, page 501.
[98] This Day in Jewish History
[99] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, Page 269.
[100] This Day in Jewish History.
[101] This Day in Jewish History.
[102] This Day in Jewish History.
[103] This Day in Jewish History.
[104] This Day in Jewish History
[105] This say in Jewish History.
[106] This Day in Jewish History.
[107] This Day in Jewish History.
[108] This Day in Jewish History.
[109] Jerusalem Prayer team email 3/30/2010
[110] LBJ Presidential Library, Austin, TX, February 11, 2012
[111] LBJ Presidential Library, Austin, TX February 11, 2012
[112] http://www.alljewishlinks.com/history-timeline-of-jewish-people-in-america/
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