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Jeffery Lee Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), Jefferson, LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, and including ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, John Quincy Adams and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Martin Van Buren, Teddy Roosevelt, U.S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison “The Signer”, Benjamin Harrison, Jimmy Carter, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, William Taft, John Tyler (10th President), James Polk (11th President)Zachary Taylor, and Abraham Lincoln.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! http://wwwfamilytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
• • Books written about our unique DNA include:
• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.
Birthdays on May 18…
Millard C.(. ? Goodlove
Julia A. Adams Turley
Daniel Dawson
Sheyndl Goldberg Gutfrajnd
Clarence J. Hamilton
Percie F. Jones
Lynn A. LeClere
Esther LeFevre SCHAEFER
William C. Nix
Dolley Payne Madison
Cressie E. Slater Mckee
Williiam Tucker
Kate Waits Moreland
May 18, 323 BCE: Alexander dies at the age of 32. Despite the legend, there is no proof that Alexander ever came to Jerusalem. He did pass through Judea on his way to conquer Egypt and on his way from the victory. He left the Jews in peace to practice their religion and to live in a semi-independent status. This was his standard treatment for all those who did not oppose him. He and his subordinates encouraged Jews to settle in Egypt and throughout Asia Minor. The Jews were allowed to live in their own commu nities where they were governed by their own councils and courts. Alexander was viewed as an enlightened monarch in much the way that Cyrus the Great had been.[1]
320-280 BC: Onias I, son of Jaddua, High Priest of Israel, ca. 320-280 BC[2]
317 BCE: Antiogonus appoints his son Demetrius governor of Palestine.[3]
316 B.C.: In the Hellenistic era, numerous divisions and conflicts centered around the priesthood within Judaism itself. With the reorganization of the Temple, the high priest became the most important official in the state, but the power struggle within the priesthood meant that there was no peace within the Jewish nation. [4]
Greek Seleucid kings rule Palestine from Antioch.[5]
Olympias
Olympias, mother of Alexander the Great.
CREDIT: Guillaume Rouille/Public Domain
Olympias, Mother of Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great was one of the most successful military commanders of all time, securing an empire that stretched from the Mediterranean to the Himalayan Mountains. He seems to have inherited much of his moxie from mom.
Alexander's mother, Olympias, was the fourth wife of Alexander's father. Even in ancient times, Olympias got a bad rap: The historian Plutarch accused her of sleeping with snakes as part of her religious rites.
When Alexander's dad took another wife, a Macedonian named Cleopatra, Olympias went into voluntary exile, only to return after her husband was assassinated -- an event that some historians suspect Olympias had a hand in. She then had Cleopatra murdered, along with Cleopatra's infant child, helping secure her own son's succession to the throne. Olympias has also been accused of poisoning another child of Philip II, Philip III, who would survive with brain damage.
Exactly how ruthless Olympias really was is hard to say, said Brian Pavlac, a historian at King's College in Pennsylvania. Historical women often get painted as especially cruel and vicious, Pavlac told LiveScience. [Fight, Fight, Fight: The History of Human Aggression]
Cruel or not, Olympias' political mechanizations put her at odds with Macedonia's regent Antipater and his son Cassander while Alexander was off conquering the globe. Cassander's army eventually captured Olympias, and she was put to death in 316 B.C., outliving her famous son by seven years.[6]
313 BCE: Ptolemy I of Egypt ruled Jerusalem.[7]
312 BCE: Many Jews supportive of Ptolemy return with him to Egypt, according to Josephus. [8]
312 BCE: The Nabateans first show up in written records at about 312 BCE. At the time they lived in tents and crossed the desert in caravans. Some scholars think that the Nabatean alphabet is the basis for later Arabic writing. The evidence here shows that they spoke Aramaic, the language of the ancient Israelites and later, Jesus.[9]
“I was reading that the German first name "Gottleib" may have a couple different origins. The earliest meaning was not actually "God Love," but "heir" or "descendant" of god. It was actually pre-Christian in its origin.”
Andre Goodfriend 9/17/2008
“As a name meaning "God Love" it was equivalent to the Latin "Amadeus" which means "love God." Christians focusing on biblical Greek will often cite three Greek words for love: Eros (romantic love), Philia (love between friends) and Agape (spiritual love). Agape is rarely used in names or words, but Philia often is, e.g. Philadelphia (the city of brotherly love), Anglophile (someone with a love of English things), Philosophy (love of knowledge) and the name "Theophilos" (someone having a friendly love for God). So, yes, it means "friend of God" but the word it uses is a particular type of love.
So, Gottlieb existed as a name with a different meaning than Theophilos. However, its meaning was reinterpreted and it was paired up as a German translation of Theophilos and Amadeus.”
Andre Goodfriend 9/17/2008
312 B.C.:
Petra: Ancient City of Rock
Petra: Ancient City of RockCredit: Aleksander Todorovic | shutterstockLiterally carved into red-desert cliffs southwest of modern-day Amman, Jordan, the ancient city of Petra was the capital for the Nabataeans until its annexation in A.D. 106. Though occupied in the Middle Ages, Petra was hit by a series of earthquakes and was eventually abandoned. Today, its ancient architecture, including numerous ancient tombs and temples, and natural aesthetic attract tourists across the globe. Contrary to its portrayal as the backdrop of "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade," Petra is not located in the canyon of the crescent moon, nor does it hold the Holy Grail. [Read more: Petra - Ancient City of Rock] [10]
The site of Petra has been inhabited since very ancient times. Remains from the Paleolithic and the Neolithic periods have been discovered at Petra, and the biblical Edomites (Genesis 14:6, 36:20-30; Deut. 2:12) occupied the area about 1200 BC. Petra may be the city of Sela (which, like Petra, means "Rock") mentioned in the Old Testament (Judges 1:36; Isaiah 16:1, 42:11; Obad. 3; 2 Kings 14:7; 2 Chr. 25:12), but this is not certain.
The Nabateans
Petra achieved its greatest importance under the Nabateans, an ancient people whose original homeland was in northeastern Arabia. They migrated westward in the 6th century BC and eventually settled at Petra. Little is known about the Nabateans' history before 312 BC, when Petra was unsuccessfully attacked by Seleucid forces. The High Place of Sacrifice was probably built during this time.
As the Seleucid kingdom weakened in the 2nd century BC, the Nabataean kingdom increased in strength. The chief source of the Nabataeans' prosperity and power was their monopoly on the caravan spice trade that involved such distant places as China, Egypt, Greece, and India and passed from the Arabian interior to the coast.
By the 1st century BC the rich and powerful Nabataean kingdom that extended from Damascus in the north to the Red Sea in the south, and Petra was home to as many as 30,000 people. It was during this period that the most impressive structures of Petra were built, including the Treasury, the Great Temple and the Qasr el-Bint el-Faroun.
A significant key to the city's success was the Nabataeans' ability to control and conserve water. Conduits and the remains of terracotta piping can be seen along the walls of the Outer Siq, which was part of an elaborate system for channelling water around the city.
Roman Period
Upon the Roman general Pompey's entry into Palestine (63 BC), the Nabataean King Aretas III became a Roman vassal, but he retained Damascus and his other conquests. Damascus was later annexed by the Roman emperor Nero (reigned AD 54–68).
In 105-106 AD the Roman emperor Trajan annexed the Nabatean kingdom as part of a major military campaign on Rome's eastern frontiers. The former Nabataean kingdom became the Roman province of Arabia Petraea. Bostra (Bozrah), east of the Jordan River, was chosen by the Romans as the provincial capital instead of Petra.
The final period of Nabataean history was one of peaceful prosperity as allies of Rome. Although after Roman annexation the Nabateans ceased to be an identifiable political group, Petra continued to thrive culturally. Hellenistic and Roman influences may be traced in the royal coinage, temple art, and rock-cut architecture at Petra.
In the 1st century AD the Siq was paved and the impressive classical theater was constructed. After annexation, Roman touches were added to Petra such as the colonnaded cardo (main street). A Nabataean-style tomb was built in Petra for the Roman governor of Arabia Sextius Florentius (127 AD), and a high-ranking Roman soldier was buried in another tomb. The Urn Tomb also dates from this period (2nd-3rd century).
Early Christian Period
Christianity arrived in the 4th century, and a Byzantine church, whose ruins can still be seen at Petra, was built around 450-500 AD. Various tombs and temples at Petra were also used as churches, including the Monastery (a cross carved in the wall gave the structure its popular name) and the Urn Tomb (turned into a church in 447).
But changing trade routes in the 2nd and 3rd centuires had already cause Petra's gradual commercial decline, and in 511, an especially bad earthquake (there were many) sealed the city's fate. Significant habitation of Petra seems to have ceased not long after this point, although there is evidence for a remodeling of the Petra Church around 600 AD.
Islamic and Crusader Periods
Islam arrived in the Arab invasion of the 7th century. Aaron's tomb, on a mountain near Petra, is an important Muslim shrine (holy also to Jews and Christians) and dates from the 14th century.
A Crusader outpost was built in Petra in the 12th century. After the Crusades, Petra became a "lost city," known only to local Arabs. It would lie hidden from the Western world for more than 500 years.
Modern Rediscovery
Petra was rediscovered by Johann Ludwig Burckhardt in 1812. The Swiss explorer was a brilliant student with a thirst for adventure, and in 1809 he was contracted by a London-based association to explore the "interior parts of Africa." Three years later, after intense study of Islam and Arabic, Burckhardt disguised himself as a Muslim scholar, took the name Ibrahim ibn Abdullah, and set out for Egypt. On his way, however, he was lured by local tales of a lost city in the mountains. Using the pretence that he wanted to offer a sacrifice to the Prophet Aaron, he convinced a guide to take him there, and in 1812 he became the first modern Westerner to see Petra.
After Burckhardt's discvoery, almost 50 visitors between 1818 and 1898, followed in his footsteps and published their impressions of the site throughout the 19th century. But until the 1920s, Petra was an inaccessible and inhospitable city where strangers were not particularly welcome.
In World War I, the British hero T.E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia") famously assisted Arab tribes revolting against Turkish rule. Beginning in 1916, he led many Arab guerilla operations in the desert, some launched from Wadi Rum near Petra. In one such operation, he trapped Turkish soldiers in the Siq in Petra.
Excavations from 1958 on behalf of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem and, later, the American Center of Oriental Research added greatly to knowledge of Petra. Further excavations begun in 1993 revealed several more temples and monuments that provide insight into the political, social, and religious traditions of the ancient city.
In 1985 Petra was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
306 to 281 B.C. :
[12]
304 B.C.
Rule of the Ptolemies.[13]
303 to 50 B.C.:
Before 300 BCE: Joel (Prophet).[15]
Before 300 BCE: Obadiah (Prophet).[16]
300 BCE: Shimon HaTzaddik, Kohen Gadol who met with Alexander the Great.[17]
300 B.C.: Subway work unearths ancient road in Greece
Associated PressBy COSTAS KANTOURIS | Associated Press – 2 hrs 10 mins ago
•Workers of Metro's construction company are seen at the ancient ruins in the northern Greek port city of Thessaloniki on Monday, June 25, 2012. Archaeologists in Greece’s second largest city have uncovered a 70-meter (230-foot) section of an ancient road built by the Romans that was city’s main travel artery nearly 2,000 years ago. The marble-paved road was unearthed during excavations for the city’s new subway system that is due to be completed in four years, and will be raised to be put on permanent display for passengers when the metro opens. (AP Photo/Nikolas Giakoumidis)
•Archaeologists and employees of Metro's construction company present to the media and public the ancient ruins in the northern Greek port city of Thessaloniki on Monday, June 25, 2012. Archaeologists in Greece’s second largest city have uncovered a 70-meter (230-foot) section of an ancient road built by the Romans that was city’s main travel artery nearly 2,000 years ago. The marble-paved road was unearthed during excavations for the city’s new subway system that is due to be completed in four years, and will be raised to be put on permanent display for passengers when the metro opens. (AP Photo/Nikolas Giakoumidis)
Archaeologists and employees of …
•A worker of Metro's construction company holds a fragment of old pottery in the northern Greek port city of Thessaloniki on Monday, June 25, 2012. Archaeologists in Greece’s second largest city have uncovered a 70-meter (230-foot) section of an ancient road built by the Romans that was city’s main travel artery nearly 2,000 years ago. The marble-paved road was unearthed during excavations for the city’s new subway system that is due to be completed in four years, and will be raised to be put on permanent display for passengers when the metro opens. (AP Photo/Nikolas Giakoumidis)
A worker of Metro's construction …
•Workers of Metro's construction company are seen at the ancient ruins in the northern Greek port city of Thessaloniki on Monday, June 25, 2012. Archaeologists in Greece’s second largest city have uncovered a 70-meter (230-foot) section of an ancient road built by the Romans that was city’s main travel artery nearly 2,000 years ago. The marble-paved road was unearthed during excavations for the city’s new subway system that is due to be completed in four years, and will be raised to be put on permanent display for passengers when the metro opens. (AP Photo/Nikolas Giakoumidis)
Workers of Metro's construction …
•Archaeologists and employees of Metro's construction company present to the media and public the ancient ruins in the northern Greek port city of Thessaloniki on Monday, June 25, 2012. Archaeologists in Greece’s second largest city have uncovered a 70-meter (230-foot) section of an ancient road built by the Romans that was city’s main travel artery nearly 2,000 years ago. The marble-paved road was unearthed during excavations for the city’s new subway system that is due to be completed in four years, and will be raised to be put on permanent display for passengers when the metro opens. (AP Photo/Nikolas Giakoumidis)
Archaeologists and employees of …
•Workers of Metro's construction company are seen at the ancient ruins in the northern Greek port city of Thessaloniki on Monday, June 25, 2012. Archaeologists in Greece’s second largest city have uncovered a 70-meter (230-foot) section of an ancient road built by the Romans that was city’s main travel artery nearly 2,000 years ago. The marble-paved road was unearthed during excavations for the city’s new subway system that is due to be completed in four years, and will be raised to be put on permanent display for passengers when the metro opens. (AP Photo/Nikolas Giakoumidis)
Workers of Metro's construction …
THESSALONIKI, Greece (AP) — Archaeologists in Greece's second-largest city have uncovered a 70-meter (230-foot) section of an ancient road built by the Romans that was the city's main travel artery nearly 2,000 years ago.
The marble-paved road was unearthed during excavations for Thessaloniki's new subway system, which is due to be completed in four years. The road in the northern port city will be raised to be put on permanent display when the metro opens in 2016.
The excavation site was shown to the public on Monday, when details of the permanent display project were also announced. Several of the large marble paving stones were etched with children's board games, while others were marked by horse-drawn cart wheels.
Also discovered at the site were remains of tools and lamps, as well as the bases of marble columns.
Viki Tzanakouli, an archaeologist working on the project, told The Associated Press the Roman road was about 1,800 years old, while remains of an older road built by the ancient Greeks 500 years earlier were found underneath it.
"We have found roads on top of each other, revealing the city's history over the centuries," Tzanakouli said. "The ancient road, and side roads perpendicular to it appear to closely follow modern roads in the city today."
About 7 meters (23 feet) below ground in the center of the city, the ancient road follows in roughly the same direction as the city's modern Egnatia Avenue.
The subway works, started in 2006, present a rare opportunity for archaeologists to explore under the densely populated city — but have also caused years of delays for the project.
In 2008, workers on the Thessaloniki metro discovered more than 1,000 graves, some filled with treasure. The graves were of different shapes and sizes, and some contained jewelry, coins or other pieces of art.
A massive excavation project also took place during the 1990s in the capital, Athens, before the city's new metro system opened in 2000.
Thessaloniki's new subway is already four years behind schedule, due to the excavation work as well as Greece's financial crisis. Thirteen stations will operate initially, before a 10-station extension is added later.[18]
300BC Carthago Nova (Cartagena, Spain) had coins minted in the Greek style. One face bears the image of Melqart, chief god of Tyre, the other face shows a horse and palm tree, emblems of Carthage.
(NG, Aug., 1974, S.W. Matthews, p.171)[19]
300 B.C.
[20]
[21]
4th century BCE to 1st Century CE: In the Hellenistic period of the 4th Century BCE – 1st Century CE some evidence indicates that the offspring of intermarriages between Jewish men and non-Jewish women were considered Jewish;[1] as is usual in prerabbinic texts, there is no mention of conversion on the part of the Gentile spouse. On the other hand, Philo of Alexandria calls the child of a Jew and a non-Jew a nothos (bastard), regardless of whether the non-Jewish parent is the father or the mother.[2]
With the emergence of Jewish denominations and the modern rise in Jewish intermarriage in the 20th century, questions about the law of matrilineal descent have assumed greater importance to the Jewish community at large. The heterogeneous Jewish community is divided on the issue of "Who is a Jew?" via descent; matrilineal descent still is the rule within Orthodox Judaism, which also holds that anyone with a Jewish mother has an irrevocable Jewish status, and matrilineal descent is the norm in the Conservative movement. Since 1983, Reform Judaism in the United States of America officially adopted a bilineal policy: one is a Jew if either of one's parents is Jewish, provided that either (a) one is raised as a Jew, by Reform standards, or (b) one engages in an appropriate act of public identification, formalizing a practice that had been common in Reform synagogues for at least a generation. Karaite Judaism, which includes only the Tanakh in its canon, interprets the Torah to indicate that Jewishness passes exclusively through the father's line, maintaining the system of patrilineality that many scholars believe was the practice of ancient Israel.[22]
300 BC to 400 AD
3100_3875
300 B.C. to 400 A.D: Middle Woodland. Decorative Category: Zone or Dentate Stamping. Tempered with: Grit Crushed stone. Found on: Henschel farm.[23]
100_3876
300 B.C. to 400 A.D.: Middle Woodland period. Lakeside fishing villages in the North. Gardening based villages in the south. Hopewell large scale earthworks. Trade. Artwork.[24]
300 B.C. to 900 A.D.: The Mayan’s lived in the present nation of Guatemala and Beliz, and the adjoining portions of Mexico, Honduras, and El Salvador. [25]
c. 300 B.C.–A.D. 1100
Mogollon Culture
Were highland farmers but also hunters in what is now eastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. Named after cluster of mountain peaks along Arizona-New Mexico border. They developed pit houses, later dwelt in pueblos. Were accomplished stoneworkers. Famous for magnificent black on white painted pottery (Minbres Valley pottery), the finest North American native ceramics. Important settlements: Casa Malpais, Ariz. (first ancient catacombs in U.S., discovered there 1990); Gila Cliff, N.M.; Galaz, N.M. Casa Grandes in Mexico was largest settlement.[26]
c. 300 B.C.–A.D. 1300
Anasazi (a Navajo word meaning “The Ancient Ones”). Their descendants are the Hopi and other Pueblo Indians.
Inhabited Colorado Plateau “four corners,” where Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado meet. An agricultural society that cultivated cotton, wove cotton fabrics. The early Anasazi are known as the Basketmaker People for their extraordinary basketwork. Were skilled workers in stone. Carved stone Kachina dolls. Built pit houses, later apartment-like pueblos. Constructed road networks. Were avid astronomers. Used a solar calendar. Traded with Mesoamerican Toltecs. Important sites: Chaco Canyon, N.M.; Mesa Verde, Colo.; Canyon de Chelly, Ariz.; Bandelier, N.M.; Betatkin, N.M. The Acoma Pueblo, N.M., built circa A.D. 1300 and still occupied, may be the oldest continuously inhabited village in the U.S.[27]
281 BCE: By 281 BCE there were two major ruling families; the Seleucids, who ruled the territory north to Syria, and the Ptolemy’s, who ruled the eastern Mediterranean and south to Egypt.[28]
During this time a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, called the Septuagint, was created; this meant the holy text was now accessible to people who could not speak Hebrew. The availability of the Septuagint text helped spread interest in Judaism, and many Greek speaking people converted to the religion. [29]
The population of Judea, as the area corresponding to the territory of the former kingdom of Judah was now called, stood at about 100,000 at the time of Alexander; within four centuries it is estimated that a million Jews lived in Palestine and another 2 million in Egypt and Syria.[30]
280-260 BC: Simon I, son of Onias, High Priest of Israel, ca. 280-260 BC.[31]
100_2217[32]
270 B.C. to 1500 A.D.
264BC Rome initiated the Punic Wars with Carthage, an oligarchic empire that stretched from the northern coast of Africa to the Strait of Gibralter. The primary cause was the Carthaginian expansion into the Greek cities of Sicily. Carthage was forced to surrender its control over the western region of Sicily and this marked the end of the first Punic War. The three Punic Wars: 264-241 BC, 218-202 BC, 149-146 BC, also known as the Carthaginian Wars, finally resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Roman control of the western Mediterranean.
(eawc, p.14)(HNQ, 8//00)[33]
261BC Rome captured a Punic quinquereme. In two months they copied it plank by plank and built 100 like it and eventually the Roman fleet was able to defeat the Carthaginians.
(NG, Aug., 1974, p.178) [34]
260-245 BC: Eleazar, son of Onias, High Priest of Israel ca. 260-245 BC.[35]
256BCE The Carthaginian city of Kerouane was sacked by the Romans.
(NG, 8/04, p.48) [36]
245-240 BC: Manasseh, son of Jaddua, High Priest of Israel ca. 245-240 BC.[37]
241BC March 10, The Battle of Aegusa in which the Roman fleet sank 50 Carthaginian ships occurred. [38]
240-218 BC: Onias II, son of Simon, High Priest of Israel ca. 240-218 BC.[39]
100_2223
July 10, 223 B.C. Left, Sale of House Plot, Clay, Seleucid Period, July 10, 223 B.C. Iraq, Uruk, Purchased in Paris, 1920. The Akkadian legal text demonstrates the development of the cuneiform script at the end of the scripts life. The script is dated July 10, 223, B.C.[40]
218BC The Romans renewed their efforts against Carthage as Carthage expanded into Spain. This 2nd Punic War lasted 16 years at the of which Carthage was forced to surrender al of its territory to Rome except for its capital city in North Africa.
(http://eawc.evansville.edu, p.15)[41]
218-185 BC: Simon II, son of Onias, 218-185 BC.[42]
December 17-25, 217: Saturnalia
By the beginning of December, writes Columella, the farmer should have finished his autumn planting (De Re Rustica, III.14). Now, at the time of the winter solstice (December 25 in the Julian calendar), Saturnus, the god of seed and sowing, was honored with a festival. The Saturnalia officially was celebrated on December 17 (XVI Kal. Jan.) and, in Cicero's time, lasted seven days, from December 17-23. Augustus limited the holiday to three days, so the civil courts would not have to be closed any longer than necessary, and Caligula extended it to five (Suetonius, XVII; Cassius Dio, LIX.6), which Claudius restored after it had been abolished (Dio, LX.25). Still, everyone seems to have continued to celebrate for a full week, extended, says Macrobius (I.10.24), by celebration of the Sigillaria, so named for the small earthenware figurines that were sold then.
Macrobius, in his Saturnalia, creates an imaginary symposium among pagan intellectuals in which he offers an explanation for the varying length of the holiday. Originally, it was celebrated on only one day, the fourteenth before the Kalends of January. With the Julian reform of the calendar, however, two days were added to December, and the Saturnalia was celebrated sixteen days before the Kalends (December 17), "with the result that, since the exact day was not commonly known—some observing the addition which Caesar had made to the calendar and others following the old usage—the festival came to be regarded as lasting for more days than one" (I.10.2). The original day now was given over to the Opalia, honoring Ops, who personified abundance and the fruits of the earth, and was the consort of Saturn. As the two deities represented the produce of the fields and orchards, so they also were thought to represent heaven and earth. It was for this reason, says Macrobius (I.10.20), that the two festivals were celebrated at the same time, the worshipers of Ops always sitting in prayer so that they touched the earth, mother of all.
In the Roman calendar, the Saturnalia was designated a holy day, or holiday, on which religious rites were performed. Saturn, himself, was identified with Kronos, and sacrificed to according to Greek ritual, with the head uncovered. The Temple of Saturn, the oldest temple recorded by the pontiffs, had been dedicated on the Saturnalia, and the woolen bonds which fettered the feet of the ivory cult statue within were loosened on that day to symbolize the liberation of the god. It also was a festival day. After sacrifice at the temple, there was a public banquet, which Livy says was introduced in 217 BC (there also may have been a lectisternium, a banquet for the god in which its image is placed in attendance, as if a guest). Afterwards, according to Macrobius (I.10.18), the celebrants shouted Io, Saturnalia at a riotous feast in the temple.
The Saturnalia was the most popular holiday of the Roman year. Catullus (XIV) describes it as "the best of days," and Seneca complains that the "whole mob has let itself go in pleasures" (Epistles, XVIII.3). Pliny the Younger writes that he retired to his room while the rest of the household celebrated (Epistles, II.17.24). It was an occasion for celebration, visits to friends, and the presentation of gifts, particularly wax candles (cerei), perhaps to signify the returning light after the solstice, and sigillaria. Martial wrote Xenia and Apophoreta for the Saturnalia. Both were published in December and intended to accompany the "guest gifts" which were given at that time of year. Aulus Gellius relates that he and his Roman compatriots would gather at the baths in Athens, where they were studying, and pose difficult questions to one another on the ancient poets, a crown of laurel being dedicated to Saturn if no-one could answer them (Attic Nights, XVIII.2).
During the holiday, restrictions were relaxed and the social order inverted. Gambling was allowed in public. Slaves were permitted to use dice and did not have to work. Instead of the toga, less formal dinner clothes (synthesis) were permitted, as was the pileus, a felt cap normally worn by the manumitted slave that symbolized the freedom of the season. Within the family, a Lord of Misrule was chosen. Slaves were treated as equals, allowed to wear their masters' clothing, and be waited on at meal time in remembrance of an earlier golden age thought to have been ushered in by the god. In the Saturnalia, Lucian relates that "During My week the serious is barred; no business allowed. Drinking, noise and games and dice, appointing of kings and feasting of slaves, singing naked, clapping of frenzied hands, an occasional ducking of corked faces in icy water—such are the functions over which I preside."
This equality was temporary, of course. Petronius speaks of an impudent slave, who had burst out laughing, being asked whether it was December yet (Satyricon, LVIII). Dio writes of Aulus Plautius cajoling his troops in his invasion of Britain. But they hesitated, "indignant at the thought of carrying on a campaign outside the limits of the known world." Only when they were entreated by a former slave dispatched by Claudius did they relent, shouting Io, Saturnalia (LX.19.3).
If a time of merriment, the season also was an occasion for murder. The Catiline conspirators intended to fire the city and kill the Senate on the Saturnalia, when many would be preoccupied with the celebration. Caracalla plotted to murder his brother then, and Commodus was strangled in his bath on New Year's eve.
At the end of the first century AD, Statius still could proclaim: "For how many years shall this festival abide! Never shall age destroy so holy a day! While the hills of Latium remain and father Tiber, while thy Rome stands and the Capitol thou hast restored to the world, it shall continue" (Silvae, I.6.98ff). And the Saturnalia did continue to be celebrated as Brumalia (from bruma, "the shortest day," winter solstice) down to the Christian era, when, by the middle of the fourth century AD, its festivities had become absorbed in the celebration of Christmas.
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217 B.C.: Saturnalia underwent a major reform in 217 BC, after the Battle of Lake Trasimene, when the Romans suffered one of their most crushing defeats by Carthage during the Second Punic War. Until that time, they had celebrated the holiday according to Roman custom (more Romano). It was after a consultation of the Sibylline books that they adopted "Greek rite", introducing sacrifices carried out in the Greek manner, the public banquet, and the continual shouts of io Saturnalia that became characteristic of the celebration.[51] Cato the Elder (234–149 BC) was aware of a time before the so-called "Greek" elements had been added to the Roman Saturnalia.[52] It was not unusual for the Romans to offer cult to the gods of other nations in the hope of redirecting their favor (see evocatio), and the Second Punic War in particular created pressures on Roman society that led to a number of religious innovations and reforms.[53] Robert E.A. Palmer has argued that the introduction of new rites at this time was in part an effort to appease Ba'al Hammon, the Carthaginian god who was regarded as the counterpart of the Roman Saturn and Greek Cronus.[54] The table service that masters offered their slaves thus would have extended to Carthaginian or African war captives.[55][43]
May 18, 576: Clermont, Gaul. Bishop Avitus offers Jews a choice: accept Christianity or leave Clermont. Most emigrate to Marseille.[44] Over 500 Jews were forcibly baptized in Clermont-Ferrand, France.[45]
577:
The Holy Prophet visits Madina with his mother. Death of his mother.[46]
580:
Death of Abdul Muttalib, the grandfather of the Holy Prophet.[47]
583:
The Holy Prophet's journey to Syria in the company of his uncle Abu Talib. His meeting with the monk Bahira at Bisra who foretells of his prophethood[48]
586:
The Holy Prophet participates in the war of Fijar.[49]
May 18, 1096: Small as the massacre at Spier, it whetted the appetite. On May 18 Emich and his troops arrived at Worms. Soon afterwards a rumour went round that the Jews had taken a Christian and drowned him and used the water in which they had kept his corpse to poison the city wells. The Jews were not popular at Worms nor in the countryside around; and the ruour brought townsfolk and peasants to join with Emich’s men in attacks on the Jewish quarter. [50]
May 18, 1152: Eleanor married Henry, Count of Anjou, the future Henry II of England, giving him the duchy of Aquitaine, three daughters, and five sons. Louis VII led an ineffective war against Henry for having married without the authorization of his suzerain; the result was a humiliation for the enemies of Henry and Eleanor, who saw their troops routed, their lands ravaged, and their property stolen.[5] Louis reacted by coming down with a fever, and returned to the Ile-de France.
In 1154 Louis VII married Constance of Castile, daughter of Alfonso VII of Castile. She, too, failed to give him a son and heir, bearing only two daughters, Marguerite of France, and Alys. Louis having produced no sons by 1157, Henry II of England began to believe that he might never do so, and that the succession of France would consequently be left in question. Determined to secure a claim for his family, he sent the Chancellor, Thomas Becket, to press for a marriage between Princess Marguerite and Henry's heir, also called Henry (later Henry the Young King). Louis, surprisingly, agreed to this proposal, and by the Treaty of Gisors (1158) betrothed the young pair, giving as a dowry the Norman Vexin and Gisors.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Louis_VII_ristiretki.PNG/230px-Louis_VII_ristiretki.PNG
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Louis VII receiving clergymen, from a late medieval manuscript.[51]
May 18, 1152: Henry II, King of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. This marriage produced two future Kings of England – Richard I (known as the Lionhearted) and King John, the monarch who signed the Magna Charta. For the Jews, Henry’s reign was an improvement over that of his predecessor, King Stephen. While Richard was semi-protective of his Jewish subjects, they suffered at the hands of those who wielded power while he was off crusading or fighting to protect his lands in France. In the first part of his reign, John maintained a positive relationship with his Jewish subjects, but as time went on he turned on them and made unrealistic financial demands on the community.[52]
1153: Death of Bernard of Clairvaux, monastery man, death of David I of Scotland and Malcolm IV rules, Treaty of Wallingford ensures English throne will pass to cousin Matilda’s son Henry Plantagenet, death of Pope Eugene III – Pope Anastasius IV rules, death of Bernard of Clarivaux, Death of David I of Scotland, Matilda’s son Henry II invades England and forces Stephen to make him heir, Malcolm IV “The Maiden” grandson of David I of Scotland rules to 1165, End of English conflict between followers of Mathilda and Stephen, Henry and forces war against Stephen. Agreement to end civil war - Stephen king until death, then Henry, 8 Jul Pope Eugene III dies, 12 July Pope Anastasius IV (Corrado) appointed, End of English conflict where Stephen allowed to rule, but Mathilda's son Henry would succeed him. [53]
1154: End of Stephen as king of England begins, end of “Anglo-Saxon Chronicle”, Roger II count of Sicily dies, , Mohammed al-Idrisi publishes “Geography” at Palermo, Stephen of ENG dies ending House of Normandy and Henry II rules England to 1189 (Plantagenet) plus Normandy, Anjou, Tour/laine and Maine – given nickname Plantagenet, Stephen of England dies, Mathilda's son, Henry, becomes king, Pope Anastasius IV dies. [54]
May 18, 1268: Following the Battle of Antioch the Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to Baibars I the Mamluk Sultan. During the Mamluk Sultanate, there was an upswing in anti- dhimmī feeling although much of this was really aimed at the Christians who held positions in the government and the Jews were just “tangential beneficiaries” of this attitude.[55]
1269: King James I of Antioch diverted from crusade by storm, Amiens Cathedral rebuilt after burning in 1218, Ottokar acquires Carinthia and Carniola from Hungary, first toll roads in England, Louis IX of France orders Jews to wear purple badge, Polo family returns to Venice and then goes back to China with Marco. [56]
May 18, 1291: In a place called Acre a dream of Holy conquest is shattered forever.[57] In the year 1291 the last Crusader fortress in the holy land fell to an overpowering Sarasin force. (the Mamluks, who controlled a powerful empire in Egypt). The place was Acre, birthplace of Joan, our ancestor. Acre was the gateway to the Holyland. [58] The Mameluks would rule from 1291-1516 and the land became a forgotten province ruled from Damascus. Akko, Jaffa and other ports were destroyed for fear of new crusades, and international commerce was interrupted. The urban centers were virtually in ruins, most of Jerusalem was abandoned, and the small Jewish community living there was poverty stricken. The period of of Mameluk decline was darkened by political and economic upheavals, plagues, locust invasions, and devastating earthquakes. [59]
May 18, 1333: Edward was created Earl of Chester on May 18, 1333.[60]
May 11, 1425:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Stirling_Castle_John_Slezer.jpg/300px-Stirling_Castle_John_Slezer.jpg
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Stirling Castle where the Albany Stewarts were executed
James the Fat led the men of Lennox and Argyll in open rebellion against the crown and this may have been what the king needed to bring a charge of treason against the Albany Stewarts.[45] Murdoch, his sons Walter and Alexander and Duncan, Earl of Lennox were in Stirling Castle for their trial on May 18, at a specially convened parliament. An assize of seven earls and fourteen lesser nobles were appointed to hear the evidence that linked the prisoners to the rebellion in the Lennox.[61]
On May 18, 1471, Richard was named Great Chamberlain and Lord High Admiral of England. Other positions followed: High Sheriff of Cumberland for life, Lieutenant of the North and Commander-in Chief against the Scots and hereditary Warden of the West Marches.[62]
May 18, 1536: – Cromwell declares that Anne and Henry’s marriage is null and void. [63]
May 18, 1538:
Mary of Guise
Maryofguise1.jpg
Mary of Guise, c. 1537, by Corneille de Lyon.
Queen consort of Scotland
Tenure
May 18, 1538 – December 14, 1542
[64]
On May 18, 1538, at Notre-Dame de Paris, James V and Mary of Guise were married with Lord Maxwell acting as proxy.[65]
May 18, 1550: Claude wrote from Edinburgh on May 18 that he would survey the fortifications of the realm.[33] After the Treaty was signed, Mary was able to travel to France to see her family.[66]
May 18, 1568: She landed at Workington in Cumberland in the north of England and stayed overnight at Workington Hall.[143] On May 18, she was taken into protective custody at Carlisle Castle by local officials.[144]
Mary apparently expected Elizabeth to help her regain her throne.[145] Elizabeth was cautious, and ordered an inquiry into the conduct of the confederate lords and the question of whether Mary was guilty of the murder of Darnley.[146][67]
May 18, 1568: Lowther conducts Mary to Cockermouthy and thence, on the morrow, to Carlisle, with all the honours due to her rank.
The Earl of Northumberland, being lord of the town of Cockermouth, demands that the Queen of Scotland shall be entrusted to his care; but Lowther refuses, until the receipt of orders from his sovereign. [68]
May 18, 1586: To THE Archbishop of Glasgow. [69]
From Chartley, the 18th May, 1586.
You will have heard by my last letters, about the end of February, of the recovery of this conveyance, by which I expected, before this time, to receive your news. Nevertheless, there have been delivered to me all at once your letters of the 24th . . . and penultimate . . » 1584, . . . and of the 20th February, 26th March, and . . . 1585, of
which it will be sufficient for me to reply to the points referred to below, inasmuch as, of the rest there contained, the opportunities for treating of them are now past ; and, having no true and certain information of the present state of affairs in Christendom, or of the designs of the Catholic princes, it is quite impossible for me to resolve on or renew any certain course with them for my condition here.
Endeavour by all means which you can to discover for certain the grounds of the design of the King of Spain for revenging himself against this queen, and especially if it is for an enterprise in this country, or only thereby to counteract the attempt of the Earl of Leicester in Flanders, and of Drake upon the Indies; because upon that depends entirely the resolution which I and all the Catholics here have to take for our part.
Thank very heartily the King of Spain, by his ambassador, Don Bernardino, for the twelve thousand crowns which he had granted, at my request, to my son. But it is not my intention that you should send him a penny of it, until you know that he acknowledges better his duty to me, or that you should make farther remonstrance for his pension there,
and less for the arrears in his favour, or that you should act in any thing for him without my command. For I do not wish to furnish him with wherewith to strengthen against me my very rebels, whom he has about him, as happened with the last six thousand crowns which you sent to him, which have only served for the journey of Grray hither, to come to betray me, the Duke of Guise, and all those who had confided in him. Do not touch, then, the said twelve thousand crowns until I write to you more particularly my will regarding them. As for the other similar sum which I had requested for myself, if I had received it at Wingfield, with the overtures which were then made to me for escaping from it, I think that I should have effected it during the absence of the Earl of
Shrewsbury, my other keepers*[70] having given to me much more liberty than usual. But now I am very differently warded and watched, and cannot chance to gain over any one of this house ; and therefore I would not farther press for the said sum, if it were not that, of yourself, showing privately to the said Bernardino the present exigence of my affairs in France, and the great charges which it is necessary for me to support in that country, for the maintenance of my friends there, and for recovering now these new correspondents, you were to sound him, if his master would supply and assist me with this sum, which so lying by me would always be to me a certain fund for use on such a good opportunity as might suddenly present itself, and which for want of means I might be forced to let be lost. I leave this proceeding to your judgment of the facility with which it can be obtained or not, for I do not wish to become importunate. I am very much pleased with the fortunate success of the enterprise of the gentlemen my relations,*[71] and of the good and firm determination which I have lately heard, by Monsieur de Châteauneuf, the King of France has taken and reiterated anew, of suffering no other religion than his own in his kingdom, t[72] I have been advised to require to be admitted and received in their league ; but I do not see what advantage I could receive from it, to counterbalance the risk which I should run here if it came to be discovered ; and, therefore, my intention is to enter into no league, unless it is general with the Pope, the King of Spain, and the other
Catholic princes, and that from them all together I have good promises and assurances for the restoration of religious matters here. However, if you can make his Holiness and all the principal Catholic kings and princes agree together to demand unanimously my liberty from this queen, I think that it would serve at least to make me more respected and better treated here.
I very much approve of your advice, to labour to bring my son back to the faith : but, alas ! I believe him farther off than ever, and fear much that those who are about him, being wholly at the service of this queen, never permit him to hear anything tending thereto, founding his imaginary greatness and their own ambition upon the maintenance of heresy in this island and his alienation from me. And, what is worse,
he is supported in it by my own people, who, instead of increasing and adding weight to my maternal authority over him, have exerted themselves to discredit and thwart my proceedings with him ; to which they ought to take good care in future. For, if it were not through me, and on my account, I think that they would not themselves find much credit there or elsewhere. You have seen how that wicked traitor Gray
lias abused it, and 1 hope it will be to his ruin; charging you,
as expressly as I can, to labour on your part, by all means in
your power, to overthrow him with my son, and make him known in all places on that side for his conduct towards me ; of which you will have further insight by the account of the whole negotiation from Nau, which I resolve to send to you by the next opportunity. And, in the meantime, I will tell you briefly that the journey of the said Nau was of very
great importance to me, to break a design formed among the Puritans of this kingdom, to make me be condemned and declared incapable to succeed to this crown by the parliament then assembled, to which they had factiously chosen the chief persons among them for the provinces and burghs of this kingdom ; as also to suppress a very wicked and detestable association for my death, or rather proscription, got up among them under the name of this queen, and under the pretext of
her safety ; which has been frustrated.
You will perceive also, by this negotiation for my liberty, what has been done to protract my going out of the hands of the Earl of Shrewsbury, awaiting the proof which he might have against his wicked wife ; whom at length Nau made to contradict, in the presence of the said queen and her council, all the reports which she had falsely propagated against my honour, and who is now-a-days reduced to this pass to court me, confess her fault and ingratitude, and beg pardon for it. He likewise obtained a public prohibition of Buchanan's his-
tory. With regard to my condition, treatment, and ordinary conveniences here, I must confess that, except being deprived of private correspondence, I and my people have every cause of being content with it ; nor is any one of them ever refused at the gate to go to walk as far as they think fit, being now always accompanied by a soldier ; and for the upper servants, they have the same liberty on horseback, but in this they are so closely watched, in all that they may have to do, by some English, both without and within this house, that I have not
known till now to establish any other mode of communication that that, through the address of poor Morgan, which I formerly wrote to you to assist him in the suit for his liberation ; and again I charge you, with all the earnestness I am able, to continue the good offices which he writes to me he has already received from you, as I cannot, without very great ingratitude, neglect him in the misery in which he is on my account alone. For I know that his imprisonment has been procured by the Earl of Leicester, in consequence of an opinion which he has taken, and of which he discoursed fully to Nau at London, that the said Morgan had, with you and my Lord Paget, composed the book which was published against him nearly two years ago ;*[73] for which he was in the utmost rage against all three.
I am informed on good authority that Pinart is very ill affected towards me and my relations ; and therefore I desire less than ever that you give him in writing any matter of state of which you shall treat with the King of France, and which you shall think may hurt me if it should happen to be disclosed ; as it is a form quite unusual, and to which I think that hardly any of your companions would submit or agree.
I have seen the letter of the late Cardinal Borromeo;t[74] for which you will thank Dr. Lewis, until I have occasion to write to him. In room of the late Cardinal Sermonet, I leave you to make choice either of the Cardinal of Pelleuse, if he will accept of that protection,^[75] or of the Cardinal of Montdevis ;§[76] and, failing them, write to me what other you shall judge most proper for it. Continue the pension which I have given to Fuljambe and his brother-in-law, and recommend them earnestly to the Spanish ambassador, that he may procure some pension from the king his master, to whom the slenderness of my means constrains me to have recourse in that. You will have seen how by my general account I have employed both his private pensions and .... seminaries, in order that he may be satisfied of it without any difficulty. I intend that the thirty crowns which you have given to one named Foley*[77] shall be repaid to you. Write to me often and fully to inform me timeously of the course and state of affairs both in Scotland
and France, and of all which shall concern my service there.
Meanwhile, I pray God that He may have you in His holy
keeping.
May 18, 1637: BENJAMINE HARRISON, 600 acs.
James Citty Co., May 18, 1637, p. 420.
S. of the Riv. about V/2 mi. up the
Upper Chippokes Cr. upon the Ely.
side neare land graunted unto Jerimiah
Clements, bounding upon the Ely. side
of a Sw. over against Sandy point. 500
acs. due by order of Ct. June 3, 1635
& alsoe due with 100 acs. for trans, of
12 pers: Robert Sorrell, Thomas Essing-
ton, Richard James, Richard Court, Hen.
Bagly, Humphry Campton, Mathew
Hauton, John Resburye, David Vaughan,
Mary , Mathew Rayson, Christo-
pher Hargrave. [78]
May 18, 1652: Rhode Island becomes the first colony to abolish slavery.[79]
May 18, 1754
On the 18th the column reached the Great Crossings of the Youghiogheny (Somerfield), where the companies encamped, and remained several days. The halt at this place was necessary to wait for lower water in the river. Which had been swollen by recent rains. [80]
Saturday May 18, 1754
George Washington sends a letter to Lt. Governor Dinwiddie regarding the possibility of finding a water route through the mountains along the Youghiogheny river. "... The water is now so high, that we cannot possibly cross over with our men, which likewise secures us from any immediate attacks of the enemy. I have Resolved to go down the River to this Fall, which is at Turkey foot[81]; to inform myself concerning the Nature and difficulty attending this Fall, in order thereto, I have provided a Canoe, and shall with an Officer and 5 men, set out upon this discovery to morrow morning." [82]
Since Ohiopyle Falls is about 10 miles from Confluence, this quote helps to demonstrate that the
term ―Turkey Foot‖ referred to more than just the specific place where the rivers joined at
present-day Confluence. It also referred to the surrounding area. Washington‘s words also
demonstrate that even as late as 1754, the difficulty the falls and rapids pose to water transportation was not yet widely understood.[83]
May 18, 1756: The younger daughter of the Saxon ruler, Augustus III, was the dauphin's wife, and his elder daughter was married to Charles VII of Naples, a Bourbon cousin. Frederick's treatment of the Polish–Saxon royal family was seen as uncommonly disrespectful. Moreover, Augustus' wife Maria Josepha, mother of the dauphine Marie-Joséphe of Saxony, died in 1757 from a stroke that some in France attributed to maltreatment, without evidence. Rumours of Frederick's actions shocked the French and inflamed public opinion against Prussia. The dauphine had a miscarriage as a result of the news coming from Saxony. Meanwhile, Britain declared war on France on May 18, 1756.[84]
May 18, 1760
FROM M. CHRISTOPHER HARDWICK.
SIR) BULSKIN May18th 1760
we are disapinted in sending two Wagings down Magnis Talt has declind coming down & Mr Crawfords waginner Refus’d to Carey the two mars [mares] down So that I was fosed to send down nat with them which I Cud very elley Spare I am in hops I shall soon be able to see about my beseness
we have no more people taken with the Small px as yet nor I am in hops shant I have prepared them
acording to your orders & the doctors strctions & are all well but the two that had the Small pox & Fortin & Wing & they seame to be very mulch amnded [amended] I beg you will Disspach nat as soon as posable —. I am your most obednt Humble servant
CHRISTOPHER HARDWICK[85]
May 18th, 1775
At a Court Con’d and held for Augusta County May 18th 1775.
On a Petition of Charles Harrison and others. It is Ordered that Richard Walker, Charles Harrison, Daniel Cannon, and Isaac Pearce or any 3 of them being sworn Veiw a road the nearest and best way to Veiw a Road from Thomas Gists house to Cap’n Fromans mill and make a report of the Conv and Inconv to the next Court.
Mithell vs Val Crawford Wm. Crawford Spbd.
Nevell vs Gist. Wm. Crawford Spbd.
Speer vs Gist. Wm. Crawford Spbd.
P. Ed Ward, John Cannon, Wm Crawford, John McColloch…
…P. Thos. Smallman, Ab. Wm. Crawford…
May 18, 1775: At a Court Con'd and held for Augusta County May 18th
1775-
Prest. Geo Croghan, John Campbell, John Gibson, Geo
Vallandigham.
On the Petition of Charles Harrison and others, It is Ordered
that Richard Walker, Charles Harrison, Daniel Cannon, and
Isaac Pearce or any 3 of them being first sworn Veiw a road
the nearest and best way to Veiw a Road from Thomas Gists
house to Cap'n Fromans mill and make a report of the Conv
and Inconv to the next Court.
Mitchell vs Val Crawford Wm. Crawford Spbd.
Nevell vs Gist. Wm. Crawford Spbd.
Speer vs Gist. Wm. Crawford Spbd.
P. Ed Ward, John Cannon, Wm Crawford, John Mc-
Colloch.
Thomas Scott being bound over to this Court for his acting
and doing Business as a Justice of the peace under Pennsyl-
vania, in Contempt of the Earl of Dunmore' s late Proclama-
tion, as also to such other Misdemeanors as shall be then and
(25) there objected ag'st him, appeared, and On hearing him and
the Wits the Court are of Opinion that he is Guilty, and it is
Ord that he be Committed to the Goal of this County, and
there to remain until he Enter into recog in the sum of ^500,
with 2 secys in the Sum of ^250 Each, to be levied of their
respective Goods and Chattels, Lands and Tenements, in Case
Thomas Scott is not of Good Behaviour for a year and a day
and, also desist from acting as a Majestrate within the Colony
of Virginia by any authority derived from the Provence of
Pennsylvania, and that he keep the peace to all his Majesties
Leige Subjects in the mean time.
George Croghan, Esqr. Ack'd a Deed of Bargain and Sale
and a receipt thereon Endorsed to Bernad Gratz, and O R.
The same to Joseph Simon & O R.
The same to Bernard Gratz and O R.
The same to Bernard Gratz and O R
P. Thos. Smallman, Ab. Wm. Crawford.
Devorix Smith being bound over to this Court on the Complt
of Susanna Styger, for asaulting, Beating & Wounding her, ap-
peared, and on hearing the parties and the Witnesses the Court
are of Opinion that the Complt be dismised with Costs
Susanna Sturgus being bound over to this Court on the
Complt of Devereux Smith, for Insulting his wife and threaten-
ing her, on hearing the parties and Wits the Court are of
Opinion that the Complt be dismised.
Mills vs Williamson — Pat McElroy Spbd.
Hawkins vs Hillibrand — Moses Williamson Spbd.
Cresap vs Teagarden — - Wm & Geo Teagarden Spbd
vs French Moses Williamson Spbd
On the Complt of John McaNully ag'st his Master, Casper
Reel, for beating & abuseing him, being Sum'd, appeared, and
on hear'g the parties & the Wits the Court are of Opinion that
the Complt is Groundless & be dismised, and It is Ord that the
Sheriff take the Serv't and give him 25 Lashes well Laid on,
and it is said to the Sheriff that Execution be done Immediately.
Casper Reel prod and made Oath to his Account of £2. 16.0,
his Expences in takeing up his Serv't, John McaNully, when
run aw, and for 4 days absent time when run away ; It is ord
that he serve for the same accr to Law.
(26) Edward Armstrong being bound over to this Court on the
Complt of John Miller, Senr. , for takeing away a Plow & Irons
with several other Utensels of Husbandry and Household furni-
tur, the property of the s'd John and the s'd Edward, appeared,
and hearing the parties and the Wits the Court are of Opinion
that he is Guilty of the facts wherewith he stands Charged, and
that he be Committed to the Goal of this County, and there to
remain until he Enter into recog in the Sum of ^30, with 2
Secys in the Sum of ^15 Each, to be levied in case he is not
of Good behaviour for a Year and a day
The persons app'd to Veiw a Road from Shirtees Creek to
Devor' s ferry made their report ; It is Ord that the Road be
Established, and that David Steel and Jed Ashcraft be Overseers,
and that the tith's within 3 miles on Each side work thereon.
Joseph Cisnea and Wm. Donnellsan being bound over to this
Court, on the Complt of Thomas Russell for a forceable Entry
& detainer, and no persons appearing It is Ord to be dis'd.
The Complt of John Quay ag'st Dav'd McClure, no persons
appearing It is Ord to be dis'd.
The Complt of Adam Bell ag'st Stephen Bennett, no per-
sons appearing it is Qrd to be dis'd.
The Complt of John Boley ag'st John Springer, no persons
appearing It is Ord to be dis'd.
The Complt of Wm. Thomas ag'st Chas. Froman, & no per-
sons appearing It is Ord to be dis'd.
The Complt of Devereaux Smith ag'st Edward Thompson,
no persons appearing It is Ord to be dis'd.
The Complt of John Boley ag'st Joseph Ross, no persons
appearing, It is Ord to be dis'd.
Beeler vs Walls, John McNew Spbd.
(27) Edward Armstrong came into Court with Robt Strain and
Philip Reely, his Secy, Ack'd himself Indeb to our Sover Lord
the King in the Sum of _£io and the s'd Robt. Strain and Philip
Reily Ack'd themselves Indeb to our Sover Lord the King in
the Sum of ^5 Each, to be levied & in case the s'd Edward
Armstrong is not of good behaviour for a Year and day.
Clinton & Noble vs. Bearshers, Bazil Brown Spbd.
Walls vs Brown, Pat McElroy Spbd.
Ord that the Court be adjourned until to Morrow Morning
■z o'clock in the afternoon. „ _,
° Geo : Croghan.[86]
May 18, 1777
Prechtel reported on the death, or suicide, of the servant Peter on 18 May 1777. “Officer’s servant Peter, servant to Lieutenant [Justus] von Diemar, Sr., lowered himself into the sea from the ship Myrtle on a rope at five o’clock in the evening. He was seen swimming in the water, because the waves did not immediately pull him under. A quarter hour later he was brought back to the ship dead, in a boat which had been sent after him. He was buried in the ocean with a bag of sand hung on him.”[87]
May 18, 1782: Colonel Crawford sets out for Fort Pitt where he has a long interview with General Irving.[88]
Col. Crawford was solicited by the general voice of these western counties and districts to command the expedition. He accordingly set out as a volunteer, and came to Fort Pitt two days before the time appointed for the assembling of the men. As there was no Surgeon yet apponted to go with the expedition, Col. Crawford begged the favor of Gen. Irvine to permit me to accompany him, (my consent having been previously asked,) to which the General agreed, provided Col. Gibson did not object.[89]
May 18, 1784: Votruba, Martin. "Emperor Joseph II, The Law on the German Language in Administration. May 18, 1784.". Slovak Studies Program (University of Pittsburgh).[90]
May 18, 1784
On the 18th all the troops left the vessels, marched off, and arrived at Cassel at midday. After the regiments had been inspected by their sovereign, they marched to their permanent quarters. The Jager Corps was reduced at once, despite its faithful and well-performed service.41 His Serene Highness the Landgrave42 and his entire suite did not bestow a single special, gracious glance on any officer. The subsidies43 had expired. We had willingly suffered eight years in America for the selfsame money. All services performed were forgotten and we poor “Americans,” who had flattered ourselves with the best reception, were deceived in our expectations in the most undeserved way.—Then envy stretched out its claws toward us.—We became agitated, muttered in our beards, cursed our fate, and bent our proud backs under everything, because it could not be otherwise.
Thus ended the American War,
and thus was the soldier
treated by his sovereign
in Hesse.
Amen![91]
May 18, 1785: Before GW left Greenway Court, he obtained a grant from Lord Fairfax for the unclaimed land on Dogue Run he had surveyed on March 24, 1770, a total of 201/2 acres (Lord Fairfax’s grant to GW, March 4, 1771, Northern Neck Deeds and Grants, Book 1, 187, Vi Microfilm). This land gave him control of most of the area around his new dams and upper millrace, but a portion of the race still infringed upon William Harrison’s patent, a problem that was not resolved until he exchanged some small strips of land there with William Triplett May 18, 1785.
May 18, 1803: The declaration of war was laid before parliament. The war was accepted by all classes as inevitable, and the French preparations for an invasion of England roused the whole nation to a glow of enthusiasm only equalled by that felt when the Armada threatened its shores.
May 18, 1804: Napolean Bonaparte becomes Emperor of France.[92]
May 1806: In 1805 a friend of Jackson's deprecated the manner in which Captain Joseph Ervin had handled a bet with Jackson over a horse race. Ervin's son-in-law, Charles Dickinson became enraged and started quarreling with Jackson's friend which lead to Jackson becoming involved. Dickinson wrote to Jackson calling him a "coward and an equivicator". The affair continued, with more insults and misunderstandings, until Dickinson published a statement in the Nashville Review in May 1806, calling Jackson a "worthless scoundrel, ... a poltroon and a coward".
Jackson challenged Dickinson to a duel very much according to the customs of the time in the south. Dickinson, known as one of the best shots in Tennessee if not the best, had choice of weapons and chose pistols.
Dickinson fired the first shot, which broke two of Jackson's ribs and lodged two inches from his heart. Dickinson then had to stand at the mark as Jackson, clutching his chest, aimed slowly and shot him fatally.
Though acceptable by the code of the times, many people considered it a cold-blooded killing. I presume the rules of engagement were for each man to draw and fire at the same time, upon hearing the signal, but if one fired, there was no "second round" until the other man fired. The implication is that magnanimity would have required Jackson to fire into the air rather than taking a slow deliberate aim at 24 feet.
Jackson's wound never healed properly and abcesses formed around the bullet, causing pain and some debilitation for Jackson's remaining 39 years. [93]
May 18, 1806:
11
596
Harrison, Anne Cabell (A.L.S.), May 18, 1806
[94]
May 1808: Twelfth President of the USA.ZACKARY WAS 12TH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES BETWEEN 1849 & 1850 HE PASSED AWAY IN OFFICE AFTER 16 MONTHS IN OFFICE. HE LED A DISTINGUISHING MILITARY CAREER BEING COMMISSIONED BY PRESIDENT JEFFERSON IN MAY 1808. [95]
May 1809
At the May term of 1809, the names of Frederick Ambrose, Simon Kenton and John Guthridge appear in the panel of grand jurors. Edward W. Pearce was a resident attorney, and supposed to have been the first. Moses B. Corwin, Henry Bacon and James Cooley were among the early attorneys. Most of these men were conspicuous in the future growth of the county, the descendants of many of them may be still recognized in the politics and industries of the county. [96]
May 1811: JOHN PAYNE and MISS FLOWEREE
John Payne was b. abt. 1736 in , King George County, Virginia, son of William Payne and Mary Jones. He d. in April 1811 or May 1811 in , Fauquier County, Virginia.
He prob. md. abt. 1757, a Miss Floweree, dau. Of Daniel Floweree of Salem (now Marshall) County, Virginia. Children: William, Augustine, Daniel Floweree, Martha or Patty, Molly and Susannah.
John was SAID to have married a Miss Floweree, dau. of Daniel Floweree of Salem, now Marshall, Fauquier County, Virginia. No evidence of this marriage other than a son named Daniel Floweree.
May 18, 1812
From the Columns of “The Reporter” (published at Washington, Pa.,), of date May 18, 1812, is extracted the following notice by Mr. Connell of a public sale of lots in Connellsville in the year preceding that of his death, viz.:
ADVERTISEMENT.
There will be 70 or 80 lots in the flourishing and thriving borough of Connellsville exposed to public sale on Thursday, the 4th day of June next, in the said borough, and sale to continue from day to day until they are sold. I need not mention the situation of this growing place, as it is well known for the many iron works around and near the many boats that are built there, and which communicate a trade with all the western country. There is a new State road laid out by an act of Assembly through this town to intersect the Federal turnpike road near Brownsville. Also about 50 or 60 acres of land will be laid out in lots adjoining said town, to be sold at the same time, when due attendance and reasonable credit will be given by me.
ZACHARIAH CONNELL.
May 1813: Some of the men stayed on and were present when the British and their Indian allies besieged the fort in May 1813. The fort was well built and the siege was unsuccessful.
May 1814: The War of 1812 ended in May 1814 and Batteal Harrison was discharged from the Army at Detroit, July 9, 1815. [97]
May 1815: News of the treaty finally reached the United States after the American victory in the Battle of New Orleans and the British victory in the Second Battle of Fort Bowyer, but before the British assault on Mobile, Alabama.[5] Skirmishes occurred between U.S. troops and British-allied Indians along the Mississippi River frontier for months after the treaty, including the Battle of the Sink Hole in May 1815. [98]
April- May 1818
Troops under Jackson invaded Spanish Florida; occupied Pensacola[99]
May 1818
Ending November 15, 2009 543
On the Granary Burying Grounds in Boston, MA is the last resting place of several patriots including Paul Revere, patriot, Son of Liberty, and hero of the famous midnight ride, as well as quite an able craftsman. Revere was already 40 years old that fateful night; he lived another 43 years to 1818.[100]
May 1815: In 1815, a younger brother, William Hawkins Polk, was born; William eventually served as charge d'affairs to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies during the Polk administration and later as a U.S. Congressman. James was then admitted to the University of North Carolina as a second-semester sophomore. The Polks had connections with the university, then a small school of about eighty students: Sam Polk was their land agent for Tennessee, and his cousin, William Polk, was a trustee. While there, Polk joined the Dialectic Society, in which he learned the art of oration. He also became the first person to be reelected president of the society. Among the people Polk met at the university was his roommate William Dunn Moseley, who later became the first governor of Florida. Polk graduated in May 1818 at the top of his class.
After graduation, Polk traveled to Nashville to study law under renowned Nashville trial attorney Felix Grundy. While working for Grundy, he served as clerk of the Tennessee State Senate from 1819 to 1822, a position which enabled him to learn the routine of the legislature. [101]
May 18, 1821:
Surnames: GODLOVE, SMART
Jacob Godlove and Louisa Smart are part of my Smart family.
My info differs slightly from yours. Louisa born May 18, 1821, VA. Married December 8, 1842. I have 10 children for them but no names. Do you have children's names. Thanks. [102]
May 18, 1827
“Died, at his residence near Connellsville, Fayette county, Pennsylvania, on Thursday, 21st ult., Major Uriah Springer in the 73d year of his age. His father’s family was amongst the first settlers west of the Alleghany mountains before the revolutionary war. Uriah, at the age of nineteen, was commissioned by Lord Dunmore, then governor of Virginia, an ensign in a company of rangers organized for the proteètion of this frontier, and was the first officer that commanded the stockade at this place [Brownsville] in 1774,commonly called Redstone Old Fort. He was subsequently commissioned in the Virginia line and served as captain in the army of the revolution until the end of the war. After the peace of 1783, he continued in the small military establishment of the country and served in several campaigns against the Indians. After the treaty of Greenville, by Gen. Wayne, he retired to his family. During the late war [1812—15], although advanced in years, he was appointed brigade inspector and served a winter campaign on the northwestern frontier. He has left an aged widow [Sarah], daughter of the late Colonel [William] Crawford [and formerly a widow of William Harrison], who [both] fell a sacrifice to Indian barbarity at [not far from] Upper Sandusky.”— Brownsville [Pa.] Observer, 1826, cited in Hazard’s Register, Vol. I, p. 416.[103]
James Allen (husband of Rebecca Godlove) was born in Virginia (probably Culpeper County), moved to Perry County, Ohio where he and Rebecca were married in 1827, and he died there October 14, 1871.[104]
May 1828: After the war, William Henry Harrison moved to Ohio, where he was elected to the United States House of Representatives, and in 1824 he became a member of the Senate. There he served a truncated term before being appointed as Minister Plenipotentiary to Colombia in May 1828. In Colombia, he spoke with Simón Bolívar urging his nation to adopt American-style democracy, before returning to his farm in Ohio, where he lived in relative retirement until he was nominated for the presidency in 1836.[105]
May 1828: Taylor was called back to action, commanding Fort Snelling in Minnesota on the northern Mississippi River for a year, and nearby Fort Crawford for a year.[106]
May 1830, Jackson discovered that Calhoun had asked President Monroe to censure then-General Jackson for his invasion of Spanish Florida in 1818. Calhoun was then serving as James Monroe's Secretary of War (1817–1823). Jackson had invaded Florida during the First Seminole War without explicit public authorization from Calhoun or Monroe. Calhoun's and Jackson's relationship deteriorated further.[107]
May 1832: Black Hawk's warriors won a significant victory that left the Americans badly demoralized. As subsequent generations of Indian fighters would learn, however, the mighty force of the U.S. government was relentless. [108]
May 1836: By 1836, the Duchess's brother, Leopold, who had been King of the Belgians since 1831, hoped to marry his niece to his nephew, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.[24] Leopold, Victoria's mother, and Albert's father (Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) were siblings. Leopold arranged for Victoria's mother to invite her Coburg relatives to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of introducing Victoria to Albert.[25] William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander of the Netherlands, second son of the Prince of Orange.[26] Victoria was aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes.[27] According to her diary, she enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning. After the visit she wrote, "[Albert] is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful."[28] Alexander, on the other hand, was "very plain".[29]
Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her "best and kindest adviser",[30] to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy. He is so sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable too. He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see."[31] However at 17, Victoria, though interested in Albert, was not yet ready to marry. The parties did not undertake a formal engagement, but assumed that the match would take place in due time.[32]
May 1836: At this time, Victoria was the heiress presumptive to the British throne. Her father, Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent, the fourth son of King George III, had died when she was a baby, and her elderly uncle, King William IV, had no legitimate children. Her mother, the Duchess of Kent, Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, was the sister of both Albert's father—the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha—and Leopold, King of the Belgians. Leopold arranged for his sister, Victoria's mother, to invite the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and his two sons to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of meeting Victoria. King William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander, second son of the Prince of Orange. Victoria was well aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes.[14] She wrote, "[Albert] is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful."[15] Alexander, on the other hand, was "very plain".[15]
Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy."[16] Although the parties did not undertake a formal engagement, both the family and their retainers widely assumed that the match would take place.[17][109]
Early reign
Drawing of two men on their knees in front of Victoria
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Victoria receives the news of her accession from Lord Conyngham (left) and the Archbishop of Canterbury.[110]
May 18, 1836 – The Treaty of New Echota was ratified in the United States Senate by just the single vote necessary for the required number.[111]
Cherokee removal
Cherokee removal, part of the Trail of Tears, refers to the forced relocation between 1836 and 1839 of the Cherokee Nation from their lands in Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Alabama to the Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in the Western United States, which resulted in the death of an estimated 4000 Cherokee.
In the Cherokee language, the event is called Nu na da ul tsun yi (the place where they cried); another term is Tlo va sa (our removal). However, this phrase was not used by Cherokees at the time, and seems to be of Choctaw origin. The Cherokees were not the only American Indians to emigrate as a result of the Indian Removal efforts. American Indians were not only removed from the American South but also from the North, Midwest, Southwest, and Plains regions. The Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Creek Indians (Muskogee) emigrated reluctantly. The Seminoles in Florida resisted removal by guerrilla warfare with the United States Army for decades (1817–1850). Ultimately, some Seminoles remained in their Florida home country, while others were transported to Indian Territory in shackles.
The phrase “Trail of Tears” is used to refer to similar events endured by other Indian people, especially among the "Five Civilized Tribes". The phrase originated as a description of the voluntary removal of the Choctaw nation in 1831.[1]
In the fall of 1835, a census was taken by civilian officials of the US War Department to enumerate Cherokees residing in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, with a count of 16,542 Cherokees, 201 inter-married whites, and 1592 slaves (total: 18,335 people). In October of that year, Principal Chief John Ross and an Eastern visitor, John Howard Payne, were kidnapped from Ross' Tennessee home by a renegade group of the Georgia militia. Released, Ross and a delegation of tribal leaders traveled to Washington, DC to protest this high-handed action, and to lobby against the removal policy of President Andrew Jackson. In this power vacuum, U.S. Agent John F. Schermerhorn gathered a group of dissident Cherokees in the home of Elias Boudinot at the tribal capitol, New Echota, Georgia.[112]
May 1838: The treaty provided a grace period until May 1838 for the tribe to voluntarily remove themselves to Indian Territory.[113]
May 1838: John G Burnett, whose memories of what he had witnessed both haunted and enraged him till his last days. His own words explain best…
“…in May 1838, an army of 4000 regulars, and 3000 volunteer soldiers under command of General Winfield Scott, marched into the Indian country and wrote the blackest chapter on the pages of American history…The removal of Cherokee Indians from their life long homes in the year of 1838 found me a young man in the prime of life and a Private soldier in the American Army…I was sent as interpreter into the Smoky Mountain Country in May, 1838, and witnessed the execution of the most brutal order in the History of American Warfare. I saw the helpless Cherokees arrested and dragged from their homes, and driven at the bayonet point into the stockades…Children were often separated from their parents…[114]
May 1838: By 1837, the Second Seminole War was underway when Taylor was directed to Florida. He defeated the Seminole Indians in the Christmas Day Battle of Lake Okeechobee, which was among the largest U.S.–Indian battles of the nineteenth century. He was promoted to brigadier general in recognition of his success. In May 1838, Brig. Gen. Thomas Jesup stepped down and placed Taylor in command of all American troops in Florida, a position he held for two years. His reputation as a military leader was growing, and with it, he began to be known as "Old Rough and Ready."[21][115]
May 18, 1840 – Ross submits Cherokee claim against the US government for expenses of the Removal.[116]
1841: Betty Chapman Sun Jun 15 12:36:18 1997
BURCH - GODLOVE - GRIM
Hi, I've spent years trying to document my ancestors in Hardy County. I have some information, but no real proof, and many unanswered questions.
GODLOVE, Emanuel & Barbara, Barbara in 1840 Hardy Co. Census, both came from Germany. Emanuel came here to Missouri and married in 1841 to Louisa SWANSON of Amherst Co. VA. Barbara later moved to St. Louis where Emanuel was by then a prosperous merchant. Her last name was still GODLOVE. They were most probably siblings.
Other Hardy Co. GODLOVEs were Francis, Abraham, Catharine, and Jacob. All of them except Emanuel were still in the 1850 Hardy census. Also possible they were his children, but unlikely he would have left them behind, so they were probably all siblings. After moving here, Emanuel became part of the LEGEND OF WILSON'S CAVE. Much info to share with "cuzzins"
BURCH, James Wesley, db 10 Jan 1817
m. Melinda GRIM c. 1840 before moving to MO. Can you help me, Please? e-mail me at echapman@compuserve.com, THANX, BETTY. [117]
1841: U.S. Population is 17 million.[118]
1841
The Santa Fe expedition sets out from the Austin area on an ill- fated mission to extend Texas' economic and political influence into New Mexico.
Detail, Republic of Texas treasury note, or "redback."
The Republic of Texas concludes that the Church of the Alamo and any mission outbuildings belong to the Catholic Church[119]
May 1841: Congress convened. After a short period of debate in both houses, it passed a resolution that confirmed Tyler in the presidency for the remainder of Harrison's term. Once established, this precedent of presidential succession remained in effect until the Twenty-fifth Amendment was ratified in 1967.[80][83] Following the assassination of John F. Kennedy and the succession of Lyndon B. Johnson to the presidency in 1963, the Twenty-fifth Amendment dealt with the finer points of succession. It defined in what situations the vice president was acting president, and in what situation the vice president could become president.
As the shortest-serving president, Harrison was the only one not to appoint a single federal judge at any level.[84] No states were admitted to the union during his term.[85]
Legacy
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Statue of Harrison at the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument in Indianapolis
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tecumseh_in_Lafayette_IN_.jpg/150px-Tecumseh_in_Lafayette_IN_.jpg
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Harrison (on left) at Tippecanoe County Courthouse, Lafayette, Indiana
Harrison was the first sitting president to have his photograph taken, on Inauguration Day in 1841. There are extant photographs of John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Martin van Buren, however the images were all taken after these men had ceased to be president. The Harrison image was also the first of these photographs to be taken. The original daguerreotype, made in Washington on his Inauguration Day, has been lost—although at least one early photographic copy exists in the archives of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[86] The lead image on this article is a digital version of the MMoA photograph.
His chief presidential legacy lies in his campaigning methods, which laid the foundation for the modern presidential campaign tactics.[87] Harrison died nearly penniless. Congress voted to give his wife a Presidential widow's pension, a payment of $25,000,[88] one year of Harrison's salary. This is equivalent to over $545,000 in 2011 dollars.[89] She also received the right to mail letters free of charge.[90]
Harrison was the first of only four presidents[b] who did not have an opportunity to nominate a judge to serve on the Supreme Court.
Harrison's son John Scott Harrison served in the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio between 1853 and 1857.[91] Harrison's grandson, Benjamin Harrison of Indiana, was the 23rd president, from 1889 to 1893, making them the only grandparent–grandchild pair of presidents.[92]
Numerous places were named after the military hero and president:
· Harrison, New Jersey;
•Harrison, Ohio;
•Harrison, Tennessee;
•Harrison County, Indiana;
•Harrison County, Mississippi;
•Harrison County, Iowa;
•Harrison County, Ohio; and
•three schools named William Henry Harrison High School (in Evansville and West Lafayette, Indiana and Harrison, Ohio).[93][94][95] Because of his short service, no military vessel was named after him as president.
•During the American Civil War, the Union Army named a post near Cincinnati Camp Harrison.[96]
•A military fort in Montana was named for him.[97]
•A statue of Harrison was erected on Monument Circle in Indianapolis.
•Harrison is shown (on the left, facing the building) in a pediment on the Tippecanoe County Courthouse, Lafayette, Indiana, 1882
Ancestors
1. ^ Harrison served as President for 30 days, 12 hours and 32 minutes, but this was spread over 32 different calendar days; part of a day upon inauguration, 30 full days, then part of the day on which he died.
2. ^ The other three presidents are Zachary Taylor, Andrew Johnson and Jimmy Carter.[120]
In May 1842, when the Dorr Rebellion in Rhode Island came to a head, Tyler pondered the request of the governor and legislature to send federal troops to help it suppress the Dorrite insurgents. The insurgents under Thomas Dorr had armed themselves and proposed to install a new state constitution. Before such acts, Rhode Island had been following the same constitutional structure that was established in 1663. Tyler called for calm on both sides, and recommended the governor enlarge the franchise to let most men vote. Tyler promised that in case an actual insurrection should break out in Rhode Island he would employ force to aid the regular, or Charter, government. He made it clear that federal assistance would be given, not to prevent, but only to put down insurrection, and would not be available until violence had been committed. After listening to reports from his confidential agents, Tyler decided that the 'lawless assemblages' had dispersed and expressed his confidence in a "temper of conciliation as well as of energy and decision." He did not send any federal forces. The rebels fled the state when the state militia marched against them.[70] With their dispersion, they accepted the expansion of suffrage.
b. Judicial appointments[edit]
Judicial Appointments[71][72]
Court
Name
Term
U.S.S.C.
Samuel Nelson
1845–1872
E.D.Va.
James D. Halyburton
1844–1861
D. Ind.
Elisha M. Huntington
1842–1862
E.D.La.
W.D.La.[g]
Theodore H. McCaleb
1841–1861[h]
D.Vt.
Samuel Prentiss
1842–1857
E.D.Pa.
Archibald Randall
1842–1846
D.Mass.
Peleg Sprague
1841–1865
Two vacancies occurred on the Supreme Court during Tyler's presidency, as Justices Smith Thompson and Henry Baldwin died in 1843 and 1844, respectively. Tyler, ever at odds with Congress – including the Whig-controlled Senate – nominated several men to the Supreme Court to fill these seats. However, the Senate successively voted against confirming John Canfield Spencer, Reuben Walworth, Edward King and John M. Read (King was rejected twice). One reason cited for the Senate's actions was the hope that Whig Henry Clay would fill the vacancies after winning the 1844 presidential election.[60] Tyler's four unsuccessful nominees are the most by a president.[71][121]
May 1841: After his long-requested relief was granted, Taylor spent a comfortable year touring the nation with his family and meeting with military leaders. During this period, he began to be interested in politics and corresponded with President William Henry Harrison. He was made commander of the Second Department of the Army's Western Division in May 1841. The sizable territory ran from the Mississippi River westward, south of the 37th parallel north. Stationed in Arkansas, Taylor enjoyed several uneventful years, spending as much time attending to his land speculation as to military matters.[22]
c. Mexican–American War[edit]
d. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Zachary_Taylor_half_plate_daguerreotype_c1843-45.png/170px-Zachary_Taylor_half_plate_daguerreotype_c1843-45.png
e. http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf20/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png
f. Daguerreotype of Taylor in uniform, circa 1843-5
g. Main article: Mexican–American War[122]
May 1842: Darwin now had the framework of his theory of natural selection "by which to work",[28] but he was fully occupied with his career as a geologist and held off writing a sketch of his theory until his book on The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs was completed in May 1842.[29][30][123]
May 1844: A chain of pro-Tyler newspapers across the country put out editorials promoting his candidacy throughout the early months of 1844. Reports of Tyler meetings held throughout the country suggest that support for the President was not limited to officeholders, as is often inferred. The Tyler supporters, holding signs reading "Tyler and Texas!", held their nominating convention in Baltimore in May 1844, just as the Democratic Party was holding its presidential nomination. With their high visibility and energy they were able to force the Democrats' hand in favor of annexation. Ballot after ballot, Van Buren failed to win the necessary super-majority of Democratic votes, and slowly fell in the ranking. It was not until the ninth ballot that the Democrats discovered an obscure pro-annexation candidate named James K. Polk. They found him to be perfectly suited for their platform, and he was nominated with two-thirds of the vote. Tyler considered his work vindicated, and implied in an acceptance letter that annexation was his true priority rather than election.[82][124]
May 1844: Bishop Andrew the Methodist Bishop, was a slave owner and because of this he voted out. Because of this the southern Methodist’s broke away and formed the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Other Protestant Denominations ruptured as well. [125]
May 1846: In 1845, as the annexation of Texas was underway, President James K. Polk dispatched Taylor to the Rio Grande area in anticipation of a potential battle with Mexico over the disputed Texas-Mexico border. The Mexican–American War broke out in May 1846, and Taylor led American troops to victory in a series of battles culminating in the Battle of Palo Alto and the Battle of Monterrey. He became a national hero, and political clubs sprung up to draw him into the upcoming 1848 presidential election.
The Whig Party convinced the reluctant Taylor to lead their ticket, despite his unclear platform and lack of interest in politics. He won the election alongside U.S. Representative Millard Fillmore of New York, defeating Democratic candidate Lewis Cass. As president, Taylor kept his distance from Congress and his cabinet, even as partisan tensions threatened to divide the Union. Debate over the slave status of the large territories claimed in the war led to threats of secession from Southerners. Despite being a Southerner and a slaveholder himself, Taylor did not push for the expansion of slavery. To avoid the question, he urged settlers in New Mexico and California to bypass the territorial stage and draft constitutions for statehood, setting the stage for the Compromise of 1850.[126]
May 1846: In 1845, Texas became a U.S. state, and President James K. Polk directed Taylor to deploy into disputed territory on the Texas-Mexico border, under the order to defend the state against any attempts by Mexico to take it back after it had lost control by 1836. Taylor was given command of American troops on the Rio Grande River. When some of Taylor's men were attacked by Mexican forces near the river, Polk told Congress in May 1846 that a war between Mexico and the United States had started by an act of the former. That same month, Taylor commanded American forces at the Battle of Palo Alto, using superior artillery to defeat the significantly larger Mexican opposition.[4] In September, Taylor was able to inflict heavy casualties upon the Mexican defenders at the Battle of Monterrey. The city of Monterrey was considered "un-destroyable". He was criticized for not ensuring the Mexican army that surrendered at Monterrey disbanded. Afterwards, half of Taylor's army was ordered to join General Winfield Scott's soldiers as they besieged Veracruz. Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna, through a letter by Scott destined for Taylor that had been intercepted by the Mexicans, found out that Taylor had only 6,000 men, many of whom were not regular army soldiers, and resolved to defeat him.[127]
May 1852: Jesse Smith (b. March 5, 1762 / d. May 1852).[128]
May 1859: Abraham Lincoln purchased the Illinois Staats-Anzeiger, a German-language newspaper in Springfield that sang his praises; most of the state's 130,000 German Americans voted Democratic but there was Republican support that a German-language paper could mobilize.[92] [129]
May 18, 1860
Illinois nominates Abraham Lincoln for President of the United States.[130] Tapping on the somewhat flawed legend of his pioneering days with his father, Lincoln's supporters adopted the label of "The Rail Candidate".[98] On May 18, at the 1860 Republican National Convention in Chicago, Lincoln became the Republican candidate on the third ballot, beating candidates such as William H. Seward and Salmon P. Chase.[99] Former Democrat Hannibal Hamlin of Maine received the nomination for Vice President to balance the ticket. Lincoln's nomination in general has been attributed to his relatively moderate views on slavery, as well as his support of internal improvements and the protective tariff. In terms of the actual balloting, Pennsylvania proved to be the lynchpin. Lincoln's managers were adroitly focused on this delegation as well as the others, while following Lincoln's strong dictate to "Make no contracts that bind me."[100]
Most Republicans agreed with Lincoln that the North was the aggrieved party[101] of the Slave Power as it tightened its grasp on the national government with the Dred Scott decision and the presidency of James Buchanan. Throughout the 1850s Lincoln doubted the prospects of civil war, and his supporters repeatedly rejected claims that his election would incite secession.[102]
Meanwhile, Douglas was selected as the candidate of the northern Democrats, with Herschel Vespasian Johnson as the vice-presidential candidate. Delegates from eleven slave states walked out of the Democratic convention, disagreeing with Douglas's position on Popular sovereignty, and ultimately selected John C. Breckinridge as their candidate.[103]
As Douglas stumped the country, Lincoln was the only one of the four major candidates to give no speeches whatever. Instead he monitored the campaign closely but relied on the enthusiasm of the Republican Party. It did the leg work that produced majorities across the North. It produced tons of campaign posters and leaflets, and thousands of newspaper editorials. There were thousands of Republican speakers who focused first on the party platform, and second on Lincoln's life story, emphasizing his childhood poverty. The goal was to demonstrate the superior power of "free labor," whereby a common farm boy could work his way to the top by his own efforts. The Republican Party's production of campaign literature dwarfed the combined opposition. A Chicago Tribune writer produced a pamphlet that detailed Lincoln's life, and sold one million copies.[104] It was during this campaign that Lincoln became the first President to have placed his photo on a campaign button.[105] [131]
100_1369
Anna with George Washington in Roman attire in the rotunda in the State Capital in Raleigh, North Carolina.[132]
18tn
Flag of the St. John Guards, captured at Fort Donelson. It was made by the ladies of Woodbury and presented to a group of local volunteers, commanded by H. J. St. John in May 1861.[133] I saw the original flag at the Tennessee State Museum in 2010.
18th Tennessee Flag[134]
Captains Milton R. Rushing, John G. McCabe, Co. "A". Men from Cannon County.
100_0278
R. B. Vance, 3rd from the bottom row, 8th from the left, a small ribbon I carried that day is barely visible.
May 1861: Civil War
By the time the ordinance of secession had passed in May 1861, Zebulon Baird Vance was a captain stationed in Raleigh, commanding a company known as the "Rough and Ready Guards," part of the Fourteenth North Carolina Regiment. That August, Vance was elected Colonel of the Twenty-sixth North Carolina.[135]
In May 1861, the Union soldiers took over Arlington, making it the headquarters of the Army of the Potomac.[13] It was the headquarters of Union's Army of Northeastern Virginia under Brigadier General Irvin McDowell. Many of the George Washington heirlooms that George Washington Parke Custis had collected were eventually moved to the Patent Office for safekeeping. Some items, however, including a few of the Mount Vernon heirlooms, were looted and scattered by Union soldiers living in or visiting the house. In 1864, the federal government confiscated the house and property because the property's owner, Mary Anna Custis Lee, had not paid her property tax in person.[14][15]
By 1864, the military cemeteries of Washington and Alexandria were filled with Union dead, and Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs quickly selected Arlington as the site for a new cemetery. Meigs, a Georgian who had served under Lee in the U.S. Army and who considered that Lee had made a treasonous decision to fight against the Union, ordered the burial of 26 Union soldiers in Mrs. Lee's prized rose garden. In October, Meigs' own son was killed in the war, and was later buried at Arlington alongside his mother and father.[16]
During the war, Union Army troops cut down many of the trees on the Arlington estate, especially those to the north and east of Arlington House in and near Fort Whipple (north of the House) and Arlington Springs (near the Potomac River). However, a number of large trees remained, particularly those in a forested area (now Arlington Woods) that had provided a westward backdrop to the House.[17]
Post-Civil War
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Quarto_de_Robert_E._Lee_em_Arlington_House.jpg/240px-Quarto_de_Robert_E._Lee_em_Arlington_House.jpg
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf19/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png
The second-floor chamber shared by Lee and his wife. A replica c. 1850 U. S. Army (lieutenant of engineers) uniform lies across the bed.
Although the federal government purportedly acquired the mansion for $26,800 in taxes when Mrs. Lee, confined to a wheelchair in Richmond, could not appear in person to pay them in the District of Columbia pursuant to a new Civil War law, her eldest son temporarily regained title decades later.[18] Robert E. Lee never returned to the estate after his 1865 surrender to Union Army Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant at the McLean House in Appomattox Court House, Virginia. General Lee and his wife chose not to contest the wartime seizure of their home, apparently because they feared reopening wartime divisions.[19]
However, in 1870, after his father died and was buried at what was later renamed Washington and Lee University, George Washington Custis Lee (who had earlier been a Major General in the Confederate Army), filed a lawsuit against the United States government in the Alexandria Circuit Court to regain his property. In 1882, the Supreme Court of the United States finally ruled in United States v. Lee, 106 U. S. 196 (1882).[14][15] The court, by a 5-4 majority, found that the estate had been "illegally confiscated" in 1864 and ordered it returned, along with 1,100 acres (4 km2) of surrounding property. In its decision, the court relied for precedent on a similar case decided in 1870 (Bennett v. Hunter, 76 US (9 Wall.) 326 (1870)), that had involved a nearby former Custis family property, Abingdon.[20][21][22] The following year, Custis Lee sold the mansion and property to the U.S. government for $150,000 (roughly equal to $3.5 million in 2011 dollars), and Secretary of War Robert Todd Lincoln attended the signing ceremony.[23]
After the Civil War, the original acres were cut in half because of the many new monuments and no more work yard.[13]
In 1920, the Virginia General Assembly renamed Alexandria County as Arlington County, to honor Robert E. Lee, as well as to end ongoing confusion between Alexandria County and the independent city of Alexandria.[citation needed]
In 1925, the War Department began to restore Arlington House, and the Department of the Army continues to manage over half of the original plantation's 1,100 acres, as Arlington National Cemetery.[136]
May 1862
McMechan House
Trails sign located at 109 N. Main St, Moorefield WV 26836
This house was constructed about 1853 for merchant Samuel A. McMechen, a
Confederate sympathizer who entertained Confederate officers at his house when they controlled Moorefield. McMechan fled when Union forces occupied the town and Union
Gen. John C. Frémont made his headquarters in the house in May 1862.[137]
May 1862: Mary Custis Lee and her daughters initially moved among the several family plantations. In May 1862, she was caught at her son Rooney's White House Plantation in New Kent County behind the Federal lines, as Union forces moved up the York and the Pamunkey rivers toward Richmond. The Union commander, George B. McClellan, allowed her passage through the lines in order to take up residence in Richmond—the city which was also McClellan's campaign goal.[138]
May 1862: John Marion Powell (b. May 1862 in GA / d. abt. 1937).[139]
Late May 1862: Wardensville
Trails sign located at 301 E Main St, Wardensville WV 26851
This busy crossroads town saw lots of action during the war. Union Gen. John C. Fremont’s 20,000 soldiers marched through here in late May 1862 on their way back to the Valley after their defeat at the hands of Stonewall Jackson there. Other units large and small found an easy route to Winchester and points south. Southern guerrillas found friends here but were warned that harboring the partisans might result in the destruction
of the town. [140]
April-May 1863: In April-May 1863 the 18th Cav skirmished with Federal forces in the western counties of Virginia. [141]
May 1863: Hooker's advance to attack Lee in May 1863, near Chancellorsville, Virginia, was defeated by Lee and Stonewall Jackson's daring plan to divide the army and attack Hooker's flank. It was a victory over a larger force, but it also came with high casualties. It was particularly costly in one respect: Lee's finest corps commander, Stonewall Jackson, was accidentally fired upon by his own troops. Weakened by his wounds, he succumbed to pneumonia.[142]
May 18-July 4, 1863: Dr. William McKinnon Goodlove (1st cousin, 3 times removed) and the 57th Ohio Volunteer Infantry at the Siege of Vicksburg . [143]
May-June 1863: Battle of Gettysburg
The critical decisions came in May–June 1863, after Lee's smashing victory at the Battle of Chancellorsville. The western front was crumbling, as multiple uncoordinated Confederate armies were unable to handle General Ulysses S. Grant's campaign against Vicksburg. The top military advisers wanted to save Vicksburg, but Lee persuaded Davis to overrule them and authorize yet another invasion of the North. The immediate goal was to acquire urgently needed supplies from the rich farming districts of Pennsylvania; a long-term goal was to stimulate peace activity in the North by demonstrating the power of the South to invade. Lee's decision proved a significant strategic blunder and cost the Confederacy control of its western regions, and nearly cost Lee his own army as Union forces cut him off from the South. Lee had to fight his way out at Gettysburg.[76][144]
In an interview in May 1866, Lee said, "The Radical party are likely to do a great deal of harm, for we wish now for good feeling to grow up between North and South, and the President, Mr. Johnson, has been doing much to strengthen the feeling in favor of the Union among us. The relations between the Negroes and the whites were friendly formerly, and would remain so if legislation be not passed in favor of the blacks, in a way that will only do them harm."[99]
In 1868, Lee's ally Alexander H. H. Stuart drafted a public letter of endorsement for the Democratic Party's presidential campaign, in which Horatio Seymour ran against Lee's old foe Republican Ulysses S. Grant. Lee signed it along with thirty-one other ex-Confederates. The Democratic campaign, eager to publicize the endorsement, published the statement widely in newspapers.[100] Their letter claimed paternalistic concern for the welfare of freed Southern blacks, stating that "The idea that the Southern people are hostile to the negroes and would oppress them, if it were in their power to do so, is entirely unfounded. They have grown up in our midst, and we have been accustomed from childhood to look upon them with kindness."[101] However, it also called for the restoration of white political rule, arguing that "It is true that the people of the South, in common with a large majority of the people of the North and West, are, for obvious reasons, inflexibly opposed to any system of laws that would place the political power of the country in the hands of the negro race. But this opposition springs from no feeling of enmity, but from a deep-seated conviction that, at present, the negroes have neither the intelligence nor the other qualifications which are necessary to make them safe depositories of political power."[102]
In his public statements and private correspondence, Lee argued that a tone of reconciliation and patience would further the interests of white Southerners better than hotheaded antagonism to federal authority or the use of violence. Lee repeatedly expelled white students from Washington College for violent attacks on local black men, and publicly urged obedience to the authorities and respect for law and order.[103] In 1869–70 he was a leader in successful efforts to establish state-funded schools for blacks.[104] He privately chastised fellow ex-Confederates such as Jefferson Davis and Jubal Early for their frequent, angry responses to perceived Northern insults, writing in private to them as he had written to a magazine editor in 1865, that "It should be the object of all to avoid controversy, to allay passion, give full scope to reason and to every kindly feeling.By doing this and encouraging our citizens to engage in the duties of life with all their heart and mind, with a determination not to be turned aside by thoughts of the past and fears of the future, our country will not only be restored in material prosperity, but will be advanced in science, in virtue and in religion."[105][145]
May 1864, Union forces suffered large numbers of dead in the Battle of the Wilderness. Meigs ordered that an examination of eligible sites be made for the establishment for a large new national military cemetery. Within weeks, his staff reported that Arlington Estate was the most suitable property in the area.[16] The property was high and free from floods (which might unearth graves), it had a view of the District of Columbia, and it was aesthetically pleasing. It was also the home of the leader of the armed forces of the Confederate States of America, and denying Robert E. Lee use of his home after the war was a valuable political consideration.[17][146]
Wed. May 18[147], 1864
in camp all day a battle fought 1 ½ miles back heavy artillery
Smiths forces took 633 prisoners[148]
(William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary, 24th Iowa Infantry)[149]
May 18, 1864: Battle of Yellow Bayou, LA. [150]
May 18-25, 1864: Dr. William McKinnon Goodlove (1st cousin, 3 times removed) and the 57th Ohio Volunteer Infantry at the Advance on Dallas. [151]
May 1865: Quantrill was severely wounded when he and his men were trapped in a barn. Quantrill was paralyzed with a bullet in his spine. He died from his wounds a month later in a hospital in Louisville, Kentucky. [152]
May 1865: Post-War career
Governor Vance was arrested by Federal forces on his birthday in May 1865 and spent time in prison in Washington, D.C.[153]
May 1869: James Walter Rowell13 [Arminda Smith12, Gabriel D. Smith11, Gabriel Smith10, John “LR” Smith9, Ambrose J. Smith8, Christopher Smith7, Christopher Smith6, Thomas Smythe5, Thomas Smythe4, John Smythe3, Richard2, William1] (b. May 1869 in Carroll Co. GA / d. February 10, 1957 in Cleburne Co. AL) married Emily A. Borden (b. February 1868 in AL / d. unk) on August 10, 1888 in Borden Springs, AL. [154]
May 1885: Charrocottie L. Nix (b. May 1885).[155]
May 1887: Daniel F. Mckinnon[156]: Civil War. B:October 13, 1831 d: May 1887, Married Nancy Lavinia Hill and Jane Sharp. (The compilers 1st cousin, 4 times removed.)
May 1879: Victoria became a great-grandmother (on the birth of Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen) and passed her "poor old 60th birthday". She felt "aged" by "the loss of my beloved child".[147][157]
May 18, 1919: Oatsie Nix, Oatsie married Eunice B. unk. (b. May 18, 1919 / d. March 23, 1976).[158]
May 18, 1942: The New York Times published a report by Glen Stadler, a UP correspondent caught in Germany when the United States entered the war. Stadler revealed reportrs that German gunners had killed more than 100,000 Jews in the Baltic states, nearly that many in Poland, and over twice as many in western Russia.[159]
May 18, 1943: Fred Gottlieb, born April 4,1933 in Saarlautern (birth place, last place of residence not known). Resided Wohnhaft Saarlautern. Deportation: from Westerbork. May 18, 1943, Sobibor. Todesdaten: May 21, 1943, Sobibor.[160]
May 18, 1944: Allied forces enter Rome.[161]
Polish soldiers inside the ruins of the Monte Cassino monastery, Italy, 18 May 1944
Polish soldiers inside the ruins of the Monte Cassino monastery, Italy, May 18, 1944
May 18, 1997: Charlie Hogeland (b. March 1, 1914 in AL / d. May 18, 1997 in AL).[162]
May 18, 1998: Bessie Pearl Burch (b. September 13, 1904 / d. May 18, 1998).[163]
May 18, 2002: Marker Location:
Rangers Field, Shingiss and Sproul Streets. The Bottoms, McKees Rocks
Dedication Date:
May 18, 2002
Behind the Marker
Growing up in Charlottesville, Virginia in the mid-1700s, Thomas Jefferson heard an interesting story about an Indian burial mound near his home. Although the local native population had long since been displaced by colonists, one day a party of unknown Indians showed up and, without asking for any assistance, "went through the woods directly" to an ancient burial mound.
Vicinity of Pittsburgh: McKee's Rocks and Ancient Mound.
zoom
Vicinity of Pittsburgh: McKees Rocks and Ancient Mound
After spending some time there making "expressions which were construed to be those of sorrow," the Indians, according to Jefferson, returned to the main road, "from which they had detoured about half a dozen miles to pay this visit, and pursued their journey."
Jefferson was fascinated by this story and the clues it offered about the mysterious earthen mounds that dotted the Appalachian frontier. The first reports of their existence came from fur traders traveling through the Pennsylvania and Virginia backcountry. When local Indians were unable to offer any explanation for the mounds' origins, curious European scholars developed elaborate theories to explain their existence.
Some of Jefferson's contemporaries believed that the mounds were created by an ancient civilization in the Americas descended from the ancient Egyptians or Hebrews. Others believed that they were somehow linked to the great Indian civilizations of Mesoamerica, such as the Maya and Aztecs. Still others argued that they were the product of ancient Viking or Welsh migrations to North America. Jefferson suspected that the mounds were the work of the ancestors of contemporary Native Americans, and the story from his childhood of Indians traveling paying their respects at one such mound seemed to confirm his suspicions. [164]
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[1] This Day in Jewish History
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel
[3] The Timetables of Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 34
[4] Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the Fall of the Roman Empire, page 75.
[5] The world Before and After Jesus, Desire of the Everlasting Hills by Thomas Cahill, page 336.
[6] http://www.livescience.com/14055-top-12-warrior-moms-history.html
[7] Fascinating Facts about the Holy Land by Clarence H. Wagner, Jr.
[8] The Timetables of Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 35
[9] The Naked Archaeologist, A Nabatean by any other Name, 04/09/2008.
[10] http://www.livescience.com/24323-amazing-ancient-ruins.html
[11] The Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[12] The Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[13] The Anchor Atlas of World History Vol. 1, From the Stone Age to the Eve of the French Revolution, 1974, pg. 25.
[14] The Art Institute of Chicago, 11/1/2011
[15] Evidence that demands a Verdict by Josh McDowell page270.
[16] Evidence that demands a Verdict by Josh McDowell page 270.
[17] www.cohen-levi.org
[18] http://news.yahoo.com/subway-unearths-ancient-road-greece-215137746.html
[19] http://timelines.ws/countries/TUNISIA.HTML
[20] Volo Bog, IL June 24, 2012
[21] Volo Bog, IL June 24, 2012
[22] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineality_in_Judaism
[23] Henschel’s Indian Musem, Elkhart Lake, WI, July 23, 2011
[24] Henschel’s Indian Musem, Elkhart Lake, WI, July 23, 2011
[25] Countdown to Apocalypse, H2, 11/9/2012
[26] http://www.aaanativearts.com/ancient-indians/pre-columbian-timeline.htm
[27] http://www.aaanativearts.com/ancient-indians/pre-columbian-timeline.htm
[28] Introducing Islam by Dr. Shams Inati, pg 37.
[29] Introducing Islam by Dr. Shams Inati, pg 26.
[30] Introducing Islam by Dr. Shams Inati, pg 38.
[31] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel
[32] The Oriental Institute Museum, Photo by Jeff Goodlove, January 2, 2011.
[33] http://timelines.ws/countries/TUNISIA.HTML
[34] http://timelines.ws/countries/TUNISIA.HTML
[35] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel
[36] http://timelines.ws/countries/TUNISIA.HTML
[37] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel
[38] http://timelines.ws/countries/TUNISIA.HTML
[39] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel
[40] The Orient Institute Museum, Photo by Jeff Goodlove, January 2, 2011.
[41] http://timelines.ws/countries/TUNISIA.HTML
[42] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel
[43] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnalia
[44] www.wikipedia.org
[45] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[46] http://barkati.net/english/chronology.htm
[47] http://barkati.net/english/chronology.htm
[48] http://barkati.net/english/chronology.htm
[49] http://barkati.net/english/chronology.htm
[50] The First Crusade by Steven Runciman, page 84.
[51] wikipedia
[52] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[53] mike@abcomputers.com
[54] mike@abcomputers.com
[55] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[56] mike@abcomputers.com
[57] Moments in Time, The Crusades, MIL, 8/27/2003
[58] The Knights Templar, HISTI, Introducing Islam by Dr. Shams Inati, page 101.5, Islam:History, Society and Civilization, DISC, 2/20/2004
[59] 365 Fascinating Facts about the Holy Land, ClarenceH. Wagner, Jr.
[60] wikipedia
[61] wikipedia
[62] wikipedia
[63] http://www.tudor-history.com/about-tudors/tudor-timeline/
[64] wikipedia
[65] wikipedia
[66] wikipedia
[67] wikipedia
[68] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[69] [Cotemporary Decipher, — State Paper Office^ London ; Mary
Queen of Scots, vol. xvii.
[70] * Sir Ralph Sadler and Somers.
[71] * The Duke of Mayenne had recaptured several strongholds
from the Protestants.
[72] ■f Alluding to the treaty of Nemours.
[73] * " The Copie of a Letter wryten by a master of arte of Cam-
bridge to his friend in London, concerning some talke past of late
betwen two worshypful and grave men, about the present state,
and some procedinges of the Erie of Leycester and his friendis in
England," 1584, 8vo. The same work was afterwards reprinted
under the title of " Leicester's Commonwealth."
[74] f St. Charles Borromeo, — the redeeming light of a scandalous
age, and the restorer of ecclesiastical discipline when almost anni-
hilated by the disorders of civil and religious warfare, — descended
from one of the most illustrious families of Lombardy, was born on
the banks of the Lago Maggiore, 2nd October 1538. He died,
after a life of resolute labour and piety, 4th November 1584, at
the early age of forty-six ; and was elevated to the honours of
canonization by His Holiness Paul V, in 1610.
[75] J One of the cardinals had, at the court of Pome, the charge of
the spiritual affairs of Scotland ; he bore the title of Protector of
the Church of Scotland. .-
[76] § Vincent Lauro or Lauria, a native of Calabria, elevated to the
purple in 1583, died at Pome in 1592, and was interred in the
church of St. Clement.
[77]
* The vile tool of Walsinghain, and betrayer of the unfortunate
Babington.
[78] Cavaliers and pioneers
[79] ON This Day in America by John Wagman.
[80] History of Fayette County, Pennsylvania, with Biographical Sketches of many of its Pioneers and Prominent Men, Edited by Franklin Ellis Vol. 1 Philadelphia; L. H. Everts & Co. 1882
[81] Before the French and Indian War, a road cut by Indians ran from Ohio, passing through what is now Pittsburgh, on its way to Wills Creek (now Cumberland, Maryland). It preceded the better known Ohio Company Road by several years, and was used by the English to trade with the Miami Indians. This trade precipitated the first organized large scale attack of the French and Indian War, long before George Washington attacked Jumonville. Dietle and McKenzie
[82] http://www.nps.gov/archive/fone/1754.htm
[83] In Search of Turkey Foot Road.
[84] wikipedia
[85] Letters to Washington and Accompanying Papers by Stanislaus Murray Hamilton Vol. lll pg. 182
[86] http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924017918735/cu31924017918735_djvu.txt
[87] Enemy Views, Bruce E. Burgoyne pg. 43
[88] The Brothers Crawford, Allen w. Scholl, 1995
[89] The account of Jonathan Knight?
[90] wikipedia
[91] Diary of the American War, A Hessian Journal by Captain Johann Ewald pg. 361
[92] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[93] http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/biographies/andrew-jackson/jacksons-duel-with-charles-dickinson.php
[94]
Series 4: Harrison Family Correspondence and Miscellaneous Documents, 1637-1954, bulk 1800-1911
This series is primarily made up of letters to and from persons who appear to have been ancestors of Harrison, although there are also a few items (such as a will, letters of introduction, seventeenth and eighteenth century land deeds, and documents concerning military or political appointments), that are not correspondence but which have been included in this series because they relate to Harrison's ancestors. The series also includes: (a) a letter sent to Caroline Owsley from Belle Harvey regarding the Grasshopper Club and other social activities of Harrison's mother, Sophonisba Preston Harrison; (b) three letters sent to William Preston Harrison, Harrison's brother (a response from Rutherford B. Hayes to Preston's request for an autograph, a condolence letter following Harrison's father's assassination, and a thank you note for a complimentary subscription to the Chicago Times); (c) two letters sent by Harrison's son, Carter H. Harrison V, to Russell MacFall following Harrison's death; (d) seventy letters from Ella Lewis to Lucy Brady Cook, Harrison's daughter-in-law; and (e) a letter from James Madison to Robert H. Grayson.
The letters to and from Harrison's ancestors cover a variety of topics, both business and personal, but seem to have been collected by Harrison because they were written by, or sent to, family members, rather than because he was particularly interested in their subject matter. Only a very few of the items in this series contain explanatory annotations by Harrison. Correspondence relating specifically to the genealogy and history of the Harrison Family is gathered in Series 11 (Harrison Family History). Correspondence to or from Harrison's father, Carter H. Harrison III, or Harrison's wife, Edith Ogden Harrison, is arranged separately as well in Series 16-17, and Series 14-15, respectively.
The correspondence in this series is arranged alphabetically by the sender's name. Multiple items within a folder are then arranged chronologically. Documents other than correspondence are arranged alphabetically by the name of the person to whom the document primarily relates.
[95] http://www.geni.com/people/Zachary-S-Taylor-12th-President-of-the-USA/6000000002143404336
[96] History of Champaign County, Ohio, Chicago, W.H. Beers and Co. 1881, page 210.
[97] http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~harrisonrep/harrbios/battealHarr3466VA.htm
[98] From River Clyde by Emahiser, page 221.
[99] http://www.wnpt.org/productions/rachel/timeline/1812_1823.html
[100] The Complete Guide to Boston’s Freedom Trail by Charles Bahne page 13. Photo by Jeff Goodlove November 14, 2009
[101] wikipedia
[102] http://boards.ancestry.co.uk/thread.aspx?mv=flat&m=26&p=surnames.godlove
[103] Washington-Irvine Correspondence
[104] http://boards.ancestry.com/mbexec/message/an/surnames.godlove/1.5
[105] wikipedia
[106] wikipedia
[107] wikipedia
[108] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/black-hawk-war-begins
[109] wikipedia
[110] wikipedia
[111] Timetable of Cherokee Removal.
[112] wikipedia
[113] Wikipedia
[114] wikipedia
[115] wikipedia
[116] Timetable of Cherokee Removal.
[117] http://www.wvgenweb.org/hardy/queryh7a.htm
[118] Nature Center, Crabtree Forest Preserve, Barrington, IL March 11, 2012
[119] http://www.drtl.org/Research/Alamo3.asp
[120] wikipedia
[121] wikipedia
[122] wikipedia
[123] wikipedia
[124] wikipedia
[125] God in America, How Religious Liberty Shaped America, PBS.
[126] wikipedia
[127] wikipedia
[128] Proposed descendants of William smythe
[129] http://www.geni.com/people/Abraham-Lincoln/6000000002686627053
[130] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[131] http://www.geni.com/people/Abraham-Lincoln/6000000002686627053
[132] Anna Goodlove with the Antonio Canova statute, 2008. Jeff Goodlove Photo.
[133] Tennessee State Museum, Nashville, Tennessee.
[134] http://www.state.tn.us/tsla/history/military/flags.htm
[135] wikipedia
[136] wikipedia
[137] http://www.visithardy.com/civil-war/wv-civil-war-history/
[138] wikipedia
[139] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe.
[140] http://www.visithardy.com/civil-war/wv-civil-war-history/
[141] Jim Funkhouser email, June 16, 2010.
[142] wikipedia
[143] History of Logan County and Ohio, O.L. Basking & Co., Chicago, 1880. page 692.
[144] wikipedia
[145] wikipedia
[146] wikipedia
[147] May 18, 1864, Bayou De Glaize, LA or Calhoun Station, LA
U.S.A.-60 Killed, 300 Wounded
C.S.A.- 500 Killed and Wounded.
[148] At Yellow Bayou (Bayou de Glaize). May 18th, there was a loss of 267 Federals and 452 Confederates in the final action of the campaign, and in the last battle that took place in the Trans-Miss. Region. (This action is known also as Old Oaks or Norwood Plantation.)
http://www.civilwarhome.com/redrivercampaign.htm
Simmesport; Battle of Yellow Bayou Park- The last engagement of the Red River Campaign. (Civil War Military Sites) http://.crt.state.Ia.us/tourism/civilwar/milsites.htm
[149] Annotated by Jeffery Lee Goodlove
[150] (State Capital Memorial, Austin, TX, February 11, 2012.)
[151] History of Logan County and Ohio, O.L. Basking & Co., Chicago, 1880. page 692.
[152] http://whitsett-wall.com/Whitsett/whitsett_simeon.htm
[153] wikipedia
[154] wikipedia
[155] wikipedia
[156] B:October 13, 1831 d: May 1887, Married Nancy Lavinia Hill and Jane Sharp. (The compilers 1st cousin, 4 times removed.)
[157] wikipedia
[158] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe
[159] The Abandonment of the Jews, America and the Holocaust, 1941-1945 by David S. Wymen page 21.
[160] [1] Gedenkbuch, Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945. 2., wesentlich erweiterte Auflage, Band II G-K, Bearbeitet und herausgegben vom Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, 2006, pg. 1033-1035,.
[2] Gedenkbuch (Germany)* does not include many victims from area of former East Germany).
[161] ON This Day in America by John Wagman.
[162] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe.
[163] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe.
[164]http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-205
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