This Day in Goodlove History, September 14, 2014
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Jeffery Lee Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), Jefferson, LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, and including ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, John Quincy Adams and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Martin Van Buren, Teddy Roosevelt, U.S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison “The Signer”, Benjamin Harrison, Jimmy Carter, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, William Taft, John Tyler (10th President), James Polk (11th President)Zachary Taylor, and Abraham Lincoln.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! http://wwwfamilytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
• • Books written about our unique DNA include:
• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.
Birthdays on September 15…
URIAH BANES (1st cousin 4x removed)
John A. Henderson (2nd cousin 1x removed)
Kenneth LeClere (1st cousin 1x removed)
James T.L. Martin (5th cousin 2x removed)
Mary M. Smith (5th cousin 6x removed)
Willem Truax (5th great granduncle of ex)
David C. Vance (3rd cousin 6x removed)
Jeffrey S. Walz (2nd cousin)
Gertrude B. White Grant (great grandmother of ex)
Trajan, born September 15, 53 CE was Roman emperor from 98 until his death of 117. In the last decade of his rule, Trajan began a campaign against the Parthians, a people living east of the Roman Empire. Since this territory bordered Judea with its large Jewish population, Trajan sought to improve relations between Rome and his Jewish subjects. There were even reports that Trajan would allow a rebuilding of the Temple. However, as the Romans moved into Parthia, he met stiff military opposition, fueled in part, by Jews living in Parthia who despised Rome for destroying the Temple. At the same time, Jews in Egypt also rebelled against Rome. The violence there forced Trajan to send legions to the land along the Nile which weakened his already doomed campaign against Parthia.[1]
Late 1st-Early 2nd centuryTacitus writes anti-Jewish polemic in his ‘Histories (book 5). He reports on several old myths of ancient anti-Semitism (including that of the donkey’s head in the Holy of Holies), but the key to his view that Jews “regard the rest of mankind with all the hatred of enemies” is his analysis of the extreme differences between monotheistic Judaism and the polytheism common throughout the Roman world. [2]
The Roman ruled city of Jerusalem in 100 A.D. is a place of intense religious climate. Judaism, Roman cults, and Christian groups all compete for followers. Most scholars believe that Mathew, Mark, Luke, and John died long before their Gospels were written. There were more than four Gospels, there were more than thirty.[3]
By the first century, however, the Jewish Diaspora had already spread to a number of regions of the world, many of which may have contributed to the make-up of the early Ashkenazi Jewish community. These include the Aegean Island of Delos, Ostia (a main port of Rome), Alexandria, and other places in Macedonia and Asia Minor (Konner 2003, p. 83). Jews also began to migrate north of the Alps, probably from Italy (Ostrer 2001).[4]
The Second Century: There are records of Jewish traders venturing from both Italy and the Middle East into Europe and Russia as early as the second century. [5]
AD 100 - Change was made in the synagogue service separating Jews from Christians
All eighteen are recited on weekdays, on Sabbaths only seven. But at this time, an additional one was added. It is known in Hebrew as the Birkothamanine, the blessing concerning the heretics. But it’s not really a blessing. “May the apostates have no hope. May the dominion of wickedness be speedily uprooted in our days. May the Nazarenes and the heretics quickly perish and not be inscribed together with the righteous. Blessed art Thou, the eternal, our God, who crushes the wicked.”
It smoked out the Christians, because anyone could be asked to lead out in the recitation of this. Anybody, everybody was supposed to say “Amen” at the end of each one and this made it very uncomfortable, in fact impossible, for Christians to participate in the, the Pharisee-led synagogue service from that time onward.
The evidence of this synagogue prayer helps sharpen our picture of first-century Christians. It’s clear that they were keeping the Sabbath right along with their Jewish brothers. So now the Jews were becoming less tolerant of Christians. But Christians themselves were beginning to question the value of their connection to Judaism.[3][6]
2nd Century: Matrilineality in Judaism
2nd Century: Matrilineality in Judaism is the view that people born of a Jewish mother are themselves Jewish. The Torah does not explicitly discuss the conferring of Jewish status through matrilineality, and in apparent contrast to this position, the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) provides many examples of Israelite men whose children by foreign women appear to have been accepted as Israelite. However, Jewish oral tradition codified in Mishnah in the 2nd century CE serves as the basis of a shift in Rabbinic Judaism from patrilineal to matrilineal descent.[7]
The Mishnah (Kiddushin 3:12) states that, to be a Jew, one must be either the child of a Jewish mother or a convert to Judaism, (ger tzedek, "righteous convert"). This law originated in the Talmud (Kiddushin 68b). Orthodox opinion regards this rule as dating from receipt of the Torah at Mount Sinai, but most non-Orthodox scholars regard it as originating either at the time of Ezra (4th Century BCE) or during the period of Roman rule in the 1st–2nd centuries CE, as patrilineal descent is known to have been the standard of Judaism prior to that time.[8]
[9]
100 and 200 A.D. Ceremonial Knives and Blades. Colima, Mexico, Red obsidian.
[10]
.%2BNicoya%2C%2BGuanacast%2Bprovince%2C%2BCosta%2BRica.%2BVolcanic%2BStone..jpg)
[12]
[14]
106 A.D.: We have no good historical record for these early Palestinian Christians during the period from the flight to Pella in 66 A.D. to the execution of the aged Simon during the reign of Trajan, probably around 106 A.D. Itr is like a curtain has descended over the history of the original followers of John the Baptrizer, Jesus, James, and Simon for forty years. [15]
112 AD : “But not all the relief that could come from man, not all the bounties that the prince could bestow, nor all the atonements which could be presented to the gods, availed to relieve Nero from the infamy of being believed to have ordered the conflagration, the fire of Rome. Hence to suppress the rumor, he falsely charged with the guilot, and punished with the most exquisite tortures, the persons commonly called Christians, who were hated for their enormities. Christus, the founder of the name, was put to death by Pontius Pilate, procurator of Judea in the rign of Tiberius: but the pernicious superstition, repressed for a time broke out again, not only through Judea, where the mischief originated, but throught the city of Rome also.”
Annals XV.44[16]
scan0004
Built in Rome around 114 C.E., Trajan’s Column commemorates the emperor’s conquest of Dacia, in Central Europe, about eight years earlier. Soon Trajan would face another military challenge, the Jewish “Diaspora Rebellions” of 115-117. [17]
AD 115 - Epistle of Barnabas written in Alexandria
First documented evidence of a desire to separate Christianity from Jewish customs, which was written after the prophesied fall of the Jewish temple.[18]
115-117: THE SECOND ROMAN REBELLION (Roman Empire)[19]
Thousands of Jews are killed during civil unrest in Egypt, Cyprus, and Cyrenaica, as recounted by Cassius Dio History of Rome (68.31), and Eusebius’ Historia Ecclesiastica (4.2), and papyrii.[20]
56-117 CE: The evidence connecting Saturn, the Sabbath, and the Jews in the Roman period is vast and well known. Saturn, the seventh planet (if we include the sun and the moon) and a Greco-Roman god, was naturally perceived as governing the Sabbath, the seventh day or Satur(n)day. Tacitus (56-117 CE), a great believer in a relatyionship between Saturn and the Jews, famously speculated that the “Jews rest every seventh day…in honor of Saturn…the seventh and highest of the heavenlhy bodies. The logic is simple and hardly innovative, if Saturn governs or at least is linked to the Sabbath, it is most probably connected to the rivus sabbatis, the Sambatyon, as well.
After all, from the Roman perspective, the river carries the very name of Saturn. [21]
117 A.D.: Roman Empire: 1.9 Million Square Miles.[22]
Credit: Heather Whipps
Rome
It's impossible to stroll through modern Rome and not bump into reminders of its ancient past. The Forum, the Colosseum and the Pantheon, just to name a few, are lasting testaments to the capital of an empire once made up of 2.5 million square miles, three continents and about 100 million people. The empire reached its zenith in 117 AD, when the emperor Trajan ruled from Rome and months-long gladiator games were held to celebrate the city's glory. [23]
117 AD: There used to be quite a few people with variants of the name Goodfriend (i.e. Gutfrajnd, Gutfreund, Gutfraynd, etc.) in the area around Kalisz, Poland as well in parts of Hungary and Austria. My current guess is that they were part of the wave of Jews who had gone from Judea to Southern France when they were exiled by the Romans in 117AD. [24]
September 1548: Jane lived with the couple until the death of Queen Catherine in childbirth in September 1548.[13]
September 1553: At age 37, Mary turned her attention to finding a husband and producing an heir, thus preventing the Protestant Elizabeth (still her successor under the terms of Henry VIII's will and the Act of Succession of 1544) from succeeding to the throne. Edward Courtenay and Reginald Pole were both mentioned as prospective suitors, but her cousin Charles V suggested she marry his only son, Prince Philip of Spain.[82] Philip had a son from a previous marriage, and was heir apparent to vast territories in Continental Europe and the New World. As part of the marriage negotiations, a portrait of Philip by Titian was sent to her in September 1553.[83]
Lord Chancellor Gardiner and the House of Commons unsuccessfully petitioned her to consider marrying an Englishman, fearing that England would be relegated to a dependency of the Habsburgs.[84] The marriage was unpopular with the English; Gardiner and his allies opposed it on the basis of patriotism, while Protestants were motivated by a fear of Catholicism.[85] When Mary insisted on marrying Philip, insurrections broke out. Thomas Wyatt the younger led a force from Kent to depose Mary in favour of Elizabeth, as part of a wider conspiracy now known as Wyatt's rebellion, which also involved the Duke of Suffolk, the father of Lady Jane.[86] Mary declared publicly that she would summon Parliament to discuss the marriage, and if Parliament decided that the marriage was not to the advantage of the kingdom, she would refrain from pursuing it.[87] On reaching London, Wyatt was defeated and captured. Wyatt, the Duke of Suffolk, his daughter Lady Jane, and her husband Guildford Dudley were executed. Courtenay, who was implicated in the plot, was imprisoned, and then exiled. Elizabeth, though protesting her innocence in the Wyatt affair, was imprisoned in the Tower of London for two months, then was put under house arrest at Woodstock Palace.[88]
Mary was—excluding the brief, disputed reigns of Jane Grey and Empress Matilda—England's first queen regnant. Further, under the English common law doctrine of jure uxoris, the property and titles belonging to a woman became her husband's upon marriage, and it was feared that any man she married would thereby become King of England in fact and in name.[89] While Mary's grandparents, Ferdinand and Isabella, had retained sovereignty of their own realms during their marriage, there was no precedent to follow in England.[90] Under the terms of Queen Mary's Marriage Act, Philip was to be styled "King of England", all official documents (including Acts of Parliament) were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple, for Mary's lifetime only. England would not be obliged to provide military support to Philip's father in any war, and Philip could not act without his wife's consent or appoint foreigners to office in England.[91] Philip was unhappy at the conditions imposed, but he was ready to agree for the sake of securing the marriage.[92] He had no amorous feelings toward Mary and sought the marriage for its political and strategic gains; Philip's aide Ruy Gómez de Silva wrote to a correspondent in Brussels, "the marriage was concluded for no fleshly consideration, but in order to remedy the disorders of this kingdom and to preserve the Low Countries."[93]
Contracts for marriage
Jane acted as chief mourner at Catherine Parr's funeral, and Thomas Seymour showed continued interest in her, and she was again in his household for about two months when he was arrested at the end of 1548.[14] Seymour's brother, the Lord Protector, Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, felt threatened by Thomas' popularity with the young King Edward. Among other things, Thomas Seymour was charged with proposing Jane as a royal bride.[15]
In the course of Thomas Seymour's following attainder and execution, Jane's father was lucky to stay largely out of trouble. After his fourth interrogation by the Council, he proposed his daughter Jane as a bride for the Protector's eldest son, Lord Hertford.[16] Nothing came of this, however, and Jane's next engagement, in the spring of 1553, was to Lord Guildford Dudley, a younger son of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland.[17] Her prospective father-in-law was then the most powerful man in the country.[18][25]
September 1553: Parliament declared Mary the rightful queen and denounced and revoked Jane's proclamation as that of a usurper.
Trial and execution
Jane and Lord Guildford Dudley were both charged with high treason, together with two of Dudley's brothers and the former Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer.[26]
September 1554: Mary stopped menstruating. She gained weight, and felt nauseous in the mornings. Virtually the whole court, including her doctors, thought she was pregnant.[97] Parliament passed an act making Philip regent in the event of Mary's death in childbirth. [27]
September 1547: After a Scottish defeat at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in September 1547, French military aid weakened English resolve and increased the power base of Mary of Guise, who remained in Scotland. Equipped with a newly painted spear for her royal standard,[21] [28]
September 15, 1556 - Vlissingen ex-emperor Charles V returns to Spain[29]
September 1559: Châtelherault, with the safe return of his son, the Earl of Arran, accepted the leadership of the Lords of the Congregation and established a provisional government. However, Mary of Guise was reinforced by professional French troops. Some of these troops established themselves at Kinghorn in Fife, and after they destroyed the house of William Kirkcaldy of Grange, according to Knox, Mary declared, "Where is now John Knox's God? My God is now stronger than his, yea, even in Fife."[58] [30]
September 1560: Amy Dudley died in September 1560 from a fall from a flight of stairs and, despite the coroner's inquest finding of accident, many people suspected Dudley to have arranged her death so that he could marry the queen.[60] Elizabeth seriously considered marrying Dudley for some time. However, William Cecil, Nicholas Throckmorton, and some conservative peers made their disapproval unmistakably clear.[61] There were even rumours that the nobility would rise if the marriage took place.[62]
Among other marriages being considered for the queen, Robert Dudley was regarded as a possible candidate for nearly another decade.[63] Elizabeth was extremely jealous of his affections, even when she no longer meant to marry him herself.[64] In 1564 Elizabeth raised Dudley to the peerage as Earl of Leicester. He finally remarried in 1578, to which the queen reacted with repeated scenes of displeasure and lifelong hatred towards his wife.[65] Still, Dudley always "remained at the centre of [Elizabeth's] emotional life", as historian Susan Doran has described the situation.[66] He died shortly after the defeat of the Armada. After Elizabeth's own death, a note from him was found among her most personal belongings, marked "his last letter" in her handwriting.[67]
Political aspects
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf1/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png
Francis, Duke of Anjou, by Nicholas Hilliard. Elizabeth called the duke her "frog", finding him "not so deformed" as she had been led to expect.[68]
Marriage negotiations constituted a key element in Elizabeth's foreign policy.[69] She turned down Philip II's own hand in 1559, and negotiated for several years to marry his cousin Archduke Charles of Austria. By 1569, relations with the Habsburgs had deteriorated, and Elizabeth considered marriage to two French Valois princes in turn, first Henry, Duke of Anjou, and later, from 1572 to 1581, his brother Francis, Duke of Anjou, formerly Duke of Alençon.[70] This last proposal was tied to a planned alliance against Spanish control of the Southern Netherlands.[71] Elizabeth seems to have taken the courtship seriously for a time, and wore a frog-shaped earring that Anjou had sent her.[72]
In 1563, Elizabeth told an imperial envoy: "If I follow the inclination of my nature, it is this: beggar-woman and single, far rather than queen and married".[69] Later in the year, following Elizabeth's illness with smallpox, the succession question became a heated issue in Parliament. They urged the queen to marry or nominate an heir, to prevent a civil war upon her death. She refused to do either. In April she prorogued the Parliament, which did not reconvene until she needed its support to raise taxes in 1566. Having promised to marry previously, she told an unruly House:
I will never break the word of a prince spoken in public place, for my honour's sake. And therefore I say again, I will marry as soon as I can conveniently, if God take not him away with whom I mind to marry, or myself, or else some other great let happen.[73]
By 1570, senior figures in the government privately accepted that Elizabeth would never marry or name a successor. William Cecil was already seeking solutions to the succession problem.[69] For her failure to marry, Elizabeth was often accused of irresponsibility.[74] Her silence, however, strengthened her own political security: she knew that if she named an heir, her throne would be vulnerable to a coup; she remembered that the way "a second person, as I have been" had been used as the focus of plots against her predecessor.[75]
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Elizabeth_I_Steven_Van_Der_Meulen.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_I_Steven_Van_Der_Meulen.jpg
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The "Hampden" portrait, by Steven van der Meulen, ca. 1563. This is the earliest full-length portrait of the queen, made before the emergence of symbolic portraits representing the iconography of the "Virgin Queen".[76]
Elizabeth's unmarried status inspired a cult of virginity. In poetry and portraiture, she was depicted as a virgin or a goddess or both, not as a normal woman.[77] At first, only Elizabeth made a virtue of her virginity: in 1559, she told the Commons, "And, in the end, this shall be for me sufficient, that a marble stone shall declare that a queen, having reigned such a time, lived and died a virgin".[78] Later on, poets and writers took up the theme and turned it into an iconography that exalted Elizabeth. Public tributes to the Virgin by 1578 acted as a coded assertion of opposition to the queen's marriage negotiations with the Duke of Alençon.[79]
Putting a positive spin on her marital status, Elizabeth insisted she was married to her kingdom and subjects, under divine protection. In 1599, she spoke of "all my husbands, my good people".[80] [31]
End of September 1566: Maitland is reinstated in his office of secretary of state, owing to the patronage of Murray, who begins to regain his ascendancy over his sister. [32]
September 15, 1575: The Duke d'Alençon, having again taken part in a plot against his brother Henry III, and fearing that he should be again
arrested, quits the court, and puts himself at the head of the Protestants. [33]
September 1576: Walter Devereux, Earl of Essex, dies at Dublin ; Leicester was suspected of having poisoned him for the sake of marrying his widow. [34]
September 1578: The Duke of Anjou enters Hainault with an army of ten thousand men. [35]
Beginning of September 1579: Esme Stuart, Count D'Aubigny, arrives at the court of James VI ; he was a near kinsman of the young king,* who received him with much distinction, and soon bestowed upon him all his favour.
About this time, Mary began to interest herself in * Count D'Aubigny was son of John Stuart, brother of the Regent Earl of Lennox, and had been educated in France in the Catholic religion. The Duke of Guise, whose secret emissary he was, had charged him to ascertain the sentiments of the young Prince of Scotland towards his mother, and to plan with the enemies of Morton the consummation of the ruin of that nobleman. The communications of D'Aubigny with the relatives of Mary were kept so secret, that for a long time this princess was entirely ignorant that he was one of her most devoted partizans, and at first she was distrustful of him.
The fortunes of young Arabella Stuart^ Darnley's niece. She concerted with the Countess of Shrewsbury, to recover the diamonds and trinkets which Margaret, Countess of Lennox, had bequeathed by her will to her grand-daughter.
End of September 1579: The Duke of Anjou, having set out from Boulogne-sur-Mer secretly, arrived at Greenwich incognito, Queen Elizabeth
received him with the greatest magnificence. He only remained a few^ days in England ; yet he had reason to believe that he had pleased the queen, and returned in hopes that the marriage would be concluded. [36]
Beginning of September 1580: The Prince of Orange persuades the States-General to shake off entirely the yoke of the Spaniards, and to elect the Duke of Anjou for their sovereign. Soon after, ambassadors were sent to negotiate on this subject with the duke. [37]
September 15, 1584: In conformity with the orders of Elizabeth, Davison had in her name continued his entreaties in favour of the Scotch lords who had taken refuge in England. But the Parliament assembled at Edinburgh took no notice of his intercession, but confirmed the confiscation of all the estates which had belonged to the rebels. Davison, seeing that his presence was no longer of any use to the cause which he wished to promote, leaves Edinburgh for England on the September 15. [38]
September 1585: – Robert Dudley, 1st earl of Leicester, leads an expedition to the Netherlands to help them fight their Spanish invaders and a war with Spain begins. [39]
September 1585: While she was in the hands of the said Sadler and Paulet, she lost all means of having secret letters from any part whatever, and during the said years 1584 and 1585; so that Monsieur de Mauvissière, on quitting his charge of ambassador, in September 1585, left in the hands of Monsieur de Châteauneuf, his successor, a great quantity of secret packets for the said lady, which he had been unable to send to her
during the years aforesaid.
The report common in England and throughout Europe was, that the principal lords of the council of England endeavoured no other thing than to incite Queen Elizabeth to put to death the said Queen of Scotland, and, for that reason, persuaded her that the Pope, the Catholic king, and those of the house of Guise in France, near relatives of the said queen, and all the English Catholics, made daily plots and enterprises to kill the said Queen Elizabeth, to the end that by her death the said Mary, Queen of Scotland, should succeed
to the crown of England, and re-establish there the Catholic religion, which Queen Elizabeth had swept away at her accession. However, the said Queen Elizabeth always abstained from doing this, from fear of the King of France, and of the King of Scotland, son of the said Queen Mary.
At last, in the year 1586, about the commencement of the year, there came into England a young man named Gilbert Gifford, son of an English gentleman, a Catholic, and brother of one of the queen's pensioners, whom w^e call in France the hundred gentlemen of the king's household. The said Gifford came from France, where he had been educated seven or
eight years among the Jesuits, and had been in Italy and Spain, and spoke all languages very well. He was sent to Monsieur de Châteauneuf with letters from the Archbishop of Glasgow, the Queen of Scotland's ambassador in France, from one named Morgan, an English refugee in France on account of religion, who was much devoted to the Queen of
Scotland, and from some other English in France, refugees also on account of religion, who usually applied to the French ambassador on their private matters, inasmuch as they had no means of writino; to their friends in England and receivino* any money, except through the medium of the ambassadors.
The said Gifford (as it will afterwards be seen) was a man instigated by the lords of the English council to destroy the Queen of Scotland, as in all the courts of Europe they have men, who, under pretence of being Catholics, act as their spies, and nowhere — neither at the college of the Jesuits, nor at Kome, nor in France — are they not to be found who daily say mass to disguise themselves, and better serve this princess. Also there are many priests in England tolerated by her, to
be able, by means of auricular confessions, to discover the plots of the Catholics.
And it must be known that the said Queen Elizabeth, a very wary princess, has four lords of her council with whom she conducts her affairs with great cunning, both towards the other Christian princes and towards the Huguenots and Catholics. The said four are, Christopher Hatton, High Chancellor ; William Cecil, called Lord Burghley, High
Treasurer of England ; Kobert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, High Steward of her Household ; and Francis Walsingham, sole Secretary of State. These four have been raised by her from humble condition to great honours, for different reasons. The chancellor and the treasurer have always made a pretence of taking the part and favouring the affiiirs of the King of Spain, also of the Catholics in this kingdom. The Earl
of Leicester and Walsingham, on the contrary, have always shewn themselves great Protestants, and appeared to have affection to France. But, in reality, the whole is merely a masquerade, played with the knowledge of their mistress, to deceive the ministers of these princes, and ruin the English Catholics and all those who favoured the Queen of Scotland. [40] [41]
September 15, 1614: Mass murder of Jews in Salonica, killed while returning from the Dolia market.[42]
1615 Jews expelled from Worms.[43]
1615: The Guild led by Dr. Chemnitz, “non-violently” forced the Jews from Worms.
King Louis XIII of France decrees that all Jews must leave the country within one month on pain of death. [44]
1615 – Thomas Smythe Governor of Somers Is. Co.[45]
September 15, 1615: The Sultan, aware that killing Shabbtai Zvi would make him a martyr, instead “convinced” Shabbtai that converting to Islam was in his best interest On this day, he was brought before the Sultan, and he took off his Jewish head dress, replacing it with a Turkish turban. The repurcussions of his conversion sent shock waves throughout the Jewish world. [46]
1616
In 1616, the copper-skinned lady Rebecca (Pocahontas), her husband, and several Indians sailed for England with Sir Thomas Dale. The following year in March, while aboard a ship in Gravesend waiting to return to America, she died of smallpox. She was about twenty-two. A son, Tomas Rolfe, later returned to Virginia and became one of its first citizens.[47]
War between Indians and whites had broken out on several occasions, but the primitive weaponry of the tribes deeper in the inbterior could not withstand the onslaught of modern weaponry. What Indians were not killed in the resultant warfare were quickly whittled away or sometimes even exterminated by epidemics of the dreadful diseases that the whites brought with them and for which the tribes had built up on immunity—measles, whooping cough, smallpox, chicken pox, typhoid fever, and cholera. The worst of the earlier plagues to hit the tribes occurred during 1616-1617 and wiped out tens of thousands of (Indians all along the Atlantic coast).[48]
A whole village might have two survivors. The survivors were deeply affected by their experiences. European diseases left behind by sailors, into an Indian population with no natural defense. [49]
1616 King James Version (“first considerable revision”).[50]
September 15, 1681:
Louise Marie Anne de Bourbon, Mademoiselle de Tours
November 12, 1674
September 15, 1681 (aged 6)
Legitimised in January 1676.
[51]
September 1572:, Killigrew, on his arrival in Scotland, found the Earl of Morton ready to second him in the inglorious mission on which he had been sent by Elizabeth. But the regent, the Earl of Marr, did not seem so well disposed ; he entertained the overtures of Killigrew very coolly. [52]
September 15, 1752: The Merchant of Venice was presented in Williamsburg, Virginia. It was the first dramatic production by a professional troupe in the 13 Colonies. There is irony that Shylock made such an early appearance in the one place in the world where the stereotype did not even begin to fit.[53]
Fall 1752
“Andrew Harrison died in the fall of the year 1752.[54]
Fall 1752
Andrew2 Harrison died in the fall of the year 1752. At Orange County Court, November 22, 1753, on motion of William Johnson, certificate was granted him for obtaining letters of administration on the estate of Andrew2 Harrison, deceased, Elizabeth, widow of the said Andrew2 Harrison, and Battaile3 Harrison, the heir-at-law, having refused. William Johnson's bond was placed at two hundred pounds currency. [55]
(circa) September 15, 1760: The functional end of the war The British flag is raised over Detroit, effectively ending the war.
1761: The British make peace with the Cherokee Indians . [56]
September 15, 1776: Landing at Kip's Bay -[57]
September 15, 1776
The British under General Howe occupy New York after the Continental Army evacuates the city.[58]
When the British occupied New York in 1776, the hazzan of Shearith Israel, Gershon Mendes Seixas, along with many members of the congregation, fled. Taking their Torah scroll and other ritual objects with them, the member s o f Shearith Israel. Meanwhile, the British soldiers stationed in New York City ripped up the lead plates in the Thearith Israel’s Chatham Square cemetery that bore the funeral inscriptions of deceased members, melting them down for ammunition.
A handful of New York Jews remained there while the British held control of the city. Some did so under duress and, despite the war, maintained the functions of the congregation. Alexander Zuntz, the Hessian officer stationed in New York, served as the president of the congregation.[59]
September 15, 1815
Friday, September 15, 1815.
Elizabethtown, KY.
[Stout, Sheridan, and Thomas Rhodes bring suit in ejectment against Thomas Lincoln to recover Knob Creek farm.Equity Papers Miscellaneous Bundle, Hardin Circuit Court.]
[60]
September 15, 1830:
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The approximate areas where the Choctaw Nation and the United States leaders were seated.[3]
The commissioners met with the chiefs and headmen on September 15, 1830, at Dancing Rabbit Creek.[4] In a carnival-like atmosphere, the US officials explained the policy of removal through interpreters to an audience of 6,000 men, women and children.[4] The Choctaws faced migration west of the Mississippi River or submitting to U.S. and state law as citizens.[4] The treaty would sign away the remaining traditional homeland to the United States; however, a provision in the treaty made removal more acceptable.
The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek was one of the largest land transfers ever signed between the United States Government and American Indians in time of peace. The Choctaw ceded their remaining traditional homeland to the United States. Article 14 allowed for some Choctaw to remain in the state of Mississippi, if they wanted to become citizens:
"ART. XIV. Each Choctaw head of a family being desirous to remain and become a citizen of the States, shall be permitted to do so, by signifying his intention to the Agent within six months from the ratification of this Treaty, and he or she shall thereupon be entitled to a reservation of one section of six hundred and forty acres of land, to be bounded by sectional lines of survey; in like manner shall be entitled to one half that quantity for each unmarried child which is living with him over ten years of age; and a quarter section to such child as may be under 10 years of age, to adjoin the location of the parent. If they reside upon said lands intending to become citizens of the States for five years after the ratification of this Treaty, in that case a grant in fee simple shall issue; said reservation shall include the present improvement of the head of the family, or a portion of it. Persons who claim under this article shall not lose the privilege of a Choctaw citizen, but if they ever remove are not to be entitled to any portion of the Choctaw annuity."[5]
The Choctaw were the first of the "Five Civilized Tribes" to be removed from the southeastern United States, as the federal and state governments desired Indian lands to accommodate a growing agrarian American society. In 1831, tens of thousands of Choctaw walked the 800-kilometer journey to Oklahoma and many died.[citation needed] Like the Creek, Cherokee, Chickasaw, and Seminole who followed them, the Choctaw attempted to resurrect their traditional lifestyle and government in their new homeland.
The Choctaw at this crucial time became two distinct groups: the Nation in Oklahoma and the Tribe in Mississippi. The nation retained its autonomy to regulate itself, but the tribe left in Mississippi had to submit to state and U.S. laws. Under article XIV, in 1830 the Mississippi Choctaws became the first major non-European ethnic group to gain U.S. citizenship.[6][7] The Choctaw sought to elect a representative to the U.S. House of Representatives.
Terms
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Mosholatubbee sought to be elected to the Congress of the United States. 1834, Smithsonian American Art Museum.
The preamble begins with,
“
A treaty of perpetual, friendship, cession and limits, entered into by John H. Eaton and John Coffee, for and in behalf of the Government of the United States, and the Mingoes, Chiefs, Captains and Warriors of the Choctaw Nation, begun and held at Dancing Rabbit Creek, on the fifteenth of September, in the year eighteen hundred and thirty ...
”
—-Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, 1830[8]
The following terms of the treaty were:
1. Perpetual peace and friendship.
2. Lands (in what is now Oklahoma) west of the Mississippi River to be conveyed to the Choctaw Nation.
3. Lands east of the Mississippi River to be ceded and removal to begin in 1831 and end in 1833.
4. Autonomy of the Choctaw Nation (in Oklahoma) and descendants to be secured from laws of U.S. states and territories forever.
5. U.S. will serve as protectorate of the Choctaw Nation.
6. Choctaw or party of Choctaws part of violent acts against the U.S. citizens or property will be delivered to the U.S. authorities.
7. Offenses against Choctaws and their property by U.S. citizens and other tribes will be examined and every possible degree of justice applied.
8. No harboring of U.S. fugitives with all expenses to capture him or her paid by the U.S.
9. Persons ordered from Choctaw Nation.
10. Traders require a written permit.
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John Eaton was a close personal friend of Andrew Jackson. He was Secretary of War for the Jackson administration. Painted 1873 by Robert Weir.
11. Navigable streams will be free for Choctaws, U.S. post-offices will be established in the Choctaw Nation, and U.S. military posts and roads may be created.
12. Intruders will be removed from the Choctaw Nation. U.S. citizens stealing Choctaw property shall be returned and offender punished. Choctaw offending U.S. laws shall be given a fair and impartial trial.
13. U.S. agent appointed to the Choctaws every four years.
14. Choctaws may become U.S. citizens and are entitled to 640 acres (2.6 km2) of land (in Mississippi) with additional land for children.
15. Lands granted to the Choctaw chiefs (Greenwood LeFlore, Musholatubbee, and Nittucachee) with annuities granted to each of them.
16. Transportation in wagons and steamboats will be provided at the costs of the U.S. Ample food will be provided during the removal and 12 months after reaching the new homes. Reimbursements will be provided for cattle left in Mississippi Territory.
17. Annuities to Choctaws to continue from other treaties. Additional payments after removal.
18. Choctaw Country to be surveyed
19. Lands granted to I. Garland, Colonel Robert Cole, Tuppanahomer, John Pytchlynn, Charles Juzan, Johokebetubbe, Eaychahobia, and Ofehoma.
20. Improve the Choctaw condition with Education. Provide tools, weapons, and steel.
21. Choctaw Warriors who marched and fought in the army of U.S. General Wayne during the American Revolution and Northwest Indian War will receive an annuity.
22. Choctaw delegate on the floor of the U.S. House of Representatives.
Unratified section
The following paragraph of the treaty was not ratified:
"WHEREAS the General Assembly of the State of Mississippi has extended the laws of said State to persons and property within the chartered limits of the same, and the President of the United States has said that he cannot protect the Choctaw people from the operation of these laws; Now therefore that the Choctaw may live under their own laws in peace with the United States and the State of Mississippi they have determined to sell their lands east of the Mississippi and have accordingly agreed to the following articles of treaty".[8]
Signatories
The main signatories included John Eaton, John Coffee, Greenwood Leflore, Musholatubbee, and Nittucachee. Nearly 200 other signatures are on the treaty.
Aftermath
Main article: Choctaw Trail of Tears
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John R Coffee
After ceding nearly 11,000,000 acres (45,000 km2), the Choctaw emigrated in three stages: the first in the fall of 1831, the second in 1832 and the last in 1833.[9] The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek was ratified by the U.S. Senate on February 25, 1831, and the President was anxious to make it a model of removal.[9] The chief George W. Harkins wrote a letter to the American people before the removals began.
“
It is with considerable diffidence that I attempt to address the American people, knowing and feeling sensibly my incompetency; and believing that your highly and well improved minds would not be well entertained by the address of a Choctaw. But having determined to emigrate west of the Mississippi river this fall, I have thought proper in bidding you farewell to make a few remarks expressive of my views, and the feelings that actuate me on the subject of our removal ... We as Choctaws rather chose to suffer and be free, than live under the degrading influence of laws, which our voice could not be heard in their formation ... Much as the state of Mississippi has wronged us, I cannot find in my heart any other sentiment than an ardent wish for her prosperity and happiness.
”
—-George W. Harkins, George W. Harkins to the American People[10]
Around 15,000 Choctaws left the old Choctaw Nation for the Indian Territory – much of the state of Oklahoma today.[11] The Choctaw word Oklahoma means "red people".
Late twentieth-century estimates are that between 5,000–6,000 Choctaws remained in Mississippi in 1831 after the first removal.[7][11] For the next ten years they were objects of increasing legal conflict, harassment, and intimidation. The Choctaw describe their situation in 1849,
we have had our habitations torn down and burned, our fences destroyed, cattle turned into our fields and we ourselves have been scourged, manacled, fettered and otherwise personally abused, until by such treatment some of our best men have died.[11]
Joseph B. Cobb, a settler who moved to Mississippi from Georgia, described the Choctaw as having
no nobility or virtue at all, and in some respect he found blacks, especially native Africans, more interesting and admirable, the red man's superior in every way. The Choctaw and Chickasaw], the tribes he knew best, were beneath contempt, that is, even worse than black slaves.[12]
The removals continued well into the early 20th century. In 1903, three hundred Mississippi Choctaws were persuaded to move to the Nation in Oklahoma. The Choctaw did not gain a delegate on the floor of the U.S. House of Representative. Greenwood LeFlore, a Choctaw leader, stayed in Mississippi, where he was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives and Senate.
The Choctaw Nation continued to thrive until Oklahoma was created as a state. Their government was dismantled under the Curtis Act, along with those of other Native American nations in Indian Territory, in order to permit the admission of Oklahoma as a state. Their communal lands were divided and allotted to individual households under the Dawes Act to increase assimilation as European-American style farmers. The US declared communal land remaining after allotment to be surplus and sold it to European-American settlers. In the twentieth century, the Choctaw reorganized and were recognized by the government as the Choctaw Nation.
The descendants of the Choctaw who stayed in Mississippi re-organized themselves as the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians in 1945 and gained federal recognition.[61]
September 15, 1831 – The trial of eleven white men arrested for failing to have a state permit for residency in Cherokee territory was held in Lawrenceville, Georgia, with the jury finding the men guilty and the judge sentenced each to four years hard labor. Upon their arrival at the prison in Milledgeville, Gov. Gilmer offered to pardon them if they take the loyalty oath and leave the state. All but two, Worcester and Butler, agree.[62]
September 15, 1834: William H. Crawford
William Crawford
WilliamHCrawford.png
7th United States Secretary of the Treasury
In office
October 22, 1816 – March 6, 1825
President
James Madison
James Monroe
Preceded by
Alexander Dallas
Succeeded by
Richard Rush
9th United States Secretary of War
In office
August 1, 1815 – October 22, 1816
President
James Madison
Preceded by
James Monroe
Succeeded by
John Calhoun
United States Ambassador to France
In office
March 23, 1813 – August 1, 1815
Appointed by
James Madison
Preceded by
Joel Barlow
Succeeded by
Albert Gallatin
President pro tempore of the Senate
In office
March 24, 1812 – March 23, 1813
President
James Madison
Preceded by
John Pope
Succeeded by
Joseph Varnum
United States Senator
from Georgia
In office
November 7, 1807 – March 23, 1813
Preceded by
George Jones
Succeeded by
William Bulloch
Personal details
Born
(1772-02-24)February 24, 1772
Amherst County, Virginia
Died
September 15, 1834(1834-09-15) (aged 62)
Crawford, Georgia, United States
Political party
Democratic-Republican Party
Spouse(s)
Susanna Gerardine
Children
7
Profession
Lawyer
Judge
Farmer
Teacher
William Harris Crawford (February 24, 1772 – September 15, 1834) was an American politician and judge during the early 19th century. He served as United States Secretary of War from 1815 to 1816 and United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1816 to 1825, and was a candidate for President of the United States in 1824.
September 15, 1835: Mary Martha Smith (b. September 15, 1835 in GA / d. December 2, 1924 in GA).[63] Mary Martha Smith12 [Gabriel D. Smith11 , Gabriel Smith10, John “LR” Smith9, Ambrose J. Smith8, Christopher Smith7, Christopher Smith6, Thomas Smythe5, Thomas Smythe4, John Smythe3, Richard2, William1] (b. September 15, 1835 in Franklin Co. GA / d. December 2, 1924 in Carroll Co. GA) married John Turner Barrow (b. abt. 1832 in GA / d. February 13, 1863 in Fulton Co. GA) on July 12, 1854 in Carroll Co. GA. [64]
September 15, 1837:
23
1218
Van Buren, Martin, 1782-1862 (authorization to affix Seal of the United States to order remitting costs), September 15, 1837 [65]
Thurs. September 15, 1864:
Clear and pleasant went to harpers ferry
After rations
“William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary”[66]
September 15, 1887: Mary Jane Nix14 [John Nix13, John A. Nix12, Grace Louisa Francis Smith11, Gabriel Smith10, John “LR” Smith9, Ambrose J. Smith8, Christopher Smith7, Christopher Smith6, Thomas Smythe5, Thomas Smythe4, John Smythe3, Richard2, William1] (b. October 23, 1868 in Randolph Co. AL / d. June 21, 1935 in TX) married John C. Commander Burch (b. September 25, 1868 in Randolph Co. AL / d. June 8, 1951 in TX), the son of Edward Burch and Elizabeth Taylor, on September 15, 1887 in Cullman Co. AL. [67]
September 15, 1911: Nettie Illini Goodlove, was born July 18, 1867, married Richard H.
Gray, September 13, 1893, at her parents home. Nettie died
September 15, 1911. Nettie and Richard were both doctors in
Anamosa, Iowa before moving to Texas, where their daughter,
Ruth Johnson lives today. They had a son, Richard, who died
at the age of 6 in July 1908, while the family was visiting
Nettie’s parents. The boy is buried at Jordan’s Grove. [68]
September 15, 1935 [1][69]: The anti-Semitic Nuremberg racial laws were passed by the Nazis. The Nuremberg Laws defined Reich Citizenship. Citizens of Germany had to be of kindred blood. All Jews were defined as not being of German blood as a matter of law. This legalized the division between Aryans and non-Aryans. Jews were defined as anyone with at least one Jewish grandparent. The Jews are returned to the legal position they had occupied in Germany before their emancipation in the 19th century. [3][70]
• Jewish rights rescinded. The Reich Citizenship Law strips them of citizenship. The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor:
• Marriages between Jews and citizens of German or kindred blood are forbidden.
• Sexual relations outside marriage between Jews and nationals of German or kindred blood are forbidden.
• Jews will no be permitted to employ female citizens of German or kindred blood as domestic servants.
Jews are forbidden to display the Reich and national flag or the national colors. On the other hand they are permitted to display the Jewish colors.[2][71]
September 15, 1941: The Nazis killed 800 Jewish women at Shkudvil, Lithuania.[72]
September 15, 1941: Eighteen thousand, six hundred Jews are murdered outside Berdichev, Ukraine.[73]
September 15, 1941: In the Netherlands, laws are invoked banning Jews from many public places.[74]
September 15, 1942: Prisoners are to be transferred to the Occupied Zone for deportation by September 15. The foreing nationalities sought are the same as those targeted by the Parisian roundups,. Those to be arrested are foreign Jews who arrived in France after January 1, 1936, whether serving in foreign workers groups, held in camps or in supervised residence centers, or at large. Exempt from arrest are those over the age of 60 or under 18 and those who have served in the French or Allied armed forces, as well as members of veteran’s families. Additional exemptions are specified for those who have French children or a French spoiuse, those whose spouises are of nationalities other than those sought, pregnant women, the sick and disabled, those whose work has economic importance, and those who have rendered outstanding service to France or who are well known for their cultural works. If a member of a family is exempt but wishes to accompany the others into deportation, he or she may; and parent sho are arrested may leave their children under age 18 in the Unoccupied Zone. Cado requests prefects to prepare by August 16 lists of those to be arrested, and he orders them to prevent the emigration of any deportable Jews, evben those possessing exit visas.
Cado’s list of exemptions is relatively large, and when estimates of the numbers of Jews subject to arrest reach Vichy, Bousquet annuls most of the exempt categories to be certain that he can meet the commitment he has made to the Germans.[75]
September 15, 1942: During the next 48 hours the Jewish community Kalush, Ukraine are deported to the Belzec death camp.[76]
September 15, 1942: Hornet and the smaller carrier Wasp now formed the core of American naval power in the Solomons. But on September 15, two short weeks after Saratoga's departure, two Japanese subs ambushed the task force as it provided air cover for a transport convoy bound for Guadalcanal. Wasp caught three torpedoes at the worst possible time: just after she'd launched a patrol and her aviation fuel lines were full of gasoline. Within minutes, she was engulfed in fire and explosions; the order to abandon ship came less than an hour after the torpedoes struck.
About half an hour later, a second sub fired a spread of torpedoes at Hornet, five miles from where Wasp burned fiercely. By maneuver and luck, Hornet avoided being struck; however, one torpedo passed below her hull and struck the battleship North Carolina 500 yards away. Despite a 32 foot hole below the waterline, North Carolina maintained 25 knots and her position in formation. Minutes later, the destroyer O'Brien dodged one torpedo only to be struck by another, which practically tore her bow off. In less than an hour, two subs had destroyed a carrier, killed or wounded nearly 600 men, and forced North Carolina and O'Brien back to the West Coast for repair (O'Brien broke apart and sank during her return). Hornet was now the only operating American carrier in the Pacific.
The "Tokyo Express" from Rabaul continued landing Japanese soldiers and supplies on Guadalcanal most every night. By mid-September, the Japanese were strong enough to make another attempt to capture the Marine's Henderson Field. [77]
September 15, 1942: Nathan Gottlieb, born February 26, 1862 in Neuhof. Resided Frankfurt am Main. Deportation: from Frankfurt a. M., September 15, 1942, Theresienstadt. . Date of death: January 10, 1943, Theresienstadt. [78]
September 15, 1943: By the middle of September members of the corpse-burning at the Sobibor death camp, detail had built an escape tunnel intended to lead them into the camp minefield. Most of the 150 members of the detail are killed.[79]
September 15, 1944: One thousand, five hundred young boys were taken to the Children’s Block at Birkenau. Three days later, on Rosh Hashanah Eve, they would be sent to the gas chambers.[80]
September 15, 1963 Perry Russo, a young insurance agent and acquaintance of
David Ferrie attends a party at Ferrie’s apartment. There Ferrie introduces him to a “Leon
Oswald,” whom Russo will later be unable to positively identify as being Lee Harvey Oswald.
Russo maintains that, after a long night of drinking, Ferrie, “Leon”, several anti-Castro Cubans,
and a tall, distinguished-looking, white-haired man introduced as “Clem Bertrand” [most
probably Clay Shaw] begin discussing how to assassinate Castro. After the Cubans leave, Ferrie
reportedly begins pacing the room, a perpetual mug of coffee in his hand, talking of a plan to get
rid of JFK and blame it on Castro. He speaks of a “triangulation of crossfire” as the best means to
assassinate the president. (Richard Case Nagell maintains that Leon Oswald was not Lee Harvey Oswald. He
says that, a few days after this party, Leon Oswald was eliminated. Who eliminated Leon Oswald, Nagell would not
say. But since Nagell’s orders to eliminate the real Oswald came from the KGB, it would make sense it was the Soviets’
mistake.) [81]
September 15, 1979: American Society of Civil Engineers: Letter to Senator Charles M. Mathias supporting legislation to protect boundary stones (September 15, 1979). [82]
Volunteers plant parkway rain garden in Elgin
By Denise Moran For The Courier-News September 15, 2012 3:56PM
Father and daughter Jeff Goodlove and Jillian Goodlove of Elgin volunteered to help plant the rain garden on Saturday. Jillian was also contracted to do a portion of the design work for the rain garden.
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ELGIN — Instead of sending flowers, one of the requests by the family of Elgin resident Stacey Reynolds, who died on July 9, 2012, was for family and friends to plant something or donate to the Elgin Community Garden Network, Living Lands and Water, or Million Tree Project.
Reynolds would have appreciated that her home at 342 Perry Street was planted with a parkway rain garden on Saturday morning.
“It’s a privilege to be here today to honor Stacey and see her dreams come true,” said Elgin resident Wende Lindmark.
“It’s a wonderful way to remember someone who loved nature,” said April Anderson, naturalist at Hawthorne Hill Nature Center in Elgin.
Reynolds’s husband, Tom Lesiewicz, and their children live at the bungalow-style home that was recognized by the Elgin Heritage Commission as the site of the 1893 Everett Baptist Mission.
“The building was partially damaged by a tornado during the 1920s and converted into a house in 1925,” Lesiewicz said. “Our family has lived here since 2003. Stacey ran a drive to have historic homes plaqued. There are lots of Sears homes in the SWAN (Southwest Area) Neighborhood.”
A total of 32 rain gardens will be planted in Elgin’s SWAN Neighborhood as part of the Lord Street Combined Sewer Overflow Green Infrastructure Project.
“Homeowners will maintain the rain gardens,” said Aaron Cosentino, sustainability coordinator with the City of Elgin. “We conducted 40 site locations from March through June. To qualify, the parkway must be a certain width with no mature trees or utilities. Since it is late in the planting season, the home at 342 Perry Street was bid as a separate project.”
According to Rob Linke with the engineering firm of Trotter & Associates in St. Charles, the total cost of the citywide project is $751,000. It is being funded by a grant of $634,000 from the Environmental Protection Agency and $117,000 from the City of Elgin.
The EPA is funding 84 percent of the project, while the city is funding 16 percent.
Linke said more rain gardens will be planted starting in the spring. The anticipated project completion date is fall, 2014.
The rain garden installed on Saturday is not the first one in Elgin. Anderson said there is a rain garden along Spartan Drive on the Elgin Community College campus.
“Rain gardens capture stormwater and sewer runoff and keep pollutants on site and out of the Fox River,” Cosentino said. “Native plants with deep roots can filter rainwater. Turf grass has shallow roots.”
The engineered soil mix of a rain garden can have one and a half feet of plain mulch and three feet of sandy soil atop one and a half feet of gravel. Curb cuts are made so that rainwater on the streets can be directed over stone inflows and into the rain garden.
A total of 435 native plants were planted in the rain garden on Saturday with one plant per square foot.
Native plants include: nodding wild onion, New England aster, marsh milkweed, butterfly weed, coneflower, prairie blazing star, wild bergamot, switch grass, mountain mint, black-eyed Susan, bluestem, goldenrod, spiderwort, and vervain.
Jeff Goodlove of Elgin said he put in his own rain garden with mostly native plants about 10 years ago. His daughter, Jillian Goodlove, was contracted to do a portion of the design work of the rain garden at 342 Perry Street.
“Native plants have a deep root system,” Jillian said. “They are tolerant of both drought and heavy moisture. Native plant roots are good for rain gardens because they provide channels to underlying soils.”
Retired Elgin city planner Tom Armstrong, who volunteered to help plant the rain garden on Saturday, said that “the roots of some native plants can go down 15 feet.”
Volunteers install a parkway rain garden at 342 Perry Street in Elgin[83]
Raise Your Hand If You’re A Kohen
By Lorne Rozovsky
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http://w3.chabad.org/media/images/529/XCOP5293472.jpgJews have an aristocracy. An aristocracy, however, without castles, but with titles, privileges, duties and restrictions. Unlike most aristocracies, the Jewish aristocracy does not use formal salutations such as “Your Grace” or “My Lord.” For Jews, these aristocrats are the kohanim, the priests who once served in the Temple of Jerusalem. A kohen (singular form of kohanim) is just like any baron, marquis or duke—but not quite. And then there are their assistants, the Levites.
According to the Torah, Jacob had twelve sons. Each son was the founder of one of the twelve tribes of Israel. Each tribe had a separate territory, with the exception of the tribe of Levi.
Are these tribal affiliations just a matter of folklore and tradition?During the Exodus, when the Israelites made the Golden Calf, only the Levites refused to worship it. As a result, they were appointed servants to G‑d. Of the members of this tribe, those who were descended from Aaron, brother of Moses, became the kohanim. Aaron was the first kohen, and also the first high priest.
Ever since then, many Jews have identified themselves as either Levites (levi’im) or kohanim. Throughout the centuries down to modern times, these Jews identified themselves as descendants simply because their fathers were kohanim or levi’im. But are these tribal affiliations just a matter of folklore and tradition? Can such claims actually be proven?
Today they can, and the key is DNA testing. The principle is that if all kohanim are in fact descended from Aaron, they should all share the same genetic traits. In the various studies that have been done with Jewish males in numerous parts of the world, both Ashkenazim and Sephardim, over 98 percent of those who claimed to be kohanim were found to have the Y-chromosome Alu Polymorphism (YAP) marker. The principle is that the male Y-chromosome does not change from generation to generation.
Prof. Karl Skorecki, director of Nephrology and Molecular Medicine in the Faculty of Medicine at Technion in Haifa, has been quoted in the Jerusalem Post as saying, “The simplest, most straightforward explanation is that these men have the Y-chromosome of Aaron.” He stated that “the study suggests that a 3,000-year-old tradition is correct and has a biological counterpart.”
Dr. Henry Ostrer, chair of the Human Genetics Program at New York University, confirmed this conclusion.
“The study suggests that a 3,000-year-old tradition has a biological counterpart.”The result is that anyone can be tested as to whether he carries the genetic markers of someone who is a kohen. This breakthrough came about in 1997 as a result of a cooperative research venture at Rambam Hospital in Haifa, the University College of London and the University of Arizona.
In fact, there is now an International Kohanim Society with thousands of kohanim in many parts of the world registered in a computerized database. It is being expanded to include Levites.
In 2007, the first Kohen-Levi family reunion in 2,000 years was held in Jerusalem. The gathering was organized by the Center for Kohanim in Jerusalem and its director, Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, who is also the author of DNA & Tradition: The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews.
Of particular interest was the discovery that both Ashkenazi and Sephardi kohanim shared a common set of genetic markers. This clearly indicated that the genetic line predated the separate development of the two communities, which began around 1000 CE, and indicates that the two communities are part of the same people. The conclusion is that the tradition of identifying oneself as a kohen does in fact conform with genetic realities, and directly links all kohanim to a common ancestor. The accuracy of these findings is largely due to the historically very low rate of intermarriage between Diaspora Jews and gentiles. It is also due to the fact that converts could never become kohanim, and the status of being a kohen passed only from father to son. Therefore, the set of Y-chromosomal markers known as the Cohen Modal Haplotype remained fairly consistent and points to descent from a common ancestor.
(However, it should be noted that the Cohen Modal Haplotype has been found in certain groups of non-Jews, particularly in southern Africa and among the Kurds.1)
What does it mean to be a kohen?
All privileges come with a price, and the restrictions on kohanim are manyThe kohanim have the privilege of being called for the first aliyah to say the blessing over the Torah during religious services. There is also the privilege of saying the priestly blessing. In Israel, and in Sephardic synagogues in the Diaspora, this blessing is recited on a daily (or weekly) basis. In Ashkenazi communities in the Diaspora, it is recited on major Jewish holidays.
However, all privileges come with a price, and the restrictions on kohanim are many. Many of these restrictions were designed to maintain what is referred to as ritual purity, since the kohanim formed a holy order in the Temple of Jerusalem. Following the destruction of the Second Temple in the year 70 CE, many of the laws and practices are still maintained in traditional Judaism, except those which could only be followed in the actual presence of the Temple.
Kohanim are forbidden to be in contact with dead bodies, take active part in a funeral, or even be under the same roof as a corpse, except in the case of the death of a close relative. This includes entering any place in which a dead body is present, such as a cemetery. A male kohen is prohibited from marrying a woman who is a divorcee or a convert. Failure to abide by the marriage prohibitions does not invalidate the marriage, but the kohen loses his status as long as he is married, and his offspring from that relationship do not have the status of a kohen.
Although the Temple no longer exists, and the kohanim no longer carry out the ancient rituals that were an integral part of Temple practice, Jews are awaiting the messiah, upon whose arrival the Temple will be rebuilt.
The wife or unmarried daughter of a kohen has the status to a certain extent of a kohen, even though she does not have all the duties, rights, responsibilities and restrictions of a kohen.
Jewish men and women are Jewish because their mothers are Jewish. Their tribal affiliation, however, such as being a kohen or a Levi, comes from their fathers. When a woman marries, she takes on the tribal affiliation of her husband (Kohen, Levi or Israel) regardless of the status of her father. The affiliation that the woman received from her father goes into abeyance.
Any children of the marriage will take their tribal affiliation from their father, not their mother, just as their mother takes her status from her husband after marriage. If the couple adopt children, they will not automatically take on the Judaism of the mother, nor the tribal affiliation of the father.
In order to have a functioning Temple, an educated and trained priesthood is necessary. For some, this is the motivation in identifying those who are truly kohanim. There are many programs designed to educate them on their responsibilities and their role in the traditional Jewish religious aristocracy.
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FOOTNOTES
1.
This doesn’t at all contradict the notion that all who carry this gene descend from Aaron. It is eminently possible that these carriers are descended from a kohen. Nonetheless, as Judaism is a matrilineal religion, they are not Jewish—and as such would not retain their kohen status even (if we were certain that they were of kohanic descent, and even) were they to convert.
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By Lorne Rozovsky More articles... | RSS Listing of Newest Articles by this Author
Lorne E. Rozovsky is a Lawyer, author, educator, a health management consultant and an inquisitive Jew. He could be contacted via his web site rozovsky.com.
This article is based on the author's article which originally appeared in The Jewish News, Richmond, Virginia.
The content on this page is copyrighted by the author, publisher and/or Chabad.org, and is produced by Chabad.org.
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[1] This Day in Jewish History.
[2] www.widipedia.org
[3] The Gospel of Judas, NTGEO, 4/09/2006
[4] http://www.jogg.info/11/coffman.htm
[5] Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity and the DNA of the Chosen People, by Jon Entine. Page 203.
[6] [3]The Ante-Nicene Fathers, 1:186. Quoted by Kenneth A. Strand, The Sabbath in Scripture and History,(Washington, DC: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1982 p. 331.
[7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineality_in_Judaism
[8] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineality_in_Judaism
[9] The Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[10] Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[11] Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[12] Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[13] Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[14] Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[15] The Hidden History of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Christianity, The Jesus Dynasty, by James D. Tabor, page 301.
[16] Evidence That Demands a Verdict., by Josh McDowell page 81-82.
[17] Heritage:Civilization and the Jews by Abba Eban, 1984, page 104
[18] http://www.freewebs.com/bubadutep75/
[19] http://www.jewishhistory.org.il/history.php?startyear=110&endyear=119
[20] www.wikipedia.org
[21] The Ten Lost Tribes, A World History, Zvi Ben-Dor Benite, page 80.
[22] History of the World in Two Hours, H2, 10/3/2011
[23] http://www.livescience.com/11347-top-10-ancient-capitals.html
[24] Mark Goodfriend, email 2/10/2007. 12 marker DNA match.
[25]http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_Jane_Grey&oldid=564113422"
Categories:
[26] http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_Jane_Grey&oldid=564113422
[27] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England
[28] References[edit]
1. ^ Wood, Marguerite, ed., Balcarres Papers: The French Correspondence of Marie de Lorraine, vol. 1, Scottish History Society (1923), p. 228, c. 1542.
2. ^ Marshall, R. K., Mary of Guise, Collins, (1977), 36–39: Wood, Marguerite, ed., Balcarres Papers, vol. 1, SHS (1923), 1.
3. ^ Wood, Marguerite, ed., Balcarres Papers, vol. 1, SHS (1923), 110 from Joinville, 145 from Fontainebleau.
4. ^ Strickland, Agnes, Lives of the Queens of Scotland, vol. 1, Edinburgh (1850), 337–339, quoting William Drummond of Hawthornden, Works, (1711) 104.
5. ^ Seward, Denis, Prince of the Renaissance, (1973), 193–6; cited Marshall (1977), 38, Rosalind Marshall does not repeat Hawthornden's story.
6. ^ Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 12, part 2 (1891) no. 1285, (Louis de Perreau, Sieur de Castillon to François Ier)
7. ^ Fraser, Antonia, Mary Queen of Scots, Weidenfield & Nicholson, (1969), 7.
8. ^ Teulet, Alexandre, Relations Politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Ecosse, vol. 1, Paris (1862) 115, (the surviving draft calls Mary, 'Marguerite').
9. ^ Wood, Marguerite, Balcarres Papers, vol. 1, SHS (1923), ix, 3 & fn., "mervyleusement estrange."
10. ^ Marshall (1977), 51–3, but see fn. 15.
11. ^ Marshall (1977), 268–269 (fn. 15), the letter first appeared in Stefan Zweig, Mary Queen of Scots, London (1935), 1–2.
12. ^ Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 12, part 2 (1891) no. 962: Lang, Andrew, 'Letters of Cardinal Beaton, SHR (1909), 156: Marshall (1977), 45, (which suggests he thought the couple had not met)
13. ^ Hay, Denys, ed., The Letters of James V, HMSO (1954), 340-341. The same offer was made to Madeleine of Valois and Mary of Bourbon. See also; Bapst, E., Les Mariages de Jacques V, 324; Teulet, Alexandre, Relations Politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Ecosse, vol. 1, Paris (1862), 115-118.
14. ^ State Papers Henry VIII, vol. 5 part 4. (1836), 135, Margaret to Henry, July 31, 1538.
15. ^ Thomas, Andrea, Princelie Majestie,(2006): Wood, Marguerite, Balcarres Papers, vol. 1 (1923).
16. ^ Edington, Carol, Court and Culture in Renaissance Scotland, Tuckwell, (1994), 111, citing ALTS vol. 7.
17. ^ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 7 (1907), 347 (gun-chambers), 357 (fireworks).
18. ^ Wood, Marguerite, Balcarres Papers, vol. 1, STS (1923), 60–61.
19. ^ Strickland, Agnes, Lives of the Queens of Scotland, vol. 2 (1851), 39-41: Clifford, Arthur, ed., Sadler State Papers, vol.1, (1809), 134-5, Sadler to Henry VIII, April 9, 1543; p.86
20. ^ Clifford, Arthur ed., Sadler State Papers, vol. 1 (1809), 249–253, Sadler to Henry VIII, 10 August 1543.
21. ^ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 9 (1911), 195.
22. ^ Calendar of State Papers Spain, vol. 9 (1912), 569: Teulet, A., ed., Relations politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Écosse au XVIe siècle, vol. 1 (1862), 220-221
23. ^ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 9 (1911), 226.
24. ^ Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 Haddington Abbey, July 7, 1548
25. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (1898), 155, Ruthven to Grey.
26. ^ Marshall, Rosalind K., Mary of Guise, Collins (1977), 175.
27. ^ Murray, James AH. ed.,The Complaynt of Scotland, 1549, EETS (1872), 2.
28. ^ Michaud & Poujoulat, Nouvelle Collection des memoirs pour server a l’histoire de France, vol. 6 (1839) 6–7.
29. ^ Marcus, Merriman, The Rough Wooings, Tuckwell (2002), 337–339, 344–345, "ny ont laisse que la peste derriere eulx."
30. ^ Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings, Tuckwell (2000), 346.
31. ^ Jordan, W.K., Chronicle of Edward VI, London (1966), 22, 24, 26, 27, 29.
32. ^ Lodge, Edmund, Illustrations of British History, vol. 1 (1791), 137, Lambeth Palace Talbot Mss. vol. B, f.205, Lodge assumes it was Francis, not Claude.
33. ^ Michaud & Poujoulat, Nouvelle Collection des Memoires pour servir a l'histoire de France, vol. 6, (1839), 39.
34. ^ British Library festival books website "C'est la Deduction du Sumpteaux Spectacles, ... Rouen (1551)". , 8.
35. ^ Tytler, Patrick Fraser, England under Edward & Mary, vol. 1 (1839), 329.
36. ^ Ritchie, Pamela, Mary of Guise, Tuckwell (2002), 69–71, 81–5, 250–255.
37. ^ Calendar State Papers Foreign Edward, (1861) 97, no. 332, John Mason to PC, April 29, 1551.
38. ^ Calendar State Papers Spain, vol. 10 (1914): Jordan, WK ed., Chronicle of Edward VI, (1966), 62.
39. ^ Calendar State Papers Foreign Edward, (1861), 103.
40. ^ Ritchie, Pamela, Mary of Guise, Tuckwell, (2002), 66, 86–90
41. ^ Calendar State Papers Foreign Edward, London (1861), 190–1, (PRO SP68/9/85)
42. ^ Strype, John, Ecclesiastical Memorials, vol.2 part 2, Oxford (1822), 255 & vol. 2 part 1, 501, citing treasury warrant April 1553.
43. ^ Starkey, David, The Inventory of Henry VIII, Society of Antiquaries, (1998), no. 3504, p94, notes Edward's warrant March 24, 1553.
44. ^ Calendar State Papers Spanish, vol. 10 (1914), 391.
45. ^ Aylmer, John, An Harborowe for Faithfull and Trewe Subjectes agaynst the Late Blowne Blaste, concerninge the Government of Wemen, Strasborg (1559): quoted by Strickland, Agnes, Lives of the Queens of England, vol.6 (1844), p.59.
46. ^ Strype, John, Ecclesiastical Memorials, vol. 2 part 1, Oxford (1822), 502–3.
47. ^ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 10, (1913), xvi, 32–34.
48. ^ Calendar State Papers Spanish, vol. 10 (1914), 608–609, Queen Dowager to Mary of Guise 23 December 1552.
49. ^ Calendar State Papers Spanish, vol. 11, (1916), 41–42.
50. ^ Ritchie, Pamela, Mary of Guise, (2002), 94.
51. ^ Reports on various collections: Manuscripts of Robert Mordaunt Hay at Duns Castle, vol.5, HMC (1909), p.90-1.
52. ^ Michaud & Poujoulat, Nouvelles collection, vol. 6, (1839), letters from Mary of Guise to her brothers: Wood, Marguerite, (1923), letters to Mary of Guise
53. ^ Ritchie, Pamela, (2002), 127–128
54. ^ CSP Scotland, vol. 1 (1898), p.203 no.426, 21 January 1558.
55. ^ Ritchie, Pamela, Mary of Guise, Tuckwell (2002), pp.126-9; 153–155; 163–7; 182–187, citing Lambeth Talbot Ms. 3195.
56. ^ Ritchie, Pamela, Mary of Guise, Tuckwell (2002), 205–207.
57. ^ CSP Scotland, vol. 1 (1898); p.221, Croft to Cecil, July 3, 1559; 212–3, 215, Croft to English council, May 19 & 22 & June 5, 1559; no. 500, 'Articles of Leith'
58. ^ Knox, John, History of the Reformation, book 3, various editions.
59. ^ CSP Scotland, vol. 1 (1898), 266–7, Randolph to Sadler & Croft, 11 November 1559.
60. ^ Dickinson, Gladys, ed., Two Missions od de la Brosse, SHS (1942), pp.151-157.
61. ^ CSP Scotland, vol. i (1898), 389.
62. ^ Dickinson, Gladys, Two Missions of de la Brosse, SHS (1942), 171–177.
63. ^ Laing, David, ed., Works of John Knox, vol.2 (1846), p.592, citing Tytler, P.F., History of Scotland, and Pere Anselme, Histoire Genealogique, vol.3, "en bronze en habit royaux, tenant le sceptre et la main de justice."
64. ^ Dickinson, Gladys, Two Missions of de la Brosse, SHS (1942), 176–179.
65. ^ Knox, John, History of the Reformation, vol. 2, 68.
66. ^ CSP Scotland, vol. i (1898), 389 and CSP Foreign Elizabeth, vol. ii (1865), 604, April 29, 1560.
[29] http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1556
[30] References[edit]
67. ^ Wood, Marguerite, ed., Balcarres Papers: The French Correspondence of Marie de Lorraine, vol. 1, Scottish History Society (1923), p. 228, c. 1542.
68. ^ Marshall, R. K., Mary of Guise, Collins, (1977), 36–39: Wood, Marguerite, ed., Balcarres Papers, vol. 1, SHS (1923), 1.
69. ^ Wood, Marguerite, ed., Balcarres Papers, vol. 1, SHS (1923), 110 from Joinville, 145 from Fontainebleau.
70. ^ Strickland, Agnes, Lives of the Queens of Scotland, vol. 1, Edinburgh (1850), 337–339, quoting William Drummond of Hawthornden, Works, (1711) 104.
71. ^ Seward, Denis, Prince of the Renaissance, (1973), 193–6; cited Marshall (1977), 38, Rosalind Marshall does not repeat Hawthornden's story.
72. ^ Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 12, part 2 (1891) no. 1285, (Louis de Perreau, Sieur de Castillon to François Ier)
73. ^ Fraser, Antonia, Mary Queen of Scots, Weidenfield & Nicholson, (1969), 7.
74. ^ Teulet, Alexandre, Relations Politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Ecosse, vol. 1, Paris (1862) 115, (the surviving draft calls Mary, 'Marguerite').
75. ^ Wood, Marguerite, Balcarres Papers, vol. 1, SHS (1923), ix, 3 & fn., "mervyleusement estrange."
76. ^ Marshall (1977), 51–3, but see fn. 15.
77. ^ Marshall (1977), 268–269 (fn. 15), the letter first appeared in Stefan Zweig, Mary Queen of Scots, London (1935), 1–2.
78. ^ Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 12, part 2 (1891) no. 962: Lang, Andrew, 'Letters of Cardinal Beaton, SHR (1909), 156: Marshall (1977), 45, (which suggests he thought the couple had not met)
79. ^ Hay, Denys, ed., The Letters of James V, HMSO (1954), 340-341. The same offer was made to Madeleine of Valois and Mary of Bourbon. See also; Bapst, E., Les Mariages de Jacques V, 324; Teulet, Alexandre, Relations Politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Ecosse, vol. 1, Paris (1862), 115-118.
80. ^ State Papers Henry VIII, vol. 5 part 4. (1836), 135, Margaret to Henry, July 31, 1538.
81. ^ Thomas, Andrea, Princelie Majestie,(2006): Wood, Marguerite, Balcarres Papers, vol. 1 (1923).
82. ^ Edington, Carol, Court and Culture in Renaissance Scotland, Tuckwell, (1994), 111, citing ALTS vol. 7.
83. ^ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 7 (1907), 347 (gun-chambers), 357 (fireworks).
84. ^ Wood, Marguerite, Balcarres Papers, vol. 1, STS (1923), 60–61.
85. ^ Strickland, Agnes, Lives of the Queens of Scotland, vol. 2 (1851), 39-41: Clifford, Arthur, ed., Sadler State Papers, vol.1, (1809), 134-5, Sadler to Henry VIII, April 9, 1543; p.86
86. ^ Clifford, Arthur ed., Sadler State Papers, vol. 1 (1809), 249–253, Sadler to Henry VIII, 10 August 1543.
87. ^ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 9 (1911), 195.
88. ^ Calendar of State Papers Spain, vol. 9 (1912), 569: Teulet, A., ed., Relations politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Écosse au XVIe siècle, vol. 1 (1862), 220-221
89. ^ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 9 (1911), 226.
90. ^ Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 Haddington Abbey, July 7, 1548
91. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (1898), 155, Ruthven to Grey.
92. ^ Marshall, Rosalind K., Mary of Guise, Collins (1977), 175.
93. ^ Murray, James AH. ed.,The Complaynt of Scotland, 1549, EETS (1872), 2.
94. ^ Michaud & Poujoulat, Nouvelle Collection des memoirs pour server a l’histoire de France, vol. 6 (1839) 6–7.
95. ^ Marcus, Merriman, The Rough Wooings, Tuckwell (2002), 337–339, 344–345, "ny ont laisse que la peste derriere eulx."
96. ^ Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings, Tuckwell (2000), 346.
97. ^ Jordan, W.K., Chronicle of Edward VI, London (1966), 22, 24, 26, 27, 29.
98. ^ Lodge, Edmund, Illustrations of British History, vol. 1 (1791), 137, Lambeth Palace Talbot Mss. vol. B, f.205, Lodge assumes it was Francis, not Claude.
99. ^ Michaud & Poujoulat, Nouvelle Collection des Memoires pour servir a l'histoire de France, vol. 6, (1839), 39.
100.^ British Library festival books website "C'est la Deduction du Sumpteaux Spectacles, ... Rouen (1551)". , 8.
101.^ Tytler, Patrick Fraser, England under Edward & Mary, vol. 1 (1839), 329.
102.^ Ritchie, Pamela, Mary of Guise, Tuckwell (2002), 69–71, 81–5, 250–255.
103.^ Calendar State Papers Foreign Edward, (1861) 97, no. 332, John Mason to PC, April 29, 1551.
104.^ Calendar State Papers Spain, vol. 10 (1914): Jordan, WK ed., Chronicle of Edward VI, (1966), 62.
105.^ Calendar State Papers Foreign Edward, (1861), 103.
106.^ Ritchie, Pamela, Mary of Guise, Tuckwell, (2002), 66, 86–90
107.^ Calendar State Papers Foreign Edward, London (1861), 190–1, (PRO SP68/9/85)
108.^ Strype, John, Ecclesiastical Memorials, vol.2 part 2, Oxford (1822), 255 & vol. 2 part 1, 501, citing treasury warrant April 1553.
109.^ Starkey, David, The Inventory of Henry VIII, Society of Antiquaries, (1998), no. 3504, p94, notes Edward's warrant March 24, 1553.
110.^ Calendar State Papers Spanish, vol. 10 (1914), 391.
111.^ Aylmer, John, An Harborowe for Faithfull and Trewe Subjectes agaynst the Late Blowne Blaste, concerninge the Government of Wemen, Strasborg (1559): quoted by Strickland, Agnes, Lives of the Queens of England, vol.6 (1844), p.59.
112.^ Strype, John, Ecclesiastical Memorials, vol. 2 part 1, Oxford (1822), 502–3.
113.^ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 10, (1913), xvi, 32–34.
114.^ Calendar State Papers Spanish, vol. 10 (1914), 608–609, Queen Dowager to Mary of Guise 23 December 1552.
115.^ Calendar State Papers Spanish, vol. 11, (1916), 41–42.
116.^ Ritchie, Pamela, Mary of Guise, (2002), 94.
117.^ Reports on various collections: Manuscripts of Robert Mordaunt Hay at Duns Castle, vol.5, HMC (1909), p.90-1.
118.^ Michaud & Poujoulat, Nouvelles collection, vol. 6, (1839), letters from Mary of Guise to her brothers: Wood, Marguerite, (1923), letters to Mary of Guise
119.^ Ritchie, Pamela, (2002), 127–128
120.^ CSP Scotland, vol. 1 (1898), p.203 no.426, 21 January 1558.
121.^ Ritchie, Pamela, Mary of Guise, Tuckwell (2002), pp.126-9; 153–155; 163–7; 182–187, citing Lambeth Talbot Ms. 3195.
122.^ Ritchie, Pamela, Mary of Guise, Tuckwell (2002), 205–207.
123.^ CSP Scotland, vol. 1 (1898); p.221, Croft to Cecil, July 3, 1559; 212–3, 215, Croft to English council, May 19 & 22 & June 5, 1559; no. 500, 'Articles of Leith'
124.^ Knox, John, History of the Reformation, book 3, various editions.
125.^ CSP Scotland, vol. 1 (1898), 266–7, Randolph to Sadler & Croft, 11 November 1559.
126.^ Dickinson, Gladys, ed., Two Missions od de la Brosse, SHS (1942), pp.151-157.
127.^ CSP Scotland, vol. i (1898), 389.
128.^ Dickinson, Gladys, Two Missions of de la Brosse, SHS (1942), 171–177.
129.^ Laing, David, ed., Works of John Knox, vol.2 (1846), p.592, citing Tytler, P.F., History of Scotland, and Pere Anselme, Histoire Genealogique, vol.3, "en bronze en habit royaux, tenant le sceptre et la main de justice."
130.^ Dickinson, Gladys, Two Missions of de la Brosse, SHS (1942), 176–179.
131.^ Knox, John, History of the Reformation, vol. 2, 68.
132. ^ CSP Scotland, vol. i (1898), 389 and CSP Foreign Elizabeth, vol. ii (1865), 604, April 29, 1560.
[31] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England
[32] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[33] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[34] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[35] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[36] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[37] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[38] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[39] http://www.tudor-history.com/about-tudors/tudor-timeline/
[40] * In spite of all Prince LabanofF's researches among the papers
of M. de Châteauneuf, he could not find the rest of this interesting
memorial, which was probably written in the course of the year
1587. It is inserted in the Recueil before the correspondence re-
lative to this conspiracy, to which it serves as a preliminary and
elucidation.
[41] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[42] This Day in Jewish History.
[43] http://christianparty.net/jewsexpelled.htm
[44] www.wikipedia.org
[45] Proposed Descendant s of William Smythe
[46] This Day in Jewish History.
[47] The McKenney-Hall Portrait Gallery of American Indians by James D. Horan page 324.
[48] The specific disease involved in this plague of 1616-17 is not known for certain. It was simply referred to as the “pestilential sickness” or “the plague.” Conservative estimates suggest a mortality rate of at least one-third of the Indians east of the Alleghenies, from Canada to Florida. Existing evidence indicates that it was not yellow fever, typhoid , hepatitis or smallpox, but it may have been either measles or bubonic plague. Robert Cushman, writing of it at the time, doubted that more than one out of every 20 survived;his contemporary John White firmly believed that no less thanb 99 out of every 100 died. All too soon the eastern tribes were either exterminated or else survived only as remnant groups that sooner or later lost their tribal identity as they became absorbged into healthier tribes to the west. (That Dark and Bloody River, by Allan W. Eckart, page xxi, 637-638.
[49] American Experience, We shall Remain; After the Mayflower.
[50] Trial by Fire, by Harold Rawlings, page 303.
[51] wikipedia
[52] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[53] This Day in Jewish History.
[54] Torrence and Allied Families, Robert M. Torrence pg. 317
[55] [Robert Torrence, Torrence and Allied Families (Philadelphia: Wickersham Press, 1938), 317; Orange County, Virginia Records, Order Book, 1747-1754: 509] A Chronological listing of Events in the Lives of Andrew1,Andrew2 and Lawrence Harrison by Daniel Robert Harrison, Milford, Ohio, November, 1998.
[56] http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/frenchindian/timeline.html
[57] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kemp%27s_Landing
[58] THE BATTLES OF TRENTON AND PRINCETON BY WILLIAM S. STRYKER
On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[59] The Jews of the United States, Hasia R. Diner, page 48.
[60] http://www.thelincolnlog.org/Calendar.aspx?date=1815-09-15
[61] ^ Remini, Robert. ""Brothers, Listen ... You Must Submit"". Andrew Jackson. History Book Club. p. 272. ISBN 0965063107.
^ Green, Len (October 1978). "Choctaw Treaties". Bishinik. Archived from the original on December 15, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071215033006/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~mboucher/mikebouchweb/choctaw/chotreat.htm. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
^ Sledge, Broox (1986). Dancing Rabbit. Noxubee County Historical Society.
^ a b c Remini, Robert. ""Brothers, Listen ... You Must Submit"". Andrew Jackson. History Book Club. ISBN 0965063107.
^ Ferguson, Bob (2001). "Treaties". Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. http://www.choctaw.org/history/treaties.htm. Retrieved February 6, 2008. [dead link]
^ Kappler, Charles (1904). "INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties". Government Printing Office. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cho0310.htm#mn15. Retrieved April 16, 2008.
^ a b Baird, David (1973). "The Choctaws Meet the Americans, 1783 to 1843". The Choctaw People. United States: Indian Tribal Series. p. 36. Library of Congress 73-80708.
^ a b Kappler, Charles (1904). "INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties". Government Printing Office. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cho0310.htm. Retrieved May 18, 2009.
^ a b Remini, Robert. ""Brothers, Listen ... You Must Submit"". Andrew Jackson. History Book Club. p. 273.
^ Harkins, George (1831). "1831 – December – George W. Harkins to the American People". http://anpa.ualr.edu/trailOfTears/letters/1831DecemberGeorgeWHarkinstotheAmericanPeople.htm. Retrieved 08-02-13.
^ a b c Satz, Ronald (1986). "The Mississippi Choctaw: From the Removal Treaty to the Federal Agency". In Samuel J. Wells and Roseanna Tubby. After Removal, The Choctaw in Mississippi. Jackson and London: University Press of Mississippi. p. 7.
^ Hudson, Charles (1971). "The Ante-Bellum Elite". Red, White, and Black; Symposium on Indians in the Old South. University of Georgia Press. p. 80. SBN 820303089.
[62] Timetable of Cherokee Removal.
[63] Proposed Descendants of William smythe.
[64] Proposed Descendants of William SMythe
[65]
Series 21: Collector's Items, 1783-1915, bulk 1827-1893
This series consists of letters, autographs, and miscellaneous other documents that were not originally directed to Harrison or his family, but which Harrison collected. There are items from many famous people, most of whom were Americans, including John Quincy Adams, Washington Irving, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, George Washington, and Noah Webster. The content of the letters in this series tends to not be very substantive, with many of the letters being things such as thank you notes, responses to requests for autographs, and invitations and responses to invitations.
This box is stored in the Vault. The correspondence in this series is arranged alphabetically by the sender's name. Multiple items within a folder are then arranged chronologically. Documents other than correspondence are arranged alphabetically by the name of the person who signed the document, or to whom the document primarily relates.
[66] Annotated by Jeffery Lee Goodlove
[67] Proposed Descendants of William SMythe.
[68] Winton Goodlove:A History of Central City Ia and the Surrounding Area Book ll 1999
[69] [1] [The Gestapo Part 1, 8-05-2006 HISTI
[70] [3] This Day in Jewish History
[71] [2] www.wikipedia.org
[72] This Day in Jewish History.
[73] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1767., This Day in Jewish History.
[74] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1767.
[75] French Children of the Holocaust, A Memorial by Serge Klarsfeld, pages 45 and 46.
[76] This Day in Jewish History.
[77] http://www.cv6.org/1942/santacruz/santacruz_4.htm
[78] [1] Gedenkbuch, Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945. 2., wesentlich erweiterte Auflage, Band II G-K, Bearbeitet und herausgegben vom Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, 2006, pg. 1033-1035,.
[2]Memorial Book: Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Oppression in Germany, 1933-1945
[79] This Day in Jewish History
[80] This Day in Jewish History
[81] http://www.assassinationresearch.com/v2n1/chrono1.pdf
[82] http://www.boundarystones.org/
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[84] http://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=toolbar-instant&hl=en&ion=1&qscrl=1&rlz=1T4LENN_en___US452#q=genetic+Kohanim+connection&hl=en&qscrl=1&rlz=1T4LENN_en___US452&prmd=imvns&ei=cUdkUIndCoGVyAHT4oGQBg&start=10&sa=N&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=a4d634787c76a8a3&biw=1821&bih=745&ion=1
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