This Day in Goodlove History, September 23, 2014

11,792 names…11,792 stories…11,792 memories
This Day in Goodlove History, September 23, 2014

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Jeffery Lee Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com

Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove

The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), Jefferson, LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, and including ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, John Quincy Adams and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Martin Van Buren, Teddy Roosevelt, U.S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison “The Signer”, Benjamin Harrison, Jimmy Carter, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, William Taft, John Tyler (10th President), James Polk (11th President)Zachary Taylor, and Abraham Lincoln.

The Goodlove Family History Website:

http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html

The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:

• New Address! http://wwwfamilytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx

• • Books written about our unique DNA include:

• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.



Birthdays on September 23…

Amy W. Dennis Thompson

Solon Godlove

Ida M. Hammond Rutledge (1st great grandniece of the wife of the 3rd great granduncle)

Elza P. Stewart (husband of the 3rd cousin 2x removed)

Martin H.C. Winch (Great Grandfather)

September 23, 480 BCE: 480 B.C. An army of 200,000 Persians was met at Thermopylae in 480 B.C. by a Greek force of 7300 men under command of a Spartan, Leonidas. After a stubborn defense, the Greeks were annihilated. The Persians entered Athens and leveled the city. But at the naval battle of Salamis, the Persians were almost wiped out. On the same day, a Greek force routed the Carthaginian allies of Persia.[1] The Greeks defeat the Persian fleet of Xerxes I at the Battle of Salamis.

http://i.livescience.com/images/i/626/i235/Parthenon_von_SW.jpg

Credit: public domain

Sea Breezes Save Western Culture

The survival of Greek culture, and consequently of Western Culture itself hung in the balance during the Greco-Persian Wars. The Persian Empire, at the peak of its strength, was poised to overrun mainland Greece itself. The Greek naval commander Themistocles was able to turn the tides of war at the battle of Salamis in 480 BC by using his knowledge of the winds.[2]



479 BCE: Confucious dies.[3] At this time Judah and Jerusalem were part of the Persian Empire. Xerxes reigned from 483 BCE to 465 BCE which meant that he was a contemporary of Ezra and Nehemiah. [4]

470-433 BC: Eliashib, son of Joiakim, ca. 470-433 BC.[5] Eliashib (High Priest)

Eliashib the High Priest is mentioned in Nehemiah 12:10,22 and 3:1, 20-21,13:28 and possibly the Book of Ezra 10:6 of the Hebrew Bible. Some also place him in different parts of Nehemiah including 12:23 and 13:4,7, but this is disputed. Nehemiah 3:20-21 places his home between the area of two working groups constructing the walls of Jerusalem on the north side of the city. He helped with the refortification of this wall (Neh 3:1). The size of his house indicated his wealth and high socio-economic status (Neh 3:23-21). This places him as someone who lived during the time of Nehemiah, and as a result, probably Ezra also. In the year 445 BCE, Eliashib was the high priest when Nehemiah returned to Jerusalem in the 20th year of Artaxerxes I (Nehemiah 1:1, 2:1).[1]

Josephus puts Eliashib as a contemporary of Ezra during the reign of Xerxes, in Ant. 11.5,6-8. He also dates his reign as high priest through the reign of Cyrus, also called by the Greeks, Artaxerxes. This is the Artaxerxes depicted in the Book of Esther. Josephus outlines this story in Antiq.11:185- Antiq 11:297. The last quotation of this story states, "When Eliasib the high priest was dead, his son Judas succeeded in the high priesthood."(Antiq 11:297)

Eliashib's grandson was married to the daughter of Sanballat the Horonite (Neh 13:28), and while Nehemiah was absent in Babylon Eliashib had leased the storerooms of the temple to Sanballat's associate Tobiah the Ammonite, thereby depriving the Levites of their rations. When Nehemiah returned he threw Tobiah's furniture out of the temple and drove out Eliashib's grandson (Neh 13:4-9). This may be the political background to the allegorical vision of Satan, the Angel of the Lord and Eliashib's (possibly deceased) grandfather Joshua the High Priest in Zechariah 3.[6]

465-460 B.C.

King Artaxerxes stops the Work. When the Jews began to rebuild Jerusalem, foreigners living in Judah attempted to stop them. Thjeir efforts to do so began during Xerxes first year as king (486 B.C.)but were probably not successful until early in Artaxerxes’ reign (465-460 B.C.).

465-424 or 423 BCE:The book of Ezra tells us that the initial return of the exiles met with all sorts of trouble. By this account, the newly created province was socially and politically unstable. In response, Artaxerxes I (465-424 or 423 BCE) appointed Ezra the scribe, a Jew of dignified pedigree, to lead another, greater wave of retuirnees back to Jerusalem and to govern it.[7]

459 BCE: In the Torah, the sons of Moses, Gershom and Eliezer, by his wife Zipporah daughter of the Midianite priest Jethro, are Jews. Within the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), The Book of Ruth relates the story of a Gentile woman married to a Jewish man, whose children are considered Jewish.

Professor Shaye J. D. Cohen of Harvard University states:

Numerous Israelites heroes and kings married foreign women: for example, Judah married a Canaanite, Joseph an Egyptian, Moses a Midianite and an Ethiopian, David a Philistine, and Solomon women of every description. By her marriage with an Israelite man a foreign women joined the clan, people, and religion of her husband. It never occurred to anyone in pre-exilic times to argue that such marriages were null and void, that foreign women must "convert" to Judaism, or that the off-spring of the marriage were not Israelite if the women did not convert.

In contrast, the Book of Ezra relates that the prophet Ezra, a Jewish priestly scribe, commanded his Jewish followers amidst the Babylonian captivity (c. 459 BCE) to divorce their foreign wives, and this sometimes has been regarded as the foundation of the present rule. According to the Bible, Ezra resolved the identity threat which arose by the intermarriage between Jews and foreigners and provided a definite reading of the Torah.[8]

The Mishnah (Kiddushin 3:12) states that, to be a Jew, one must be either the child of a Jewish mother or a convert to Judaism. The Talmud (Kiddushin 68b) derives this law from the Torah, specifically from Deuteronomy 7:3–4, which reads: "Thy daughter thou shalt not give to his son, nor shalt thou take his daughter to thy son. For they will turn away thy son from following me, that they may serve other gods." The Talmudic sages point out that only the child born to your daughter, though fathered by a non-Jew, is called "your son"; a child born to your son by a non-Jewish mother would not be called "your son," but rather "her son." Furthermore, the Torah is specifically concerned with a non-Jewish father turning away a Jewish child from Judaism, whereas there is no parallel concern for a non-Jewish mother turning a child from Judaism, presumably because the child is not Jewish.

Rabbi Louis Jacobs noted,

"There has been a development of the law in these instances from Biblical and pre-Rabbinic times [from patrilineal to matrilineal descent]. The attempt to find reasons for the change, however, has proved to be elusive...[b]ut the development in the law had already taken place before the redaction of the Mishnah at the very latest. With the exception of the Rabbi in the Jerusalem Talmud (Qiddushin, 3:12) who permitted the child of a gentile mother and Jewish father to be circumcised on the Sabbath and whose opinion was vehemently rejected, the law is accepted unanimously in both Talmuds. It is recorded as the law in all the Codes without dissenting voice and has been the universal norm in all Jewish communities.[4]

In the Middle Ages, there was a minority stream of rabbinic opinion arguing in theoretical terms for a rule that, to be Jewish by descent, both of one's parents must be Jewish. In practical terms, however, the matrilineal rule remained unchallenged from Talmudic times till the twentieth century.

Modern views

With the birth of alternative branches of Judaism and the rise in intermarriage in the 20th century, questions about the law of matrilineal descent arose. Children born to Jewish fathers and non-Jewish mothers, in particular, were asking why they were not accepted as Jews. As of today, Judaism is divided on the issue of "Who is a Jew?" via descent.

Orthodox Judaism

Matrilineal descent still is the rule within Orthodox Judaism. Orthodox Judaism holds that anyone with a Jewish mother also has irrevocable Jewish status; in other words, even if someone with a Jewish mother converts to another religion, that person still is considered Jewish.

Conservative Judaism

The view of matrilineal descent as originating at the time of the Council of Jamnia is openly held by many scholars affiliated with the Conservative movement: see the views of Shaye J. D. Cohen, below.

At the same time, matrilineal descent remains the norm in Conservative halakha. In 1986, the Conservative Movement's Rabbinical Assembly reiterated the commitment of the Conservative movement to the law of matrilineal descent. Furthermore, the movement stated that any rabbi who accepts the principle of patrilineal descent will be subject to expulsion from the Rabbinical Assembly. At the same time, it affirmed that "sincere Jews by choice" should be warmly welcomed into the community and that "sensitivity should be shown to Jews who have intermarried and their families." The Conservative movement actively reaches out to intermarried families by offering them opportunities for Jewish growth and enrichment.

Polls conducted by the Conservative movement show that 68% of all regular attenders at Conservative synagogues would support changing the law to allow Jewish identity by patrilineal descent.[5] However, there is little rabbinic support for such a change (and, if Cohen's argument is correct, such a change could not be made without also recognising the legality of mixed marriages.) However, at least some Conservative and pluralistic rabbis individually support patrilineal descent.

Reform Judaism

Reform Judaism in the U.S. officially adopted a bilineal policy in 1983: one is a Jew if either of one's parents is Jewish, provided that either (a) one is raised as a Jew, by Reform standards, or (b) one engages in an appropriate act of public identification. This declaration formalized what had been Reform policy in practice for at least a generation. Clause (b) has been generally interpreted as making any form of public self-identification sufficient, though some congregations may make more formal requirements—especially if the individual in question has been raised as a Christian. In addition, the movement decided to accept people who were raised as Jews, such as adopted children, even if it was not certain that either of their parents were Jewish.

The Central Conference of American Rabbis declares that the child of one Jewish parent is under the presumption of Jewish descent. This presumption of the Jewish status of the offspring of any mixed marriage is to be established through appropriate and timely public and formal acts of identification with the Jewish faith and people. The performance of these mitzvot serves to commit those who participate in them, both parent and child, to Jewish life.

Other movements within the World Union for Progressive Judaism have adopted essentially the same position as U.S. Reform Judaism. These include: Liberal Judaism in England; Reconstructionist Judaism in the U.S., Canada and elsewhere; Progressive Judaism in Australia; one congregation in Austria; some congregations in Eastern Europe. Note that Reform Judaism in Canada and England adopts a different position, similar to that of Conservative Judaism (though there may be an accelerated conversion process for the children of Jewish fathers).

[edit] Reconstructionist Judaism

Reconstructionist Judaism, which values equity and inclusivity, also adopted the idea of bilineal descent. According to Reconstructionist Judaism, children of one Jewish parent, of either gender, are considered Jewish if raised as Jews.

Karaite Judaism

Karaite Judaism includes only the Tanakh in its canon, excluding the Talmud. Karaite Judaism interprets the Torah to indicate that Jewishness passes exclusively through the father's line, thus maintaining the system of patrilineality, that many scholars believe was the practice of ancient Israel.

Other views

Many secular and non-religious Jews in America, Israel and elsewhere adopt a bilineal view similar to that detailed above. In Israel, the status quo is that the Orthodox definition is followed: the child of a Jewish father and a non-Jewish mother may immigrate to Israel (and may claim rights under the Law of Return), but will be registered in official documents as a non-Jew. The consequences are various: he/she may not be wedded inside the state to anybody considered to be officially a Jew, and he/she may not be buried in the Jewish section of a cemetery.

Some groups of Jews have historically recognized only patrilineal descent, e.g. the Juhurim of the Northern Caucasus, and other Jewish groups of Central Asia. This is also the majority view in Karaite Judaism, though some require both parents to be Jewish.[6][7][8]

The historical debate

The law of descent as currently accepted by Orthodox Judaism appears to be an exception to a generally patrilineal system of family law. For example, laws of inheritance and the descent of the monarchy follow the father. A Jew also belongs to the tribe of his or her father, so a Kohen or Levi must be the son of a Kohen or Levi. The child of a mixed Sephardi-Ashkenazi marriage generally adopts the communal identity of the father.

For this reason, many scholars suggest that the original rule of Jewish descent must have been patrilineal, and that it was changed around the time of Ezra, or even later, at the time of Council of Jamnia, possibly under the influence of Roman law. There are several instances in the Bible where Israelite men marry Gentile women without direct mention of the women converting, although some like Zipporah and Rebecca were still insisting in the practices of their former families. For example, Isaac, Jacob until Moses himself later and Samson and many of the Israelite kings married foreign princesses, and this does not seem to have prevented the children of these marriages from being considered among the Children of Israel and even succeeding to the throne. An example is Rehoboam, who was the son of Solomon by the Ammonite princess Naamah. Another example is the Book of Ruth, which seems to claim such ancestry for King David himself.

The Orthodox answer is that both Ruth and Naamah were converts to Judaism: the Talmud[9] derives the laws of proselytes from the exchange between Naomi and Ruth.

Historians, however, believe that the very notion of conversion with a mikvah is postbiblical. It must also be pointed out that, even if Ruth never became Jewish, this would not affect the Jewishness of King David on either a pure patrilineal or a pure matrilineal rule, as Ruth was King David's paternal great-grandmother.

A reconciliation of the evidence has been offered by Professor Shaye J. D. Cohen.[10] The original rule was patrilineal, but only applied to cases where the parents were legally married, or could lawfully have married, as it is only in these cases that the child legally has a father at all. So in the case of an all-Jewish or all-Gentile marriage, the child inherits his or her Jewish or Gentile status from the father. In Biblical times, the same rule would have applied to marriages with Kutim, as such marriages were frowned upon but not regarded as legally impossible.[11] However, since the time of Ezra, Jewish law has held that mixed marriages are not only forbidden but void. Accordingly, the child of such a union has no legal father, and takes the status of the mother by default; just as in English custom a legitimate child takes his or her father’s surname but an illegitimate child takes his or her mother’s.[citation needed] In the result, it is only in the case of a mixed marriage that the child inherits its Jewish status from the mother; in the normal case of two Jewish parents a child inherits his or her status from the father, but the Jewishness of the mother is a necessary condition for this to happen. The practical result of this is the same as that of a purely matrilineal rule.

References[9]

458 B.C.: Ezra returned to Jerusalem in 458 B.C. Ezra 7:1-8:14.[10] Flush with funds provided by the Persian king, he assesses what needs to be done to restore the decimated Jewish homeland. [11] Ezra, a member of the group of exiles in Babylonia, early in the fourth century, undertook a commission from the Persian king to restore the systematic observance of Jewish law in Judea. As a result of his work, the books of the Law, the Pentateuch (so-called Five Books of Moses), incorporated the results of the exile experience with the reforms of Josiah and the prophetic tradition. [12] Ezra, a member of the group of exiles in Babylonia, early in the fourth century, undertook a commission from the Persian king to restore the systematic observance of Jewish law in Judea. As a result of his work, the books of the Law, the Pentateuch (so-called Five Books of Moses), incorporated the results of the exile experience with the reforms of Josiah and the prophetic tradition. [13] In an echo of Ezra, Nehemiah criticizes those willing to marry outside the faith.

• “I censured them, cursed them, flogged them, tore out their hair, and adjured them by God, saying, “You shall not give your daughters in marriage to their sons, or take any of their daughters for your sons or yourselves.”

• Nehemiah 13:25[14]



In an apparent attempt to ensure that the new generation of children would be brought up Jewish, as defined by the male lineage, he decrees that Jewish men should divorce their foreign wives. [15]

Tactical decisions by exile scribes and priests forged the concept of the sacred purity of the “Jewish race.” Over time, Jews began officially conceiving of themselves as a separate people, defined by absolute obeisance to Jewish law and marriage within one’s tribe: follow Scripture and the Hebrews will prevail as a people. Religious orthodoxy, the cult of Yahweh, and the ethic of Jewish exceptionalism and separateness had triumphed.[16]

455 BCE: An inscription attests to a Jewish community in Sardis, in western Asia Minor.[17]



455 BCE: From the archive of the Murashu family in Nippur, in which at least 100 Jews are named. It is clear that Jews lease and own land, sometimes in conjunction with Gentiles, and engage in agriculture, tax collectin, and other occupations. Perhaps as a response to the prophet Jeremish’s call to the Babylonian exiles to pray for the welfare of their new country (Jeremiah 29:7), some Jews name their sons Shulum-Babli, “Welfare of Babylon.” It is common for Jews with Babylonian names to give their children Hebrew ones, expressing perhaps their increased security in the Diaspora.[18]

After 450 B.C.

The La Tene center (the Lter Iron Age) after 450 B.C. constituted the high point of the Iron Age. It was influenced by the Scythians (via the Hallstatt center), by the Greeks (via Massilia up the Rhone), and by the Etruscans (along the path of the Argonauts; i.e. alon the Po through the mountain passes of Switzerland to the Rhine and Rhone rivers). La Tene groups (who were probaboy connected with the Celts) brought urban civilization to culturally less advanced areas like Bohemia, the British Isles, and the Iberian Peninsula. [19]

The Law now began to take on its final form. In the future, mainstream Judaism would be a religion of the Law that religious leaders insisted was binding on all of the Jewish nation.[20]

As far as practice was concerned, the most important change in this amended version of the Law was the observance of the Day of Atonement.

In doctrine, the most important addition was the development of an eschatological view of history, the view that a Messiah would come forth to lead the Jewish nation in the Day of the Lord. Yahweh was no longer the national champion of Israel but rather the judge of the entire world, a universal God whose will was absolute justice. [21]

“The heads of the families of Judah and Benjamin, and the priests and the Levites-everyone whose spirit God had stirred-got ready to go up and rebuild the house of the Lord in Jerusalem. All their neighbors aided them with silver vessels, with gold, with goods, with animals, and with valuable gifts, besides all that was freely offered.” Ezra 1.5-6

“King Cyrus himself brought out the vessels of the house of the lord that Nebuchadnezzar had carried away from Jerusalem and placed in the house of his gods. King Cyrus of Persia had them released into the charge of Mithredath the treasurer, who counted them out to Sheshbazzar the prince of Judah. And this was the inventory: gold basins, thirty; silver basins, one thousand; knives, twenty-nine; gold bowls, thirty; other silver bowls, four hundred ten; other vessels, one thousand; the total of the gold and silver vessels was five thousand four hundred. All these Sheshbazzar brought up, when the exiles were brought up frojm Babylonia to Jerusalem.” Ezra 1.8-10

As soon as they came to the house of the Lord in Jerusalem, some of the heads of families made freewill offerings for the house of God, to erect it on its site. According to their resources they gave to the building fund sixty-one thousand darics of gold, five thousand minas of silver, and one hundred priestly robes.

The priests, the Levites, and some of the people lived in Jerusalem and its vicinity; and the singers, the gatekeepers, and the temple servants lived in their towns, and all Israel in their towns. Ezra 2.68-70

When the seventh month came, and the Israelites were in the towns, the people gathered together in Jerusalem. Then Jeshua son of Jovzadak, with his fellow priests, and Zerubbabel son Shealttiel with his kin set out to build the altar of the God of Israel, to offer burnt offerings on it, as prescribed in the law of Moses the man of God. Ezra 3.1-3



• The Amida, or standing prayer, is the oldest of our traditional prayers, going back to early 2nd Temple times. There are many parts to the Amida, and some of the Shabbat portions differ from the weekday sections.

• THE AMIDAH PRAYER

• The Ahvot, or “fathers” portion, speaks of God’s faithfulness, and his promise to bring a Redeemer.

• AHVOT-FATHERS

• Blessed are You Lord our God and God of our fathers, God of Abraham, God of Isaac and God of Jacob, the great, might and awesome God, the most high God, Who bestows grace and creates all, and remembers the righteousness of the Fathers, and brings a Redeemer to their children’s children, for His name’s sake with love.

• O King, Helper, Saviour, and Shield, blessed are You O Lord, Shield of Abraham.

• Shabbat Siddur [22]



Second Temple Times:

The Kadeesh, an Aramaic prayer originating in Second Temple times, is a prayer of praise and Messianic hope. It also, over the years, became a mourner’s prayer. Why? In the words of one Rabbi, the answer is found in Job 1:21. When Job learned of the death of his children, he said, “The Lord gives, the Lord takes away, blessed be the name of the Lord.” From this verse we learn that in every situation in life we are to praise the Lord.

•

• THE KADEESH

•

• Magnified and sanctified be His great name in the world which He has created according to His geat name in the world which He has created according to His will. May He establish His kingdom during your life and during your days, and during the life of the whole house of Israel, even swiftly and soon, and say amen.

• Let His great name be blessed forever and to all eternity.

Blessed, praised, and glorified, exalted, extolled and honored, magnified and lauded be the name of the Holy One, blessed He, though He be high above all the blessings and songs, praises, and consolations which are uttered in the world, and say amen.

May He Who makes peace in His high places make peace upon us and upon all Israel, and say amen.

Shabbat Siddur[23]

Intermarriage, even by the Levites and the Cohanim, is rampant, and high priestships reportedly could be bought which if historically true, could be one reason why the Cohen Modal Haplotype shows up in more than one traditionally Jewish lineage.[24]

450 BCE: This is possibly the period in which Job, the Song of Songs, Ruth, and many Psalms are written.[25]



450 BCE: Judeans, feeling threatened by hostgile elements, fortify Jerusalem. Persian subjects in Samaria accuse them of rebelling.[26]



450 BCE: The prophet Malachi condemns what he sees as materialism and a breakdown of family morals in Judah.[27]

447 B.C.: Work on the Parthenon begins.[28]

445 B.C.

445 BCE: In Jerusalem Ezra, the Scribe reads the Scroll of the Law, the Torah, to the Jews of Judea as described in Nehemiah 9:1.[29]

The events recorded in Nehemiah span more than twelve years, beginning 445 B.C., when King Artaxerxes allowed Nehemiah to return to Jerusalem. Nehemiah 1:1-4:23.[30] A second return of the Jews was led by Ezra the Scribe and Nehemiah. They undertook a massive reconstruction and fortification of the city walls and the further development of the temple of the Lord, as recorded in the Book of Nehemiah. The establishment of thes second temple was ultimately enlarged and beautified by Herod the Great, 500 years later.[31]

The repatriation of the Jews, Ezra’s inspired leadership, the building of the second temple, the refortification of Jerusalem’s walls, and the establishment of the Knesset HaGedolah (Great Assembly), which was the supreme religious and judicial body of the Jewish people, marked the beginning of the Second Commonwealth (Second Temple Period). Within the confines of the Persian Empire, Judah was a nation centered in Jerusalem whose leadership was no longer under a king, but entrusted to the High Priest and the council of Elders.[32]

445 BCE: A Jewish official of the Persian court, Hehemiah, is sent to Jerusalem to rebuild its fortifications and supervise the community. Judah is separated from Samaria as a province of Persia. The territory from Hebron south to Egypt is governed by Geshem the Arabian.[33]

442 B.C.E.: Work reported in 2004 by geneticist Leah Peleg and her colleagues at Tel Hashomer Hospital in Israel (Karpatie et al., “Specific Mutations in the HEXA Gene”) identified a new mutation among Iraqi Jews and suggests that the disease we see today may actually have originated among post exilic Jews (about 442 B.C.E.).[34]

440-430 B.C.: Malachi, major prophet, Southern Israel.[35]

437 BCE: Despite repeated harassment by Sanballat, govetrnor of the Samarian province, and Tobiah, governor of the Transjoranian province, Nehemiah completes the Jerusalem wall.[36]

436-358 BCE: The idea that the Persian king ruled over the entire world was well recorded in biblical and postbiblical sources. In the book of Esther, which is situated in the Persian capital, we read at several points that Ahasuerus, king of Persia (commonly identified as Artaxerxes II, c. 436-358 BCE), ruled an empire made of “127 kingdoms from India unto Ethiopia [cush]” (1:1 8-9).[37]

433 BCE: When Nehemiah returns to Babylon, Jerusalem’s high priest Eliashib gives the Transjordanian governor, Tobiah, quarters in the temple.[38]

Between 433 and 430 B.C.

God’s love for his people. Malachi, the last Old Testament prophet, prophesied to the Jews in Jerusalem between 433 and 430 B.C. Malachi 1:1-4:6.[39]

433-410 BC: Joiada, son of Eliashib, ca. 433-410 BC {A son married a daughter of Sanballat the Horonite for which he was driven out of the Temple by Nehemiah}. Joiada

Joiada, (Heb. Yoyada, יוֹיָדָע), which means "Yahu knows," is a name found from the form "Jehoiada" in the Old Testament and used alternately in English versions [1].

"The Jeshanah Gate was repaired by Joiada son of Paseah and Meshullam son of Besodeiah. They laid its beams and put its doors with their bolts and bars in place"

—Nehemiah, 3:6, NIV

Joiada is the fourth high priest after the Babylonian Exile and his name is only found in the lists of Neh 12:10-11, 22 and in Neh 13:28. Most historians describe Joiada as the son of Eliashib, ca. 433-410 BCE. However, there are two existing problems with the chronologies. First, it is believed that Joiada may be the grandson of Eliashib. The word "son" may refer to a father-son relationship, but alternatively refers to a grandson or brother. However, it is suggested that (Ezra 2:43 & Neh 12:23) are related and may be referring to another Eliashib and Johanan because they were common names at that time. The second problem involves the time span of the list given because some believe the list Eliashib to Joiada to Jonathan to Jaddua was a time span of 150 years. It is also possible that not all of the names of the high priests are included.

The only information given about Joiada is that his son married the daughter of Sanballat the Horonite for which he was driven out of the Temple by Nehemiah.[2] This is important because the books of Ezra and Book of Nehemiah contain severe instructions against marrying foreign women. These foreign marriages led to tension between the Jewish governor and the high-priestly family. The son of Joiada was removed from the temple by Nehemiah and banished from Judah, however nothing suggests that Joiada's family received further punishment.

[40][41]

431 BCE: Nehemiah is reappointed to Jerusalem. Upon his arrival Nehemiah expels Tobiah and enforces observance of the Sabbath and the ban on intermarriage.[42]

430 B.C.: During the second year of the Peloponnesian War, Thucydides writes about a disease that is believed to have been the Plague (some scholars believe it was smallpox). He says that it began in Ethiopa and passed through Egypt and Libya before devastating Greece. A third of the population of Athens dies.[43]


430 BC–-9573-01-01427 BC: Greece:

-9570-01-01

Plague of Athens,

typhoid or typhus

[3][44]




Plague of Athens

430–427 BC

480520436 De3869E875

The Plague of Athens was a devastating epidemic which hit the city-state of Athens in ancient Greece during the second year of the Peloponnesian War (430 BC), when an Athenian victory still seemed within reach. It is believed to have entered Athens through Piraeus, the city’s port and sole source of food and supplies. The city-state of Sparta, and much of the eastern Mediterranean, was also struck by the disease. The plague returned twice more, in 429 BC and in the winter of 427/6 BC. Modern historians disagree on whether the plague was a critical factor in the loss of the war. However, it is generally agreed that the loss of this war may have paved the way for the success of the Macedonians and, ultimately, the Romans. The disease has traditionally been considered an outbreak of the bubonic plague in its many forms, but re-considerations of the reported symptoms and epidemiology have led scholars to advance alternative explanations. These include typhus, smallpox, measles, and toxic shock syndrome.[45]












428 BCE: The priest-scribe Ezra arrives in Judah, authorized by the Persian government to instruct all those professing to be Jews in the Laws of Moses and to exact observance of his interpretation of these Jewish laws.[46]



428 BCE: Ezra compels Jews to divorce their gentile wives and other wise to commit themselves to Mosaic law and support of the Temple.[47]

428 BCE: Ezra and Nehemiah assemble the Jews on the Festival of Sukkor (Booths) for reading and explicating the Torah of Moses (see Nehemiah 8).[48]

428 BCE: Ezra’s exegesis (midrash; see Ezrah 7:10) of the Torah may be seen as the beginning of classical Judaism, a religion that determines the will of God through textual interpretation rather than prophecy. Ezra will be viewed in rabbinic tradition as the prototypical rabbi.[49]

419 BCE: The Jews at Elephantine, at Aswan, Egypt, practice a distinctly unorthodox religion. While they sacrifice to YHWH at their own temple according to the ordinances of the Torah, they make offering to local pagan gods, too, and invoke their names in oaths.[50]

412 BCE: Elephantine Jews seek assistance to rebuild their temple from the Persian governor of Judea, Bagoas, and the sons of Sanballat, governor of Samaria, having failed to receive support from the Jerusalem high priest Yochanan. Their bid is approved, and the temple is reconstructed. To assuage the local pagan priests and the Jerusalem priests, however, the Jews are forbidden to make animal offerings.[51]

411 BCE: An anti-Jewish attack in Egypt incited by the priests of the local god Khnum destroys the temple at Elephantine.[52]

410 BCE: The first recorded incident of a major anti-Jewish action is the destruction of the Jewish temple in Elephantine, the Egyptian military colony in 410 BCE. [53]

410BCE: The Jerusalem high priest Yochanan has his ambitious brother Joshua killed, prompting the Persian governor Bagoas to repress Jewish activities.[54]



410-371 BC: Johanan, son of Joiada, ca. 410-371 BC.[55] Johanan (High Priest)

•Johanan (Hebrew יוֹחָנָן), son of Joiada, was the fifth Jewish high priest after the rebuilding of the temple in Jerusalem by the Jews who had returned from the Babylonian captivity. His reign is estimated to have been from c. 410-371 BCE; he was succeeded by his son Jaddua. The bible gives no details about his life. Johanan lived during the reigns of king Darius II of Persia and his son Artaxerxes II, whose empire included Judah as a province.


Murder in the Temple

Flavius Josephus records that Johanan's brother Jesus was promised the high priesthood by Bagoses, general of Artaxerxes. Jesus got in a quarrel with Johanan in the temple and Johanan killed him. Bagoses knew that Johanan had slain Jesus in the temple saying to him "Have you had the impudence to perpetrate murder in the temple."[1] Johanan was forbidden to enter the temple, but he entered anyway saying "Am not I purer than he that was slain in the temple?"[1] Bagoses had not seen such a savage crime and responded by commanding the Persians to destroy the temple and impose a tribute on the Jews. The rest of his tenure as high priest remains a mystery. His son Jaddua eventually took over the position when Johanan died, as briefly mentioned by Josephus.

Letter from Elephantine Papyri

Among the Elephantine Papyri, a collection of 5th century BCE Hebrew manuscripts from the Jewish community at Elephantine in Egypt, a letter was found in which Johanan is mentioned. The letter is dated "the 20th of Marshewan, year 17 of king Darius", which corresponds to 407 BCE.[2] It is addressed to Bagoas, the governor of Judah, and is a request for the rebuilding of a Jewish temple at Elephantine, which was destroyed by Egyptian pagans. The letter includes the following passage:

"(...) We have also sent a letter before now, when this evil was done to us, to our lord and to the high priest Johanan and his colleagues the priests in Jerusalem and to Ostanes the brother of Anani and the nobles of the Jews, Never a letter have they sent to us. (...)"

It has been suggested that the Anani that is referred to here might be the same as in 1 Chronicles 3:24.[2]

Name

There is dispute over the his actual name. Neh 12:11 lists him as Jonathan, while 12:22 mentions Joiada's successor as Johanan. Josephus also lists him as Johanan (John).[3]

According to the Anchor Bible Dictionary there is also a dispute regarding the genealogy of Johanan. Neh 12:10-11 lists Johanan as the grandson of Eliashib while Neh 12:23 identifies him as the son of Eliashib. “Although it is possible that Heb ben is to be translated as “grandson” in Neh 12:23; cf. NEB, JB)”

Part of the confusion is that names, in the original Hebrew, appear identical. There is yet to be extrabiblical proof that a man named Jonathan ever served as high priest. This has led many to believe that the biblical text has a copy mistake.[4][56]







408 BCE: Elephantine Jews seek assistance to rebuild their temple from the Persian governor of Judea, Bagoas, and the sons of Sanballat, governor of Samaria, having failed to receive support from the Jerusalem high priest Yochanan. Their bid is approved, and the temple is reconstructed. To assuage the local pagan priests and the Jerusalem priests, however, the Jews are forbidden to make animal offerings.[57]



400 BCE: Jews continue to live in the land of Israel far beyond the borders of Judea. They inhabit the coastal towns as well as the Transjordanian region of Tob, home of the aristrocratic Tobiad family. Some, like the legendary Tobit from the Galilean hills, make pilgrimage to the Jerusalem Temple.[58]



400 BCE: A history of the Jews from the beginning of humankind up to the leadership of Ezra is composed. This work, the biblical Book of Chronicles, emphasizes the continuity between the people and institutions of the restored Judean community and the Second Temple with those prior to the destruction of the First Temple. The founder of the legitimate royal house, King David, is accredited with establishing the entire Temple cult.



400E: Ezra HaSofer, Leader in the Babylonian exile, organized the return to the Second Temple.[59]



400 BCE: Aramaic, the lingua franca of the Persian Empire, increasingly serves as a spoken language of Judea. Hebrew is written in the square letters developed for Aramaic (recalled in Daniel 2:4).[60]

400 BCE: Collections of religious songs, many used in temple worship, are assembled by cultic personnel into what will become the biblical Book of Psalms. Traditionally ascribed to King David, the psalms appear to stem from various stages in Israel’s history. The Psalms include prayers and hallelujah hymns related to the temple serfvice. But many take the form of personal supplications expressing a profound faith that Good will deliver the pious from distress. [61]







400 BCE: The Hopewells, in about 400 BCE had mysterious effigy mounds extending throughout the region of the Ohio River Valley, perhaps most pronounced in present southern Ohio and southern Wisconsin. [62]

[63]

September 23, 63 B.C.E.: Birth date of Octavian who would reign as Caesar Augustus from 27 BCE to 14CE. Augustus continued to follow the comparativly benign policies of his great-uncle Julius Caesar in dealing with the Jews. He allowed Herod to rule the Kingdom of Judea. When Herod died, Augustus turned Judea into a province but he instructed the governors not to do anything that would be offensive to the Jewish population such as parading the Roman Eagle through the streets of Jerusalem. He also sought to protect the rights of Jews living throughout the Empire including offering imperial protection for synagogues and exempting Jews from court appearance on Shabbat. Considering the track record of his successors, Augustus would be looked upon as a “good Roman Emperor.[64]

61 BC:
Rome: Julius Caesar wins his first major victories, in Spain.[65]

63-40 BC: John Hyrcanus II (restored) High Priest of Israel 63-40 BC.[66]

60 BC:
The first Triumvirate (joint rule) at Rome (Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey ). [67]

58 BC:
Caesar is appointed governor of Gaul, part of present day France. (The Gauls are a branch of the Celts.)
Pompey marries Julia, daughter of Caesar. [68]

57 B.C. to Herodian times…No direct evidence points to a Galilean senate and high court similar to the Jerusalem Sanhedrin, the principal legal, political and religious institution of Judea, but the council (synedrion) seyt up by the proconsul Gabinius in 57 B.C. in Sepphoris, the capital of Galilee, may be presumed to have fcontinued until Herodian times, or to have been reinstitute then. [69]

57 BC: Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars; Caesar invades region which becomes Germania Inferior.[70]

55 B.C.: Caesar conquers northern Gaul and attempts unsuccessfully to invade Britain. [71] The erosion of the Celtic culture begins with the Roman invasion of Britain in 55 B.C. The Druids were seen as the backbone of the British resistance to Rome. The Romans, repulsed by the Celtic Gods accused the Druids of torture and the sacrificial burning humans in huge twig structures. The Romans attacked the Celtics sacred religious sites. Despite massive resistance the Celts were defeated. [72]

54 BC:
Second invasion of Britain by Caesar. Cassivellaunus, a powerful British leader, agrees to pay tribute to Rome. [73]

September 23, 1569: The Duke of Norfolk quits the court without apprising Elizabeth or her ministers, and retires into Norfolk. [74]



September 23, 1672: The Cossacks captured Satanow, Poland, one of the few Polish towns to have escaped harm until this date. The Jewish populations would suffer accordingly.[75]

1673



Jesuit Missionary
Jesuit Missionary

1673

Father Marquette and Louis Jolliet explored the Illinois country.



1673

French explorers Jacques Marquette (1637-1675) and Louis Jolliet (1645-1700) descend the Mississippi to the Arkansas River and return to Wisconsin via the Illinois River—the first Europeans to reach the Illinois country.[76]





Takitwitchoo Forest Preserve, Elgin, IL

[77]

Joliet and Marquette passed through what became Chain O'Lakes State Park in 1673 as they traveled the Fox River during their Illinois explorations. French trappers and traders were the first Europeans to explore the area. The first European settlement was at Fort Hill, near Mundelein, a large mound rising out of the prairie, formerly a lookout point for Native Americans.[78]

[79]

[80]



Native American tribes taught early settlers a planting technique called the “Three Sisters.” Beans were grown in combination with corn and squash. Corn provided stalks for the beans to climb. The prickly squash leaves deterred animals and and provided shade to keep the soil moist. The bean plant provided nitrogen, to replentish the soil.[81]



1673-1699

[82]



[83]

1673-1778 Colonial Period.



September 23 to September 27, 1747

SOLDIERS IN THE FRENCH WAR, ETC.

1747. On Capt. Brown's muster-roll, on the alarm from Sept. 23, to 27th, are the names of the following, from Framingham:



Thos. Winch, Lieut. [84]

Daniel Gregory, Corp.

Daniel Stone, Clerk.

Jona. Belcher, Trumpeter.

Nath'l. Seaver, "

Thos. Winch, Sentinel.

Samuel Winch, "

Phineas Winch, "

Jona. Maynard, Sentinel.

Isaac Read, "

Micah Gibbs, "

Joseph Brintnal, "

Elias Whitney, "

Benj. Eaton, "

Wm. Brown, "

Daniel Stone, " [85]



September 23, 1772; In Alexandria till the afternoon. Dined at Arrel’s and came home with Col. Fairfax and Valentine Crawford.[86]

(September 23), 1774: Colonel Andrew Lewis, with his forces, joined his brother Charles and the Augusta men at their camp on the banks of Elk Creek, about one mile above where it flows into the Kanawha. This camp was about 108 miles from Camp Union, according to a computation made by Colonel Fleming, commander of the Botetourt troops. Colonel Lewis had been compelled to move his troops very slowly, making an average of only about ten miles a day after starting from Camp Union. The route he had followed was through a pathless wilderness and very rugged; and he had to cross Gauley Mountain—a difficult and hazardous undertaking, with cattle and pack-horses to handle. The combined forces remained at Elk Creek until the 30th, engaged in completing the storehouse and making canoes to transport the supplies down the river. [87]

Then, on September 23, 1775, the court jail was repaired. "Ord. Thos. Smallman, John Cannon, John Gibson, or any 2 of them, to provide a House at the Pub Expense for the use of Holding the Court, and that the Sheriff Contract with Workmen to put the same in repair ag't the 3d Tuesday in Jan'y next. "Ord that the sheriff, with the Consent of Thos. Smallman, John Canon, and John Gibson, or any 2 of them, Contract for a house for Safe keeping of his prisoners, and make a return of the whole to the next Court, at the County Expence."[88]

September 23, 1775: At a Court Con’d and held for Augusta County, Sepr 23d, 1775, P. Geo Croghan, Jno. Cannon, Jno. McColloch, Dorsey Penticost, Dav’d Shepperd

Pres’t, Jno. Campbell, Thos. Smallman; Abs, Geo. Croghan, Pres’t, Wm. Crawford. Ab. Jno. Gibson & D P.

A Deed from the Sacchems or Chiefs of the Six United Nations of Indians to Geo Croghan Esqr was produced to be proved, which was objected by Chas. Sims & H. Peyton on behalf of Jno. Gibson, alledging that it is upwards of two years since the Execution of the s’d deed, that there was not 3 Wits present to prove the same; which objection was overruled, and the said Deed was proved by the Oaths of Tho. & John Walker & Ord to lie for fur proof.[89]

[David Zeisberger to Gen. Edward Hand. 6ZZ8.]

CUCHACHUNK September 23d. 1777

May it please your Escellency

DEAR SIR—I wrote to you yesterday & in the Evening your Messengers arrived at Cuchachunk to our great Joy & Comfort when I immediately in the Night was fetched where I read yours and Mr. Morgan’s Speech to the Counsil when all rejoiced exceedingly as well over the good News you communicated to them as also especially when they heard that they had Nothing to fear, of the White People, & we can now thank God be quiet & without fear. I send the Letter I wrote Yesterday as it is, & inclosed here is a Message again to Col. Morgan. The Indians who shall conduct the Messengers to the river shall have the Packet in their Care in Case any Accident should happen by the Way, ‘till they shall part from them & then deliver it to Mr. Elliott. Yesterday we had the following Intelligence which was sent by Wiondoughwalend to the Council here, to which so much more Credit we can give as he is no friend to the Virginians, Vizt. that the Twightees [Miami] had rec’d the Tomhawk Belt from the Govr. at Detroit which they took home with them & called the Head Men & Capt. of their Nation & the Wawiaghtana [Ouiatanon} & Kickapoos &ca together to consult about it when they all agreed not to take the Tomhawk but to follow the Example of their Grandfather the Delawares of whom they had heard by a Messenger that he would not receive the Tomhawk whereupon the Twightees sent it back again to the Gov’. and said it would be the ruin of their Nation if they took it. Another Piece of News we had from the same Quarter,—That some Tawas & Chipways had been to war & were returned, who related, that they had attacked a fort at Kentucke where they fought awhile till on both Sides a Number was killed, when the white People hailed the Indians and desired them to come nigh and to speak with them which they refused to do & called the white People out; upon which one or two went out of the fort, & spoke with them, and told them that were sorry to see the dead bodies of both sides lying there, but neither they the Tawas & Chipways nor the white People were the Cause of it, but their father the G0VF. over the Lake was the cause of it, they should blame him for it. That after this the white people invited them to the fort treated them handsomely & let them go home in Peace.[90] This News Capt. White Eyes desired me to inform you of. By information of a white Man from Detroit who came here two days ago but doth not choose to have his Name mentioned I can give you the following Account. That there are six Companies of Militia amounting to about ? Men in the whole. The English are all for America. About 70 Men in Garrison only. An Entrenchment is round the fort on the Land Side & about 50 Pieces of Cannon in the fort & 7 Pieces of Cannon on the Wharf. If an Army should come against the fort every Man is to march out to meet it & they are to be reinforced from Niagara. Great Store of Provision is at Detroit & the Inhabitants full of Cattle. At the Sandusky there is 1oo Head of Cattle & the People to whom they belong will have Nothing against it if they fall in the Hands of the Army. Six Vessels on the Lake the largest two of 16 Guns. If an Army should march there late then there will be a large Cargo of Goods at Sandusky. I beg the favour to forward the inclosed Packet to Lancaster by which you will oblige all the Brethren down the Country very much who will impatiently wait to hear from us. I am, Sir yr most Hble. Servt.

ZIESBERGER.[91]
September 23, 1777: September 23d 1777. The Court met pursuant to adjourn-
ment.

Present: John Campbell, Isaac Cox, William Goe, Oliver
Miller, Gentlemen, Justices.

The last will and Testament of Johathan Reed was proved
by the Oaths of Noah Fiehearty and Hugh McCreedy, two of
the subscribing witnesses and ordered to be recorded.



Minutes of Court of Yohogania County. 103

John Cannon, Joshua Wright & Matthew Richey Gentlemen
Came into Court and took their Seats.

Robert Bowers being charged with a breach of an act of the
Common wealth intitled an Act for the punishment of certain
Offences being Called, pleads Not Guilty. Then came a Jury,
to wit. James Swolevan, James Wall, Charles Bruce, James
Campbell, William Marshall, Joseph Becket, John Crow,
Zadock Wright, Edward Cook, Gabriel Cox, Andrew Heath
and John Douglass, and being sworn say that the said Robert
Bowers shall suffer One year's Imprisonment.

David England, being charged with a breach of an act of
Assembly of this Commonwealth, intitled an Act for the punish-
ment of Certain Offences, Came into Court and Confessed the
Charge. Then came a Jury, to wit James Swolevan, James
Wall, Charles Bruce, James Campbell, William Marshall,
Joseph Becket, John Crow, Zadock Wright, Edward Cook,
Joseph Bealer, Andrew Heath & John Douglass, and being
sworn say that they find forty Shillings.
(33) John Teague and George Corn are allowed two days attend-
ance each as Witnesses in behalf of the Common Wealth
against David English.

Joseph Beeler Gent, is appointed Administrator of all the
Goods, Chatties and Credits of the Estate of John Hutcheson,
deceased, he complying with the Law. — Whereupon the Said
Joseph Beeler with Christopher Beeler Came into Court and
entered into Bond for the due performance of his said Ad-
ministration.

Joseph Beeler Came into Court and took the Oath of Ad-
ministrator of Joseph Hutcheson deceased.

Ordered — That Richard Antis, William Powell and James
Burns or any two of them they being first sword to apprais the
Estate of John Hutcheson deceased and Make Return to Next
Court.

Benjamin Kirkindall Gent Justice Took his Seat in Court.

Andrew Swearingen

Thomas Hambleton This day came the Plff, and Robert
Hamilton personally appeared in Court and undertook for the
Defendant that in Case he Shall be Cast in this Suit he Shall



104 Annals of the Carnegie Museum.

i

pay and Satisfy the Condemnation of the Court or render his
Body to Prison in execution for the same, or that he, the said
Robert Hamilton will do it for him. Whereupon the said
Deft prays and hath leave to imparl untill next Court and then
to plead.

William Brashiers

Robert Hambleton This day came the Plff, and Thomas
Hambleton personally appeared in Court and undertook for the
Defendant that in Case he shall be Cast in this Suit he Shall
pay and Satisfy the Condemnation of the Court or render his
Body to Prison in Execution for the Same or that the said
Thomas Hambleton will do it for him. Whereupon the Deft
prays and hath leave to imparl untill next Court and then to
plead.
(34) Moses Davison Stands charged with Hog stealing. Ordered
that the said Moses Davison be bound over to Next Grand Jury
Court with one Security in the Sum of ^25 each.

Whereupon the said Moses Davison and William Colvin his
Surety Came into Court and Entered Bail as aforesaid.

Sarah Reed, Joseph Becket and Edward Cook, Executors of
the last will and Testament of Jonathan Reed deceased with
Joseph Beeler Christopher Beeler and Paul Froman, their se-
curities came into Court and entered into Bond for the true per-
formance of the said Executorship. Whereupon the said Sarah
Reed Joseph Becket and Edward Cook took the Oath of Execu-
trix and Executors of the last .will and Testament of said Jona-
than Reed Deed.

Ordered that Benjaman Davis Samuel Burns John Wright
and Dorsey Pentecost or any two or more of them, being first
sworn to appraise the Estate of Jonathan Reed deceased and
make Return to Next Court.

Joseph Allen being Charged with a Breach of an act of As-
sembly of this Common Wealth intitled an act for the Punish-
ment of Certain Offences being Calld Came into Court and
pleads Not Guilty — Then came a Jury, to wit : James Swolevan,
James Wall, Charles Bruce, James Campbell, William Marshall,
Andrew Heth, John Crow, Joseph Becket, Zadock Wright,
Joseph Beeler, Edward Cook and John Douglass, and saith
that the said Joseph Allen is Not Guilty.



Minutes of Court of Yohogania County. 105

(35) Eliezer Brown being Charged with a Breach of an Act of
Assembly of this Common Wealth intitled an act for the punish-
ment of certain Offences — being Called comes before the Court
and pleads, Not Guilty. Whereupon came a Jury, to wit :
James Swolevan, James Wall, Charles Bruce, James Campbell,
William Marshall, Andrew Heath, John Crow, Joseph Becket,
Zadock Wright, Joseph Beeler, Edward Cook and John Doug-
lass, who upon their Oaths say that the said Eliezer Brown is
Not Guilty.

Thomas Estill, being charged with a Breach of the Act of
Assembly of this Commonwealth, intitled an act for the punish-
ment of Certain Offences, who being Called upon Comes into
Court and pleads Not Guilty ; Whereupon, a Jury being Sworn,
to wit : James Swolevan, James Wall, Charles Bruce, James
Campbell, William Marshall, Andrew Heath, John Crow,
Joseph Becket, Zadock Wright, Joseph Beeler, Edward Cook,
and John Douglass, do say they find for the Commonwealth
Twenty Pounds Current Money.

Philip Tabor, Charged with being guilty of a Breach of an
Act of Assembly of this Common Wealth intitled an act for the
punishment of Certain Offences, being called comes into Court
and pleads Not Guilty. Whereupon Come a Jury to wit, James
Swolevan, James Wall, Charles Bruce, James Campbell, Wil-
liam Marshall, Andrew Heth, John Crow, Joseph Becket,
Zadock Wright, Joseph Beeler, Edward Cook & John Douglass,
who upon their Oaths do say the Said Philip Tabor is Not
Guilty.

(36) Upon the Petition of Adam Wickerham setting forth that he
is desirous of Building a Water Mill on Mingo Creek about
three quarters of a Mile from the mouth and that he owns all
the Lands that will be effected or overflowed by the building
of the said Mill. It is therefore Considered by the Court that
the Said Adam Wickerham have leave to build and compleat a
mill at the place aforesaid.

Upon the Petition of Paul Froman setting forth that he is
desirous of building a Water Mill on Mingo Creek at the mouth
thereof and praying an Order to view and Condemn one acre
of Land on the opposite side of the Creek to said Froman' s
Land for that purpose.



106 Annals of the Carnegie Museum.

Ordered that the Sheriff be Commanded to Summon twelve
good and lawful freeholders of the vicinage to meet on the
premises aforesaid and being first sworn shall diligently view
and examine the said Lands which may be affected or laid
under water by the Building Said Mill with the Timber and
other Conveniences thereof, and that they report the same to
next Court under their hands and Seals with the true value of
the one acre of Land Petitioned for and of the damage done to
the party holding the Same.

Ordered that John Campbell, Gent. , be requested to furnish
the wife of Lemuel Davis, a poor Soldier now in the Continental
service from this State, for the Support of herself and three
Children, the Sum of four pounds per Month, to Commence
from the said Lemuel Davis's March from this County.

Ordered that the provision made for the Children of Edward
McCawley, by a former Order of this Court, Shall commence
(37) from the time of his March from this Country, and that the
funeral Charges of one of the said Children since dead be paid
by the said Mr. Campbell, and that this Court do draw on the
Treasury of this Commonwealth for the payment of the Same.

A letter from General Hand addressed to Col. Campbell
questing that Capt. Alexander McKee's Parole given to the
Committee of West Augusta be given up to him, the said General
Hand, in order to enable him to put Capt. McKee on a New
Parole, as he finds it necessary to remove said Alexander
McKee. Ordered that the said Parole be given up to General
Hand and that he deposit a Copy of the New Parole to be taken
from the said Capt. McKee in Lieu thereof, Certified by the
said General Hand.

Ordered that a Dedimus be issued to take the Evidence in
behalf of the Common Wealth, against John Beall, as well on
behalf of said John Beall as on the Common Wealth.

Sarah Norris

Attachment

Charles Norris

These parties came into Court and request that this Action
may be referred to Michael Rawlins, Thomas Keith and Andrew
Swearingen Gent. It is therefore accordingly ordered by the



Minutes of Court of Yohogania County. J 07

Court that the said Suit be referred to the said Michael Raw-
lins, Thos Keith and Andrew Swearingen or any two of them,
they being first sworn diligently examine the Case and make
return in writing to next Court, of their Judgment which Shall
be considered the Judgment of the Court.

Ordered that the Court be adjourned to 7 oClock tomorrow
morning.

John Campbell.[92]


September 23, 1779

During a naval engagement, John Paul Jones, commanding the Bonhomme Richard, says, “I havbe not yet begun to fight.”[93]

September 23, 1779 : Battle of Flamborough Head.[94]



September 23, 1780: No Virginia court was ever held within the limits of Pennsylvania, the general assembly of Pennsylvania having ratified on September 23, 1780, the Baltimore agreement as to where the boundary lines between the two states should be run, as they were finally run and marked on the grouna in 1784 and 1786.

As the Virginia adherents were no doubt largely in the majority, the Westmoreland County Court seems to have done much the smaller amount of business than did the Virginia courts, during the concurrent existence of both; indeed, there was a period of two years, from April Term 1776 to April Term 1778, during which there were no sessions at all of the Court of Common Pleas for Westmoreland County, while the Virginia courts were in session regularly. Hereafter our attention will be confined to the Virginia courts, and chiefly to the Court for the District of West Augusta. [95]

September 23, 1806: CECELIA CRAWFORD, b. Abt. 1780; m. JAHUE COLE, September 23, 1806, Bourbon county, Kentucky. [96]

September 23, 1823: JOHN C. CRAWFORD, b. September 23, 1823, Haywood County, North Carolina; d. June 18, 1867, Atascisa County, Texas.[97]

September 23, 1830: When Marcus was 23, he first married Catherine HANCOCK, in Howard County, Missouri. Born in Kentucky. Catherine died in 1848 in Dewitt, Carroll County, Missouri. [98]



September 23, 1862: Dr. William McKinnon Goodlove (1st cousin, 3 times removed) and the 57th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Skirmish at Wolf Creek Bridge September 23. [99]

September 23, 1864: While pursuing Jubal Early's retreating Confederate army from the Battle of Fisher's Hill, elements of Brigadier Gen. George A. Custer's Michigan Cavalry Brigade entered Woodstock on September 23, and captured 39 year-old Davy Getz, armed with a squirrel rifle, in the woods near town.

A rope was tied around Getz's neck, and he was made to walk behind Custer's headquarters wagon as it moved south along the Valley Turnpike (U.S. Route 11). Several men of the town, including merchant Adolph Heller, followed and pleaded with Custer that Getz had the mind of a child and did not know what he was doing. The pleas to the young brigadier fell on deaf ears. Finally, Heller admonished Custer saying, "You will have to sleep in a bloody grave for this."[100]



September 23, 1864: Anderson engaged in a skirmish in Boone County, Missouri, seven miles east of Rocheport. His men managed to kill eleven Federal soldiers and three black civilian teamsters. [101]

Fri. September 23, 1864

Followed the enemy 2 miles passed

Edinburg rebel army demoralized

Took 300 prsoners

(William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary)[102]



September 23, 1864: Battle of Athens, AL.[103]

September 23, 1864: In all the operations of its brigade and division; from the 23d of September (September 23)until the 19th of October, (October 19) upon which latter date the Twenty-fourth Iowa fought its last battle, the regiment performed its full share of duty and always acquitted itself with honor. Although it remained in the service for nearly six months after the battle of Cedar Creek, the remainder of its history, while characterized by the same faithful devotion to duty, was not marked by further severe conflict with the enemy. The compiler deems it most fitting, therefore, that the conduct of the regiment in the memorable battle of Cedar Creek, as portrayed in the official report of its gallant commander, should occupy the greater portion of the space left at his disposal for this historical sketch. In this, one of the most remarkable battles of the great War of the Rebellion, the Twenty-fourth Iowa suffered heavy loss, and ended its battle history by as splendid and heroic fighting as was ever exhibited upon any battlefield. The official report is here given in full [see note 12].[104]

September 23, 1884: David Gottlieb, September 23, 1884 in Mizum. Resided Breslau. Deportation: from Breslau, November 25, 1941 to Kowno. Todesdaten: November 29, 1941.[105]



September 23, 1896: Victoria surpassed her grandfather George III as the longest-reigning monarch in English, Scottish, and British history. The Queen requested that any special celebrations be delayed until 1897, to coincide with her Diamond Jubilee,[181] which was made a festival of the British Empire at the suggestion of Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain.[182]

The prime ministers of all the self-governing dominions were invited, and the Queen's Diamond Jubilee procession through London included troops from all over the empire. The parade paused for an open-air service of thanksgiving held outside St Paul's Cathedral, throughout which Victoria sat in her open carriage. The celebration was marked by great outpourings of affection for the septuagenarian Queen.[183]

Victoria visited mainland Europe regularly for holidays. In 1889, during a stay in Biarritz, she became the first reigning monarch from Britain to set foot in Spain when she crossed the border for a brief visit.[184] [106]



September 23, 1923: Maiden A. Cavender (b. March 5, 1845 in GA / d. September 23, 1923 in GA).[107]







September 23, 1936: A concentration camp opens at Sachsenhausen, Germany.[108]



September 23, 1939: On this Jewish Day of Atonement, Jews across Poland publicly humiliated by SS troops: forced labor, coerced shavings of beards, destruction of property, beatings, and forced dancing. At Piotrkow, Poland, Jews are compelled to relieve themselves in the local synagogue school, then use prayer shawls and holy books to clean up the mess.[109]

September 23, 1940: SS chief Heinrich Himmler authorizes a special SS Reichsbank account to hold gold (including gold extracted from teeth, silver, jewelry and foreign currency stolen from interned Jews. The account is held by the fictitious “Max Heiliger.”[110]



September 23, 1941: Gassing test are conducted at Auschwitz.[111]



September 23, 1941: 3500 Jews unable to escape from Ejszyszki, Lithuania, are locked in a synagogue and then moved to a cattle market, where they are denied food and water.[112]



September 23, 1942: Johanna Gottlieb, born January 14,1872 in Grebenau. Resided Frankfurt am Main. Deportation: from Frankfurt a. M. August 18, 1942, Theresienstadt. September 23, 1942. Treblinka. Missing. Declared legally dead, Minsk.[113]



September 23, 1942: Over 2,000 Jews were deported from the “show ghetto” at Theresienstadt to the extermination camp of Maly Trostenents in the Soviet Union. Approximately 200,000 to 500,000 were murdered at the camp. There were no known survivors.[114]



September 23, 1942: At the Treblinka death camp, 10,000 Jews from Szydlowiec, Poland, are killed.[115]



September 23, 1942: Johanna Gottlieb, born January 14,1872 in Grebenau. Resided Frankfurt am Main. Deportation: ab Frankfurt a. M., August 18, 1942, Theresienstadt. September 23, 1942. Treblinka. Missing. Declared legally dead. Minsk.[116]

September 23, 1942: Hundreds of Jews from Slovakia and 641 from France are gassed Auschwitz.[117]



September 23, 1942: British Home Secretary and Minister of Home Security Herbert Morrison opposed any further admission of Jewish immigrants into Britain. He fears this would encourage the French Vichy government to “dump” Jewish children into Britain.[118]



September 23, 1942: Sabine Gottlieb, born Schild July 20, 1859 in Atlanta. Wurzburg (last known residence). Resided Karbach. Deportation:Nurnberg-Wurzburg-Regensburg, September 23,1942, Theresienstadt. Date of death: December 5,1942, Theresienstadt.[119]



September 23, 1942: Adolf Gottlob, born March 27,1874 in Niederwerm. Resided Niederwerm. Deportation: from Nurnberg-Wurzburg-Rebensburg, September 23,1942, Theresienstadt. Date of death: January 21, 1944, Theresienstadt[1][120]



September 23, 1943: The Nazis liquidated the Vilna Ghetto. Eight thousand of the remaining 10,000 Jews were beaten, robbed and gathered in Rosa square. One thousand, six hundred were selected to go to the labor camps in Estonia. Another 5,000 were sent to Majdanek and its new gas chambers. Hundreds of the old and sick were sent to Ponar and shot.[121]



September 23, 1963 Oswald allegedly visits the Soviet embassy in Mexico City and

meets with Valery Vladimirovich Kostikov. The CIA says Kostikov is known to be a staff officer

of the KGB. He is connected with the Thirteenth, or “liquid affairs” department, whose

responsibilities include assassination and sabotage. According to Col. Oleg Maximovich

Nechiporenko, who was present in the Soviet Embassy: “Throughout his story, Oswald was

extremely agitated and clearly nervous, especially whenever he mentioned the FBI, but he

suddenly became hysterical, began to sob, and through his tears cried, ‘I am afraid ... they’ll kill me.

Let me in!’ Repeating over and over that he was being persecuted and that he was being followed

even here in Mexico, he stuck his right hand into the left pocket of his jacket and pulled out a

revolver, saying, ‘See? This is what I must now carry to protect my life.”

NOTE: Just days prior to LHO’s visit to Mexico City, the CIA’s David Atlee Phillips is promoted

to grade 15 and assigned new duties as Chief of Cuban Operations, Mexico City. LHO also visits

the Cuban Embassy while in Mexico. Phillips has been working as a government service employee

at level GS-14 since 1955. He was assigned to the CIA station in Mexico just this month. (PROBE

Sept.- Oct. 1999)

Also on this day, on orders from JFK, Secretary McNamara and General Maxwell

Taylor, Chairman of the Joint chiefs of Staff, leave for Viet Nam to evaluate the prospects of

winning the war there.

Lisa Howard, a reporter for ABC News who has interviewed Castro in Havana (and has

been to bed with him) gives a small cocktail party at her Manhattan apartment. Ambassador

William Attwood and Carlos Lechuga (Cuban delegate to the U.N.) are there, and - at a discreet

distance from the other guests - talk cautiously for half an hour. Attwood says he will be glad to

talk with Fidel Castro if the invitation comes from Havana.

Ruth Paine and Marina Oswald leave New Orleans today, bound for Irving, Texas.

LHO leaves his apartment either this evening or the following evening. He puts in a change-ofaddress

card, forwarding all mail to the Paines in Irving. AOT[122]

September 23, 1996: Public Law 104-201 authorized the Secretary of the Interior to transfer to the Secretary of the Army all of the land in Section 29 that was within an "Arlington National Cemetery Interment Zone" and some of the land in the Section that was within a "Robert E. Lee Memorial Preservation Zone".[32][33][28] [123]

September 23, 1998: "Jewish Priestly Line Maintains Legacy - and Genetic Marker." IsraelWire (September 23, 1998). Excerpts:

"...Based on a study of 306 Jewish men in Israel, Canada and England, the researchers discovered that the 106 Jews who had identified themselves as kohanim shared genetic markers in their Y chromosomes that members of the general Jewish population did not... The study also found a predominance of certain chromosome features in kohanim of both Ashkenazi and Sephardi origin... But Jonathan Marks, a biological anthropologist at the University of California at Berkeley, has difficulty accepting the study's results. 'I'm a skeptic,' he said. 'What they're doing is Mickey Mouse social science.' The problem, he said, is their interpretation of the facts... Besides, he continued, 'there's no reason to think that there even was a priestly Aaron. It's an origin myth. To take at random something from the deep hoary past as if it's literally true and use that as your starting point, there's a problem with that. It's not science.'... Michael Hammer, a geneticist at the University of Arizona who worked on parts of the study, said Marks' criticisms missed the point. For the study, Hammer said, 'surnames were fairly irrelevant. It was a test case for genetics to see if the Y chromosome can be consistent with patrilineal descent.'"





--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[1] Great Turning Points in History, by Louis Snyder, page 1.




[2] http://www.livescience.com/11339-weather-changed-history.html


[3] Eastern Philosophy, HISTI, 11/18/2004


[4] This Day in Jewish History


[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel

1.[6] ^ VanderKam, From Joshua to Caiaphas (The High Priests of the Persian Period)




[7] The Ten Lost Tribes, A World History, by Zvi Ben-Dor Benite, page 66.


[8] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineality_in_Judaism

1.[9] ^ Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 16.225, 18.109, 18.139, 18.141, 14.8–10, 14.121, 14.403, or, according to one of his statements, "half-Jewish"
2.^ a b On the Life of Moses 2.36.193, On the Virtues 40.224, On the Life of Moses 1.27.147
3.^ Antiquities of the Jews 16.225, 18.109, 18.139, 18.141, 14.8–10, 14.121, 14.403
4.^ Jacobs, Louis. "There is no problem of descent.". http://www.louisjacobs.org/index.php?pge_id=71. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
5.^ Wertheimer, Jews in the Center: Conservative Synagogues and their Members.
6.^ Karaite FAQs; Congregation Or Saddiqim, Giyyur
7.^ half-jewish.org/bibleintermarriage.html
8.^ half-jewish.org/who_is_born_a_jew.html
9.^ Yevamoth 47b
10.^ Reviewed by Louis Jacobs, There is no Problem of Descent.
11.^ The Arba'ah Turim holds that the Biblical prohibition of cohabitation with the seven nations, and that the extension to Kutim are rules of Rabbinic rather than Biblical law: Tur Even ha-Ezer ch. 16.[9]


[10] The One Year Chronology Bible, NIV, page 1240.


[11] Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People, by Jon Entine, page 108.


[12] Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 80.


[13] Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 80.


[14] Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People, by Jon Entine, page 109.




[15] Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People, by Jon Entine, page 109.


[16] Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People, by Jon Entine, page 109.


[17] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 30.


[18] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 30.




[19] [19] The Anchor Atlas of World History Vol. 1, From the Stone Age to the Eve of the French Revolution, 1974, pg. 21.


[20] Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 80.


[21] Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 80.


[22]


[23] , Compiled by Jeremiah Greenberg, page 22.


[24] Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People, by Jon Entine, page 108.


[25]The Gifts of the Jews, How a Tribe of Desert Nomads Changed the Way Everyone Thinks and Feels, by Thomas Cahill; Page 273.


[26] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 30.


[27] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 30.


[28] The Mystery of the Parthenon., Green, 6/6/2001


[29] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/2012/10/this-day-october-31-in-jewish-history.html


[30] The One Year Chronology Bible, NIV, page 1247.


[31] Fascinating Facts about the Holy Land, Clarence H Wagner. Jr..


[32] Fascinating Facts about the Holy Land, Clarence H Wagner. Jr..


[33]


[34] Jacob’s Legacy, A Genetic View of Jewish History, by David B. Goldstein, page 106.


[35] Fascinating Facts about the Holy Land, by Clarence H. Wagner, Jr.


[36] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 30.


[37] The Ten Lost Tribes, A World History, by Zvi Ben-Dor Benite, page 66.




[38] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 30.


[39] The One Year Chronology Bible, NIV, page 1292,


[40] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel


1. [41] ^ (Neh 13:28; Neh 3:6 KJV)[Full citation needed]

2. ^ (Neh 13:28)
•Williamson, H.G.M. 1977. The Historical Value of Josephus' Jewish Antiquities XI. 297-301. JTS 28:49-66.
•Vanderkam, James. From Joshua to Caiaphas. 53-54.
•Gottheil/Krauss, 2002. Jewishencyclopedia.com






[42] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 30.


[43] http://www.twoop.com/medicine/archives/2005/10/bubonic_plague.html


[44] ^ a b George C. Kohn (2008). Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence: from ancient times to the present. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-6935-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC. Retrieved 30 March 2011.




[45] http://listverse.com/2009/01/18/top-10-worst-plagues-in-history/


[46] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 31.


[47] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 30.


[48] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 30.


[49] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 30.


[50] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 31.


[51] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 31.


[52] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 31.


[53] The Changing Face of Antisemitism, by Walter Laqueur, page 40.


[54] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 31.


[55] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel


[56] [edit] References

1. ^ a b Antiquities, Josephus

2. ^ a b Pritchard, James B. ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, Princeton University Press, third edition with supplement 1969, p. 492

3. ^ Antiquities 11:297-302,Josephus

4. ^ From Joshua To Caiaphas: High Priests after the Exile' 54-63, James Vander Kam




[57] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page


[58] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 32.


[59] www.cohen-levi.org


[60] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 32.


[61] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 32.


[62] That Dark and Bloody River by Allan W. Eckert, page xviii


[63] Chicago Botanical Garden, Photo by Jeff Goodlove


[64] This Day in Jewish History.


[65] http://www.bible-history.com/herod_the_great/HERODTimeline.htm


[66] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel


[67] http://www.bible-history.com/herod_the_great/HERODTimeline.htm


[68] http://www.bible-history.com/herod_the_great/HERODTimeline.htm


[69] Jesus the Jew, A Historian’s Reading of the Gospels, by Geza Vermes, page 45.


[70] http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~bonsteinandgilpin/germany.htm


[71] http://www.bible-history.com/herod_the_great/HERODTimeline.htm


[72] Saint Patrick: The Man, the Myth, 1997, HISTI.


[73] http://www.bible-history.com/herod_the_great/HERODTimeline.htm


[74] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt


[75] This Day in Jewish History.


[76] http://www.state.il.us/hpa/lib/ilchronology.htm


[77] http://exhibits.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/athome/1700/timeline/index.html


[78] http://dnr.state.il.us/lands/landmgt/parks/r2/chaino.htm#trails


[79] The History Museum, Utica, Illinois. 11/13/2011


[80] The History Museum, Utica, Illinois. 11/13/2011


[81] Modern Marvels, Beans, 3/11/2010


[82] Nature Center, Moraine Hills State Park, McHenry, IL.


[83] The Historical Museum, Utica, Illinois 11/13/2011


[84] Selectman of Framingham. Officer of Militia. Owned a negro slave girl, Jenny.

(Jeff Goodlove files.)


[85] Page 157 GenealogyLibrary.com Main Page

http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/_glc_/3256/3256_157.html


[86] (From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford, by Grace U. Emahiser, 1969, page 120.)


[87] http://genealogytrails.com/vir/fincastle/county_history_3.html


[88] http://www.mdlpp.org/pdf/library/1905AccountofVirginiaBoundaryContraversy.pdf


[89] VIRGINIA COURT RECORDS IN SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA, Records of the District of \Vest Augusta and Ohio and Yohogania Counties, Virginia 1775-1780 By BOYD CRUMRINE Consolidated Edition With an Index by INEZ WALDENMAIER Baltimore GENEALOGICAL PUBLISHING Co., INC. 1981 pg. 554.


[90] Boonesborough and the other Kentucky stations were repeatedly •besieged during the summer and autumn of 1777; but no such affair as this reported to White Eyes is known to have occurred. The truth was, that a relieving force of 48 men entered Boonesborough Sept. 33, coming from the Yadkin under command of Capt. William Bailey Smith. Some lurking Indians withdrew and reported that 200 white warriors had come to relieve the fort, and it was now useless to attack it. See Draper MSS., 4B137, where Dr. Draper cites this letter of Zeisberger.—ED.


[91] Frontier Defense on the Upper Ohio, 1777-1778 by Reuben Gold Thgwaites, LL. D and Louise Phelps Kellogg, Ph. D. Wisconsin Historical Society pgs. 101-103


[92] http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924017918735/cu31924017918735_djvu.txt


[93] On This Day in America by John Wagman.


[94] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kemp%27s_Landing




[95] Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography.


[96] http://penningtons.tripod.com/jepthagenealogy.htm


[97] Crawford Coat of Arm


[98] www.frontierfolk.net/ramsha_research/families/Stephenson.rtf


[99] History of Logan County and Ohio, O.L. Basking & Co., Chicago, 1880. page 692.


[100] Woodstock in Shenandoah County, Virginia — The American South (Mid-Atlantic)


[101] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralia_Massacre_(Missouri)


[102] Annotated by Jeffery Lee Goodlove


[103] (State Capital Memorial, Austin, TX, February 11, 2012.)


[104] http://civilwarnotebook.blogspot.com/search/label/24th%20IA%20INF




[105] [1] Gedenkbuch, Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945. 2., wesentlich erweiterte Auflage, Band II G-K, Bearbeitet und herausgegben vom Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, 2006, pg. 1033-1035,.


[106] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom


[107] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe.


[108] This Day in Jewish History.


[109] This Day in Jewish History.


[110] This Day in Jewish History.


[111] This Day in Jewish History


[112] This Day in Jewish History.


[113] [1] Gedenkbuch, Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945. 2., wesentlich erweiterte Auflage, Band II G-K, Bearbeitet und herausgegben vom Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, 2006, pg. 1033-1035,.[2] Memorial Book: Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National socialist Oppression in Germany, 1933-1945. Gedenkbuch (Germany)* does not include many victims from area of former East Germany).


[114] This Day in Jewish History.


[115] This Day in Jewish


[116] [1] Gedenkbuch, Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945. 2., wesentlich erweiterte Auflage, Band II G-K, Bearbeitet und herausgegben vom Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, 2006, pg. 1033-1035,.

[2] Memorial Book: Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National socialist Oppression in Germany, 1933-1945. Gedenkbuch (Germany)* does not include many victims from area of former East Germany).




[117] This Day in Jewish History.


[118] This Day in Jewish History.


[119] [1] Gedenkbuch, Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945. 2., wesentlich erweiterte Auflage, Band II G-K, Bearbeitet und herausgegben vom Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, 2006, pg. 1033-1035,. [2]Memorial Book: Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Oppression in Germany, 1933-1945


[120] [1] Gedenkbuch, Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945. 2., wesentlich erweiterte Auflage, Band II G-K, Bearbeitet und herausgegben vom Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, 2006, pg. 1033-1035,.




[121] This Day in Jewish History


[122] http://www.assassinationresearch.com/v2n1/chrono1.pdf


[123] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_House,_The_Robert_E._Lee_Memorial