This Day in Goodlove History, July 18

“Lest We Forget”

10,623 names…10,623 stories…10,623 memories
This Day in Goodlove History, July 18

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Jeff Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove

The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, Thomas Jefferson, and ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson and George Washington.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:

• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspxy

July 18, 586 BCE: Jeremiah spoke this prophecy at the outset of Nebuchadnezzar’s siege on Jerusalem in 588 B.C. Jeremiah 21:1-14.[1] Also Ezekiel spoke the following prophecies in January 588 B.C., the month his wife died. Ezekiel 24:1-27.[2] On January 15, 588 B.C. Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah's reign. The siege lasts until July 18, 586 BCE.[3]

July 18, 1195: The Moslem Almohads (‘Proclaimers of the Unity of Allah’) score a great victory over the Christian Catilian King Alfonso VIII at the Battle of Alacros. The Almohads were a sect of Moslem fundamentalists who invaded the Iberian Peninsula from North Africa. They were determined to defeat the Christian forces fighting to take Iberia back from the Moslems. As part of their agenda, the Almohads also punished the Moslems living in Spain for having become ‘soft’ and moderate in their views on Islam. They also punished the Jews of Spain who lived among the Moslems for being agents of their corruption. Many Jews would flee Spain as the Almodhades consolidated their power, thus marking the end of the Golden Age. One of those departing because of the Almodhades was Maimonides and his family.[4]

July 18, 1290: In 1290 Edward I expelled all Jews from England.[5] This lasted 350 years. Many resettled to Holland.[6] Edward gets reasonably high marks for setting up the "Model Parliament." American moviegoers know him as "Longshanks" the King who was the villain in the film "Braveheart." The banishment of the Jews from the kingdom was part of slow decline engineered by the English king for a variety of reasons. Before the final edict he found one more way to extract money from his Jewish subjects. In 1287, he arrested several prominent Jewish leaders and demanded the community produce a 12,000-pound ransom for their freedom. The date for the actual order of expulsion is given by some as July 12 and by others as July 18. Regardless, Edward gave the Jews three months to leave. After All-Saints Day, any Jew found in the realm was subject to death. The Jews would not officially return to England until 17th century and the era of Cromwell.[7]

July 18, 1290: Edict of Expulsion: Edward I expels all Jews from England, allowing them to take only what they could carry, all the other property became the Crown’s Official reason: continued practice of usury.[8]

July 18, 1474: Issue of Elizabeth Woodville

By Sir John Grey
•Thomas Grey, Earl of Huntingdon, Marquess of Dorset and Lord Ferrers de Groby (1457 – September 20, 1501), married firstly Anne Holland, but she died young without issue; he married secondly on July 18, 1474, Cecily Bonville, suo jure Baroness Harington and Bonville, by whom he had fourteen children. The disputed queen Lady Jane Grey is a direct descendant from this line.

July 18, 1685: John Smith (b. July 18, 1685 / d. 1777)[9]

July 18, 1746: Escorted by the MacKinnons, Charles now made his way towards Borrodaile, the seat of Angus MacDonald. Here, as the aid of his two faithful friends was now superfluous, and as it was unwise to accumulate in large numbers lest the attention of the enemy be attracted, the Prince bade them farewell, and placed himself unreservedly in the hands of his new protector. On the very next day, July 18th, however, the news of the capture of MacKinnon reached him, and Donald Cameron of Glenpean removed him from Borrodaile for greater secutity and took him to the braes of Glenmoriston and Strathglass, a few miles further eastward, where the famous “Seven men of Glenoriston,” Patrick Grant, John and Alexander Macdonell, Alexander, Donald and Hugh Chisholm, and Grigor Macgregor, preserved him in an inaccessible cave for three weeks till he joined Cameron of Lochiel and MacPherson of Clunyu at the “Cage” on Mount Benalder in the wilds of Badenoch; and with them, young Clanranald, John Roy Stuart, other chieftains, and one hundred and seven common men, embarked in Loch Nanuagh on board a French man-of-war which, with another, was sent expressly for his deliverance.

The chief of MacKinnon was taken prisoner in MacKonald of Morar’s house the day after parting with Charles. For a year he was a prisoner at Tilbury Fort and in the Tower of London, and was one among eighty principal Highlanders who had been attainted and were excepted from the act of indemnity passed in June 1747. On being tried for his life, however, at the close of that year, he obtained a pardon, in consideration of his advanced years and of the spirit of chivalry rather than of rebellion which he evinced, and Sir Dudley Ryder, the Attorney General, pronounced his release. As he was about to leave the court the Judge called him back, saying, “Tell me, if Prince Charles were again in your power, what would you do?” The stout old Highlander replied, with very marked emphasis, “I would do to the Prince as you have done this day to me. I would send him back to his own country.”

The death of the old chief was thus noticed in the journals of the time: “May 7, 1756. Died at his house of Kilmorie, in the Isle of Skye, John MacKinnon of that ilk, i.e. the old Laird of MacKinnon, in 75th year of his age, leaving issue two sons and a daughter, all born after 71st year of his age.”

For the remainder of the century, few events in connection with the family are chronicled; the little property left to them in Skye was purchased in 1765 by the Trustees of the great and good Sir James MacDonald then a minor, from the Trustees of MacKinnon of MacKinnon when a minor also.[10]



Thursday July 18, 1754:

The Governor's Council of the Virginia colony voted to award Washington's Virginia Regiment and the South Carolina Independent Company 300 pistols (coinage) "as a reward for their bravery in the recent engagement with the French" at Fort Necessity. [11]



July 18, 1755: George Washington to his mother, Mary Ball Washington, [July 18], 1755



[Fort Cumberland, July 18, 1755.]

Honour'd Mad'm: As I doubt not but you have heard of our defeat, and perhaps have it represented in a worse light (if possible) than it deserves; I have taken this earliest opportunity to give you some acct. of the Engagement, as it happen'd within 7 miles of the French Fort, on Wednesday the (July) 9th. Inst.

We March'd on to that place with't any considerable loss, having only now and then a stragler pick'd up by the French Scoutg. Ind'nd. When we came there, we were attack'd by a Body of French and Indns. whose number, (I am certain) did not exceed 300 Men; our's consisted of abt. 1,300 well arm'd Troops; chiefly of the English Soldiers, who were struck with such a panick, that they behav'd with more cowardice than it is possible to conceive; The Officers behav'd Gallantly in order to encourage their Men, for which they suffer'd greatly; there being near 60 kill'd and wounded; a large proportion out of the number we had! The Virginia Troops shew'd a good deal of Bravery, and were near all kill'd; for I believe out of 3 Companys that were there, there is scarce 30 Men left alive; Capt. Peyrouny and all his Officer's down to a Corporal was kill'd; Capt. Polson shar'd near as hard a Fate; for only one of his was left: In short the dastardly behaviour of those they call regular's expos'd all others that were inclin'd to do their duty to almost certain death; and at last, in dispight of all the efforts of the Officer's to the Contrary, they broke and run as Sheep pursued by dogs; and it was impossible to rally them.

The Genl. was wounded; of w'ch he died 3 Days after; Sir Peter Halket was kill'd in the Field where died many other brave Officer's; I luckily escap'd with't a wound, tho' I had four Bullets through my Coat, and two Horses shot under me; Captns. Orme and Morris two of the Genls. Aids de Camp, were wounded early in the Engagem't. which render'd the duty hard upon me, as I was the only person then left to distribute the Genl's. Orders which I was scarcely able to do, as I was not half recover'd from a violent illness, that confin'd me to my Bed, and a Waggon, for above 10 Days; I am still in a weak and Feeble cond'n; which induces me to halt here, 2 or 3 Days in hopes of recov'g. a little Strength, to enable me to proceed homewards; from whence, I fear I shall not be able to stir till towards Sept., so that I shall not have the pleasure of seeing you till then, unless it be in Fairfax; please to give my love to Mr. Lewis and my Sister,42 and Compts. to Mr. Jackson43 and all other Fds. that enquire after me. I am, Hon'd Madam Yr. most dutiful Son

[Note 42: Fielding Lewis, who married Elizabeth (Betty) Washington.]

[Note 43: Probably Robert Jackson, one of the witnesses to Augustine Washington's will.]

P.S. You may acqt. Priscilla Mullican that her Son Charles is very well, hav'g only rec'd a slight w'd in his Foot, w'ch will be cur'd with't detrimt. to him, in a very small time.

We had abt. 300 Men kill'd and as many, and more, wounded. [12]



July 18, 1776:

[13]

Old State House, Boston



Below the clock of the Old State House in Boston is the balcony from which the royal governors made their official proclamations to the colony. The tables were turned, however on July 18, 1776, when Col. Thomas Crafts stood here and read the Declaration of Independence, a copy of which had just arrived from Philadelphia. That night jubilant citizens staged a bonfire in this square. Consigned to the flames were flagtsw and other reminders of British rule, including the original lion and unicorn, the royal symblols of Great Britain, from atop the Old State House itself. [14]


DE PEYSTER TO THOMAS BROWN, StPERINTENDENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.]

“DETROIT, July 18, 1782.



“Sir:— I am happy to inform you that the Indians from this quarter have g~ined a complete victory over six hundred of the enemy who had penetrated as far as Sandusky, with a view of destroying the Wyandots, men, women, and children, as they had done with ninety-six of the Christian Indians at Musk­ingum [Tuscarawas] a few weeks before.

“The affair of Sandusky happened on the 4th of June, w’ien the enemy left two hundred and fifty in the field; and it is believed that few of the remainder escaped to Wheeling.

“Their major, [John] McClelland, and most of the officers were killed in the action. Colonel Crawford, who commanded, was taken in the pursuit and put to death by the Delawares, notwithstanding every means had been tried by an Indian officer [Matthew Elliott] present, to save his life. This the Dela­wares declare they did in retaliation for the affair of Muskingum [the ‘Gnadenhuetten affair’].

“I am sorry that the imprudence of the enemy has been the means of reviv­ing the old savage custom of putting their prisoners to death, which, with much pains and expense, we had weaned the Indians from, in this neighbor­hood. . . - A’T S. DE PEYSTEE.

“Trios. BROWN, Sup’t Indian Affairs.”.[15]



July 18, 1786: Ezekiel Smith (b. July 18, 1786 in Wilkes Co. GA)[16]

1806 - July 18 - A writ was issued from the Court of Common Pleas of New Madrid District against the goods, chattels, lands and tenements of Benjamin Harrison, to satisfy a $50.50 debt he owed Richard Jones Waters.

July 1809: Order of battle of the Guard Infantry in July 1809
1st (Young Guard) Infantry Division - GdD Curial
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1st Brigade -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Regiment of Tirailleurs-Chasseurs (2 battalions)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Regiment of Tirailleurs-Grenadiers (2 battalions)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2nd Brigade -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Regiment of Fusiliers-Chasseurs (2 battalions)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Regiment of Fusiliers-Grenadiers (2 battalions)
2nd (Old Guard) Infantry Division - GdD Dorsenne
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1st Brigade-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Regiment of Chasseurs (2 battalions)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2nd Brigade -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Regiment of Grenadiers (2 battalions)

The infantry of the Guard also acquired more foreign elements. The Velites of Florence received Guard status in 1809, those of Turin in 1810. In 1813 the battalions of Velites were increased to 800 with Young Guardsmen who spoke Italian.

Napoleon enlarged the Young Guard several times.
In 1809 were formed the following regiments:
- - - 1st and 2nd Tirailleurs-Grenadiers, in 1810 renamed to 1st and 2nd Tirailleurs
- - - 1st and 2nd Conscrit-Grenadiers in 1810 renamed to 3rd and 4th Tirailleurs
- - - 1st and 2nd Tirailleurs-Chasseurs, in 1810 renamed to 1st and 2nd Voltigeurs
- - - 1st and 2nd Conscrit-Chasseurs, in 1810 renamed to 3rd and 4th Voltigeurs
According to the Decree issued in December 1810 each of the new regiments was to form an elite company of 200 men called corporal-voltigeurs (in voltigeurs battalions) and corporal-tirailleurs (in tirailleurs battalions).

1809
administrative org.



Foot Grenadiers
(First in command: Marshal Davout)
(Second in command: General Dorsenne)

Foot Chasseurs
(First in command: Marshal Soult)
(Second in command: General Curial)


- Regiment of Grenadiers
(Colonel Michel)

- Regiment of Fusiliers-Grenadiers

- 1st Regiment of Tirailleurs-Grenadiers
- 2nd Regiment of Tirailleurs-Grenadiers
- 1st Regiment of Conscripts-Grenadiers
- 2nd Regiment of Conscripts-Grenadiers

- Regiment of Chasseurs
(Colonel Gros)

- Regiment of Fusiliers-Chasseurs

- 1st Regiment of Tirailleurs-Chasseurs
- 2nd Regiment of Tirailleurs-Chasseurs
- 1st Regiment of Conscripts-Chasseurs
- 2nd Regiment of Conscripts-Chasseurs



[17]

Joseph Leclere was said to have been one of Napoleon’s bodyguards.



1809-1830



David Vance was Auditor of Champaign County, Ohio 1809-1830.[18]



July 1814

In Greenville, Ohio, a famous council was held in July 1814, in which the “western” tribes agreed to support the United States against Great Britain. One of the signers was Wabaunsee, an influential Potawatomi war chief who lived on the Kankakee River in Illinois, now Kankakee County, Illinois, about forty miles southwest of Lake Michigan.

Wabaunsee later told Colonel McKenney that he buried the tomahawk forever, in the Indian phrase, on the day he “took the Seventeen Fires by the hand…”[19]



July 1820: James Smith (b. February 16, 1764 / d. July 1820)[20]



July 1832:According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2500 words a day during her adult life.[202] From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailed journal, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes.[203] After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria's accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process.[204] Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy, Lord Esher transcribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them.[205] Part of Victoria's extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited by A. C. Benson, Hector Bolitho, George Earle Buckle, Lord Esher, Roger Fulford, and Richard Hough among others.[206]



Unknown Soldiers Cemetery

APPROXIMATE ADDRESS:

7N002 Route 31*

South Elgin, IL 60177

*This is a hidden burial ground located in the John J. Duerr (formerly named Blackhawk) Forest Preserve. To locate this burial ground, you must take the entrance of the forest preserve until you reach the parking lot by the trolley stop. Adjacent to the parking lot, is a clear path that you must hike through to get to a stone commemorating the loss of two unknown soldiers who lost their lives during the Blackhawk War in 1832. At this stone, an even smaller path will take you to the actual burial site. Click here for assistance on located this site.

Located in St Charles Township just of south of South Elgin city limits, John J Duerr Forest Preserve holds a hidden burial site within its woods. Formerly called Blackhawk Forest Preserve and named after Chief Blackhawk himself and in conjunction of the war of 1832, there is a walking path that leads to the burial site of two unknown soldiers from General Winfield Scott's army that died there from cholera in June 1832.

Although the area is not publicly claimed to be haunted, just recently the Elginite blog site reported that a woman saw a 19th century soldier in the woods the Sunday before Halloween.

Not assuming the site was haunted, earlier this year DSGI had made several visits to this site hoping to catch something paranormal. Nothing more than class C evps has been captured as any paranormal evidence. Is it possible that our investigations may have fueled this recent sighting?

The area is surrounded by the Fox River on the east and south sides. One of the theories that has proven itself in the past is that water fuels paranormal occurences. It is also surrounded to the north by the Chicago branch of the Illinois Central Railroad systems. Another theory that DSGI is working on is that trains, train tracks, or the combination of the two also fuel the paranormal. This same railroad branch that runs north of this burial site is the same tracks that run through Munger Road, a nationally known haunted site.

A DSGI field research trip during the summer was conducted at the Trolley Museum in South Elgin. During this visit, we took the trolley train from the museum on Route 31 in South Elgin (just south of State Street) to the forest preserve and back. Halfway through this trip crosses underneath those same tracks to the north of the forest preserve. Trolley host "Conductor Bob" mentioned that at one point those tracks used to be passenger trains. While potential passengers waited late at night for the train to arrive, they had enormous creepy sensations come over them. Could this be paranormal sensations or just being afraid to be out in the middle of the night?

One more contributing factor that has caught my attention is to the west of the forest preserve is a waterfall filled with limestone. Limestone is another paranormal attraction for ghosts to manifest as a lot of popular attractions are constructed from limestone, such as the Stanley Hotel in Colorado.

With water to the east and south, the "haunted tracks" to the north and the limestone quarry to the west the site is surrounded by factors that contribute to the paranormal. The forest preserve also is a picnic area as the paths to the cemetery are walked through and visited several times a year with people wondering who these two young men were and where they came from and how they met their demise. Along with our attempts to capture something paranormal it should be no surprise that this recent sighting has occurred. That all being said, it makes it hard for these spirits to rest, especially if the name on the tombstone says... "Unknown."[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

July 18, 1835 – Hundreds of Cherokee, not from just the Treaty Party but also from the National Party (including John Ross), converge on John Ridge’s plantation named Running Waters (a few miles distant from New Echota) to meet with Shermerhorn, Return J. Meigs, Jr., and other officials representing the United States government. After the conclusion of the conclave, members of the National Party murder members of the Treaty Party at a rate of at least one a week.[26]



July 1837: In mid-July 1837 Darwin started his "B" notebook on Transmutation of Species, and on page 36 wrote "I think" above his first evolutionary tree..[27]



July 1837: Eliza T. STEPHENSON. Born on May 5, 1811. Eliza T. died in Kentucky on October 1, 1847; she was 36. Buried in Concord Cemetery, Kentucky.

-

Eliza T. married Samuel STEVENSON.



They had the following children:

i. Margaret J. Born in July 1837. Margaret J. died in Kentucky on September 1, 1838; she was 1. Buried in Concord Cemetery, Kentucky.

ii. Edward. Born on May 11, 1842. Edward died on May 22, 1865; he was 23. Buried in Concord Cemetery, Kentucky.

iii. Ann. Born on April 9, 1846. Ann died in Kentucky on August 19, 1865; she was 19. Buried in Concord Cemetery, Kentucky. [28]



July 1844: Among the early readers of Vestiges, Charles Darwin had conceived his own theory of natural selection to explain evolution six years earlier, and in July 1844 had written down his ideas in an '"Essay".[29]

July 1845: Segwick's long, rambling and scathing article was published in the July 1845 edition of the Edinburgh Review.[23] Articles were anonymous, but he ensured that his authorship was well known. He had disregarded William Whewell's caution about attempting a point by point refutation, and the body of his review followed the structure of Vestiges, packed with current evidence to undermine the supposition of continuous transitions underlying the progressive development hypothesis which he scorned as mere speculation, and pointing out errors showing the inadequate expertise of the author. Vestiges crucially undermined the separation between man and beast, and endangered hopes for the afterlife. Sedgwick expressed concern for "our glorious maidens and matrons .... listening to the seductions of this author; who comes before them with a bright, polished, and many-coloured surface, and the serpent coils of a false philosophy, and asks them again to stretch out their hands and pluck forbidden fruit", who tells them "that their Bible is a fable when it teaches them that they were made in the image of God—that they are the children of apes and breeders of monsters—that he has annulled all distinction between physical and moral", which in Sedgwick's view would lead to "a rank, unbending and degrading materialism" lacking the proper reading of nature as analogy to draw moral lessons from physical truths. That needed the use of reason by great men who believed that "moral truth is the ennobled form of material truth" and that "all nature, both material and moral, has been framed and supported by one creative mind" so that one truth could never be in conflict with another. In presenting natural law as explaining the soul, Vestiges threatened the fine balance between faith and science.[24][25][30]

July 1847: Born in Vermont in 1805, Smith claimed in 1823 that he had been visited by a Christian angel named Moroni who spoke to him of an ancient Hebrew text that had been lost for 1,500 years. The holy text, supposedly engraved on gold plates by a Native American historian in the fourth century, related the story of Israelite peoples who had lived in America in ancient times. During the next six years, Smith dictated an English translation of this text to his wife and other scribes, and in 1830 The Book of Mormon was published. In the same year, Smith founded the Church of Christ--later known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints--in Fayette Township.

The religion rapidly gained converts, and Smith set up Mormon communities in Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois. However, the Christian sect was also heavily criticized for its unorthodox practices, such as polygamy, and on June 27, 1844, Smith and his brother were murdered in a jail cell by an anti-Mormon mob in Carthage, Illinois.

Two years later, Smith's successor, Brigham Young, led an exodus of persecuted Mormons from Nauvoo, Illinois, along the western wagon trails in search of religious and political freedom. In July 1847, the 148 initial Mormon pioneers reached Utah's Valley of the Great Salt Lake. Upon viewing the valley, Young declared, "This is the place," and the pioneers began preparations for the tens of thousands of Mormon migrants who would follow them and settle there.[31]



July 18, 1851: Ransom E. Smith12 [Gabriel D. Smith11 , Gabriel Smith10, John “LR” Smith9, Ambrose J. Smith8, Christopher Smith7, Christopher Smith6, Thomas Smythe5,Thomas Smythe4, John Smythe3, Richard2, William1] (b. October 4, 1831 in Franklin Co. GA / d. August 11, 1905 in Carroll Co. GA) married Nancy Caroline King (b. June 7, 1837 in Gwinnett Co. GA / d. February 13, 1917 in Carroll Co. GA) on July 18, 1851 in Carroll Co. GA.

A. Children of Ransom Smith and Nancy King:
+ . i. Benjamin G. Smith (b. July 9, 1854 in GA)
+ . ii. Joseph Gabriel Smith (b. September 5, 1856 in GA / d. April 1915)
. iii. Thomas A. Smith (b. February 12, 1857 in GA / d. June 27, 1865)
. iv. James Darius Smith (b. April 26, 1861 in GA / d. May 14, 1943)
. v. John H. Smith (b. May 6, 1866 in GA / d. January 31, 1885)
. vi. Herman Carter Smith (b. May 6, 1868 in GA)
+ . vii. William Claiborne Smith (b. March 20, 1870 / d. July 18, 1960 in GA)
+ . viii. Aaron Fleming Smith (b. February 4, 1872 in GA)
+ . ix. Braten Levi Smith (b. February 26, 1874 in GA / d. June 17, 1954)
+ . x. Mary Elizabeth Smith (b. July 10, 1876 in GA / d. February 17, 1915)
. xi. Martha Ann Smith (b. July 10, 1878 in GA / d. 1879)[32]

July 18, 1861: Two railroad lines met at Manassa, Virginia just over 25 miles outside Washington, D.C. Confederate troops were sent to protect the junction, Union troops to take it. On July 18, 1861, the two sides fought a skirmish, chich would be greatly exaggerated in reports back to Washington. A full scale battle followed three days later.[33]

June 1- July 18, 1862: Dr. William McKinnon Goodlove (1st cousin, 3 times removed) and the 57th Ohio Volunteer Infantry at the Junction and Holly Springs June 1-July 18. [34]

July 1862:

First time Army bugle call "Taps" played: July 1862, by bugler Oliver W. Norton; the melody was written at Harrison's Landing, the plantation's old wharf, by Norton and then General Daniel Butterfield.[7][35]

The tune “Taps” is actually a variation of an earlier bugle call known as the Scott Tattoo which was used in the U.S. from 1835 until 1860,[1][2] and was arranged in its present form by the Union Army Brigadier General Daniel Butterfield, an American Civil War general and Medal of Honor recipient who commanded the 3rd Brigade of the 1st Division in the V Army Corps of the Army of the Potomac while at Harrison's Landing, Virginia, in July 1862 to replace a previous French bugle call used to signal "lights out". Butterfield's bugler, Oliver Wilcox Norton,[3] of Angelica, New York, was the first to sound the new call. Within months, "Taps" was used by both Union and Confederate forces. It was officially recognized by the United States Army in 1874.[4][36]

July 1862: Captain John C. Tidball, West Point Class of 1848, started the custom of playing taps at military funerals. In early July 1862 at Harrison’s Landing, a corporal of Tidball’s Battery A, 2nd Artillery, died. He was, Tidball recalled later, “a most excellent man.” Tidball wished to bury him with full military honors, but, for military reasons, he was refused permission to fire three guns over the grave. Tidball later wrote, “The thought suggested itself to me to sound taps instead, which I did. The idea was taken up by others, until in a short time it was adopted by the entire army and is now looked upon as the most appropriate and touching part of a military funeral.” As Tidball proudly proclaimed, “Battery A has the honor of having introduced this custom into the service, and it is worthy of historical note.”[7][37]

July 1863: One source says that Sim Whitsett was with Shelby at Cape Girardeau, Missouri and Helena, Arkansas in the spring of 1863. I cannot dispute that with solid evidence, but the timing of those battles make it seem very unlikely to me. Edwards reports that Sim was back in Missouri with Todd in July 1863. The battle of Helena occurred on July 4, 1863. I believe it more likely that Sim went to Texas with Quantrill and his remaining men in January or February. The guerrillas returned to Jackson County in March, 1863.

Probably immediately after his return to Jackson County Sim learned of the death of Jeptha Crawford. Jeptha was the father of Mrs. Susan Vandever, formerly Mrs. Susan Whitsett, widow of Sim’s late cousin William. Jeptha was also the father of Laura Crawford Whitsett, the wife of Stewart Whitsett. William, who died before the war, and Stewart were the sons of Isaac and Cynthia (Noland) Whitsett of Lee’s Summit. Federal militia came to the farm of the elderly Jeptha in January that year while Simeon was with Shelby during the raid on Springfield. The militia hung Jeptha as being a southern sympathizer and guerrilla supporter. They made Mrs. Crawford and Jeptha’s young children watch the old man as he strangled to death on a tree in the front yard. The militia men then took what they wanted from the home and set it to the torch, leaving the family homeless in the dead of winter. After Quantrill’s return to Jackson County in April, Mrs. Crawford took her youngest son, fifteen-year-old Riley, to Quantrill and asked him to make a soldier of the boy to avenge the death of his father. Riley, the youngest member of Quantrill’s raiders, not only became a "soldier" but also one of the most vicious and bloodthirsty of Quantrill’s Raiders, rivaling even the reputation of Bloody Bill Anderson. However, young Riley did not live to see his seventeenth birthday.[38]

July 1863: Beginning in July of 1863, in an effort to destroy the guerrillas' base of support, Union troops began to arrest Kansas City area women who were suspected of gathering information on the partisans' behalf and to detain them until arrangements could be made to transport them out of Kansas City, where they would be tried. Shortly afterwards the Kansas City Daily Journal of Commerce printed an editorial supporting the effort to strike at the families of the guerrillas:



"It is an utter impossibility to rid the country of these pestilent outlaws, so long as their families remain...One of the greatest difficulties the military authorities have to encounter, is the constant information that the families of the bushwhackers give of every movement the troops make...With the aid of these spies, dotted all over the country and living in the perfect security, a hundred bushwhackers may defy the efforts of five hundred solders to exterminate them."



At first the women were imprisoned in the Union Hotel, located at the southeast corner of Sixth and Main Streets. But, because it was considered too crowded, they were then moved to the Mechanics Bank at Delaware and Commercial, which, after becoming infested with rats and vermin of all kinds, was deemed unfit for human habitation but only after the guards complained of the stench and torture of these vermin. They eventually moved to a building in the Metropolitan Block of McGee's Addition known then as the The Longhorn Tavern. [39]



Late July, 1863: General Thomas Ewing, who was commander of the District of the Border, as this area was known and whose headquarters were at Kansas City, without notification, took possession of this building, proclaiming it a women's prison in late July 1863. This was not acknowledged by him until much later when he wrote in a letter: "This certifies that a certain house in McGee's Addition to Kansas City, Mo., known as 'No. 13 Metropolitan Block,' was occupied as a prison, by my order, from some day in the latter part of July 1863 , until the 13th day of August (August 13) last, when it fell." [40]



July 18, 1863

In Boston, directly opposite the State House, facing Beacon Street, stands one of the nation’s most important war monuments, a memorial to interracial cooperation as well as to individual heroism.

When the Civil War broke out in 1861, many of Massachusetts’ black residents wanted to join the fight to free their enslaved brethren. ButU.S. Army policy prohibited blacks from enlisting.

] After pleas from Governor Andrew, the War Department relented and allowed blacks to serve, but not as officers. Some of the state’s most prominent young white men then volunteered to lead the black troops of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment. Among these was Robert Gould Shaw, only son of one of Boston’s first families, and the colonel of the regiment. It was a risky venture for both black soldier and white officer. The black men, if captured, would become slaves’ the whites were seen as traitors to their race by the Confederate Army. Shaw and 32 of his men were slain leading the assault on Fort Wagner on July 18, 1863 and were buried in a mass grave at the fort.

This monument was created by Augustus Saint-Gaudens, the leading American sculptor of the time. It took 14 years to complete, and was the first sympathetic portrayal of black men by a whit e artist. Dedicated on Decoration Day of 1897, it is one of the finest works of art to come out of any American war. It’s also the starting point for the Black Heritage Trail.[41]



Mon. July 18, 1864

Was on camp gard one hour

Went to the city in the evening with

D. Winans[42] got a good supper[43]





July 1865: The Confederate Cemetery, Rock Island Illinois.

The only tangible remains of the Rock Island Barracks is the Confederate Cemetery. The Rock Island Barracks was one of 21 prison camps operated by the Union. From December 1863 to July 1865, 12,192 Confederate prisoners were held at the prison camp. A total of 1,960 prisoners died. Each gravestone identifies the individual soldier, his company, and his unit.

The National Cemetery Administration maintains the Confederate Cemetery. [44]



Among the Confederates who were imprisoned at Rock Island were Anthony Baker (23rd Va. Cavalry) and Lemuel Brill (18th Va. Cavalry), grandsons of Francis Godlove (Franz Gottlob).[45]

The entrance to the Confederate Cemetery at Rock Island

Later part of July 1865; Reached Davenport, Iowa, Iowa via Baltimore, was paid and disbanded. [46]

Out of the 1204 men who made up the regiment, 71 men were killed, 260 were wounded, another 256 died from wounds and disease, and 76 were captured.[47]

July 17, 1865

July 18, 1867: Nettie Illini, was born July 18, 1867, married Richard H.

Gray, September 13, 1893, at her parents home. Nettie died

September 15, 1911. Nettie and Richard were both doctors in

Anamosa, Iowa before moving to Texas, where their daughter,

Ruth Johnson lives today. They had a son, Richard, who died

at the age of 6 in July 1908, while the family was visiting

Nettie’s parents. The boy is buried at Jordan’s Grove. [48]



July 18, 1876: Ezekiel Smith (b. July 18, 1786 in Wilkes Co. GA)[49]



July 18, 1894 : George V- PC: Privy Counsellor,[50]



July 1894: Dussie Rowell (b. July 1894 in AL / d. March 1955 in AL).[51]



July 1889: George V: I/C HMS Torpedo Boat 79[116][52]



July 18, 1896: Marcus STEPHENSON. Born on April 16, 1807 in Bourbon County, Kentucky. Marcus died in Dean Lake, Chariton County, Missouri on July 18, 1896; he was 89. Buried in Dean Lake, Stephenson Cemetery.



Obituary found in Mabel Hoover’s Stephenson Family Papers (unknown publication):

Died:--his home in Dean Lake, July 18th, 1896, Marcus Stephenson age 89 years, 3 months and 2 days. He was born in Bourbon County, Kentucky, in 1807, moved with his father to Cape Girardeau (illegible) when he was 6 months old and joined the Methodist Church, South, in 1825. He was twice married, his last wife survives him. He leaves six children, all boys. Hugh Stephenson, of near Mike, W. C. Stephenson, of near Keytsville, C. M. Stephenson, of Vernon county, J. P. Stephenson, of Marceline, Tolbert and Coleman Stephenson, of Dean Lake. His funeral was preached at his home at 1 o’clock by Rev. Settles, a Methodist divine. His touching remarks will always be remembered by those present, as Bro. Settles had been to see Mr. Stephenson during his sickness, and found him prepared to go. He had been blind for about 2 years. Nine months ago he was crippled by a horse backing against him, from this injury he never recovered sufficiently to sit up in his chair. At his old home place near Dean Lake followed by a large concourse od sorrowing friends and relatives. He was tenderly laid to rest until the ressurection morn. M.A.B.



On September 23, 1830 when Marcus was 23, he first married Catherine HANCOCK, in Howard County, Missouri. Born in Kentucky. Catherine died in 1848 in Dewitt, Carroll County, Missouri.



They had the following children:

15 i. Robert (1833-1872)

ii. Hugh “Cap”. Born on October 19, 1835 in Carroll County, Missouri. Hugh “Cap” died in Clariton County, Missouri on October 19, 1914; he was 79. Buried in Bethel Cemetery, Chariton County, Missouri. Captain In The Confederate Army During Civil War. [3] Was on the census for Living With His Brother Charles Marcus, Salt Creek Township, Clariton County, Missouri in 1910.

From and undated newspaper clipping provided by Mabel Hoover:



Captain Hugh Stephenson was born in Carroll Cou nty and served as captain of a company in Price’s army. After the war he came to this county and located near the site of Mike where he lived and farmed successfully until about a year ago on account of mental and physical impairment. He was taken to the hospital at St. Joe to receive the attention his condition demanded.



Captain Stephenson was never married, but he kept house all his life and reared seven orphan children to who he gave the best of care and consideration, many of whom survive him, in addition to two brothers and a half brother and a host of old friends and acquaintances.



Captain Stephenson was perhaps as well known and as liked as any man in the section of the county where he lived since 1865(?). His charity to the helpless young was unbounded, and his fidelity to all friends and the trusts falling upon him, infallible. He was a landmark of the old school--unpretentious, unfaltering in his duty and worthy of the respect and confidence he enjoyed. May he rest in peace thru all eternity. [3]



16 iii. Catherine Ann “Kitty” (1837-1881)

17 iv. Mary Agnes (1839-1896)

18 v. Charles Marcus (1842-1927)

19 vi. William Crawford (1845-1931)

20 vii. LaCurtis Coleman (1846-1910)



On January 10, 1850 when Marcus was 42, he second married Mary Ann MILLER, in Carroll County, Missouri. [4] Born in 1812.



They had the following children:

i. Columbus. Born in 1850.

ii. Lavenia. Born on April 13, 1853 in Missouri. Lavenia died in Missouri on July 1, 1867; she was 14. Buried in Stephenson Cemetery, Chariton County, Missouri.

iii. Sara Elizabeth “Lizzie”. Born about 1854. Sara Elizabeth “Lizzie” died in September 1885; she was 31.

iv. Tolbert Tipton “Tip”. Born on January 19, 1855 in Dean Lake, Chariton County, Missouri. Tolbert Tipton “Tip” died in Dean Lake, Chariton County, Missouri on November 29, 1935; he was 80.

v. Letucia. Born on October 8, 1859 in Missouri. Letucia died in Missouri on February 15, 1876; she was 16. Buried in Stephenson Cemetery, Chariton County, Missouri.

vi. John P. Born on September 17, 1861 in Missouri. John P. died in Missouri on November 23, 1898; he was 37. Buried in Stephenson Cemetery, Chariton County, Missouri. [53]



July 18, 1919: John Thurman Pickelsimer14 [Susan D. Cavender13, Emily H. Smith12, Gideon Smith11, Gabriel Smith10, John “LR” Smith9, Ambrose J. Smith8, Christopher Smith7, Christopher Smith6, Thomas Smythe5, Thomas Smythe4, John Smythe3, Richard2, William1] (b. May 10, 1891 in Fannin Co. GA / d. May 1, 1970 in Clayton Co. GA) married Gladys Louise Mains (b. September 7, 1901 in Cumberland Co. MA / d. April 1981 in Henry Co. GA) on July 18, 1919.

A. Children of John Pickelsimer and Gladys Mains:
+ . i. John Thurman Pickelsimer (b. December 8, 1921 in Fulton Co. GA)
+ . ii. Hazel Ann Pickelsimer (b. November 23, 1923 in Polk Co. GA)[54]





July 18, 1942: Dannecker telexes Eichmann that the raids will be carried out gby the French police from July 16 to July 18 and it is expected that about 4,000 children will be among those arrested.

Dannecker sets out the main arguments in favor of deportation of these 4,000 children: to prevent promiscuity between them and non-Jewish children under Public Assitance care; and the impossibility that the ‘U

GIF can care for more than 400 of them. Dannecker requests an urgent response to the question of whether, beginning with the tenth convoy (July 24), the 4,000 children can also be deported. These will be children ages 2 to 16, whose fate Premier Laval has said does not interest him. The minimum age for children to be deported is set at two because the Special Commission has exembpted from arrest mothers with children under two and the children themelves. Dannecker further requests an urgent response to a question posed in his July 6 telex; whether beginning with convoy 15, he can deport children under 16 whom Vichy will deliver from the Unoccupied Zone and whom Laval had asked Knochen to deport with their parents.[55]



July 19, 1942: On Convoy 6 was Israel Gotlib, born December 3, 1905 and Josef Gotlib, born April 6, 1908 from Varsovie (Warsaw, Poland.)

Also on board Convoy 6 Israel Gotlieb born June 23, 1904 from Sosnowice, (13 miles southwest of Krakow, Poland.)



This convoy left the camp of Pithiviers with 809 and 119 women, a total of 938 deportees. A July 18 telex from the Kommando of the Nazi police of Orleans to the anti-Jewish section of the Paris Gestapo confirms this. It also specifies that among the deportees, 193 Jews (men and women) were sent by the Kommando of the Nazi police from Dijon, and and that the other 52 came from the Orleans Kommando itself. The telex adds that two original lists were given to the head of the convoy, Police Lieut. Schneider.



The list of names is almost completely illegible. It was typed on onionskin with a purple carbon, and the names are almost impossible to decipher. Family name, first name, place and date of birth, profession and city of residence are given. The spelling of names is extremely capricious. A majority of the deportees came from the Parisian area. The nationality is not specified, by the great majority were born in Poland.



The greatest age concentration was between 33 and 42 (550 out of 928 deportees). Adolescents between 16 and 22 were accompanied by their parents; there were 141 of them. There were even some young children, such as 12 year old Marie-Louise Warenbron, born in Paris on April 27, 1930, and Rebecca Nowodworkski, born in Luxemburg on September 13, 1928, who was not yet 14. [56]



Most of the deported had just been arrested in the Occupied Zone and sent to Pithiviers. With this transport, Pithiviers and Beaunela-Rolande, the Loiret camps, were emptied, in preparation for the arrival of the 4,000 children and their parents who had been arrested in the infamous Paris roundups of July 16 and 17 and placed temporarily in the Velodrome d’Hiver, Vel d’Hiv, the large indoor witner sports stadium in Paris.[57]



Two Gestapo documents concern this convoy: XXVb-65 of July 14 and the routine telex, XXVb-75, of July 17, sent from Paris by the anti-Jewish section of the Gestapo to Eichmann in Berlin, the Inspector of the camps at Oranienburg, and Commandant to Eichmann in Berlin, the Inspector of the camps at Oranienburg, and the Commandant of Auschwitz. This telex notes that a convoy left Pithiviers on July 17 at 6:15 AM, carrying 928 Jews, including 119 women.



When they arrived in Auschwitz on July 19, the 809 men received numbers 48880 through 49688; and the 119 women, numbers 9550 through 9668.



There were 45 survivors of this convoy in 1945.[58]



July 18, 1942

Rothke reports to Berlin by telex the numbers of Jews areested during the raids., Again, he insists that the children be deported; they represent 4 of the 20 loaded transports he is committed to provide. To persuade Eichmann, he makes use of an argument advanced the day before by the French police officials, that is, the considerable difficulties that would be imposed by long term care of the children.



The staff of the prefect of police is alerted by a social work assistant who is trying to arrange some help for the 8,160 Jews, half of them children, held in the Vel d’Hiv. (The final count for the roundup is 13,152 arrests; 4992 adults without children are interned in Drancy, where the prisoner count reaches 6,626, a thousdand more than the camp’s “forced” capacity.) The social work assistant emphasizes the polic’s lack of preparation rfor the arrsts; nothing has been anticipated at the Velodrome, where the assistant has seen “sick shildren, overflowing chamberpots… [and only two doctors.”[59]

On July 18, 1942, Heinrich Himmler promoted Auschwitz camp commandant Rudolf Hess to SS major. He also ordered that the Warsaw ghetto, the Jewish quarter constructed by the Nazis upon the occupation of Poland and enclosed first by barbed wire and then by brick walls, be depopulated—a "total cleansing," as he described it. The inhabitants were to be transported to what became a second extermination camp constructed at the railway village of Treblinka, 62 miles northeast of Warsaw.

Within the first seven weeks of Himmler's order, more than 250,000 Jews were taken to Treblinka by rail and gassed to death, marking the largest single act of destruction of any population group, Jewish or non-Jewish, civilian or military, in the war. Upon arrival at "T. II," as this second camp at Treblinka was called, prisoners were separated by sex, stripped, and marched into what were described as "bathhouses," but were in fact gas chambers. T. II's first commandant was Dr. Irmfried Eberl, age 32, the man who had headed up the euthanasia program of 1940 and had much experience with the gassing of victims, especially children. He was assisted in his duties by several hundred Ukrainian and about 1,500 Jewish prisoners, who removed gold teeth from victims before hauling the bodies to mass graves.

In January 1943, after a four-month hiatus, the deportations started up again. A German SS unit entered the ghetto and began rounding up its denizens—but they did not go without a fight. Six hundred Jews were killed in the streets as they struggled with the Germans. Rebels with smuggled firearms opened fire on the SS troops. The Germans returned fire—machine-gun fire against the Jews' pistol shots. Nine Jewish rebels fell—as did several Germans. The fighting continued for days, with the Jews refusing to surrender and even taking arms from their Germans persecutors in surprise attacks.

Amazingly, the Germans withdrew from the ghetto in the face of the unexpected resistance. They likely did not realize how few armed resisters there were, but the fact that resistance was given at all intimidated them. But there was no happy ending. Before this new incursion into the ghetto was over, 6,000 more Jews were transported to their likely deaths at Treblinka.[60]

July 18, 1942: The great majority of the deportees came from Drancy, the result of the Vel d’Hiv roundups on July 16 and 17 (see preceding section). These roundups netted 13,152 people, according to the French police. Of them, 3,118 were men, 5,919 women, and 4,115 children 16 and under. Seventy five women and 97 men who had come to Drancy the night before from the Southwest were added to the convoy. Docment XXVb-77 of July 18 gives gives details on this transfer.



Among the 848 persons whom the Germans classified according to nationality were; 386 Poles; 38 French; 28 Romanians; 28 Czechs; 17 Russians; 16 Germans; 13 Austrians; 8 Yugoslavs; 3 Dutch; 2 Belgians; 11 stateless; and 291 undetermined (mainly of Polish origin, judging from the birthplace).



The ages of the men vary from 16 to 55 years. The greatest concentration falls between 43 and 54 (429 out of 879), with the maximum of 40 men born in 1897 (age 45), 52 in 1898 (age 44), and 42 in 1899 (age 43). The number in each age category declines considerably after this (20 were born in 1907, 8 in 1914, and none in 1918), and increases again abruptly from 14 in 1920 to 39 in 1924. These young ones were the sons of the men born at the turn of the century.



The women’s ages vary from 16 to 56. The situation is analogous to that of the men: the heaviest age concentration is between 37 and 46 (50 women out of 121), and there are 17 adolescents from ages 17 to 21.



This list is very difficult to read. It contains the following details: family name, first name, date and place of birth, nationality, address and profession. It is subdivided into 7 lists:



1. 47 women from the Parisian area, most of whom were Polish.

2. 2. 72 women for whom no nationality is listed. One notices, however, the names of several women and young girls born in France and therefore of French nationality. Contrary to the Oberg-Laval agreement, Jews of French nationality were deported; for example, Jeanne and Jacqueline Brunberg (born 1901 and 1922, in Paris), Simone Covo (1917, Paris) and Rachel Berge (1901, Paris). All these women came from the Southwest (Bordeaux, Begles, Liborne, Arcachon, Dax, Biarritz, and Bayonne), where they certainly have been poart of those 150 stateless Jews arrested by the SiPo-SD in Bordeaux, who to Eichmann’s great anger, could not be deported directly from Bordeaux to Auschwitz, since a convoy of 1,000 Jews had been projected and only these 150 were available. They were thus transferred to Drancy and were deported from there on Jly 19, instead of from Bordeaux on July 15.

3. 97 men from the same cities in the Southwest and also some young boys born in France, such as Jean Leby (born 1920, in St. Mande), Simon Marcu (1924, Paris), Oscar Tennenbaum (1920, Essones), and Jean Sauphar (1926, Paris).

4. 9 men who “volunteered” to leave.

5. A supplementary list of 4 internees.

6. A list of 805 deportees of which 64 are crossed out, leaving 741. This list is entitled “List of internees departing for work.”

7. An “R” list of reserves, with 24 men.[61]

8. Convoy 57, July 18, 1943

9.

10. There was no Convoy 56, on Jun 24, 1943, contrary to the Rutkowski story. The file, containing 450 names, is only a projected convoy. Examination of the names shows that they left for Auschwitz in later convoys or were not deported. Once again, the Auschwitz calendar believed that the deportees of this phantom convoy were all gassed, since no trace of them could be found. The report on Brunner’s inspection of Drancy (CCXXI-19; quoted in Convoy 55) probably would have indicated a convoy of June 24 had there been one, since it specifically mentioned the convoy of June 23.

11.

12. Document CCXXI-19 describes Convoy 57 as “deportation to the East of 1,000 internees, among them many French in origin, and a large number of women and children.” A note of July 17 (DLXII-26) describes the organization of the departure of the convoy.

13.

14. This was the first routine telex to Eichmann and Auschwitz signed by Brunner, the great master of Drancy beginning at that time. It indicated that the convoy left on July 18 at 9:30 AM for Auschwitz, not from Le Bourget/Drancy, but from Paris/Bobigny, with 1,000 Jews. On July 11, it was Brunner, not Rothke, who telexed Eichmann to ask his agreement for the departure of the convoy. The deportation list took on the appearance that would be maintained until the last convoys: neither place of birth nor nationality was recorded. Brunner knew what Auschwitz was. And while Rothke and Dannecker knew, too, Brunner was more cynical and wished to avoid extra work. So for him it was sufficient to indicate only the i9ndispensable items, first name, family name, date of birth, and profession k that would trick the deportees into believing that they were going to work.

15.

16. The convoy carried 522 males, 430 females, and 18 undetermined. Of the total, 126 were under 18. The order is more or less alphabetical, but nationality, of course, is not indicated. However, we were able to establish the place of birth for most of the deportees by comparing the list with those obtained in the Ministry for War Veterans.

17.

18. Henri Bulawko, who was later to be president of the Organization of Jewish Deportees of France, was part of thei convoy. This passage is from his book, Les Jeux la Mort et de L’Espoir (The Games of Death and Hope; pp. 51-3.):L

19.

20. “Two nights and three days in the sealed freight cars. We were loaded 60 people where 30 would have had difficulty fitting… The train stopped. The door opened suddenly and all the questions were answered, an unexpected answer, unimaginable, inhuman. Brutally the door is pushed open and nightmarish moments followed. Strange people, in striped clothes, jump on the train, like gnomes who have escaped from hell. Behind them, the SS, rifles pointing at us and crying: ‘Los, raus, alles raus, Los’ (Fast, outside, everyone outside, fast).”

21.

22. Sim Kessel, in Pendu a Auschwitz (Hanged in Auschwitz), also describes this arrival in Auschwitz (p.66):

23.

24. “Schneller, Schneller.” Faster! How can we go faster? We are falling all over one another, caught in this unexpected ferocity. The women cry under the blows trying to protect their children.”

25.

26. Upon their arrival, 369 men were selected and assigned numbers 130466 through 130834; 191 women were selected and given numbers 50204 through 50394. The rest of the convoy was immediately gassed.

27.

28. There were 52 survivors in 1945, 22 of them women.[62]

29.

30. On Convoy 57 was Wolf Gotliber, born April 14, 1907 in Mlatta. [63]







July 18, 2012:

AD 250-900

In Maya religious beliefs, the gods needed to be fed with blood just as children needed to be fed with milk. Royal woman and men practiced a ritual in which they offered their own blood to various deities. Many stone carvings show this blood letting ritual.[64]

Glasses, a metate (mealing stone) and a sea shell fragment are seen at a burial chamber at the archeological site of Atzompa, in the Mexican state of Oaxaca in this undated handout photo released by the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) on July 18, 2012. A funerary complex, consisting of three burial chambers, was discovered at the pre-Hispanic site of Atzompa in Oaxaca. The discovery of the complex, which is more than 1,100 years old, is important because it was located inside a building designed exclusively to house a series of tombs, which are placed vertically, one above another, and unlike the ones found so far, they are not underground, according to INAH.[65]

Archaeoastronomy of the Ocmulgee Earth Lodge

Was the Ocmulgee earth lodge an astronomical observatory and sophisticated scientific apparatus designed to forewarn its designers of impending catastrophe coming from the heavens?

Introduction

The earth lodge at the Ocmulgee Mounds site in Macon, Georgia is a unique building among Native American archaeological sites in the Southeast. It is a round building completely covered with earth except for a smoke hole in the center of the roof to allow smoke to escape from the central fire pit below. Entry into the earth lodge was from the east through a low, long, tunnel-like, earth-covered corridor. One would have to crouch or crawl until he reached the central, round chamber before he could stand fully erect again. According to the Creek Migration Legend this structure was where the tribe’s warriors would gather “to fast and purify their bodies,”[1] thus entry was likely limited to males exclusively.

The low doorway into the Ocmulgee earth lodge, a “mound with a central chamber.” (Photo © 2004, Gary C. Daniels)

The main chamber was bounded by a low wall upon which rested the lower ends of the roof timbers. There were four large upright posts in the middle of this circular chamber that supported four horizontal posts that formed a large square. The middle of the roof timbers rested on these horizontal timbers and on top of these timbers earth was piled thereby creating the earth-covered roof of this structure. The roof timbers did not all meet in the center instead leaving a large hole through which smoke could escape.

In the center of the floor between these four upright posts was a large fire pit molded into the clay floor. Along the floor against the circular low wall were a series of 47 seats molded into the clay floor. Each had a small cubbyhole molded into the front of the seat, the exact purpose of which is unknown although it was likely a place to store personal items.

On the western end of this round chamber was a large, elevated platform or altar in the shape of a bird. The bird likely represented a raptor, either an eagle or falcon, both highly revered among Creek Indians. Surrounding the eye of the raptor was a design known as the ‘forked eye motif.’ It had the appearance of a two-tailed comet. (More on this later.) This is the earliest known instance of this symbol, which eventually became widespread throughout much of Southeastern and Midwestern America. One researcher noted that mythological beings represented with the forked-eye surround were associated with the celestial realm[2]which is consistent with a comet interpretation. Finally, three more seats were located on this platform bringing the total number of seats in this great chamber to fifty. Clearly these three elevated seats were reserved for very important persons.

The only artifact excavated from the interior of the chamber was a large conch shell. These shells were reserved for serving a ritual tea known as both the “black drink” because of its color and the “white drink” because of its use in purification rituals. The tea was made from the leaves of the yaupon holly plant. The leaves of this plant had high concentrations of caffeine, many times more than a similar amount of coffee, and was drunk piping hot thus increasing the absorption of caffeine into the bloodstream.

Origins of the Ocmulgee Earth Lodge

Creek Indian tradition maintains that the Ocmulgee Mounds site in Macon, Georgia was the site where they “first sat down” after their long migration from the west.[3] One version of the Creek Migration Legend states that one of the first structures the tribe built when they arrived at their final destination in the east was a “mound [with a] great chamber in the center.”[4]

The earth lodge was unearthed at Ocmulgee Mounds during excavations in 1938.[5] The earth lodge had been burned and archaeologists were able to date this charcoal to around 1015 AD[6]. Whether the structure was burned by its own inhabitants or by an attacking enemy is unknown.What is known is that the structure is unique in the Southeast. Archaeologist Lewis Larson noted that the 19th century researcher Swanton

“provided the most detailed and exhaustive survey of the ethnohistorical literature covering the domestic and public architecture of the southeastern Indians. A review of his survey reveals that there are no structures comparable to the Macon Plateau earth lodge as it has been described by Kelly….”[7]

In other words, during the time period that the migration legends were recorded, no known structure similar to an earth lodge was in existence thus: 1) how could a Native American informant at this time describe such a structure while recounting his tribe’s migration legend and 2) how could the description of this structure match perfectly with the archaeological data from excavations conducted nearly 200 years afterthe legend was recorded? Either the informant in question was psychic or the legend is an accurate recounting of real historical events.

This very uniqueness caused Larson to call into question Kelly’s “earth lodge” interpretation of his findings and Larson even went so far as to refute the very existence of earth lodges in the Southeast even at Ocmulgee Mounds. Yet the migration legend seems to support Kelly’s interpretation of the data as, indeed, a “mound with a central chamber,” i.e., earth lodge.

Archaeaoastronomy of the Ocmulgee Earth Lodge

The Pawnee were a Midwestern Caddoan tribe that also constructed earth lodges similar to the one at Ocmulgee Mounds. Some of these earth lodges were used as astronomical observatories.[8]The Pawnee earth lodge observatories had entranceways facing east just like Ocmulgee’s earth lodge. They also had an altar on the western end of the interior chamber just like Ocmulgee’s earth lodge except the Pawnee altars were not bird-shaped. (Although lots of bird remains including a bluejay, owls, woodpeckers, eagles, quails and others were found in some Pawnee earth lodge observatories suggesting birds were an important part of the activities that took place inside.)


Model of Pawnee earth lodge

Layout of Pawnee earth lodge


Researchers have listed five characteristics of Pawnee earth lodges that indicated they had been used as a priestly observatory:
1.unobstructed view of the eastern sky
2.east-west orientation so that at the vernal equinox the sun’s first light would strike the altar
3.the size parameters of the lodge’s smoke hole and door (height and width) would be designed to view the sky
4.the lodge’s smoke hole would be constructed to view certain parts of the heavens-such as the Pleiades
5.the presence of four main interior support posts correctly aligned to the semicardinal points.

How well does the Ocmulgee earth lodge match up with these five conditions? The Ocmulgee earth lodge was constructed on top of a bluff or plateau thus it would have had an unobstructed view of the eastern sky. It also had four main interior support posts aligned to the semicardinal directions. The structure also had an east-west orientation yet, according to researchers, its doorway aligned to the sunrise on February 22nd and October 22nd instead of the vernal equinox (March 21.) (Using software called The Photographer’s Ephemeris I was able to confirm this alignment.)

This satellite image shows the door of the earth lodge perfectly aligned with the sunrise (yellow line) on October 22. ©The Photographer’s Ephemeris & Google Maps.


Why would the builders have chosen this date instead of the vernal equinox? Was there any significant astronomical event on this day that they may have wanted to mark? In our current era, October 22nd represents the peak night of the Orionid meteor shower. Yet 1,000 years ago, due to precession of the equinoxes, the Orionids would have peaked 14 days earlier on October 8th. The Taurid meteor shower, however, which today peaks on November 5th, would have also peaked 14 days earlier at that time; i.e., on October 22nd.

The Taurids were created by debris left over from comet Encke. This shower, which produces spectacular fireballs, appears to originate from the Pleiades asterism within the constellation Taurus. As noted previously, a bird-shaped platform or altar was located at the western end of the Ocmulgee earth lodge. This bird had a design around its eye known as the ‘forked eye motif’ that was in the shape of a two-tailed comet.[9]Thus 1000 years ago on October 22, sunlight would have streamed through the Ocmulgee earth lodge’s doorway and landed on the bird platform with the comet-like forked-eye design. That night the peak activity of the Taurid meteor shower would have occurred.

Comet Hale-Bopp’s two tails reminiscent of the ‘forked-eye motif’


Additionally, using the software program Stellarium, I was able to determine that the Pleiades were very high in the sky just past midnight on October 22, 1015 AD and therefore visible through the smoke hole of the Ocmulgee earth lodge. Thus the very constellation from which the Taurid meteor shower originated would have been visible directly overhead through the smoke hole.

Therefore, the Ocmulgee earth lodge meets all five criteria indicative of its use as a priestly observatory except it was aligned with a significant astronomical event other than the vernal equinox.

Doomsday Clock?

Curiously, around the same time that archaeologists have dated the destruction of the Ocmulgee earth lodge by fire, a cosmic catastrophe seems to have impacted Earth, likely the result of the Taurid meteor shower. According to the Anglo Saxon Chronicle, on September 28, 1014 AD, a tsunami devastated many towns in England.[10] (In our modern Gregorian calendar this date would equate to October 4, 1014 AD.)[11] Researchers in North Carolina have noted that either a major storm surge or tsunami devastated the coastal areas of the state around this time as well.[12] Considering all the evidence for a major Atlantic tsunami at this time it was most likely this tsunami not storm surge that devastated coastal North Carolina.[13]

Dallas Abbott of the Lamont Doherty Observatory at Columbia University found tsunami deposits from the same time period in New York, the Caribbean and northern South America.[14] She also found sediment deposits from the mid-Atlantic ridge in an inland bog in New York that also dated to the same time period. Her research concluded that the only thing that could have produced all these effects was a meteor impact in the center of the Atlantic Ocean. Abbott noted that all these events corresponded with a large ammonium spike in the Greenland ice core record similar to other such spikes recorded around the time of known meteor impacts.

Other researchers going back through the historical record found that the 11th century featured one of the most active Taurid meteor showers ever recorded. I. S. Astapovich and A. K. Terent’eva conducted a study of fireballs appearing between the 1st and 15th centuries and revealed the Taurids to have been “the most powerful shower of the year in the 11th century (with 42 fireballs belonging to them) and no shower, not even the great ones, could be compared with them as to activity.”[15]Thus the Taurid meteor storm of 1014 must have been truly an awe- inspiring spectacle even greater than the Leonid meteor storm of 1833.






Leonid meteor shower of 1833 as seen at Niagara Falls


Thus all the evidence supports the theory that a meteor slammed into the middle of the Atlantic and produced tsunamis that impacted coasts on both sides of this ocean in the Fall of 1014 AD.

Coincidentally, according to Aztec legend, their Fourth Sun ended in 1011 AD due to a great flood followed by the sky falling. This event is recorded on the Aztec Calendar Stone or Stone of the Fifth Sun that included two xihucoatls, “fire serpents,” around the outside edge of the sculpture. Each “fire serpent” had a snout with seven star symbols that represented the seven stars of the Pleiades.[16] This suggests these “fire serpents” were flaming meteors emanating from the Pleiades and thus were part of the Taurid meteor stream. The Taurids are known for slow-moving fireballs with long smoke trails thus the designation of “fire serpent” is quite appropriate. The fact that the Fourth Sun ended with a flood is consistent with these “fire serpents” having impacted the ocean creating a tsunami. Yet their date of 1011 AD is two years off from the known impact date of 1014 AD. Why?





Researchers have noted that after the Aztecs won their independence in 1428 they revised many historical events to fall on important dates within their 52 year calendar cycle called the xiuhmolpilli.[17] One researcher noted, “A number of events of early history were assigned to dates with important positions in the 52-year cycle and that certain types of events were recorded as occurring in years of the same name.”[18]Additionally, astronomer Anthony Aveni noted that “calendrical adjustments were frequently geared to the 52-year xiuhmolpilli or one [of] its multiples….”[19]Thus this could explain why the flood that ended the Aztec’s Fourth Sun and resulted in the creation of the Fifth Sun is said to have taken place in 13 Reed, 1011 AD, instead of the actual date of 1014 AD.

The Taurids are active from early October until late November in modern times and a thousand years ago would have ranged from late September until mid November. Thus the date recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, September 28, 1014 (October 4, 1014 AD in our modern Gregorian calendar), is consistent with an interpretation that two large meteors (fire serpents) part of the Taurid meteor stream crashed into the middle of the Atlantic Ocean and caused tsunamis that spread out and impacted shores all around its perimeter.

Is this the reason the people at Ocmulgee burned their observatory sometime around 1015 AD (perhaps even in 1014 AD)? Was the Ocmulgee earth lodge a place where the men of Ocmulgee cleansed and purified themselves through various rituals all with the hopes of appeasing their gods and avoiding future catastrophes?

When these purification rituals failed to prevent another catastrophe did they burn the observatory to the ground out of frustration? Or did they believe that such catastrophes could only occur at the peak of Taurid meteor shower activity on October 22nd and when it came earlier on October 4th they realized their doomsday predictor, the earth lodge with its perfect alignments, had failed and was no longer of any use?

This type of ritualized behavior was quite common among the indigenous people of North America. For instance, the Aztec Calendar Stone was associated with the New Fire Ceremony and this ceremony, in turn, was associated with the Pleiades. The New Fire Ceremony was conducted every 52 years when the Aztec’s two primary calendars came back into sync. They called this event the “binding of years” and the New Fire ceremony marked the occasion.

The last New Fire ceremony took place in 1507 at the temple of Huixachtlan on the top of Huixachtecatl, “Hill of the Star.” The “star” in question was the Pleiades asterism. According to the Franciscan missionary Bernardino de Sahagun who wrote a 12 volume history of Mexico the New Fire ceremony went something like this:

…they considered it a matter of belief that the world would come to an end at the conclusion of one of these bundles of years. They had a prophecy or oracle that at that time the movement of the heavens would cease, and they took as a sign [of this] the movement of the Pleiades. On the night of this feast, which they called Toximmolpilia [the Binding of the Years***] it so befell that the Pleiades were at the zenith at midnight with respect to the horizon in Mexico. On this night they made new fire, and before they made it, they extinguished all the fires in all the provinces, towns and houses in all of this New Spain. And they went in a solemn procession. All of the priests and servants of the temple departed from here, the Temple of Mexico, during the first quarter of the night, and went to the summit of that mountain near Itztpalapan which they call Uixachtecatl. They reached the summit at midnight, or almost, where stood a great pyramid built for that ceremony. Having reached there, they looked at the Pleiades to see if they were at the zenith, and if they were not, they waited until they were. And when they saw that now they passed the zenith, they knew the movement of the heavens had not ceased, and that the end of the world was not then. [Vol. 4, p143]

And when they drew the new fire, they drew it there at Uixachtlan, at midnight, when the night divided in half, They drew it upon the breast of a captive, and it was a well-born one on whose breast [the priest] bored the fire drill. And when a little [fire] fell, when it took flame, then speedily [the priest] slashed open the breast of the captive, seized his heart, and quickly cast it there into the fire. [Vol. 7, p25]

Then [the priests] slashed open [the captive’s] breast. In his breast [cavity] the new fire was drawn. They opened the breast of the captive with a flint knife called ixcuauac. [Vol. 7, p28]

These New Fire rituals were dedicated to the god Huitzilopochtli.[20] Curiously he was associated with birds and birds were given to him as offerings, primarily hawks and quail. This is reminiscent of the bird offerings found in Pawnee earth lodges as well as the bird platform thought to represent a hawk or eagle in the Ocmulgee earth lodge.

Other ceremonies dedicated to this god also appear to reenact a meteor impact event. For instance, Sahagun’s description of the annual Panquetzalitztli festivals, held in honor of Huitzlilopochtli, notes:

“in a concluding episode of the ritual events, a large paper-and-feather xihucoatl [fire serpent] was brought down the steps from the platform of the Main Pyramid, to be presented at an altar on the bottom landing: Thereupon likewise descended the fire serpent, looking like a blazing pine firebrand. Its tongue was made of red arara feathers, looking like a flaming torch. And its tail was of paper, two or three fathoms long. As it descended, it came moving its tongue, like that of a real serpent, darting in and out. And when [the priest] had come [with it], bringing it down to the base [of the pyramid], he proceeded carefully to the eagle vessel. Then he went up [to the eagle vessel] and raised [the fire serpent] also to the four directions. When he had [so] raised it up, then he cast it upon the sacrificial paper, and then they burned. (Sahagun 1951-70, Bk. 2:136).”[21]

A fire serpent descending from the heavens (i.e., top of the pyramid) and bursting into flames once reaching Earth is the perfect metaphor for a meteor impact.

Celestial Origins of the Forked-Eye Motif

In order to test a hypothesis, one must be able to make predictions and then verify those predictions with research data. Thus if the forked-eye surround is truly a representation of a comet or comet fragment (i.e., meteor) then other creatures that wear this design should also have associations consistent with this interpretation. In fact, they do.

The forked-eye surround would later be found on another creature associated with the sky: the horned feathered serpent. Among the Cherokee this creature was known as Uktena and its description is consistent with a comet or meteor:

Those who know say the Uktena is a great snake…with horns on its head, and a bright blazing crest like a diamond on its forehead, and scales glowing like sparks of fire. It has rings or spots of color along its whole length, and cannot be wounded except by shooting in the seventh spot from the head, because under this spot are its heart and its life. The blazing diamond is called Ulun’suti—”Transparent”—…for whoever is seen by the Uktena is so dazed by the bright light that he runs toward the snake instead of trying to escape. As if this were not enough, the breath of the Uktena is so pestilential, that no living creature can survive should they inhale the tiniest bit of the foul air expelled by the Uktena.[22]

The fact that the myth includes reference to seven spots may associate this creature with the Pleiades in the constellation Taurus. The fact that this creature is also antlered likely also associates it with the constellation Taurus, the only constellation that looks like a horned animal. There are accounts of meteorite impacts releasing noxious gases that have sickened people,[23] which is also consistent with the Cherokee legend. Among the Lakota Sioux the Unktehi caused a great flood[24]which is consistent with other evidence presented earlier.

Conclusions

The Ocmulgee earth lodge was an astronomical observatory for the observation of the Taurid meteor shower. The fact that the door of this observatory was aligned with the peak activity of this meteor shower supports this hypothesis. Evidence is suggestive that the forked-eye surround motif on the bird platform is associated with celestial phenomena such as comets or meteors and thus supports the hypothesis. The fact that the Taurid meteor shower experienced an elevated level of activity during the 11th century likely inspired the creation of the Ocmulgee earth lodge observatory. The fact that this observatory’s destruction coincided with an oceanic impact event and associated tsunami likely caused by meteor(s) from the Taurid complex was no accident and was a purposeful response to this catastrophic event.

posted on July 18, 2012 by Gary C. Daniels







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[1] The One Year Chronology Bible, NIV, page 1092.


[2] The One Year Chronology Bible, NIV, page 1092.


[3] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/2011/01/this-day-january-15-in-jewish-history.html


[4] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/


[5] "Edward I," Microsoft’ Encarta’ Encyclopedia 2000. b 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


[6] http://christianparty.net/jewsexpelled.htm


[7] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/


[8] www.wikipedia.org


[9] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe


[10] Clan MacKinnon compiled by Alan McNie, 1986, page 29.


[11] On this day in America, by John Wagman.




[12] The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745-1799. John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor.




[13] Photo by Jeff Goodlove, November 14, 2009


[14] Photo by Jeff Goodlove, November 14, 2009


[15] Washington-Irvine Correspondence by Butterfield, page 372.


[16] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe


[17] http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/IMPERIAL_GUARD_infantry_1.htm


[18] Ohio Source Records from The Ohio Genealogical Quarterly, page 512.


[19] The McKenney-Hall Portrait Gallery of American Indians, page 328


[20] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe.


[21] http://sites.google.com/site/dsgicemeteries/Home/unknown-soldiers-cemetery


[22] 9/8/2011


[23]


[24] 9/8/2011


[25] September 8, 2011


[26] Timetable of Cherokee Removal.


[27] Wikipedia


[28] www.frontierfolk.net/ramsha_research/families/Stephenson.rtf


[29] Wikipedia


[30] Wikipedia


[31] On This Day in America by John Wagman.


[32] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe


[33] Smithsonian, July/August 2011


[34] History of Logan County and Ohio, O.L. Basking & Co., Chicago, 1880. page 692.


[35] Wikipedia


[36] Wikipedia


[37] Wikipedia


[38] http://whitsett-wall.com/Whitsett/whitsett_simeon.htm


[39] http://www.members.tripod.com/~penningtons/scv1.htm


[40] http://www.members.tripod.com/~penningtons/scv1.htm


[41] The Complete Guide to Bostons Freedon Trail by Charles Bahne page 9-10. Photo by Jeff Goodlove November 14, 2009


[42] Winans, David C. Age 19. Residence Springville, nativity Ohio. Enlisted Aug. 7, 1862. Mustered Sept. 3, 1862. Promoted Sixth Corporal June 20, 1864. Mustered out July 17, 1865. http://iagenweb.org/civilwar/books/logan/mil508.htm



24th Iowa Volunteer Regiment Reenactment

http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ia/county/linn/civil_war/24th/24th_re-enactment.htm


[43] William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary annotated by Jeffery Lee Goodlove


[44] Rock Island, Arsenal, National Historic Landmark brochure, Rock Island Historical Society, Rock Island, Illinois


[45] Jim Funkhouser email,


[46] (Roster of 24th Iowa Infantry; Formed in Linn County, Iowa, Transcibed by; Donald Cope) http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ia/county/linn/civil war/24th/24 indx.htm


[47] Pvt. Miller, 24th Iowa Volunteer, http://home.comcast.net/~troygoss/millbk3.html


[48] Winton Goodlove:A History of Central City Ia and the Surrounding Area Book ll 1999


[49] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe.


[50] Wikipedia


[51] Proposed Descendant of William Smythe.


[52] Wikipedia


[53] www.frontierfolk.net/ramsha_research/families/Stephenson.rtf


[54] Proposed Descendant of William Smythe.


[55] French Children of the Holocaust, A Memorial by Serge Klarsfeld, page 39.


[56] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 50.


[57] French Children of the Holocaust, A Memorial by Serge Klarsfeld, page 380.


[58] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 50.


[59] French Children of the Holocaust, A Memorial by Serge Klarsfeld, page 43.


[60] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/germans-resume-deportations-from-warsaw-to-treblinka


[61] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld. Page 64.


[62] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 434-435.


[63] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 438.


[64] The Field Museum, Photo by Jeff Goodlove, 12/27/2009




[65] http://news.yahoo.com/photos/ancient-finds-slideshow/#crsl=%252Fphotos%252Fancient-finds-slideshow%252Fancient-finds-photo-1342926781.html