This Day in Goodlove History, May 2, 2014

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Jeffery Lee Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com

Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove

The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), Jefferson, LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, and including ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, John Quincy Adams and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Martin Van Buren, Teddy Roosevelt, U.S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison “The Signer”, Benjamin Harrison, Jimmy Carter, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, William Taft, John Tyler (10th President), James Polk (11th President)Zachary Taylor, and Abraham Lincoln.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:

• New Address! http://wwwfamilytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx

• • Books written about our unique DNA include:

• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.
Birthdays on May 2…
Thomas Armstrong
Coleen F. Danaher Goodlove
Clyde C. Godlove
Edward W. Kirby
John Preston
John Stewart
Margaret P. Yates
May 2 1203, B.C.: Merneptah was the fourth ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. He ruled Egypt for almost ten years between late July or early August 1213 to May 2, 1203 BC, according to contemporary historical records. He was gthe thirteenth son of Ramesses II, and only came to power because all hisw older brothers, including his full brother Khaemwaset, had predeceased him, by which time he was almost sixty years old.
The ABCs have come a long way since they were invented more than 3,500 years ago. The workmen of Sarabit adapted most of the original Proto-Sinaitic letters from pictographs fouind in Middle Egyptian hieroglyphs. This easily learned alphabetic script survived relatively unchanged for hundreds of years until, around 1200 B.C.EE., a more linear, abstracted script developed among the cities and kingdoms of Iron Age Syuria and Palestine. As the alphabet was adopted for Phoenician, Greek and then Latin, the letters became ever more abstracted, and in the end, no longer bore any resemblance to thje original pictorial chacters invented by the Serabit miners. Modern Hebreew letters developed through the Aramaic alphabetic tradition, although they retain the names of many of the original Proto-Sinaitic letters.
1220 BC: People from the Aegean will soon settle on the western coast of Canaan, where they will be known as the Philistines.
1220 BC: Pharaoh Merneptah claims victory over several sites and peoples in Canaan, including the territory of Israel. This is the earliest contemporary notice of Israel.
1220 BC: The Stela of Merneptah, in which the Egyptian king claims to have destroyed many peoples and places in the land of Canaan, including “Israel.” The claims are surely exaggerated, but the mention of Israel indicates that a people of that name is located in Canaan at about 1230 BCE.
1220 BC: According to tradition, the Hebrews, based at Kadesh on the Sinai-Negev border, meet resistance in trying to enter Canaan, so they circle the Dead Sea and encamp in Moab.
1220 BC: The city of Jericho, which according to the book of Joshua was destroyed by the Israelites, show no archaeological signs of ruin. Nearby Ha-Ai, whose destruction is likewise attributed to the Israelites, was ruined no later than 2500 BCE. Other sites, such as Hazor, Devir, and Lachish evidence destruction, but it is not clear at whose hands- Egypt’s, the Philistines’, other Canaanite states’ or Israel’s Other sites said to fall to Israel, such as Gebeon and Hebron, do not yet exist.
1220 BCE: In the course of the next two centuries, Israel comprises a somewhat loose confederation of 12 tribes, though the identity of these tribes shifts. One gathers from the Book of Judges that in wartime Israel is united and led by a man or woman endowed with a devine charisma. In fact, the unity imputed to Israel in this period may be exaggerated; virtually every leader, or “judge,” operates in the confines of one’s own tribe.
1220 BCE: The destruction of the Tower of Babel, (Genesis 11) may recall the triumph of Tukulti-Ninurta I, who may himself be recalled (in Genesis 10:8-10) as the legendary Nimrod.
1220-1200 BCE: Joshua and the Israelites invade Canaan.
1212-1202: According to author Frank J. Yurco, a wall adjoining Karnak’s great Hypostyle Hall exhibits reliefs that illustrate the Canaanite campaign of Merenptah, pharaoh of Egypt from 1212 to 1202 B.C.E. Among the vivid portrayals is the oldest known depiction of Israelites, and may aid in solving the mystery of their origin.
1211 BCE: Conquest of Israel by Pharoah Merneptah.
1208 BC: Merneptah Stele 1208 BC
Most of the hyroglyphic inscription celebrates Merneptah’s victory over Libia, his enemy to the west, but almost as an after thought he mentions his conquest of people to the east, in just two lines.
1208 BC: The text reads, “Ashcelon has been brought captive, Gezer has been taken captive, Jenoham (in the north Jordan valley) has been seized. Israel has been shorn, Its seed no longer exists.


May 2, 693: The Sixteenth Council of Toledo, which had opened on April 25, met for the last time. Among its other accomplishments, the council took further steps in the on-going, ever more vicious, suppression of the Jews by the Christian Visigoth. The law code, which granted “tax freedom to Jewish conversos” now transferred the tax obligation to Jews who had not converted. Also, the council ruled that “converts were allowed to trade with Christians, but not until” they had proven themselves “by recitation of creeds and eating of non-kosher food. The council also enacted penalties against Christians who entered into business transactions “with unconverted or unproven Jews.”
694: 17th Council of Toledo. King Ergica believes rumors that the Jews had conspired to ally themselves with the Muslim invaders and forces Jews to give all land, slaves and buildings bought from Christians, to his treasury. He declares that all Jewish children over the age of seven should be taken from their homes and raised as Christians.

The Kingdom of Tekal, located on what is now Guatemala, had one of the largest and elaborate ceremonial centers of any Maya city (AD 695-810.) Covering more than 550 acres, many groups of temples, palaces and tombs, were built along Tekals long history.
695: Khawarij revolts in Jazira and Ahwaz. Battle of the Karun. Campaigns against Kahina in North Africa. The' Muslims once again withdraw to Barqa. The Muslims advance in Transoxiana and occupy Kish.

697: In part these decrees remained a dead letter, because some Jews did stay on and the old orders had to be restated from time to time. If the church council of Toledo in 697 decreed that Jews were to be held in perpetual slavery, this was not general practice in reality. In any case, following the spread of Islam, most Jews lived under Islamic rather than Christian rule.
Between 100 and 700 A.D.: Between AD 100 and 700, Teotihuacan was the largest city in the Americas and one of the largest in the world. The city covered over eight square miles, ten times the size of the Maya city of Tikal. As many as 125,000 people called Totihuacan home.
This urban center was filled with people from different social classes, regions, and progfessions, from traders to crafts people to laborers and farmers.

700
The area known as Prussia was inhabited in early times by West Slavic tribes, ancestors of the modern Poles, in the West, and Baltic tribes, closely related to Lithuanians, in the East. Sometime after the seventh century, the area was invaded and settled by pagan German tribes, later known as Prussians.
8th Century A.D.: By the eighth century, the Muslim Umayyad Dynasty extended from the border of India in the east and from Northern Africa and across the Straits of Gibraltar through Iberia into the Frankish territories of Gaul, former provinces of the Roman Empire.
Eighth Century: By the eighth century, restrictions on Jews in Europe began to ease. The Frankish kings, especially Charlemagne and successors, actively wooed skilled Roman merchants, with Jews particularly welcomed. Because they were restricted from owning land, there was no danger that they would become enmeshed in the territorial bickering that plagued feudal societies. Hundreds, perhaps thousands, of Jews settled in Provence, Alsace, and along the Rhine in Cologne, Mainz, Worms, and Speyer, actively trading in swords, furs, and even slaves to the Muslim world, and spices and perfumes to India and China.
8th-12th centuries CE…A MOSAIC OF PEOPLE: THE JEWISH STORY AND A REASSESSMENT OF THE DNA EVIDENCE

Ellen Levy-Coffman


The Jewish community has been the focus of extensive genetic study over the past decade in an attempt to better understand the origins of this group. In particular, those descended from Northwestern and Eastern European Jewish groups, known as “Ashkenazim,” have been the subject of numerous DNA studies examining both the Y chromosome and mitochondrial genetic evidence.

The focus of the present study is to analyze and reassess Ashkenazi results obtained by DNA researchers and synthesize them into a coherent picture of Jewish genetics, interweaving historical evidence in order to obtain a more accurate depiction of the complex genetic history of this group. Many of the DNA studies on Ashkenazim fail to adequately address the complexity of the genetic evidence, in particular, the significant genetic contribution of European and Central Asian peoples in the makeup of the contemporary Ashkenazi population. One important contribution to Ashkenazi DNA appears to have originated with the Khazars, an ancient people of probable Central Asian stock that lived in southern Russia during the 8th-12th centuries CE. Significant inflow of genes from European host populations over the centuries is also supported by the DNA evidence. The present study analyzes not only the Middle Eastern component of Ashkenazi ancestry, but also the genetic contribution from European and Central Asian sources that appear to have had an important impact on Ashkenazi ancestry.

The word “Jew” has a mosaic of meanings: it defines a follower of the Jewish faith, a person who has at least one Jewish parent, or a member of a particular ethnic group (“Jewish”). There are many Jews who do not practice Judaism as a religion but define themselves as “Jewish” by virtue of their family’s heritage and identification with the culture and history of the Jewish people.

Thus, Judaism is a mosaic of culture, religion, ethnicity, and for some, a way of life. It is an identity that is not quite a nationality, but neither is it a simple ethnic or cultural phenomenon either. This unusual combination of characteristics, coupled with Jewish resistance over the centuries to assimilation and strong adherence to their religious faith, has contributed to the intense feelings of curiosity, hatred, admiration, attraction and hostility by the rest of the world.


700: Nobody in the new empire was forced to accept the Islamic faith; indeed, for a century after Muhammad’s death, conversion was not encouraged and, in about 700, was actually forbidden by law; Muslims believed that Islam was for the Arabs as Judaism was for the sons of Jacob. As the “people of the book: (ahl al-kitab), Jews and Christians were granted religious liberty as dhimmis, protected minority groups.
700: Campaigns against the Berbers in North Africa.



700 A.D.

700 A.D.: From the year 700 on the Anasazi built in New Mexico the highest and largest buildings in North America. One is several stories high and has 600 rooms that overlook the majestic canyon. 1,000 people lived here. They had no animals to transport materials. Thousands of trees were carried down the Chawko Canyon on men’s bare backs. There is no written account of their lives or their disappearance but environmental historians can tell us what happened by counting tree rings and analyzing rat nests.
700 A.D. Volcano, Mount Churchill
eastern Alaska, USA VEI=6 700 AD.


700 to 800 A.D.



c. A.D.700–European contact. Mississippi Culture. Major tribes of the Southeast are their modern descendants. Extended from Mississippi Valley into Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Constructed large flat-topped earthen mounds on which were built wooden temples and meeting houses and residences of chiefs and priests. (They were also known as Temple Mound Builders.) Built huge cedar pole circles (“woodhenges”) for astronomical observations. Were highly skilled hunters with bow and arrow. Practiced large-scale farming of corn, beans, and squash. Were skilled craftsmen. Falcon and Jaguar were common symbols in their art. Had clear ties with Mexico. The largest Mississippian center and largest of all mounds (Monks Mound) was at Cahokia, Ill. Other great temple centers were at Spiro, Okla.; Moundville, Ala.; and Etowah, Ga.

May 2, 907: King Boris I of Bulgaria died. At the time of his death, Boris was actually a monk having abdicated his throne in 889. During his reign, Bulgaria continued to provide a refuge for Jews fleeing from Byzantine persecution. According to some reports, there was an attempt to convert the pagan Bulgars to Judaism. True or not, Christianity would become the state religion.
908-932: ABU OTHMAN
Abu Othman Sa'id ibn Ya'qub al-Dimashqi, (i. e., the Damascene). Flourished at Bagdad under al-Muqtadir, Khalifa from 908 to 932. Muslim physician and mathematician. He translated into Arabic works of Aristotle, Euclid, Galen (on temperaments and on the pulse), and porphyry. His most important translation was that of Book X of Euclid, together with Pappos's commentary on it which is extant only in Arabic. The supervision of hospitals in Bagdad, Mekka, and Medina was intrusted to him in 915.
L. Leclerc: Medicine arabe (vol. 1, 374, 1876. Only a few lines). H. Suter: Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber (49, 211, 1900).
May 2, 1108 (20th of Iyar): Solomon Ibn-Farussal was murdered shortly before the forces of Islam defeated the Christians at the battle of Ucles. Yehuda Halevi composed an elegy upon hearing of Ibn-Farrusal’s murder. Ibn-Farussal reportedly was “in the service of a Christian prince” who had sent him as an emissary to the Spanish city of Murcia. The “Christian prince” may well have been Alfonso VII, the monarch who led the Spaniards to defeat at Ucles.

May 2, 1160: In the Montpellier region of southern France, an agreement was concluded according to which every priest who stirred up the people against the Jews should be excommunicated. The Jews in return pledged to pay four pounds of silver every year on Palm Sunday.
1161: Death of Geza II of Hungary, Edward the Confessor canonized, Explosives used in battle in China at Battle of Ts’ai-shih.
1162: Frederick Barbarossa destroys Milan, Thomas a Becket elected Archbishop of Canterbury, Ghengis Khan born, Henry II chooses Chancellor Thomas a Becket as Archbishop of Canterbury – starts quarrel with Henry II right away, Archbishop Theobald dies, Thomas a Becket archbishop of Canterbury, Capture of Milan by Frederick Barbarossa of Germany.
1163: In 1163 Nur ad-Din saw clearly the next step in the unification of the Arab world against the European occupation. Nur ad-Din ordered Shirkuh, Salin’s charismatic uncle, to undertake a succession of invasions to the south and ordered the young Saladinb, now twenty six years old, to accompany his uncle. Reluctantly, Saladin complied. Birth of Genghis Khan, start of quarrel between Henry II and Thomas a Becket, Cathedral at Notre Dane cornerstone laid.
1163: Notre Dame de Paris
Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris

The southern facade of Notre-Dame de Paris.
Basic information
Location 6 Parvis Notre-Dame, Place Jean-Paul II, 75004 Paris, France
Geographic coordinates
48°51′11″N 2°20′59″E48.8530°N 2.3498°ECoordinates: 48°51′11″N 2°20′59″E48.8530°N 2.3498°E

Affiliation
Roman Catholic Church

Rite
Roman Rite

Region Île-de-France

State France

Province Archdiocese of Paris

Ecclesiastical or organizational status
Cathedral

Status Active
Heritage designation 1862
Leadership André Vingt-Trois

Website www.notredamedeparis.fr

Architectural description
Architectural type Church
Architectural style
French Gothic

Direction of façade West
Groundbreaking 1163

Completed 1345

Specifications
Length 128 metres (420 ft)
Width 69 metres (226 ft)
Height (max) 69 metres (226 ft) (2 towers)
Spire(s)
one
Spire height 90 metres (300 ft)
Monument historique

Official name: Cathédrale Notre-Dame
Designated: 1862
Reference No. PA00086250[1]

Denomination: Église
Notre-Dame de Paris (IPA: [nɔtʁə dam də paʁi]; French for "Our Lady of Paris"), also known as Notre-Dame Cathedral or simply Notre-Dame, is a historic Catholic cathedral on the eastern half of the Île de la Cité in the fourth arrondissement of Paris, France.[2] The cathedral is widely considered to be one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture and among the largest and most well-known church buildings in the world. The naturalism of its sculptures and stained glass are in contrast with earlier Romanesque architecture.
As the cathedral of the Archdiocese of Paris, Notre-Dame is the parish that contains the cathedra, or official chair, of the archbishop of Paris, currently Cardinal André Vingt-Trois.[3] The cathedral treasury is notable for its reliquary which houses some of Catholicism's most important first-class relics including the purported Crown of Thorns, a fragment of the True Cross, and one of the Holy Nails.
In the 1790s, Notre-Dame suffered desecration during the radical phase of the French Revolution when much of its religious imagery was damaged or destroyed. An extensive restoration supervised by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc began in 1845. A project of further restoration and maintenance began in 1991.
Architecture[edit]


The western facade illuminated at night.


The spire and east side of the cathedral.
Notre-Dame de Paris was among the first buildings in the world to use the flying buttress (arched exterior supports). The building was not originally designed to include the flying buttresses around the choir and nave but after the construction began, the thinner walls (popularized in the Gothic style) grew ever higher and stress fractures began to occur as the walls pushed outward. In response, the cathedral's architects built supports around the outside walls, and later additions continued the pattern.
Many small individually crafted statues were placed around the outside to serve as column supports and water spouts. Among these are the famous gargoyles, designed for water run-off, and chimeras. The statues were originally colored as was most of the exterior. The paint has worn off, but the gray stone was once covered with vivid colors. The cathedral was essentially complete by 1345. The cathedral has a narrow climb of 387 steps at the top of several spiral staircases; along the climb it is possible to view its most famous bell and its gargoyles in close quarters, as well as having a spectacular view across Paris when reaching the top. The design of St. Peter's Anglican Cathedral in Adelaide, Australia was inspired by Notre-Dame de Paris.
Contemporary critical reception[edit]
John of Jandun recognized the cathedral as one of Paris's three most important buildings in his 1323 "Treatise on the Praises of Paris":
“ That most terrible church of the most glorious Virgin Mary, mother of God, deservedly shines out, like the sun among stars. And although some speakers, by their own free judgment, because [they are] able to see only a few things easily, may say that some other is more beautiful, I believe however, respectfully, that, if they attend more diligently to the whole and the parts, they will quickly retract this opinion. Where indeed, I ask, would they find two towers of such magnificence and perfection, so high, so large, so strong, clothed round about with such a multiple variety of ornaments? Where, I ask, would they find such a multipartite arrangement of so many lateral vaults, above and below? Where, I ask, would they find such light-filled amenities as the many surrounding chapels? Furthermore, let them tell me in what church I may see such a large cross, of which one arm separates the choir from the nave. Finally, I would willingly learn where [there are] two such circles, situated opposite each other in a straight line, which on account of their appearance are given the name of the fourth vowel [O] ; among which smaller orbs and circlets, with wondrous artifice, so that some arranged circularly, others angularly, surround windows ruddy with precious colors and beautiful with the most subtle figures of the pictures. In fact I believe that this church offers the carefully discerning such cause for admiration that its inspection can scarcely sate the soul. ”
—Jean de Jandun, Tractatus de laudibus Parisius[4]

Construction history[edit]
In 1160, because the church in Paris had become the "Parisian church of the kings of Europe", Bishop Maurice de Sully deemed the previous Paris cathedral, Saint-Étienne (St Stephen's), which had been founded in the 4th century, unworthy of its lofty role, and had it demolished shortly after he assumed the title of Bishop of Paris. As with most foundation myths, this account needs to be taken with a grain of salt; archeological excavations in the 20th century suggested that the Merovingian Cathedral replaced by Sully was itself a massive structure, with a five-aisled nave and a facade some 36m across. It seems likely therefore that the faults with the previous structure were exaggerated by the Bishop to help justify the rebuilding in a newer style. According to legend, Sully had a vision of a glorious new cathedral for Paris, and sketched it on the ground outside the original church.
To begin the construction, the bishop had several houses demolished and had a new road built in order to transport materials for the rest of the cathedral. Construction began in 1163 during the reign of Louis VII, and opinion differs as to whether Sully or Pope Alexander III laid the foundation stone of the cathedral. However, both were at the ceremony in question. Bishop de Sully went on to devote most of his life and wealth to the cathedral's construction. Construction of the choir took from 1163 until around 1177 and the new High Altar was consecrated in 1182 (it was normal practice for the eastern end of a new church to be completed first, so that a temporary wall could be erected at the west of the choir, allowing the chapter to use it without interruption while the rest of the building slowly took shape). After Bishop Maurice de Sully's death in 1196, his successor, Eudes de Sully (no relation) oversaw the completion of the transepts and pressed ahead with the nave, which was nearing completion at the time of his own death in 1208. By this stage, the western facade had also been laid out, though it was not completed until around the mid-1240s.[5] Over the construction period, numerous architects worked on the site, as is evidenced by the differing styles at different heights of the west front and towers. Between 1210 and 1220, the fourth architect oversaw the construction of the level with the rose window and the great halls beneath the towers.
The most significant change in design came in the mid 13th century, when the transepts were remodeled in the latest Rayonnant style; in the late 1240s Jean de Chelles added a gabled portal to the north transept topped off by a spectacular rose window. Shortly afterwards (from 1258) Pierre de Montreuil executed a similar scheme on the southern transept. Both these transept portals were richly embellished with sculpture; the south portal features scenes from the lives of St Stephen and of various local saints, while the north portal featured the infancy of Christ and the story of Theophilus in the tympanum, with a highly influential statue of the Virgin and Child in the trumeau.[6]
Timeline of construction[edit]
• 1160 Maurice de Sully (named Bishop of Paris), orders the original cathedral demolished.
• 1163 Cornerstone laid for Notre-Dame de Paris, construction begins.
• 1182 Apse and choir completed.
• 1196 Bishop Maurice de Sully dies.
• c.1200 Work begins on western facade.
• 1208 Bishop Eudes de Sully dies. Nave vaults nearing completion.
• 1225 Western facade completed.
• 1250 Western towers and north rose window completed.
• c.1245–1260s Transepts remodelled in the Rayonnant style by Jean de Chelles then Pierre de Montreuil
• 1250–1345 Remaining elements completed


The Archaeological Crypt of Notre-Dame de Paris.
Crypts beneath Notre-Dame de Paris[edit]
The Archaeological Crypt of the Paris Notre-Dame was created in 1965 to protect a range of historical ruins, discovered during construction work and spanning from the earliest settlement in Paris to the modern day. The crypts are managed by the Musée Carnavalet and contain a large exhibit, combining detailed models of the architecture of different periods, and how they can be viewed within the ruins. The main feature still visible is the under-floor heating installed during the Roman occupation.[7]
Alterations, vandalism and restorations[edit]
In 1548, rioting Huguenots damaged features of Notre-Dame, considering them idolatrous.[8] During the reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV, the cathedral underwent major alterations as part of an ongoing attempt to modernize cathedrals throughout Europe. A colossal statue of St Christopher, standing against a pillar near the western entrance and dating from 1413, was destroyed in 1786. Tombs and stained glass windows were destroyed. The north and south rose windows were spared this fate, however.


1853 photo by Charles Nègre of Henri Le Secq next to le Stryge in the then-new Gallery of Chimeras.
In 1793, during the French Revolution, the cathedral was rededicated to the Cult of Reason, and then to the Cult of the Supreme Being. During this time, many of the treasures of the cathedral were either destroyed or plundered. The statues of biblical kings of Judah (erroneously thought to be kings of France), located on a ledge on the facade of the cathedral were beheaded.[8] Many of the heads were found during a 1977 excavation nearby and are on display at the Musée de Cluny. For a time, Lady Liberty replaced the Virgin Mary on several altars. The cathedral's great bells managed to avoid being melted down. The cathedral came to be used as a warehouse for the storage of food.[8]
A controversial restoration program was initiated in 1845, overseen by architects Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Lassus and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. Viollet Le Duc was responsible for the restorations of several dozen castles, palaces and cathedrals across France. The restoration lasted twenty five years[8] and included a taller reconstruction of the flèche (a type of spire) which was destroyed during the French revolution. As well as the addition of the chimeras on the Galerie des Chimères. Viollet le Duc always signed his work with a bat, the wing structure of which most resembles the Gothic vault (see Château de Roquetaillade).
The Second World War caused more damage. Several of the stained glass windows on the lower tier were hit by stray bullets. These were remade after the war, but now sport a modern geometrical pattern, not the old scenes of the Bible.
In 1991, a major program of maintenance and restoration was initiated, which was intended to last ten years, but was still in progress as of 2010,[8] the cleaning and restoration of old sculptures being an exceedingly delicate matter.
Organ[edit]
Though several organs were installed in the cathedral over time, the earliest ones were inadequate for the building.[citation needed] The first noteworthy organ was finished in the 18th century by the noted builder François-Henri Clicquot. Some of Clicquot's original pipework in the pedal division continues to sound from the organ today. The organ was almost completely rebuilt and expanded in the 19th century by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll.


The organ of Notre-Dame Cathedral.
The position of titular organist ("head" or "chief" organist) at Notre-Dame is considered one of the most prestigious organist posts in France, along with the post of titular organist of Saint Sulpice in Paris, Cavaillé-Coll's largest instrument.
The organ has 7,374 pipes, with ca 900 classified as historical. It has 110 real stops, five 56-key manuals and a 32-key pedalboard. In December 1992, a two-year restoration of the organ was completed that fully computerized the organ under three LANs (Local Area Networks). The restoration also included a number of additions, notably two further horizontal reed stops en chamade in the Cavaille-Coll style. The Notre-Dame organ is therefore unique in France in having five fully independent reed stops en chamade.
Organists[edit]
Among the best-known organists at Notre-Dame de Paris was Louis Vierne, who held this position from 1900 to 1937. Under his tenure, the Cavaillé-Coll organ was modified in its tonal character, notably in 1902 and 1932. Léonce de Saint-Martin held the post between 1932 and 1954. Pierre Cochereau initiated further alterations (many of which were already planned by Louis Vierne), including the electrification of the action between 1959 and 1963. The original Cavaillé-Coll console, (which is now located near the organ loft), was replaced by a new console in Anglo-American style and the addition of further stops between 1965 and 1972, notably in the pedal division, the recomposition of the mixture stops, a 32' plenum in the Neo-Baroque style on the Solo manual, and finally the adding of three horizontal reed stops "en chamade" in the Iberian style.
After Cochereau's sudden death in 1984, four new titular organists were appointed at Notre-Dame in 1985: Jean-Pierre Leguay Olivier Latry, Yves Devernay (who died in 1990), and Philippe Lefebvre This was reminiscent of the 18th-century practice of the cathedral having four titular organists, each one playing for three months of the year.
Bells[edit]


The new bells of Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral on public display in the nave in February 2013.




The new bell Marie ringing in the nave.
The cathedral has 10 bells. The largest, Emmanuel, original to 1681, is located in the south tower and weighs just over 13 tons, and is tolled to mark the hours of the day and for various occasions and services, ringing in a resounding E♭.[dubious – discuss] This bell is always rung first, at least 5 seconds before the rest. Until recently, there were four additional 19th-century bells on wheels in the north tower, which were swing chimed. These bells were meant to replace nine which were removed from the cathedral during the Revolution and were rung for various services and festivals. The bells were once rung by hand before electric motors allowed them to be rung without manual labor. When it was discovered that the size of the bells could cause the entire building to vibrate, threatening its structural integrity, they were taken out of use. The bells also had external hammers for tune playing from a small clavier.

May 2, 1422: From July to August, Henry's forces besieged and captured Dreux, thus relieving allied forces at Chartres. That October, his forces lay siege to Meaux, capturing it on May 2, 1422.
May 2, 1481: The Pope called upon all Christian princes to send back to Spain the Jews who had fled from the Inquisition.
1482: Portuguese explore Congo river estuary, Death of Italian sculptor Luca della Robbia, Peace of Arras between Louis Xi and Hapsburgs, death of Dutch painter Hugo van der Goes, End of Portuguese' conquest of W Africa, Portuguese settle Gold Coast of Africa – Diego Cao explores Congo River, Spain wars with Moors, Botticelli paints The Birth of Venus, Scot's Berwick lost to England, Portuguese explore Congo river estuary.
AD 1482 - Pope Sixtus IV protests against Spanish Inquisition

The population of Aragón was obstinately opposed to the Inquisition. In addition, differences between Ferdinand and Sixtus IV prompted the latter to promulgate a new bull categorically prohibiting the Inquisition's extension to Aragon. In this bull, the Pope unambiguously criticized the procedures of the inquisitorial court, affirming that, many true and faithful Christians, because of the testimony of enemies, rivals, slaves and other low people--and still less appropriate--without tests of any kind, have been locked up in secular prisons, tortured and condemned like relapsed heretics, deprived of their goods and properties, and given over to the secular arm to be executed, at great danger to their souls, giving a pernicious example and causing scandal to many.[37]
On May 2, 1536 Anne Boleyn was arrested and sent to the Tower of London, where she was tried before a jury of peers – which included Henry Percy, her former betrothed, and her own uncle, Thomas Howard,
On May 2, 1536, Anne was arrested and taken to the Tower of London by barge. It is likely that Anne may have entered through The Court Gate in The Byward Tower rather than The Traitor's Gate, according to historian and author of The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, Eric Ives. In the Tower, she collapsed, demanding to know the location of her father and "swete broder", as well as the charges against her.
May 2, 1536: – Anne Boleyn is arrested along with her brother, George Boleyn, Sir Francis Weston and William Brereton. Henry Norris is sent to the Tower. On May 2, she was arrested and sent to the Tower of London, where she was tried before a jury of peers – which included Henry Percy, her former betrothed, and her own uncle, Thomas Howard .
On May 2, 1536, Anne was arrested and taken to the Tower of London by barge. It is likely that Anne may have entered through The Court Gate in The Byward Tower rather than The Traitor's Gate, according to historian and author of The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, Eric Ives. In the Tower, she collapsed, demanding to know the location of her father and "swete broder", as well as the charges against her.
May 2, 1559: Knox did not arrive in Scotland until May 2, 1559, owing to Elizabeth's refusal to issue him a passport through England.[55]

May 2, 1568: Knox preached James VI's coronation sermon at the church in Stirling. During this period Knox thundered against her in his sermons, even to the point of calling for her death. However, Mary's life was spared, and she escaped on May 2, 1568.[79]
May 2, 1568: Escape and imprisonment in England
On May 2, 1568, Mary escaped from Loch Leven with the aid of George Douglas, brother of Sir William Douglas, the castle's owner.[140]

May 2, 1568: Mary contrives to escape from Loch Leven, with the assistance of little Douglas, aged sixteen. John Beaton, one of the brothers of the Archbishop of Glasgow, and George Douglas, who had
lain concealed in the neighbourhood, receive her on landing. Lord Claude Hamilton having soon joined them with a strong escort, they conduct the Queen to West Niddry, a castle belonging to Lord Seaton.

May 2, 1577: The Duke of Anjou, commanding the king's army, captured the city of La Charite-sur-Loire ; and soon after, the Marshal de Damville, who then acted in concert with the Duke, took from the
Protestants many other strongholds, and besieged Montpellier.

May 2, 1579: Morton, who had long contemplated the ruin of the Hamiltons, issues, on the 2nd May, a proclamation in the name of James VI, by which Lord
Arbroath and Lord Claude Hamilton are declared ^ traitors to the state, and indicted.

May 2, 1580: To Queen Elizabeth.

[Cotemporari/ Copy. — British Museum,^ London^ MSS, Cotton^
Caligula C F/.fol. 22.]

From Sheffield, the 2d May 1580.
Madam, my good sister, — I have written to you several times during the last year, to lay before your consideration the unworthy and rigorous treatment which IThave received in this captivity, notwithstanding the 'evidence which I have made a point of giving you, on all occasions, of
my entire and sincere affection for you, even at the time I was most in affliction, and desired only, by reason that the paper could not contain more, to communicate with some one of your people to learn from him your disposition, so that I might conform myself to it more accurately for the future, and, casting from between us all cause of suspicion and distrust, establish a perfect friendship for our mutual safety, and the benefit, greatness, and prosperity of this island. But
this my proposal and resolution having undergone the scrutiny and opinion of those who have founded their greatness and promotion upon our difference, has been so disguised to you by their usual artifices and false inventions, that I have been constrained, for a season, to make no more importunity therein ; in the expectation that of yourself you would be pleased to recognise the advantage which you might receive
from it, reserving myself to give you proof thereof for your satisfaction, as I have done in every thing which I could learn to concern and be agreeable to you ; for which you know if I have not still the enmity of some, and on your account alone. Nevertheless I have since seen no appearance, as I had hoped, that all which has been done by me has in any way served you, but rather I have day after day experienced loss of courtesy, favour, and support in all that relates
to me here, as well towards my person as otherwise. My enemies, on the contrary, have full liberty and general dispensation to do me evil, being by you bound and held without any means of preserving myself from them, in default of your protection, being not even permitted to indicate myself, as I have so often desired, from what they have falsely imputed to me against you. Now, Madam, I must admit that my experience of the evil disposition of some of my enemies near you, and the confirmation of it which I have recently had, when least I could have deserved it, has deprived me of all hope, whatever is my opinion of your good nature, of being ever able, as long as I am left in their power, of preserving in your favour the rest and tranquillity which
I had, according to your intention, proposed to myself in this captivity, expecting the fruit and just reward of it. Thus I
am constrained to beg and entreat you, as I humbly do, by my liberation out of this prison, to relieve yourself from the charge which I am to you, and from the continual suspicions, mistrusts, and prejudices with which they daily trouble you against me ; since by no other way do I see that you can order things better. For in obliging me by this kindness I shall refuse no just and reasonable conditions to assure you
completely, in whatever part of Christendom I may be, of the perpetual gratitude which I shall owe to you therefor (which consequently will serve you on the part of my son), protesting that from this moment, before Almighty God, my intention is to regard and observe sincerely what shall therein be settled and concluded, without ever doing any thing to the contrary, and to your prejudice or that of this kingdom ; as in truth I confess that I neither have nor am to have for it
forces and means ; and so far in that at least you ought to be
free from distrust and suspicion.

Consider, if you please, that I have never hitherto failed in my promise to you, and, for having sometimes kept it too rashly, I have received much detriment from it. Think that you can have me, out of prison, more your own. binding my heart to you by so signal a courtesy, than by confining my body within four walls, compulsion not being
the usual mode of gaining much from those of my rank and disposition, of which you may have had some experience from the past. I am sure that, if you call to your recollection how upon your pledge, which was sent to me with a ring from you, shortly before the last troubles in Scotland, I of my good and free will and own deliberation placed myself in your hands to seek the assistance which you had promised me against my traitorous rebel subjects, you will consider in your conscience my request very reasonable, and the remonstrances, which may be made to you to the contrary, altogether unfounded in reason or justice, which holds even the prisoners of war worthy of consideration, as in this kingdom all your predecessors have shown towards many foreign princes who were not entitled to it by any reason of affinity; with much more reason, having this honour, besides that of being born a sovereign queen, of being at this time the nearest relative which you have in Christendom, and I may say most lawful heretrix, what credit do you think you can derive from allowing me, without pity, to languish so many years in so miserable a condition, and by a continuance of the
evil treatment which to the present moment I have received to end my days, already now far advanced. In truth, I think, seeing the great infirmities which I have had for some years, and the state in which I am at present with my health, which cannot much longer support the treatment to which I have been accustomed in time past when younger and stronger, that in a short while death will deliver me from it, if you do not prevent it by receiving in time some better reward and advantage from my long captivity. And for the present I entreat you to allow me to go to the baths of Buxton, inasmuch as I have not found here any remedy more efficacious for the complaint in my side, with which I am excessively tormented. I shall await your answer in all this, that by it you may declare more fully and particularly what on my part can serve to the accomplishment of an overture so just and reasonable, as much to your honour, peace, and security, as to my especial good. And now, after commending myself very affectionately to your favour, I shall pray God to give to you, Madam my good sister, a good and long life. From Sheffield, this 2d of May, the twelfth year of my imprisonment.

Your very affectionate sister and faithful cousin,

Marie R.

May 2nd, 1598 - France & Spain signs Peace of Vervins

May 2, 1605: Massacre of the Jewish community of Bisenz, Austria.

1606

Why King Charles II may have thought the 40th parallel was an appropriate southern boundary for Pennsylvania:
John Smith's map located it just at the northern tip of the Chesapeake Bay2
(remember, Smith's map was oriented with north to the right, and top of the map was the western edge)
Source: Library of Congress, Virginia / discovered and discribed by Captayn John Smith, 1606

May 2, 1611: The King James Bible is published for the first time in London, England, by printer Robert Barker. For many Jews (as well as non-Jews) the language of the King James Bible is the only version of the TaNaCh they know.
May 2, 1660: The traditional date of the Restoration marking the first assembly of King and Parliament together since the abolition of the English monarchy in 1649. The English Parliament recognised Charles as King of England by unanimous vote on May 2, 1660, and he was proclaimed King in London on May 8, although royalists had recognised him as such since the execution of his father on January 30: 1649. During Charles's reign all legal documents were dated as if his reign began at his father's death.
May 2, 1670: King Charles II of England grants a permanent charter to the Hudson's Bay Company to open up the fur trade in North America.

May 2, 1729: Birthdate of Catherine II, also known as Catherine the Great, Czarina of Russia. Regardless of how history views this German princess who replaced her husband on the throne of Russia, she was responsible for Russia acquiring most of its Jewish population. Under her reign, Russia acquired much of Poland and its large Jewish population. Her record of treatment of the Jews, is mixed to negative. As a follower of Voltaire, she could not help but be swayed by his low opinions of the Jews. Her policies led to the creation of what would be called the Pale of Settlement.


May 2, 1757: Military Service: 1756–
In 1756 war broke out again with the Indians and the French. Of 29 men from his area who volunteered for duty, George Gotlieb was the first. He served in the military as a Sergeant in the PA Militia (Major James Burd's Co., First Regiment of Foot) March 3, 1756 — May 2, 1757 during the French & Indian Wars. A good deal of his time was spent building a frontier fort (Fort Augusta) on the east bank of the Susquehanna River just below the junction of the North and West Branches (where Sunbury, PA stands today). Colonel Burd spoke glowingly of George Gotlieb in his handwritten journal — on file in the Pennsylvania archives. It was here that pay records begin with "Geo. Gotlieb" then "Geo. Gotlip" and end with "Geo. Cutlip." The name change was complete.


May 2, 1764: John Preston (b. may 2, 1764 / d. March 27, 1827)

On May 2, 1774, the Society of Antiquaries opened Edward's tomb in Westminster Abbey. They reported that his body had been well preserved over the preceding 467 years, and measured the king's body to be 6 feet 2 inches (188 cm).[222] At this length, he would tower over most of his common contemporaries.[223] Another epithet applied to Edward I is "Hammer of the Scots". This comes from the Latin inscription on his tomb, which reads Edwardus Primus Scottorum Malleus hic est, 1308. Pactum Serva ("Here is Edward I, Hammer of the Scots, 1308. Keep the Vow").[224] This inscription, however, referring to his incessant campaigns against the Scots in the later years of his reign, is from a later date, probably the sixteenth century.[225] The seventeenth-century lawyer Edward Coke called Edward the "English Justinian". This was a way of highlighting the king's legislative accomplishments, by comparing him to the renowned Byzantine law-maker Justinian I. Unlike Justinian, Edward did not codify the law, but as William Stubbs pointed out, "if it be meant to denote the importance and permanence of his legislation and the dignity of his position in legal history", the comparison is still a valid one.[226]
Issue


Edward I of England


Eleanor of Castile

May 2, 1778:mTreaty of Amity and Commerce (United States – France)

The Treaty was received by Congress on May 2, 1778 and ratified on May 4, 1778 by unanimous vote, however, not all states were represented in the vote. It is certain that New Hampshire and North Carolina were not present for the vote. It is doubted whether Delaware was present and Massachusetts' presence is uncertain. Urgency overrode the necessity of having all thirteen states ratify the document.[10]
May 2, 1779, Clinton’s road ran from Cumberland to Fort Pitt
According to the above noted 1900 book, a May 2, 1779 document by Colonel George Morgan states:
1779.—May 2. Princeton.—Sent Capt. Clinton £3000 to complete the work of opening theroad from Turkeyfoot to Fort Pitt. Asks him to transmit an order for the sum expended. Inspite of delays of the Treasury, has made an ample provision in the commissary department. The principal Delaware chiefs on their way to Philadelphia; has directed
them to proceed at once to headquarters, that His Excellency may be informed of their
disposition and intentions; will detain them a day or two to repose themselves, and will
write down everything they have to communicate, in order to save His Excellency
trouble; wishes they could be paid some compliment on their approach to headquarters.
Vol. vii, No. 20.
From this letter, it is clear that Clinton‘s road ran from Fort Cumberland to Fort Pitt, crossed the
Casselman River somewhere, and passed through the vicinity of present-day Confluence.

May 2, 1782
To his excellency, General Irvine, commander-in-chief of the western department.

Dear Sir: We the inhabitants, who live near Mr. Alex. Wells mill, being very unhandy to any other mill, and daily open and exposed to the rage of a savage and merciless enemy, notwithstanding the great attention paid by the general to our frontiers, and ordering men to be placed on the river, yet those inhabitants who live near enough the mill to fort there, fine ourselvesunable to guard the mill and carry on labor for the support of our families; and so, of consequence, cannot continue to make a stand without some assistance. And it is clear that if this mill is evacuated many of the adjacent forts, at least seven or eight, that now hope to make a stand, must give up; as their whole dependence is on said mill for bread as well as every expedition from these parts. And scouting parties that turn out on alarms are supplied from here. Therefore, we, your humble petitioners, pray you would order us a few men to guard the mill so valuable to many in these parts in particular and the country in general. May 2, 1782. [Signed] James Edgar, Henry Graham, David Vance, Arthur Campbell, Joseph Vance .
May 2, 1792: The First Militia Act gave the U.S. President authority to call on the states' militias.
May 2, 1799
Dear Uncle David,
I am writing you at this time to see if you will handle my share of the estate of my Dad. I understand Noble is to handle his niece (‘s) for her and you know what a crook he is.
And Uriah Springer has Moses share for him. Moses would have got all Dad (s) estate because he is older by state law. I do not know who will handle Wm. (‘s) share being he is the only son of step mother, so he will (receive) her share when she passes on. I do hope Moses will get his share for he is in the east and it will be hard for him.
I saw the agreement that was in the Bible and it was in his (John’s ) hand writing. My step Mom is to get one third. Moses and I and half br. Wm. To get the rest equal. So let me know if you will help me on my share. If you will, let me know by return mail.
As ever you nep, Rich Crawford.


1801 - May 2 - Deed of Sale at New Madrid: Pedro Safray to Benjamin Harrison* A plantation with some structures. Plantation heavily mortgaged by Safray's creditors among whom were Gabriel Cerre, Jean Baptist Gobeau and Pierre Derbigny, Laforge and Company. (New Madrid Archives #956)
On May 2, 1813: Harrison sent a courier to Clay's force, with orders for part of them to spike the British guns on the north bank and then withdraw into the fort, while a sortie from the fort attacked the battery on the south bank.
The Indians had seemingly not guarded the river properly and the Kentuckians gained complete surprise.
May 2, 1863: Preparations were being made for a grand ballot come off the evening of the 2d, in honor of the victory gained over our fleet at Grand Gulf, but alas! the intended guests, such as had passed unscathed the ordeal of battle on the previous
day, were tripping the "light fantastic toe" towards some distant point of safety from the "Yankee vandals." A vast amount of provender had been prepared for the anticipated regalement, much of which had been distributed among the forlorn guests' as they hurried through the town. The remainder was claimed as the spoils of battle and was appropriated without further ceremony.

May 2, 1863: **. Lucinda Caroline Smith12 [Gabriel D. Smith11 , Gabriel Smith10, John “LR” Smith9, Ambrose J. Smith8, Christopher Smith7, Christopher Smith6, Thomas Smythe5, Thomas Smythe4, John Smythe3, Richard2, William1] (b. August 24, 1838 in Carroll Co. GA / d. bfr. 1900) married James M. Wright (b. abt. 1838 in GA / d. May 2, 1863 in Columbus, MS) on December 30, 1859 in Carroll Co. GA. She also married Tyrone Patterson (b. May 11, 1833 in Gwinnett Co. GA / d. October 27, 1917) on March 11, 1866 in Carroll Co. GA.

May 2, 1863: Robert E. Lee stopped Joe Hooker in the series of conflicts known collectively as the Battle of Chancellorsville, though at the cost of the May 2nd mortal wounding of Stonewall Jackson in a friendly fire incident. Lee next marched into Pennsylvania to meet the Union Army under its new commander George Meade. The entire operation which culminated in the Battle of Gettysburg was controversial at the time and will likely remain so forever, with whole books written about each day and questions asked as to whether he should have replaced Jackson with Richard Ewell, whether he should have followed Longstreet's suggestions, whether he should have ordered Pickett's Charge, and indeed whether he should have gone north in the first place. In the aftermath Meade was unable to persue as the victorious army was in virtually as bad a condition as the defeated one. Once back in Virginia Lee's health was poor, and knowing he bore the onus of failure he offered to resign. The President, however, had nobody to replace him with. Interestingly, Gettysburg was not then seen as "final" in the way later generations viewed it thus Lee again reorganized and in the spring of 1864 staged the Wilderness Campaign, initially without Longstreet who after Gettysburg had been temporarily detached to General Braxton Bragg in Tennessee. Victories he won, albeit with the loss of men and supplies he could not replace; his main problem, however, was that the Union Army was now under the command of General U.S. Grant, thus denying to Lee the advantage of fighting the timid or incompetent.

Mon. May 2 , 1864
Nice day wrote to G. Miles
Got orders to go in two days scout
Started at 1 pm
Found the rebs 3 m west of camp
Skirmished until dark rebs run
We laid in line of battle
William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary, 24th Iowa Infantry

May 2, 1864: Assigned to duty as brigadier general, April 8, 1864, by General E. Kirby Smith. Mortally wounded at the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry, April 30, 1864; died, May 2, 1864. Not duly appointed by Confederate President Jefferson Davis or confirmed by the Confederate States Senate.

May 2, 1865: President Johnson offers a $100,000 reward for the capture of Confederate President Jefferson Davis.

May 2, 1902:
The Hon. Sir David Bowes-Lyon
May 2, 1902 September 13, 1961 59 years He married Rachel Clay in 1929, and had issue.


May 2, 1912
W. H. Goodlove has bought 2 lots of Sam McCurdy west of the Baptist Church and will build a nice house on them as soon as possible and he and Mrs. Goodlove will move to town. They will find a warm welcome. Mr. McCurdy reserved the other 2 lots on which he will build his own house.

May 2, 1917: Evelyn Jeanette Nix15 [Hayden Nix14, Marion F. Nix13, John A. Nix12, Grace Louisa Francis Smith11, Gabriel Smith10, John “LR” Smith9, Ambrose J. Smith8, Christopher Smith7, Christopher Smith6, Thomas Smythe5, Thomas Smythe4, John Smythe3, Richard2, William1] (b. April 2, 1921) married Palmee “Pete” Smothers (b. May 2, 1917 / d. October 21, 1967).

May 2, 1923: Jodie Arbelle STEPHENSON. Born on June 15, 1899 in Near Keytesville, Missouri. Jodie Arbelle died in Marceline, Linn County, Missouri on December 14, 1986; she was 87.

On May 2, 1923 when Jodie Arbelle was 23, she married Conway BEEBE. Conway died on May 12, 1956.

They had the following children:
i. William Delbert (1925-1926)
ii. Robert Jesse (1926-)
iii. James Preston (1929-1985).

May 2, 1939
USS Enterprise departed the Panama Canal Zone for California, United States.



May 2, 1943:


SBD-3 Dauntless, F4F-4 Wildcat, and TBF-1 Avenger aircraft aboard USS Enterprise, northeast of Nouméa, New Caledonia, May 2, 1943; note USS Washington in background



May 2, 1956: The General Conference of the Methodist Church abolishes racial segregation.

May 2, 1962 Through wiretaps, the FBI overhears Michelino Clemente, a caporegime
in the Genovese family express the following sentiments: “Bob Kennedy won’t stop today
until he puts us all in jail all over the country. Until the commission meets and puts its foot down, things
will be at a standstill. When we meet, we all got to shake hands, and sit down and talk, and, if there is any
trouble with a particular regime, it’s got to be kept secret, and only the heads are to know about it,
otherwise some broad finds out, and finally the newspapers.”