https://www.facebook.com/ThisDayInGoodloveHistory
https://www.facebook.com/pages/Jeff-Goodlove/323484214349385
Join me on http://www.linkedin.com/
Jeffery Lee Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), Jefferson, LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, and including ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, John Quincy Adams and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Martin Van Buren, Teddy Roosevelt, U.S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison “The Signer”, Benjamin Harrison, Jimmy Carter, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, William Taft, John Tyler (10th President), James Polk (11th President)Zachary Taylor, and Abraham Lincoln.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! http://wwwfamilytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
• • Books written about our unique DNA include:
• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.
Birthdays on May 19…..
Lester Godlove
Nellie L. Godlove MEYER
Charles F. LeClere
Charles L. LeClere
William E. Mckinnon
Elizabetha Ross
David J. Walz
Millard
May 19, 1536:– Queen Anne Boleyn fell from favour of King Henry VIII and was executed May, 1536.[1] [2]
Anne Boleyn
Anne Boleyn
Anneboleyn2.jpg
Later copy of an original portrait, which was painted c.1534.
Queen consort of England
Reign
May 28, 1533 – May 17, 1536
Coronation
June 1, 1533
Spouse
Henry VIII of England
among others...
Issue
Elizabeth I of England
House
House of Tudor (by marriage)
Father
Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire
Mother
Lady Elizabeth Howard
Born
c. 1501/07[1]
Blickling Hall, Norfolk or Hever Castle, Kent
Died
May 19, 1536(1536-05-19) (aged 28–35)
Tower of London, London
[3]
Anne Boleyn (/ˈbʊlɪn/, /bəˈlɪn/ or /bʊˈlɪn/)[3][4] (c. 1501[1] – May 19, 1536) was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of King Henry VIII and Marquess of Pembroke in her own right.[5] Henry's marriage to Anne, and her subsequent execution, made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that was the start of the English Reformation. Anne was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Howard, and was educated in the Netherlands and France, largely as a maid of honour to Claude of France. She returned to England in early 1522, to marry her Irish cousin James Butler, 9th Earl of Ormond; however, the marriage plans ended in failure and she secured a post at court as maid of honour to Henry VIII's wife, Catherine of Aragon.
Early in 1523 there was a secret betrothal between Anne and Henry Percy, son of the 5th Earl of Northumberland[4]
Anne Boleyn (c.1501 – May 19, 1536); later Marquess of Pembroke (1532–1536); later Queen Consort of England (1533–1536).[5]
She was beheaded four days later on May 19. Modern historians view the charges against her, which included adultery, incest, and witchcraft, as unconvincing. Following the coronation of her daughter, Elizabeth, as queen, Anne was venerated as a martyr and heroine of the English Reformation, particularly through the works of John Foxe.[6] Over the centuries, she has inspired or been mentioned in numerous artistic and cultural works. As a result, she has retained her hold on the popular imagination. Anne has been called "the most influential and important queen consort England has ever had",[7] since she provided the occasion for Henry VIII to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, and declare his independence from Rome.
Contents
Early years
Anne was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn, later Earl of Wiltshire and Earl of Ormond, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Howard, daughter of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk. Thomas Boleyn was a well respected diplomat with a gift for languages; he was also a favourite of Henry VII of England, who sent him on many diplomatic missions abroad. Anne and her siblings grew up at Hever Castle in Kent. A lack of parish records from the period has made it impossible to establish Anne's date of birth. Contemporary evidence is contradictory, with several dates having been put forward by various historians. An Italian, writing in 1600, suggested that she had been born in 1499, while Sir Thomas More's son-in-law, William Roper, indicated a much later date of 1512. However her birth was most likely sometime between 1501 and 1507. As with Anne herself, it is uncertain when her two siblings were born, but it seems clear that her sister Mary was older than Anne. Mary's children clearly believed their mother had been the elder sister.[8] Most historians now agree that Mary was born in 1499. Mary's grandson claimed the Ormonde title in 1596 on the basis she was the elder daughter, which Elizabeth I accepted.[9][10] Their brother George was born around 1504.[11][12]
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf11/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png
Anne's sister Mary Boleyn
The academic debate about Anne's birth date focuses on two key dates: 1501 and 1507. Eric Ives, a British historian and legal expert, advocates the 1501 date, while Retha Warnicke, an American scholar who has also written a biography of Anne, prefers 1507. The key piece of surviving written evidence is a letter Anne wrote sometime in 1514.[13] She wrote it in French to her father, who was still living in England while Anne was completing her education at Mechelen, in the contemporary Netherlands, now Belgium. Ives argues that the style of the letter and its mature handwriting prove that Anne must have been about thirteen at the time of its composition, while Warnicke argues that the numerous misspellings and grammar errors show that the letter was written by a child. In Ives's view this would also be around the minimum age that a girl could be a Maid of Honour, as Anne was to the regent[citation needed], Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy. This is supported by claims by a chronicler from the late 16th century, who wrote that Anne was twenty when she returned from France.[14] These findings are contested by Warnicke in several books and articles, and the evidence does not conclusively support either date.[15]
There are two independent contemporary sources for the 1507 date. Author Gareth Russell wrote a summary of the evidence and relates that Jane Dormer, Duchess of Feria, wrote her memoirs shortly before her death in 1612; in it the former lady-in-waiting and confidante to Queen Mary I of England wrote of Anne Boleyn: "She was convicted and condemned and was not yet twenty-nine years of age." William Camden wrote a history of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England and was granted access to the private papers of Lord Burghley and to the state archives. In that history, in the chapter dealing with Elizabeth's early life, he records in the margin that Anne was born in MDVII (1507).[16]
Anne's great great -grandparents included a Lord Mayor of London, a duke, an earl, two aristocratic ladies, and a knight. One of them, Geoffrey Boleyn, had been a mercer and wool merchant before becoming Lord Mayor.[17][18] The Boleyn family originally came from Blickling in Norfolk, fifteen miles north of Norwich.[17] At the time of Anne's birth, the Boleyn family was considered one of the most respected in the English aristocracy. Among her relatives, she numbered the Howards, one of the pre-eminent families in the land; and one of her ancestors included King Edward I of England. According to Eric Ives, she was certainly of more noble birth than Jane Seymour, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr, Henry VIII's three other English wives.[19] The spelling of the Boleyn name was variable, as common at the time. Sometimes it was written as Bullen, hence the bull heads which formed part of her family arms.[20] At the court of Margaret of Austria in the Netherlands, Anne is listed as Boullan.[10] From there she signed the letter to her father as Anna de Boullan.[21] She is also referred to as "Anna Bolina" (which is Latin); that name is in most portraits of her.[21]
Anne's early education was typical for women of her class. Her academic education was limited to arithmetic, her family genealogy, grammar, history, reading, spelling, and writing. She developed domestic skills such as dancing, embroidery, good manners, household management, music, needlework, and singing. Anne learned to play games, such as cards, chess, and dice. She was also taught archery, falconry, horseback riding, and hunting. [22]
Netherlands and France]
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf11/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png
Claude of France, wife of Francis I. Anne served as her maid of honour for nearly seven years
Anne's father continued his diplomatic career under Henry VIII. In Europe, Thomas Boleyn's charm won many admirers, including Archduchess Margaret of Austria, daughter of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. During this period, she ruled the Netherlands on her father's behalf and was so impressed with Boleyn that she offered his daughter Anne a place in her household. Ordinarily, a girl had to be twelve years old to have such an honour, but Anne may have been younger, as the Archduchess affectionately referred to her as "la petite Boulin [sic]".[23] Anne made a good impression in the Netherlands with her manners and studiousness, Margaret reported that she was well spoken and pleasant for her young age ("son josne eaige").[24] and told Sir Thomas Boleyn that his daughter was "so presentable and so pleasant, considering her youthful age, that I am more beholden to you for sending her to me, than you to me" (E.W. Ives, op.cit.).[6]
On the morning of May 19, Kingston wrote:
This morning she sent for me, that I might be with her at such time as she received the good Lord, to the intent I should hear her speak as touching her innocency alway to be clear. And in the writing of this she sent for me, and at my coming she said, 'Mr. Kingston, I hear I shall not die afore noon, and I am very sorry therefore, for I thought to be dead by this time and past my pain.' I told her it should be no pain, it was so little. And then she said, 'I heard say the executioner was very good, and I have a little neck,' and then put her hands about it, laughing heartily. I have seen many men and also women executed, and that they have been in great sorrow, and to my knowledge this lady has much joy in death. Sir, her almoner is continually with her, and had been since two o'clock after midnight.[118]
However, her impending death may have caused her great sorrow for some time during her imprisonment. The poem "Oh Death Rock Me Asleep" is generally believed to have been authored by Anne and reveals that she may have hoped death would end her suffering.[119]
Shortly before dawn, she called Kingston to hear mass with her, and swore in his presence, on the eternal salvation of her soul, upon the Holy Sacraments, that she had never been unfaithful to the king. She ritually repeated this oath both immediately before and after receiving the sacrament of the Eucharist.[120]
On the morning of Friday May 19, Anne Boleyn was judicially executed, not upon Tower Green despite the fact it is the site of the execution memorial, but rather, according to historian Eric Ives, on a scaffold erected on the north side of the White Tower, in front of what is now the Waterloo Barracks.[121] She wore a red petticoat under a loose, dark grey gown of damask trimmed in fur and a mantle of ermine.[122] Accompanied by two female attendants, Anne made her final walk from the Queen's House to the scaffold and she showed a "devilish spirit"[123] and looked "as gay as if she was not going to die".[124] Anne climbed the scaffold and made a short speech to the crowd:
Good Christian people, I am come hither to die, for according to the law, and by the law I am judged to die, and therefore I will speak nothing against it. I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to speak anything of that, whereof I am accused and condemned to die, but I pray God save the king and send him long to reign over you, for a gentler nor a more merciful prince was there never: and to me he was ever a good, a gentle and sovereign lord. And if any person will meddle of my cause, I require them to judge the best. And thus I take my leave of the world and of you all, and I heartily desire you all to pray for me. O Lord have mercy on me, to God I commend my soul.[118]
This is one version of her speech, written by Lancelot de Carles in Paris, a few weeks following her death; he had been in London, but did not witness either trial or execution. All the accounts are similar, and undoubtedly correct to varying degrees. It is thought that she avoided criticising Henry to save Elizabeth and her family from further consequences, but even under such extreme pressure Anne did not confess guilt, in fact subtly implying her innocence, in her appeal to historians who "will meddle of my cause".[citation needed]
Death and burial[edit]
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg/170px-Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf11/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png
Thomas Cranmer, who was the sole supporter of Anne in the council.
She knelt upright, in the French style of executions. Her final prayer consisted of her repeating continually, "To Jesus Christ I commend my soul; Lord Jesus receive my soul." Her ladies removed her headdress and necklaces, and then tied a blindfold over her eyes. According to Eric W. Ives, the executioner Rombaud was so taken by Anne that he was shaken. Rombaud found it so difficult to proceed that to distract her and for her to position her head correctly, he is said to have shouted, "Where is my sword?" just before killing her.[125][126]
The execution consisted of a single stroke.[127] It was witnessed by Thomas Cromwell; Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk; the King's illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy; the Lord Mayor of London, as well as aldermen, sheriffs, and representatives of the various craft guilds. Most of the King's Council were also present.[128] Cranmer, who was at Lambeth Palace, was reported to have broken down in tears after telling Alexander Ales: "She who has been the Queen of England on earth will today become a Queen in heaven."[129] When the charges were first brought against Anne, Cranmer had expressed his astonishment to Henry and his belief that "she should not be culpable." Still, Cranmer felt vulnerable because of his closeness to the queen, and so on the night before the execution, he declared Henry's marriage to Anne to have been void, like Catherine's before her. He made no serious attempt to save Anne's life, although some sources record that he had prepared her for death by hearing her last private confession of sins, in which she had stated her innocence before God.[130] However, on the day of her death a Scottish friend found Cranmer weeping uncontrollably in his London gardens, saying that he was sure that Anne had now gone to Heaven.[131]
She was then buried in an unmarked grave in the Chapel of St Peter ad Vincula. Her skeleton was identified during renovations of the chapel in 1876, in the reign of Queen Victoria, and Anne's resting place is now marked in the marble floor.
Recognition and legacy
See also: Anne Boleyn in popular culture
Nicholas Sander, a Roman Catholic recusant born c. 1530, was committed to deposing Elizabeth I and re-establishing Roman Catholicism in England. In his De Origine ac Progressu schismatis Anglicani (The Rise and Growth of the Anglican Schism), published in 1585, he was the first to write that Anne had six fingers on her right hand.[132] Since physical deformities were generally interpreted as a sign of evil, it is unlikely that Anne Boleyn would have gained Henry's romantic attention had she had any.[133] Upon exhumation in 1876, no abnormalities were discovered. Her frame was described as delicate, approximately 5'3", with finely formed, tapering fingers.[134]
Anne Boleyn was described by contemporaries as intelligent and gifted in musical arts and scholarly pursuits. She was also strong-willed and proud, and often quarrelled with Henry.[135] Biographer Eric Ives evaluates the apparent contradictions in Anne's persona:
To us she appears inconsistent—religious yet aggressive, calculating yet emotional, with the light touch of the courtier yet the strong grip of the politician—but is this what she was, or merely what we strain to see through the opacity of the evidence? As for her inner life, short of a miraculous cache of new material, we shall never really know. Yet what does come to us across the centuries is the impression of a person who is strangely appealing to the early 21st century: A woman in her own right—taken on her own terms in a man's world; a woman who mobilised her education, her style and her presence to outweigh the disadvantages of her sex; of only moderate good looks, but taking a court and a king by storm. Perhaps, in the end, it is Thomas Cromwell's assessment that comes nearest: intelligence, spirit and courage.[136]
No contemporary portraits of Anne Boleyn survive. A bust of her was cast on a commemorative medallion in 1534, believed to have been struck to celebrate her second pregnancy.[137]
Following the coronation of her daughter as queen, Anne was venerated as a martyr and heroine of the English Reformation, particularly through the works of John Foxe, who argued that Anne had saved England from the evils of Roman Catholicism and that God had provided proof of her innocence and virtue by making sure her daughter Elizabeth I ascended the throne. An example of Anne's direct influence in the reformed church is what Alexander Ales described to Queen Elizabeth as the "evangelical bishops whom your holy mother appointed from among those scholars who favoured the purer doctrine".[138] Over the centuries, Anne has inspired or been mentioned in numerous artistic and cultural works. As a result, she has remained in the popular memory and has been called "the most influential and important queen consort England has ever had."[7]
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf11/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png
St Mary's Church, Erwarton, Suffolk, where Boleyn's heart was allegedly buried
Legends
Many legends and fantastic stories about Anne Boleyn have survived over the centuries. One is that she was secretly buried in Salle Church in Norfolk under a black slab near the tombs of her Boleyn ancestors.[139] Her body was said to have rested in an Essex church on its journey to Norfolk. Another is that her heart, at her request,[140] was buried in Erwarton (Arwarton) Church, Suffolk by her uncle Sir Philip Parker.[141]
In 18th century Sicily, the peasants of the village of Nicolosi believed that Anne Boleyn, for having made Henry VIII a heretic, was condemned to burn for eternity inside Mount Etna. This legend was often told for the benefit of foreign travellers.[142]
A number of people have claimed to have seen Anne's ghost at Hever Castle, Blickling Hall, Salle Church, Tower of London, and Marwell Hall.[143][144][145] The most famous account of her reputed sighting has been described by paranormal researcher Hans Holzer. In 1864, Major General J.D. Dundas of the 60th Rifles regiment was quartered in the Tower of London. As he was looking out the window of his quarters, he noticed a guard below in the courtyard, in front of the lodgings where Anne had been imprisoned, behaving strangely. He appeared to challenge something, which to the General "looked like a whitish, female figure sliding towards the soldier". The guard charged through the form with his bayonet, then fainted.[146] Only the General's testimony and corroboration at the court-martial saved the guard from a lengthy prison sentence for having fainted while on duty. In 1960, Canon W. S. Pakenham-Walsh, vicar of Sulgrave, Northamptonshire, reported having conversations with Anne.[147][7]
May 19, 1536: When Elizabeth was two years and eight months old, her mother was executed on May 19, 1536.[8] Elizabeth was declared illegitimate and deprived of the title of princess.[9][8]
May 19, 1549: Jordan, W. K., The Chronicle and Political Papers of Edward VI, London (1966), p.38, Edward VI wrote the prisoners were previously released for his sake: CSP Scotland, vol.1 (1898), p.175 no. 347, Instructions for Holcroft, Harington & Leke, May 19, 1549, proposed exchange of all remaining Castilian prisoners.[9]
May 19, 1554: – Elizabeth is released from the Tower and put under house arrest at Woodstock. [10]
May 19, 1568: M. de Beaumont, who had joined Mary at Carlisle, departs for France.
Meanwhile, Elizabeth signs at Greenwich a warrant, directed to the sheriffs and justices of peace of the county of Cumberland, by which they are enjoined to treat Mary with every possible respect, but
nevertheless to watch her carefully, and to adopt all necessary precautions against her escape. [11]
May 19, 1570: La Mothe Fénélon procures from Queen Elizabeth that the Bishop of Ross shall be allowed to confer with the privy council, in order to settle the basis upon which the negotiations relating
to the affairs of the Queen of Scotland may be revived. [12]
May 19, 1585 - Spain confisquates English ships[13]
May 19, 1588: The Spanish Armada set sail from Lisbon. The Armada was the most massive fleet of its day including 130 ships and 30,000 soldiers and sailors. The Armada was designed to take control of the English Channel and facilitate the invasion of England from the Netherlands. The English were at a great a disadvantage in terms of ships and manpower. The all important question was when would the Armada begin its trip north? Until the English knew this they would not when or where to make their first move. Dr. Hector Nunes, a secret Jew living in England provided the information about the Spanish departure. The Jews may have played a small part in one of the great turning points in history, but it was a small part that made a big difference.[14]
May 19, 1744: George III’s Wife: Princess Sophia Charlotte (b. May 19, 1744, m. September 8, 1761, d. November 17, 1818).[15]
May 19, 1749 George II grants charter to Ohio Company to settle Ohio Valley.[16]
May 19-20, 1760: Having recorded the lease on this day, GW was eager to get and record Darrell's deeds, but he was obliged to wait for the May court session.[17]
May 19, 1766
1766 - Will of Edward Lanham, planter of Prince Georges Co., was probated on 19 May Names his wife Catherine as the"whole and lone executor." She is bequeathe the home farm"Stone's Delight" for as 1ong as she remains single.The will names 10 children and one grandchild, none named Catherine. (I wonder if she was a second wife.)[18]
May 19, 1774: Then followed a series of arrests and counter-arrests, long continued, resulting in riots and broils of intense passion. Every one who, under color of an office held under the laws of Pennsylvania, attempted any official act, was likely to be arrested and jailed by persons claiming to hold office under the government of Virginia. Likewise were Virginia officials liable to arrest and imprisonment by the Pennsylvania partisans. It is impossible to go into any detail in narrating special instances of these extraordinary commotions among the pioneers of a wilderness, all of them occupying homes of rude construction, their roof-trees and firesides all the time to be guarded from the incursions of their savage Indian foes. This condition of things must be remembered in thinking of these scenes ; and an illustration of the state of the times among our white fathers themselves may be found in extracts from a letter dated August 4, 1771, a little prior to the assumptions of John Connolly, written by George Wilson, residing on the Monongahela near the mouth of George's Creek, in what is now Fayette County. George Wilson was then one of the justices of the courts of Bedford county, which had been organized early in 1 7 7 1 ; and was the great-grand father of Hon. W. G. Hawkins, now one of the judges of the Orphans' Court of Allegheny county. That letter is a "quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore. " The writer, stating that he had just returned home from court, relates that he found a paper being circulated among his neighbors pledging the subscribers to oppose " Every of Pen's Laws, as they called them, except felonious actions, at ye risk of Life & under ye penalty of fiftey pounds, to be Received or Leveyed By themselves off ye Estates of ye failure. The first of them I found hardy anuff to offer it in publick, I emediately ordered into Custody, on which a large number Ware assembled as Was supposed to Resque the Prisonar. . . . When their Forman saw that the Arms of his Contrie, that as he said He had thrown Himself into, would not Resque him By force, hee catched up his Rifle, Which Was Well loaded, jumped out of Dors & swore if any man Cam nigh him he would put what Was in his throo them. The Person that Had him in Custody Called for assistance in ye King's name, and in particular Commanded myself. I told him I was a Subject, & was not fit to Command if not willing to obey ; on which I watched his eye until I saw a chance, Sprang in on him & Seized the Rifle by ye Muzzle, and held him So as he Could not Shoot me, until more help Gott in to my assistance, on which I Disarmed him & Broke his Rifle to peses. I Res'd a Sore Bruse on one of my arms By a punch of ye Gun in ye struggle ; Then put him under a Strong Guard, Told them the laws of their Contrie was stronger than the Hardest Ruflin among them. I found it necessary on their Complyance & altering their Resolves, and his promising to Give himself no more trouble in the affair, as hee found that the people Ware not as hardy as hee Expected them to be, to Relece him on his promise of Good Be-haviour. ' '
Correspondence between the Governor of Pennsylvania and Vir-
ginia occurring immediately after the arrest of Connolly and the Penn-
sylvania Justices, resulted in a meeting of Commissioners at William-
burg, Va., on May 19, 1774, to endeavor to establish the boundary
line. This meeting was fruitless ; but it is interesting' to note that
the Pennsylvania commissioners proposed as our western boundary a
line to be drawn from the western end of Mason and Dixon's line, to
be extended its proper distance of five degrees of longitude, thence
northward but parallel at all points with the meanderings of the Dela-
ware River. This line would have left almost all of the present county
of Washington, and corresponding portions of the counties north and
south of it, in the "Pan-Handle" of Virginia. The' proposition was
rejected on the part of Virginia, her commissioners contending that
under a proper construction of Penn's charter, the boundary line should
run east of Pittsburgh.[19]
May 19th, 1775
At a Court Continued and held for Augusta County May 19th, 1775
Prst. John Gibson, Wm. Crawford, John McCullough, Edward Ward, John Cannon…
…On the Motion of Valentine Crawford, it is Ord that his Mark, a Slit in the left Ear, a Crop and under keel in the Right Ear & O Recorded…
May 19, 1775: At a Court Continued and held for Augusta County May
19th, 1775,
Prest. John Gibson, Wm. Crawford, John McCullough,
Edward Ward, John Cannon.
On the Motion of Benja Wells It is Ord that his Mark, a
Crop and a Slit in the left Ear, be Recorded.
On the Motion of Valentine Crawford, It is Ord that his
Mark, a Slit in the left Ear, a Crop and under keel in the
Right Ear & O Recorded
Abt. John Gibson. Gt.
Admon of the Estate of Jacob Linnd, dec, is Granted to
Thos. Smallman, Gent, and Jacob Bousman, they having with
Secy. Entered into & Ack'd Bond accr. to Law.
Ord that Wm Christy, Ignace Lebath Sam'l Semple, and
John Ormsby or any 3, app the Est.
Cresap vs Dowling, Josiah Wallace Spbd.
Grub vs Dowling, Josiah Wallace, Spbd.
Sinclair vs Usherwood, Jud accr, act & O Sale.
Ord that the Court be adjourned until to Morrow Morning 8
o'Clock Edwd. Ward
(28) At a Court Con'd and held for Augusta County, May 20th,
1775.
Prest. Geo. Croghan, Ed Ward, Thos. Smallman, John
Gibson.
[Here follows a list of over one hundred and sixty cases, with only
the surnames of the two parties and unintelligible memoranda.]
A Mortgage from Benjamin Taite to John Campbell, Gent,
was produced and O R.
On the Complt of John Ross against his Master, Moses Hol-
liday, for detaining him as a Servant Contrary to Law, it was
objected to by the Master by his Atto that the Matter should not
concern this Court, as the s' d Master had never been Summoned
and had not any previous Notice thereof til he came to court ;
but the Court Overuld the Objection, it appearing to the Court
that he was fully prepar'd, and on hear'g the Wits the Court
are of Opinion that the Servt. be set at Liberty.
Ord that Thomas Silk be by the Church wardens of Augusta
Parish bound to Jacob Bousman accr. to Law.
On the Motion of Thos. Glenn by his Atto, seting forth that
he had been Committed to the Goal of this County on Suspe-
tion of being Guilty of the Murder of his Servant, and that
the proceedings of the Cald Court were Irregular, & by which
he was Illegally Confined, and praying that the Court will take
the same into Consideration ; and the Court being of Opinion
that the Allegations are true, It is Ordered that he be dis'd
from his Imprisonment.
(33) P- John Campbell & Wm. Crawford.
Geo Croghan, Gent, Ack'd a Deed of Barg & Sale to Edward
Ward and O R.
The same to the same and O R.
On the Motion of Jacob Bousman, leave is granted him to
keep a ferry aCross the Monongohale River from his House to
the Town opposite thereto, and that he provide and keep a Suf-
ficient number of Boats for that purpose, in ferrying over the
Militia on Muster days.
On the Motion of John Ormsby, for leave to keep a ferry
aCross the Monongohale River from this Town to his Land op-
posite thereto, being opposed by Jacob Bousman, and Motion
Overuled.
Alexander Ross, Gent, Ack'd 4 deeds of Surrender and Barg
&. Sale to Edward Ward, Gent, and O R.
John Ormsby Ack'd a Deed of Barg and Sale to Benja John-
ston & O R.
The App of the Est of Shadrach Muchmore, dec'd, being
returned, is O R.
On the petition of James Erwin, It is Ord that Robt. Mckee,
John Hughes, John Cavet, & John Sampson, or any 3 of them,
being first sworn, Veiw a Road from the Pennsylvania Road to
the Mouth of Youghioghany at Mckee' s ferry, and here to meet
the road that comes from Fromans Mill, and make a report of
the Conven and Inconven to the next Court.
On the Motion of John Jones, on behalf Christinee Baker,
It is Ord that Jacob Knight be Summoned to appear here
the next Court, to shew Cause why he detains Michael Infant
her Son.
(34) R Dye vs Dye A C
R Beally vs Shawn A C
R Barrakman vs Shevely A C
B McElroy vs Templin Atta
Ha Perkins vs Calloway A C
B McElroy vs Templin Atta
B Downer vs Teagarden A C
B Thomas vs Lea A C
546 Annals of the Carnegie Museum.
B Swagler vs Mills Spbl. & Imp Ha
B Swigart vs Mills Aj'd
B Virgin vs Carr A C
Sims Wilson vs Cochrane A C
J G J Mills vs Hunter & A C — Hunter and Hawkins.
B Bromfeild vs Cox Atta
R Colvin vs Johnson A C
B Bond vs Long Atta
B , Tigard vs Dunnivan A C
B Cresap vs Sheerer AlSub
R Colwell vs Brewster A C
R Sommer vs Brewster A C
R Colvin vs Johnson A C
J G J Sheerer vs Miller A C
B Baker vs Hendricks A C
B Whitacre vs Dixon A C
Sims Wells vs Rearden & AlSub
R Ward vs Thorn Lease Entry and Ouster Conf N G
aj'dS
< Ha Rodgers vs Campbell dis'd Cds Roote S Ormsby vs Bousman Lease Entry & ouster & Cohf & N G J G J Ha Jones vs Speers De. & N G aj'd R B Hukman vs Brumfeild Do. & N G aj'd R Ha Miller vs Humble. Do. & N. G J G J R Ha Clark vs Teabolt Do&NG&JGJ B Eyler vs Adams Do & N G and R R Whitacre vs Dixon C O R Penticost vs Linn Entry &: ouster & N G & j'd B R vs Jones Do & N G ej'd Sims R Coin vs Miller Do. & Do. Ha Johnston vs Swearengen. Pat McElroy Secty Costs and Lease Entry & Ouster Confered & N G ej'd Ha (39) R Ha Girty vs Hanna Lease Entry & Ouster Confered & N G Sims B Geegheeghan and vs Smith Do Ha B Enocks vs Teagarden Do Ha & R B Clinton vs Mayo Do Sims B Hawkins vs Humble Do R B Nicholas vs Swarnck Do J G J J G J Lapsley vs Reed Ind and Wt of Possession & Admon of the Estate of Arthur Donerly, dec'd, is granted to John Gibson, he hav'g Comp with the Law. Ord that Chas Bruce, Ab Slower, Geo Gibson & Michl. Thorn, or any 4 of them, App the Estate. Robt Elliott, a Deed of Barg & Sale to Wm. Elliott, & O R. Admon of the Estate of Wm Cockrine, dec'd, g'd to Benja Elliott, he hav'g Comp'd with the Law. Ord that Benja Tom- linson, Joseph Baker & John Hendrick & Jas. Mathews or any 3, App the Estate. His Majesties Writ for Adjourning this Court to the Town of Staunton on the 3d Tuesday in June next was produced and read, and It is Ord that the Court be adjourned accordingly John Campbell. [20] May 19, 1791: Jasper Smith10 [John “LR” Smith9, Ambrose J. Smith8, Christopher Smith7, Christopher Smith6, Thomas Smythe5, Thomas Smythe4, John Smythe3, Richard2, William1] (b. 1750 / d. 1791) married Rebecca Meredith (b. 1750 / d. 1791) in 1771. More about Jasper Smith: News Account of the Murder of Jasper Smith, Elbert County, GA (with Accompanying Documents) The following is an account of the murder of Jasper Smith of Elbert County, Georgia, by his father-in-law, James Meredith. It was the first murder trial in the newly formed Elbert County. Jasper Smith was the son of John "Little River" Smith and moved from Montgomery County, NC to Georgia, as did his father-in-law. Following the account of the trial are the wills of Jasper Smith and James Meredith. Smith's widow later moved to Franklin County, Ga. The Augusta Chronicle and Gazette of the State: Law Report of a State Trial, made to the Governor, according to the Act The State versus James Meredith. The prisoner being charged by the coroner's inquest with the murder of Jasper Smith, before the division of Wilkes County, was apprehended and committed to that jail and upon his writ of Habeas Corpus was remanded. After the commission of the act, the county was divided by law; and the place was found to be within the new county of Elbert. In riding the Western Circuit the Attorney General mentioned this case and another to Judge Walton, and suggested doubts where they were ultimately cognizable. The cases being considered, it was thought proper to direct the following Order, as they passed through Wilkes County. Chambers, Washington in Wilkes County, January 14, 1791. Upon motion of the Attorney-General, it is ordered. That all prisoners or persons recognized to appear at this place the ensuing term, for offences charged to committed in that part which now constitutes Elbert county, be turned over by the Sheriff of Wilkes to the Sheriff of Elbert county; and all papers touching the same be delivered by the Clerk of the one to the clerk of the other. Attenst, BEN. CATCHINGS, C. W. C. The prisoner was of course removed into Elbert county. . . . Upon the trial, the first evidence produced on the part of the state was the daughter of the prisoner, and the wife of the deceased; Rebecca Smith. In coming to the book to be sworn she exhibited those demonstrations of distress which were to be expected from her sex; from a wife who had seen an affectionate husband murdered in her presence, and of their children; from a daughter who was to convict and bring to the gibbet, an aged father, to whom she owed her being. Encouraged by the Court, she deposed, That there had been a difference of some standing between her father and husband. That on Monday before the fact happened, her husband went to Petersburg with tobacco, and she went to meeting. That, in their absence, a wench of her father's came to their house, and whipped two of the children. That she sent to her father, and requested him to correct the negroe, or that her husband would when he came home; which he refused to do. That the next day, and before the return of her husband, her father sent for a dirk that had been at their house a long time. Then when her husband came home, she was telling him of the children being whipped, and one of them came in, and said that grand-daddy was coming down to an out-house close by. That her husband then proposed going down to persuade him to correct the negroe, which she approved of. That presently after she went down, and found them quarrelling; and the old man ordered her away, saying that he had as live kill her as her husband, and then ordered his negroe to get an axe, and kill her husband. That he had then the dirk in his hand, which he had sent for the day before, and swore bitterly that he would kill him. That her husband repeatedly desired to be at peace, and proposed to sit down on a log and talk the matter over. That her father refused, and told him to get a gun, and he would fight him equal. That her father had worked himself up to a violent rage, and having the dirk in his hand, her husband threw away a switch which he had broke, as she supposed, to whip the negroes, and took up a small forked stick to defend himself. That he afterwards threw away this stick, and went to the house for another. That he returned, and still offered peace; and letting his stick fall, and turning from the old man, he rushed by her and stabbed her husband in the side. That, as he pulled the dirk from the wound, he said he was a dead man, and the prisoner damned him,. and said he got what he deserved. That, after she had got her husband to the house, he began to be very ill; and she called her father; and that he came, with the dirk still in his hand, looked in his face, and said it was no matter, it was good enough. That her husband afterwards desired to see him, but he did not come. The deceased died of the wound the next day. In the cross examination of this witness, it appeared that when her father threatened her life, her husband wrung the stick in the old man's face, and told him he should not hurt her. But that he was entirely pacified at the time of being stabbed; and that she verily believed her father sent for the dirk the day before for that purpose, although some meat hooks and other things were sent for at the same time. That the ground on which the wound had been given belonged to the deceased; but had been planted by the old man the season before without rent. Mark Smith, son of the deceased, aged sixteen years, of apparent discretion, deposed to the like effect; with the addition, that, about two weeks before, he heard his grandfather tell his father that he had a great mind to kill him. John Baker, an indifferent person, swore, that about two or three weeks before the fact, he went with the deceased to the prisoner's house. That the old man quarrelled with both, and threatened to kill the deceased, offered to fight a duel with guns, &c. which the deceased. There was no evidence as to the fact offered on the part of the prisoner, or to anything else that was material. His counsel, in the course of the most lengthy arguments, labored to bring the homicide within the description of manslaughter; and assimilated it to the case of the King of England versus Reason and Traitor. On the part of the state it was contended, with a becoming zeal, that the prisoner had been guilty of the crime of murder. The trial continued from ten o'clock in the morning to about seven in the evening, the judge charged the jury to the following effect. That, from the testimony before us, it was our duty, to select those portions of it which palpably establish the facts for and against the prisoner. and 1. to examine what kind of killing the prisoner has been guilty of. It was presently after the deceased had come home, that the prisoner came towards the out house, and that the deceased met him there to prevail with him to correct the negroes for beating the children. This the prisoner refusing, and the deceased threatening to do it himself, the fatal quarrel was produced which her in death; and the prisoner is guilty of murder, or not guilty, as the evidence will go to establish this as connected with any preceding quarrel, or shall be short of it. If this quarrel could be extracted from all others, and the event considered by itself, it could only be adjudged man-slaughter. But, when we consider the several portions of evidence on this ground, 1. That there had long existed a quarrel between the prisoner and the deceased. 2. That the quarrel was renewed by a negroe of the prisoner beating the children of the deceased in the absence of parents. 3. That the weapon was sent for upon that occasion, and after the mother had sent a message to the prisoner with a complaint. 4. That two or three weeks before the prisoner threatened the life of the deceased. 5. That the prisoner had the same weapon he had sent for the day before in his hand upon that occasion; and with all his conduct towards the deceased after the fact was committed. The judge said, to take all these things together, we shall feel our minds involuntarily influenced to believe that the killing was of that deliberate and malevolent kind which constitutes murder. But he did not want to impress his opinion on the minds of the jury. It was their province to determine on the distinction which he had stated. If, from the evidence, they should be of the opinion that the quarrel, at the time of the death, was unconnected with any other, they would not find him guilty of murder, but of man-slaughter. . . The jury having retired returned in about twelve minutes, finding the prisoner guilty of Murder. . . . Sentence of death was passed, to be executed the 22d instant. Upon the whole, the Judge, in making this Report, feels it a duty to add, that he does not conceive that the criminal has any claim upon the mercy of his country. The life of an unimpeached citizen was wantonly taken away; and if human punishments are ever necessary, he conceives it is son in the present instance. . . For the prosecution, the Attorney-General, Mr. Walker and Mr. Dickenson. For the prisoner, Mr. Blackbourn, Mr. Seaborn Jones, Mr. Williams and the elder Carnes. Given at my Chambers in Augusta, the 5th day February, (February 5,1791) George Walton May the 19th,( May 19)1791 Jasper Smith Will Proved in my office and Recorded In the Name of God Amen I Jasper Smith of Wilkes County being in a state of Memory Do ordain this my Last Will and testament Vz. I give to my wife Rebecca Smith one Negro Wench Named Lucy During her Life and at Her Death to be Equally divided amongst those children she had by me & her Son Thos.(?) I Likewise give and Bequeath To those Children that I had by Rebecca my wife the Remaining Parts of my Negroes to be Equally Divided amongst the sd. Children and my Land after my wife's Death to Be Equally Divided Between the sd above mentioned Children and all the? I leave to my Beloved Wife to Raise the Children and Educate them, the house and furniture to be Divided at my Wife's Death amongst those above mentioned Children. I likewise Desire that there should be Annually a sufficiency Raised or Reserved out my Estate to keep son? him and my? he lives. Daughters Betsy and Sally and my Son Mark to have Fifteen Pounds Sterling in Property as they Come of age or Marry and to my Wife's son Thos. I likewise Desire that He should have the sum of fifteen Pounds Sterling in Property When he Comes of age or Marries. I appoint my Wife Rebecca Smith my friend James Marks and Thos. B Scot my Exers. I Have this first Day of Dec.(December 1) 1790 acknowledged this my Will in Witness of Isaac Tuttle Jesse Brawner (?) Jasper (X) Smith Appraisers named Benja. ?, Brazel Brawner, Jas. Shepherd The Whole 213 pounds, 2 shillings May the 19th 1791 James Meredith Will Proven in my office and recorded - George W. In the Name of God amen I James Meredith of the County of Elbert Planter Being in Perfect Health and of Sound and Disposing mind Memory and understanding, do make and Declare this my Last will and testament. that is to say. First it is my Desire that sufficient Part of my Personal estate( he gives excepted) be sold or Disposed of by my Executors herein after Named for the Payment of all my Just Debts. 2dly I give to my Wife Sarah During her life one fifth Part of my real Estate. And to my four Youngest Children, Namely, Patty, Nancy, Molly and Sally or the Sirvivant(?) of them at her Death and to their heirs all my Real Estate Saving to my said Wife the Use of one fifth thereof. During her Life, as above Mentioned. 3dly It is my Desire that all my personal Effects be Kept together for the support of my said Wife and four Children above Named and for Educating Said Children and that my said Wife Shall Have the Preference of Keeping Possession of the Whole during Her Widowhood, except such part as may Belong to any of my said Children or they May become of Legal age to Demand there ? Shares at which time it shall be Delivered to them when Condition that She Gives Security (to be approved of by William Moore, Esquire one of My Executors faithfully to account for the Profits of the said Estate from year to year, and to Produce the Same When Called for. 4thly It is my Will and Desire That on Either of My Children before Named becoming of Age, and Demanding the Same, that my Personal Estate Be Equally Divided between my Wife (if then alive) and My Said Children Patty, Nancy, Molly and Sally or the Survivors of them - by Lot - But No Child's share to Be Delivered Until they are married, or Become of the age of twenty one years. 5thly - I give to my Daughter Rebecca the Account Due me By her Deceased Husband Jasper Smith Upon Condition that she will Give my Executors full and Clear discharge, and Not run my Estate to any Expense for or on account of any Claim or Demand on me, on Account of Her Said Late Husband Jasper Smith. I Likewise give to my Said Daughter Rebecca one Negro Wench named Sarah Which I Lent to her or her Late Husband While in N. Carolina. Provided that, upon Demand She Shall and Do peaceably Deliver to my Executors or Estate of them a Negro Woman Slave Named Luce or Lucy and Her Children. Also on demand Grain Which was Likewise Lent them or one of them in Carolina, and in case of Her Refusal to Deliver up the Said Negro Woman Named Luce or Lucy Her Children, I Do Hereby revoke the said Gift or Bequest, respecting the Said Negro Wench Named Sarah and Do Enjooin and require my Said Executors Herein after Named to Sue for Each of them said Negro Women and their Children and to Apply the Same to the Benefit of my Wife And four Youngest Children as Before Directed. And Lastly I do Hereby appoint my Wife Sarah Meredith and my friend William Moore Esq. of Rocky Creek in Wilkes County Executors of this my Last Will and testament, and Revoking all former Wills by me at any time heretofore Made: In testimony, Were of I have, Here unto set my hand And Seal, this thirteenth day of January, one thousand Seven Hundred and Ninety one. Signed, Sealed, Published and Declared by James Meredith to be His Last Will and testament James (X) Meredith In our Presence Ja. Williams Jurat, Drury Ledbetter, John Henley The Whole amount of the Estate of James Merideth is 350 pounds The appraisers Names, Basil Brouner, Wm. Haslin, James Tuttel, Elbert County, Georgia - Deed Books A-J - 1784 -1806 - Abstracted & Indexed by Michal Martin Farmer, P.O. Box 140880, Dallas, Texas 75214-0880 Deed Book J, 1803-1806, p. 18. 1 Feb 1804, Nancy SMITH of Franklin Co., Ga., to Thomas B. SCOTT of Elbert Co., Ga., for $400, all her part, claim, or legacy to a tract in Elbert Co., adj. A. JARRAT & John SPEAR, granted to Jasper SMITH, 4 Feb. 1785, 1/3 part of land to Thomas B. SCOTT. (signed) Nancy (X) SMITH. Wit: A. JARRAT, J.P., Thomas SMITH, John DERRY, No Regd. A. Children of Jasper Smith and Rebecca Meredith: . i. Jasper Smith (b. 1771) . ii. Betsy Smith (b. 1773 / d. 1803) . iii. Mark Smith (b. 1775 / d. 1803) . iv. Sarah Smith (b. 1778 / d. 1843)[21] May 19, 1792: The Russian army entered Poland. Ultimately Poland would be partitioned among its three imperial neighbors. Much to the dismay of the Russians, the partition brought them a large mass of Jews, something they found quite upsetting to say the least.[22] May 19, 1795
May 19, 1805
On May 19, 1805, in Muskingum County, Ohio, John Godlove married Nancy Thrap.
June 3, 1805
May 19, 1805: Robert Thrap b: 1728 in Baltimore Co., MD. d: February 26, 1808 in Muskingum Co. OH.
. +Elizabeth Hilton b: August 9, 1743 in Baltimore Co. MD m: February 28, 1760 in Baltimore County, MD d: Unknown in Muskingum Co., OH.
. 2 John Thrap b: 1761 in MD d: Abt. 1844 in Perry Co. OH bur @ Holcomb Cem. in Bearfield Twp Perry Co., OH
.... +Elizabeth ? b: 1760 d: December 7, 1837 in buried in Holcomb Cem Portersville, OH (stone illegible).
.... 3 Nancy Anna Thrap b: September 9, 1783 in MD d: March 10, 1845 in Perry Co., OH buried Holcomb Cemetery
....... +John Godlove b: 1777 in VA m: May 19, 1805 in Muskingum Co., OH d: 1864 in ? buried at Riverside Cemetery Washington Co., IA
....... 4 Sarah A. Godlove
....... 4 Rebecca Godlove b: Abt. 1807 d: November 14, 1899 in Perry Co., OH
.......... +James Allen b: 1806 in VA m: October 23, 1827 in Perry Co., OH d: October 14, 1871 in Bearfield Township Perry Co., OH
.......... 5 Margaret Allen b: Abt. 1828 in OH
............. +Benedict House m: April 26, 1850 in Perry Co., OH
.......... 5 Jasper Allen b: March 30, 1830 in OH d: June 23, 1881
............. +Eliza Jane Jadwin m: December 30, 1851 in Hocking Co., OH
.......... 5 Rebecca J. Allen b: Abt. 1836
.......... 5 Priscilla Allen b: Abt. 1838
.......... 5 Jeremiah F. Allen b: 1840
.......... 5 John Wesley Allen b: April 30, 1842
.......... 5 James K. P. Allen b: Abt. 1844
.......... 5 George W. Allen b: Abt. 1848
.......... 5 Benedict R. Allen b: Abt. 1850
....... 4 Jeremiah Godlove b: June 11, 1816 in OH d: March 3, 1893
.......... +Cyrena Ellison b: Abt. 1818 m: September 24, 1840 in Perry Co., OH[24]
May 19, 1824: House and Senate reached agreement on Tariff Act of 1824, which became law on May 22. [25]
May 19, 1862:
23
1200
Lincoln, Mary Todd, 1818-1882 (A.L.S.), May 19, 1862 [26]
May 19 and 22, 1863: Dr. William McKinnon Goodlove (1st cousin, 3 times removed) and the 57th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Assaults on Vicksburg May 19 and 22. [27]
Thurs. May 19[28], 1864
Marched out 5 miles and back up byo Chapalie
teams crossing no canon
heard today for the first time for 6 wk
(William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary, 24th Iowa Infantry)[29]
May 19, 1877: Samuel Martin GUTLEBEN was born on May 19, 1877 in Colmar,Upper Rhine,Alsace and died on February 16, 1946 in Alameda,Alameda,CA at age 68.
Samuel married Bertha HOFFMAN, daughter of William HOFFMAN and Catherine HOFF, on April 5, 1899. Bertha was born on April 20, 1878 in ,,IL and died on October 18, 1946 at age 68. [30]
May 19, 1898: Earnest E. Heald b March 5, 1881 d before May 19, 1898. [31]
May 1903: George D. Strait b ca 1882 d May 1903 (age 21) unmarried. [32]
May 1929: Albert Elwell STEPHENSON. [6] Born on September 7, 1886 in Chariton County, Missouri. Albert Elwell died in Dean Lake, Chariton County, Missouri on April 21, 1972; he was 85. Buried in Stephenson Cemetery, Dean Lake, Chariton County, Missouri.
On May 31, 1914 when Albert Elwell was 27, he married Maude Ann VANCE, in Dade County, Missouri. Born on September 30, 1887 in Dade County, Missouri. Maude Ann died in May 1929; she was 41. Buried in Stephenson Cemetery, Dean Lake, Chariton County, Missouri. [33]
May 1933: There was anti-Jewish rioting in May 1933 and the attacks continued the next year. Jews understood their perilous plight; many left and others closed their business and professional practices. By 1938, 552 Jewish business and legal and medical practices in Hanover were no longer operating. As their public life as Germans narrowed, Jewish communal life became more intense.[34]
May 1938: During World War II, a number of Jewish children escaping from the Nazis, via the Kindertransport, reached and were housed in Millisle. The Millisle Refugee Farm (Magill’s farm, on the Woburn Road) and was founded by teenage pioneers from the Bachad movement. It took refugees from May 1938 until its closure in 1948.[35]
May 1939
Winston Churchill, in a speech in the House of Commons in May 1939, a year before he was named prime minister, at the cusp of the most horrific moment in Jewish history, described the exiles crowded into boats headed for Palestine as “that vast, unhappy mass of scattered, wandering Jews whose intense, unchanging, unconquerable desire has been for a national home.”[36]
During World War II, all Jews in Germany had to wear a yellow Star of David emblazoned with the word Jude. Anyone who had one Jewish parent was considered a Jew because, as a German official put it, “among half-Jews the Jewish genes are notoriously dominant.” Having already been identified, German Jews were easy to gather into concentration camps when the war started. By the end of the war the Holocaust had reduced the worldwide Jewish population from a prewar high of 16.6 million to 11 million.
At the individual level, people have to decide how much they want to know about their own ancestry. What you don’t know usually can’t hurt you. Then again, for some people the information provided by test of genetic ancestry can provide a powerful sense of connectedness.[37]
May 1940: Following the outbreak of war in 1939, the Duke was given a military post in the British Army stationed in France. According to the son of Lord Ironside, the Duchess continued to entertain friends associated with the fascist movement, and leaked details of the French and Belgian defences gleaned from the Duke.[88] When the Germans invaded the north of France and bombed Britain in May 1940, the Duchess told an American journalist, "I can't say I feel sorry for them."[89][38] When Germany invaded the north of France in May 1940, the Windsors fled south, first to Biarritz,[39]
May 1940: President Roosevelt approves listening devises to be used on those who are suspected of subversive activities.[40]
Mid May 1940: In mid May 1940, despairing of their ability to secure control of Iraq's oil fields and deny access to Germany, the British turned to the extremist Irgun, approaching one of its commanders, David Raziel, whom they had imprisoned in Palestine. They asked him if he would undertake to destroy Iraq's oil refineries, and thus turn off the spigots to Germany. Raziel agreed on condition he be allowed to kidnap the Mufti and bring him back to Palestine. The mission plan was changed at the last moment, however, and Raziel died when his plane was shot down by a German fighter.[116][117]
When the Anglo-Iraqi War broke out, like many clerics in Iraq, al-Husseini issued a fatwa for a holy war against Britain. When the coup d'état failed, - what little German and Italian assistance was given played a negligible role in the war[118] - he escaped to Persia, where he was granted legation asylum first by Japan, and then by Italy. [41]
May 19, 1941: The last Italian troops in North Africa, commanded by the Duike of Aosta, surrender to the British.[42]
May 19, 1941: A pogrom against the Jews of Baghdad takes place.[43]
May 1942: The damage inflicted by Doolittle and his raiders was slight, but it had lasting effects on both sides of the Pacific. As Roosevelt had calculated, the daring raid was a tremendous boost to American morale, which had been severely tested by four long months of defeat and loss.
China bore the heaviest cost of the raid. In May 1942, the Japanese army launched operation Sei-Go, with the dual aims of securing Chinese airfields from which raids could be launched against the Home Islands, and punishing villages which might have sheltered Doolittle's airmen after the Raid. Exact figures are impossible to come by, but tens of thousands - perhaps as many as 250,000 - Chinese civilians were murdered in the Chekiang and Kiangsu provinces.
The raid, however, made a profound impression on the Japanese leadership. For several months, the Japanese high command had been debating its next major move against the Allies. The Navy General Staff, headed by Admiral Osami Nagano, called for a strategy of cutting off America from Australia, by occupying the Fiji Islands, New Caledonia and Samoa. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, Commander in Chief of the Combined Fleet, disagreed, arguing that the U.S. Navy - in particular, its carriers - had to be neutralized. This necessitated seizing bases in the Aleutian Islands to the north, and the western tip of the Hawaiian Island chain. From those bases, as well as the bases already held in the Gilbert and Marshall Islands, Japanese long-range bombers could keep the American carriers penned up in Pearl Harbor, perhaps even forcing them to retire clear back to the American west coast.
The Doolittle raid ended the debate. With Japan's military deeply embarrassed by having exposed the Emperor to danger, and fed up with the harassing American carriers, Yamamoto prevailed. His staff was given the go-ahead to prepare and execute a major operation in the central Pacific. Yamamoto hoped the operation - a complex plan involving a thrust to the north, followed by the occupation of several American-held islands near Hawaii - would result in "decisive battle" with the American fleet near a tiny atoll known as Midway.[44]
For Enterprise, the Battle of Midway began in May 1942, with a crucial bit of deception in the South Pacific.
May 19, 1942: The German Army mounts a major attack near Kharkov in the Soviet Union. [45]
May 19, 1942: Jews over the age of 6 in the Occupied Zone are required to wear the yellow star. [46]
May 1943: On May 1943 British troops march into the capital of Tunis while Americans march into Deserta.[47]
May 1945:
DD-560
Howard Snell
SC2
12/43 - 5/45
hwrdsnll (AT) aol.com
Plank owner,Ship sunk may 1945
[48]
May 1959: A Girl Guides company, the 1st Buckingham Palace Company including the Holy Trinity Brompton Brownie pack, was reformed in May 1959, specifically so that, like her mother, Anne could socialise with girls her own age. The Princess Royal was active until 1963, when she went to boarding school.[7] Anne remained under private tutelage until she was enrolled at Benenden School in 1963, leaving five years later with six GCE O-Levels and two A-Levels.[6] Anne's first boyfriend was Andrew Parker Bowles, who was Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall's first husband.[8]
Princess Anne served as a bridesmaid on several occasions. She was a bridesmaid at the 1961 wedding of the Duke and Duchess of Kent.[9][49]
May 1961 During this month in New Orleans, Clay Shaw is asked to introduce the
deputy director of the CIA, General Charles P. Cabell, who is in New Orleans to address the
Foreign Policy Association. Shaw is program chairman of this group. This speech comes less
than one month after Cabell has personally supervised the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion. The
point here is that the selection of Clay Shaw to introduce General Cabell, the second highest figure at the
CIA, suggest -- in the absence of any record of Shaw’s continuing reports to the CIA after 1956 -- that
Shaw continues to enjoy a good relationship with the agency -- a fact that will be denied when he is later
brought to trial by New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison.
During this month, a French soldier of fortune named Jose Luis Romero says he is
approached by two men who look just like Frank Sturgis and Bernard Barker -- a former Cuban
secret policeman. He says he is offered a large sum of money if he will kill JFK and make it
appear to be an attempt on the life of French President Charles de Gaulle.
Also during this month, the CIA begins working with FBI in targeting Fair Play for Cuba
Committee.
Finally, during a meeting of the Cuban task force, chaired by Richard N. Goodwin,
Secretary of Defense McNamara excuses himself to leave for another appointment. He grasps
Goodwin’s shoulder and says: “The only thing to do is eliminate Castro.” The CIA representative,
present at the meeting, looks at McNamara and says: “You mean Executive Action.” McNamara
nods and turns back to Goodwin. “I mean it, Dick,” he concludes, “it’s the only way.” Later, the
CIA representative, after his return to Langley, carefully prepares a memo “for the files” recording
the “suggestion” of the secretary of defense.
Oswald’s Diary: May -- The transistion of changing full love from Ella to Marina was
very painfull esp. as I saw Ella almost every day at the factory but as the days and weeks
went by I adjusted more and more my wife mentaly. I still haden't told my wife of my desire
to return to US. She is maddly in love with me from the very start, boat rides on Lake
Minsk walks throught the parks evening at home or at Aunt Valia's place mark May. [50]
May 19, 1961 A Federal court in Washington rules that Carlos Marcello’s deportation
is fully valid and denies a motion by his attorneys that it be declared illegal. [51]
May 19, 1962 Gala celebration of JFK’s forty-fifth birthday is held in Madison Square
Garden to raise funds for the Democratic Party. Marilyn Monroe sings her famous rendition of
“Happy Birthday” to JFK. JFK apparently never sees Monroe again after this night. According to
Peter Lawford, J. Edgar Hoover has warned JFK off, telling him that Lawford’s home in
California is probably being bugged by the mafia. [52]
May 19, 1963 Alpha 66’s “general secretary”, Andres Nasario Sargen, travels to Los
Angeles from Miami and presents an exhortatory call to arms at a public meeting of some six
hundred Cuban exiles. [53]
May 1968: Scamp operated out of San Diego in the local operating area from January to May 1968. [54]
May 19, 1969: Lucinda Emerline Smith (b. May 3, 1882 in GA / d. May 19, 1969 in GA).[55]
May 1971: Charles W. Snell (May 1971). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Berkeley Plantation". Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission. Retrieved 2013-06-13. and Accompanying photo
1. ^ http://www.virginia.org/site/features.asp?featureID=50
May 1980: John Vance, served from VA W 6338. File received May 1980 from National Archives.
PETITION OF JOHN VANCE;To the Honourable the Speaker and Members of the Legislature of the State of Virginia,
Gentlemen, Your petitioner humbly sheweth that in the year seventy-six I turned out a Volunteer under Captain Stevenson as sargeant and Clerk to the Company and marched to Williamsburg, and then joined the eighth Virginia regiment commanded by Colonel Peter Milinsky and marched from there to Charles Town in South Carolina, and the Company I belonged to, with two more companys, was sent to assist at the Battle of Sulivans Island, from thence we marched to Sunsberry in Georgia under General Lee and remained there untill our time of service was out. I then returned to Fort Pit and then joined the 13th Virginia regiment commanded by Colonel Crawford in Captain Robert Bell's Company, and acted as Sargeant Major to the said regiment, and part of the said regiment was sent down to join the main army at Philadelphia under General Washington where I then acted as Agetant for said regiment for three months, was at the battle of Brandywine, and at the Battle of Germantown, wounded through the cheek with a bayonet, and sometime after the Battle General Milinsbuy gave me a very honorable discharge, which I took good care uf until my house was burned down by accident, and so lost it, and the wound I received in my leg still continues to run and so disables me to walk that I am not able to labour for my support, being now sixty-seven years of age, and as I served in our Revolutionary War for Liberty, I hope and trust that your honorable body will take my poor and distressed situation under your serious consideration, and grant me as a poor old soldier such relief as may support me in my old age. And you Petitioner as in duty bouned shall ever pray,
John Vance
May 1988: Batteal Harrison Soldier of the War of 1812
By Jeremy F. Elliot
(Read before a meeting of The Daughters Of The War Of 1812 at Cook Cemetery, Fayette County, Ohio, May 1988)
Records at the Ohio Adjutant General's Office indicate Batteal Harrison's birth date as 1780. Batteal lived as a small child in the western foothills of the Appalachian Mountains near what is now Connellsville Pennsylvania. He lived with his parents Benjamin Harrison and Mary Newell Harrison. By 1785 many situations had occurred that may have helped the decision to move west:
· Benjamin's father, Lawrence, had died.
· Benjamin's brother Battaille had died in Revolution.
· Benjamin's brother William had been tortured to death by Indians and left land in Kentucky to Benjamin.
· The Revolution was over.
· Benjamin's in-laws were moving west.
· The Virginia - Pennsylvania border dispute was settled and the Harrison's land was under Pennsylvania jurisdiction.
· And the Harrison's were pro-slavery.
For whatever reason, Batteal's family moved to Kentucky in 1785.
Batteal did not make it to Kentucky. Since he was sick when the flat boat was near Wheeling, Batteal was left temporarily at Wheeling with an aunt and uncle, Jane Newell Vance and William Vance. It was a few years until Benjamin returned for Batteal and by this time, Batteal no longer remembered his father. Batteal resisted his father so strongly that Aunt Jane suggested that Batteal be allowed to remain with the Vances. Benjamin returned to Kentucky alone and may never have seen his son again. Sometime after 1800, Batteal set out to his parent's new home in what is now Missouri. By the time he reached Chillicothe, Ohio, he learned that his mother had died. Batteal remained in Chillicothe and found work as a teamster. It was in Chillicothe that he met his future wife Elizabeth Scott.
On June 18, 1812, the United States declared war on Great Britain. Since the British had a strong presence in Southern Canada and Detroit, this necessitated an American military presence in Ohio. The Army in Ohio was to consist mainly of Militia from Ohio, Kentucky and Pennsylvania. There were also to be mustered two regiments for federal service in Ohio; the 18th & 19th US Infantry. On March 12, 1812, Batteal Harrison was commissioned an Ensign in the US Army. On July 23, he was appointed as Ensign in the 19th Infantry.
In the Summer of 1812, General William Hull moved against Detroit with militia. Detroit was taken quickly but fortunes reversed and Hull surrendered Detroit and his entire command. After this setback, command of the Northwestern Army was assigned jointly to General Winchester and General William Henry Harrison. General Harrison planned an attack on several Indian villages in Eastern Indiana. This included an assortment of militia units and one Company of federal soldiers. The army numbering about 600 mounted soldiers started from Franklinton, the Northwest Army Headquarters. On November 25, they camped and accumulated supplies at Greenville and arrived near the Indian villages at 4:00 a.m. December 17. The Indians were attacked immediately and several warriors were killed. The remaining men, women and children were captured. Livestock was destroyed, and all grain found was immediately fed to the soldier's horses. All huts were burned except one. In the afternoon two more villages were burned. That night the soldiers deployed into a large square formation for defense. Before dawn on December 18th the Indians counter attacked. The daylight seemed to favor the American marksmen and the Indian losses were heavy. When the Indians retired with their casualties the Americans buried their dead beneath the floor of the remaining hut and burned it. The Army then returned to Franklinton. On January 2, 1813, General Harrison issued a general order commending several officers including Ensign Harrison of the 19th Infantry.
General Winchester did not fare so well in the North. He was defeated by British and Indians under General Henry Proctor at the river Raisin near present day Monroe, Michigan. After this defeat, Proctor permitted the Indians to massacre their captives. William Henry Harrison was then promoted to Major General and appointed Commander-In-Chief of the Army in the Northwest.
His first moved was to establish a stronghold in Northwestern Ohio. The location was the South Bank of the Maumee River near present day Toledo. It was well positioned, strongly built, and of very large size. This was Fort Meigs, named for Ohio Governor Jonathan Meigs. The fort was built in the Winter of 1813 and during the Winter and Spring, troops, supplies and cannon poured in. On February 18, Batteal Harrison arrived with the 19th Infantry.
In April warm weather permitted the British to sail across Lake Erie and up the Maumee River. They unloaded cannons and set up a battery on the North side of the Maumee. By Saturday afternoon May 1, 1813 the battery was ready. The British commenced firing on Fort Meigs and continued day and night till the following Tuesday. During Sunday night the British established a second battery on the South side of the river and down stream from the fort. At one time a British officer approached under a flag of truce to accept surrender. General Harrison had caused trenches to be dug within the fort to protect the soldiers from the cannon fire. Since casualties in the fort were slight, the British officer was dismissed without a surrender.
At midnight Tuesday a messenger reached Ft. Meigs. 1200 Kentucky Militia were upriver only hours away. General Harrison ordered part of this force to attack the first British battery at dawn and the remainder to enter the fort. At the moment the Kentuckians attacked the North battery, the 19th US Regiment charged out of the fort toward the South battery. The British and Indians were completely surprised. At the South battery, 2 British Grenadiers and 2 officers were captured. The cannons were spiked and the prisoners taken into the fort.
On the North side, the Kentucky militia drove the British from the battery and spiked the cannons. But instead of returning to the fort, the militia pursued the Indians into the woods. Here the Indians were in their element. Of 700 militia attacking the North battery, all but 150 were captured. Very many of the captured were promptly murdered. It is said that Tecumseh stopped the murdering of captives when he learned of it.
The siege of Fort Meigs ended in a draw and, after a prisoner exchange, the British and Indians withdrew.
On the following Sunday, General Harrison again issued a general order commending several officers and men, including Ensign Harrison, for their conduct in attacking the South battery.
During the next two months, preparations continued for defense of the fort and for invasion of Canada. The British did return in July and laid siege for a week but did not use their cannons. They left Fort Meigs and after a futile attempt to take the very small Fort Stephenson, left American soil permanently.
In August of 1813 Commodore Oliver Perry captured the British fleet on Lake Erie and the British could only wait for General Harrison to move when he was ready. In September the Americans sailed into Fort Maldeh, the British headquarters in Southern Canada and found it abandoned. The British and Indians were overtaken at the Thames River. After a brief intense battle, Tecumseh was shot dead, after which all British and Indian resistance evaporated. British soldiers threw down their arms and surrendered, the Indians vanished. The infamous British Commander Henry Proctor fled in his carriage. Pursuing Americans found the abandoned carriage with Proctor's personal possessions. Proctor himself escaped on foot.
No record has been found of Batteal Harrison's presence or the presence of the 19th Regiment in Canada. Military records do show that Batteal Harrison was present with the Army at Detroit at some time after the Battle of the River Thames.
During the remainder of the War of 1812, Batteal Harrison was stationed at Fort George, St. Clairsville, and Chillicothe.
Harrison was promoted to First Lt. on August 15, 1813 and on March 17, 1814 was promoted to Captain. The War of 1812 ended in May 1814 and Batteal Harrison was discharged from the Army at Detroit, July 9, 1815.
Batteal married Elizabeth Scott February 3, 1814. After discharge from the Army, Batteal and Elizabeth moved with baby Benjamin to Northern Fayette County, Ohio and built a cabin along the North Fork of Paint Creek. Since Batteal's father served in the Continental Army in a Virginia Regiment, Batteal and his brothers and sisters had the right to exercise a federal land warrant for 4000 acres in Central Ohio. About 1600 acres of this were sold immediately. The brothers and sisters (all living in Missouri) waived their rights to the land and Batteal had surveyors select land for the 2400 acre balance in several parcels in Fayette, Pickaway, and Pike Counties. Most was in the vicinity of Madison Mills, Fayette County. Batteal and Elizabeth lived to see all of their six children grow into adulthood, marry and have children of their own.
Batteal was a farmer and stock-raiser after his army career. In the 1820's he was an Associate Judge of Fayette County. From 1836 to 1840 he was State Representative. During most of Batteal's life, State law required all able bodied men to participate in militia training. Batteal was elected Brigadier General of Militia but was not Adjutant General of Ohio as has been reported elsewhere.
Batteal and Elizabeth did not live to learn of the capture and death of their son John Joseph at the siege of Vicksburg during the Civil War. Elizabeth died in 1851 and Batteal in 1857.
May 19, 1993: Edward Franklin Nix (b. November 14, 1921 in AL / d. May 19, 1993 in AL).[56]
Edward Franklin Nix15 [Thomas Nix14, Marion F. Nix13, John A. Nix12, Grace Louisa Francis Smith11, Gabriel Smith10, John “LR” Smith9, Ambrose J. Smith8, Christopher Smith7, Christopher Smith6, Thomas Smythe5, Thomas Smythe4, John Smythe3, Richard2, William1] (b. November 14, 1921 in Bangor, Blount Co., AL / d. May 19, 1993 in Muscle Shoals, Colbert Co., AL) married Nellie Ruth Hunt (b. June 21, 1924 in Cullman Co. AL / d. September 1, 1989 in Colbert Co. AL), the daughter of Harvey Hunt and Violet Coffman, on August 9, 1941 in Blount Co. AL. [57]
May 1996: Following the retirement of the Queen Mother in 1981, Anne was elected by graduates of the University of London as that institution's Chancellor. Throughout May 1996, the Princess served as Her Majesty's High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, which granted her, for the duration of the appointment, a higher precedence in Scotland, and the alternative style of Her Grace. In 2007, the Princess Royal had the honour of being appointed by the Queen as Grand Master of the Royal Victorian Order, a position her grandmother had also held.
The Princess Royal carries out a full schedule of royal engagements and is involved with over 200 charities and organisations in an official capacity. She works extensively for Save the Children, of which she has been president since 1970, and she initiated The Princess Royal Trust for Carers in 1991; her work for the charity takes her all over the world, including many poverty stricken African nations. She is also the Royal Patron of WISE, an organisation that encourages young women to pursue careers in science, engineering and construction.[24] Her extensive work for St. John Ambulance as Commandant-in-Chief of St. John Ambulance Cadets has helped to develop many young people, as she annually attends the Grand Prior Award Reception. She is also a British representative in the International Olympic Committee as an administrator, and was a member of the London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games. She was President of BAFTA from 1973 to 2001.
She is also a Royal Fellow of the Royal Society. Royal Fellows are members of the Monarchy who are recommended and elected by the Society's Council. There are currently only five Royal Fellows, including The Princess Royal herself, The Duke of Edinburgh, The Prince of Wales, The Duke of Kent, and The Duke of Cambridge.[58]
Yemeni.—Collections were made (May 1997) at two locations in the Hadramaut, Yemen, from paternally unrelated but otherwise randomly selected males. Specific locations were the Seiyun Teachers Training College in Seiyun in the Hadramaut and Sena, a small (population ~3,000) isolated town located ~60 km east of Terim and ~40 km from the coast. The college draws its membership from a local but dispersed area and forms part of the new University of the Hadramaut. The present-day residents of Sena suggest that their ancestors may have moved to the area relatively recently (<300 years ago). The Hadramaut population is known to have a prolonged history of seafaring and trading with eastern Africa and other overseas areas, including Southeast Asia, and has a considerable diaspora in Indonesia, eastern Africa, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt. The people are Arab Muslims, although Jews are thought to have lived in the region during former times (Parfitt 1997). Ashkenazic Israelites and Sephardic Israelites.—Samples were collected from self-designated, paternally unrelated but otherwise randomly selected males in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Israel. In all cases, appropriate informed consent was obtained before samples were collected. Today, Jewish males can be divided into three castes: Cohanim (the paternally inherited priesthood), Leviim (non-Cohen members of the paternally defined priestly tribe of Levi), and Israelites (all non-Cohen and non-Levite Jews). Significant differences in Y-chromosome frequencies among these groups were recently reported by Thomas et al. (1998). As a consequence, frequencies of Y-chromosome haplotypes of Jewish populations are expected to vary, in part because of differences in the proportion of Cohanim, Leviim, and Israelites sampled. Since ~90% of the Jewish population are Israelites (Bradman et al., in press), it was decided, for the purpose of the current study, that, in terms of the data already available, Jewish populations are best represented by males of the Israelite caste. Data on some of the Ashkenazic- and Sephardic-Israelite samples have been the subject of publication elsewhere (Skorecki et al. 1997; Thomas et al. 1998). Population Designations Ashkenazic.—These Jews follow the Ashkenazic rite associated with the Jewish communities of northern Europe. Sephardic.—These Jews follow a Sephardic rite associated with the Jewish communities of northern Africa and Asia. The two communities have, to a great extent, been isolated from each other for [gt-or-equal, slanted]500 years. Semitic.—Unless otherwise noted, “Semitic” here will refer to the Jewish, Yemeni, and Sena populations together. Yemeni and Sena.—Samples collected at the Seiyun Teachers Training College are referred to here as “Yemeni,” samples collected at Sena as “Sena.” Sample Collection and Extraction of DNA In sample collection from Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews, the subject lightly scraped the inside of the cheek with a wooden spatula, swished saline solution around the mouth for ~30 s, and expelled the solution into a collection tube. Sample collection from all other groups was by buccal swabs wiped over the inside of the cheek and returned to collection tubes to which 0.05 M EDTA/0.5% SDS was added. DNA was extracted by use of a standard phenol procedure. Typing Two multiplex kits (one for the six microsatellites and the other for the six UEP) were developed for use with an ABI-310 genetic analyzer (Thomas et al. 1998). Five percent of the samples were retyped for microsatellite repeats on an ABI-377 genetic analyzer in a separate laboratory. Only 1/120 typings were different (DYS392; a difference of two “steps”). Genetic Distances, Haplotypes, and Genealogical Trees Genetic distances for haplotypes were calculated with use of the computer program MICROSAT, to infer genealogical trees that were drawn with the program PHYLIP (Felsenstein 1993). Genetic similarities of populations were calculated by use of Nei’s (1987) genetic identity. Microsatellite haplotypes present at a frequency [gt-or-equal, slanted].1 in any of the six populations were included in a table of frequently encountered haplotypes. Go to: Results UEP Groups Table 1 classifies the Y chromosomes of the six sample populations into four groups (for a cladogram illustrating the evolutionary relationships of the four UEP groups, see fig. 1). The distribution of the four UEP groups among the populations is apparently consistent with earlier suggestions that the Lemba have a mixed Bantu-Semitic origin. The frequency of the YAP+ chromosomes in the Lemba is intermediate between that of the Bantu group and that of the Semitic group. However, the distribution between the two YAP+ groups is significantly different. Only two Bantu, four Lemba, and three Yemeni Y chromosomes are included in UEP group 3 (YAP+ sY81-A), whereas all of the YAP+ Israelites fall into this group. YAP+ sY81-A Y chromosomes have been identified in many widely separated populations in Asia, Africa, and Europe. It is more widespread than the derived YAP+sY81-G haplotype (UEP group 4), which appears to be substantially confined to Africa (Hammer et al. 1997). Given the significant difference between the distribution of the two YAP+ UEP groups in the Semitic and Bantu populations, interpreting the total frequency of YAP+ Y chromosomes as an indicator of admixture in the Lemba could be misleading. Distinguishing the frequencies of the YAP+ sY81-A and YAP+ sY81-G Y chromosomes, however, seems to provide a more appropriate level of resolution. Table 1 Table 1 Distribution of Y Chromosomes from Six Populations into Four UEP Groups, and Nei's Genetic Identity[Note] Figure 1 Figure 1 Cladogram of UEP, distinguishing UEP groups. Explanations of abbreviations are as in table 1. All members of the Sena population fall within UEP group 1, the most common UEP group (YAP− 92R7-C) in the Semitic populations. The relatively greater homogeneity of the Sena population may result from the town’s isolation and from its catchment area being more limited than those for the other Hadramaut samples. Although the Ashkenazic Israelites, Sephardic Israelites, and Yemeni are not significantly different from each other in the distribution of Y chromosomes across UEP groups, all other populations are both significantly different from one another and from the Ashkenazic Israelites, Sephardic Israelites, and Yemeni (P<.01 in all cases). Genetic Identity Nei’s genetic identity I, calculated on the basis of distributions of haplotypes at the UEP level, shows the Lemba to be closer to the four Semitic populations than to the Bantu. Haplotypes Table 2Table 22 lists the Y-chromosome haplotypes of all samples, classified by UEP group and microsatellites, identifying those Y chromosome haplotypes that are observed in more than one population. Only 2 (.014) of the 142 microsatellite haplotypes are duplicated across UEP groups, which provides some confidence that the six microsatellites used in this study are sufficient to prevent high levels of homoplasy, at least at fairly deep genealogical levels. Evolutionary convergence of the microsatellite haplotypes within UEP haplogroups will, of course, not be detected. Table 2 Table 2 Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplotypes, across Six Populations[Note] Table 2 Table 2 Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplotypes, across Six Populations Table 2 Continued Table 2 Continued Table 2 Continued Table 2 Continued [Note] To evaluate sharing of Y chromosomes between populations, we considered both the total number of Y chromosomes observed (table 3, top) and a data set in which each Y-chromosome haplotype was counted only once (table 3, bottom). The degree of sharing of Y chromosomes between Ashkenazic and Sephardic Israelites has been reported elsewhere (Bradman et al., in press). Haplotype 34 (CMH) is present in varying frequencies in Ashkenazic Israelites, Sephardic Israelites, Yemeni, and Lemba but is absent from both the Bantu population and the Sena population. The CMH represents .088 of all Lemba Y chromosomes and .135 of Lemba UEP group 1 Y chromosomes; equivalent population (UEP group 1) proportions for Ashkenazic Israelites, Sephardic Israelites, and Yemeni are, respectively, .150 (.231), .100 (.161), and .020 (.027). The CMH is an important component in the sharing of Ashkenazic- and Sephardic-Israelite Y chromosomes. It is also the major component of Ashkenazic- and Sephardic-Israelite Y-chromosome sharing with the Lemba. The Yemeni-Hadramaut samples only have one such chromosome among them. Two striking features are the large proportion of haplotypes found in the Bantu that are also present in the Lemba (.448; table 3, bottom) and the even higher proportion of Y chromosomes (.740; table 3, top). Table 3 Table 3 Proportions of Y Chromosomes and Y-Chromosome Haplotypes Shared by Pairs of Populations[Note] Gene Diversity Table 4 gives gene diversity (Nei 1987) for all six populations, at the UEP-group level and at the 12-marker-haplotype level; the gene diversity is calculated separately for each UEP group, for all populations having [gt-or-equal, slanted]10 Y chromosomes within that group. Geographic isolation may be the reason why the Sena population is the most homogeneous at the all-haplotypes level. Table 4 Table 4 Gene Diversity at the UEP and 12-Marker Haplotype Levels[Note] Among the other five populations, the homogeneity of the Bantu is striking, particularly at the UEP-group level. Haplotype 117 and its one-step microsatellite neighbors comprise almost half the Bantu Y chromosomes and could be a candidate signature haplotype of the eastern Bantu expansion. It will be interesting to see whether the haplotype cluster is represented in other eastern Bantu, as well as in western Bantu and Cameroon Bantu populations. The two Wolof individuals shared the same haplotype (haplotype 128, a one-step neighbor of the Bantu modal haplotype) with each other and with two Pedi individuals, one Swazi individual, and one Ndebele individual. The Bantu modal haplotype was not significantly associated (P=.773) with any single tribal group (Raymond and Rousset 1995). Furthermore, no particular association of tribe and haplotype was immediately apparent. Approximately 78% (60/77) of Y chromosomes were shared across tribes, whereas ~45% (13/29) of Y-chromosome haplotypes were similarly shared. The Lemba have no single dominant haplotype, but haplotypes 14, 30, 34, and 39 together represent more than one-third (~40% [n=54]) of the Lemba total; furthermore, since they are all in UEP group 1, they represent >60% of that group.
Microsatellite Variability
As reported by Thomas et al. (1998), the distribution of alleles across UEP groups suggests that microsatellite DYS388 does not mutate in a consistent stepwise manner over its entire range of repeat counts. The distribution of DYS388 alleles in UEP group 1 is strikingly different from that in other UEP groups. UEP group 1 has a two-peak distribution in which most alleles are either [less-than-or-eq, slant]12 or [gt-or-equal, slanted]15, whereas in other UEP groups in this study its repeat length is never >13. It is possible that low- and high-repeat-number subgroups within UEP group 1 are genealogically distinct, but, with current data, it is not possible to exclude the possibility that frequent large deletions occur in high-repeat-number alleles, as has been observed in artificially constructed systems (Wierdl et al. 1997).
Kayser et al. (1997), analyzing European samples, reported a lack of variation at DYS388, with all samples typed having a low-repeat-number allele. All Bantu samples in the present study also had low-repeat-number DYS388 alleles, whereas Semitic populations have a majority of Y chromosomes with high-repeat-number DYS388 alleles. The typing of additional populations may reveal whether high-repeat-number DYS388 alleles common in Near Eastern populations are found at high frequency elsewhere. For now, high-repeat-number DYS388 alleles appear to be diagnostic of the Near East. The distributions of alleles of the other five microsatellites are similar to the distributions reported by Kayser et al. (1997).
Frequently Encountered Haplotypes
Nine haplotypes are represented by Y chromosomes present at a frequency [gt-or-equal, slanted]10% in one or more of the six populations. Figure 2 shows the populations in which they are found. The figure clearly illustrates the relationships uncovered in tables tables11 and and3—namely,3—namely, the apparent contributions of Bantu and Jews to the Lemba Y chromosomes, as well as the connection between the Yemeni and the Sena populations. It also highlights haplotype 39, which is private to the Lemba and constitutes >11% of the total Lemba Y chromosomes and 18% of the Lemba Y chromosomes in UEP group 1.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Frequently encountered haplotypes (frequency >10% in any population), in AI (red), SI (blue), Y (green), S (pink), L (yellow), and B (black); the colors indicate the population with the most chromosomes of the given haplotype. Numbers within the ...
The Origins of Lemba Y Chromosomes
To explore with greater resolution the possible origins of Lemba Y chromosomes, genealogical trees were drawn that were based on microsatellite variation. These were used to assess, in the case of each Lemba haplotype, whether each has a close genealogical relationship with one or more haplotypes present in any of the other five populations.
Separate genealogical trees of the individual haplotypes were drawn for each UEP group by use of two distance measures: average squared distance (ASD) and proportion of shared alleles (Slatkin 1995; Goldstein and Pollock 1997). ASD trees for UEP group 1 haplotypes were drawn, with and without DYS388. As expected, given the high- versus low-repeat-number allele distribution, inclusion of DYS388 increased the internal structure of the UEP group 1 tree, with haplotypes containing high-repeat-number DYS388 alleles grouping within one part of the tree and with haplotypes with low-repeat-number DYS388 alleles grouping within the other part of the tree (fig. 3). The tree also shows the populations in which each haplotype is represented. As would be anticipated with a large sample of similar haplotypes, bootstrap values were usually low, with only 3/77 nodes recording values >60% after 500 resamplings.
Figure 3
Figure 3
UEP group 1 genealogical tree of Y-chromosome haplotypes. The neighbor-joining tree was drawn by use of NEIGHBOR (part of the PHYLIP package), with the distance measure ASD calculated by use of the program MICROSAT. Colors next to the haplotype index ...
Classification into UEP group and position in genealogical trees differentiated Semitic and Bantu haplotypes. The data in table 3 demonstrate that there is very little sharing of Bantu and Semitic Y chromosomes. The highest level, at 9%, is due to a single Bantu haplotype shared with the Yemeni population. Consistent with a deep genealogical division between the two groups, most Semitic and Bantu haplotypes could be clearly differentiated either by their membership in a UEP group associated with Semitic or Bantu haplotypes or by their positions in a microsatellite-based tree restricted to a single UEP group. In UEP group 1, for example, the Bantu Y chromosomes clustered within their own clade. Lemba Y chromosomes, on the other hand, were frequently closely associated with either Bantu or Semitic Y chromosomes but only very rarely with both of them simultaneously. Given that differences can be observed between Semitic and Bantu Y chromosomes, it is possible to suggest a Semitic or Bantu origin for Lemba Y chromosomes, on the basis of their genealogical proximity to Bantu and Semitic types.
In UEP group 1, the two Lemba Y chromosomes (haplotypes 52 and 85) that are members of an otherwise exclusively Bantu clade are classified as Bantu. Haplotype 57 Y chromosomes are classified as Semitic, since they are one-step neighbors of a Sephardic Israelite and a Yemeni, whereas the nearest member of the Bantu clade has an ASD distance six times greater. All other Lemba Y chromosomes in this haplogroup are classified as Semitic, since they are included within Semitic clades in the genealogical tree. Since all other Y chromosomes in UEP group 2 are from Semitic samples, the two Lemba Y chromosomes are classified as Semitic. The four Lemba Y chromosomes in UEP group 3 belong to a haplotype shared with three Israelites and are, therefore, classified as Semitic. Only 2/105 Y chromosomes in UEP group 4 are Semitic; both are Yemeni, and 1 of these 2 is shared with the Lemba and Bantu. Of the Bantu Y chromosomes not included within the Bantu clade in the UEP group 1 tree, 96.9% are included in UEP group 4. For these reasons, the Lemba Y chromosomes in UEP group 4 have been assigned a Bantu origin. The consequence of the above assignments is to designate 92 (67.6%) Lemba Y chromosomes as having a Semitic origin and to designate the other 44 (32.4%) of them as having a Bantu origin.
The Lemba Clans
For 108 of the 136 Lemba males sampled, clan affiliation was ascertained by self-identification. More than 10 samples per clan were collected from members of six clans (Buba, Hajji, Hamisi, Mhani, Sadiki, and Thouhakale). All six clans were represented in both the Northern Province and Sekhukuneland collections. Only the Mhani clan showed a significantly different distribution (P<.02) between the two locations, being more prevalent in the Northern Province collection. All six clans contained both UEP group 1 and UEP group 4 Y chromosomes, but none displayed UEP group 3 Y chromosomes. The Y-chromosome distribution among UEP groups was not significantly different (P>.34) between the two collection places.
Of particular interest is the Buba clan, since membership of this clan and possession of the CMH are significantly associated (P<.0001). Seven of the 11 clan-designated Lemba CMH Y chromosomes came from members of this clan, whereas 7 (Northern Province, 4/4; and Sekhukuneland, 3/9) of the 13 Buba have the CMH. F. C. Raulinga Hamisi, a Lemba elder, in a speech at the burial of Maanda William Mawela Ratshilingana Mhani, in July 1996 (before the current research was undertaken), said that “the Senas left Judea under the leadership of Buba and settled in Yemen where they built their city of Sena, hence Senas,” reflecting the belief of at least one elder that Buba led the Lemba out of Judea. On the other hand, the Encyclopedia Judaica (1972) makes no mention of a Buba in Jewish history. In a book published privately in 1992, another Lemba elder wrote that “the Bhuba lineage came down from Judea as the leading lineage of the Basena when they left Judea in their early migration to the Yemen where they settled and built the city of Sena. They ruled over all the lineages in good manner” (Mathivha 1992, p. 23).
The Bantu Expansion
Bantu Y chromosomes are found in UEP group 1, UEP group 3, and, most frequently, in UEP group 4. The proportion of YAP− Bantu Y chromosomes found in this study is consistent with the results of other investigators, who report a significant YAP− element in the eastern Bantu (Hammer et al. 1998). The seven Bantu haplotypes, one of which is represented in the Lemba, and the Lemba haplotype 85 formed a distinct clade in trees based on use of both ASD and allele sharing as distance measures. Bootstrap support (45% in 500 resamplings of the ASD-based tree) is moderately good, given the large number of haplotypes in the tree and their generally close inferred genealogical relationships. It may be that the eight Y-chromosome haplotypes in this clade are representatives of a YAP− genealogy present, in the eastern Bantu, alongside the dominant YAP+ Y chromosomes. It will be interesting to see whether these or similar haplotypes are represented in other Bantu populations.
There is considerable archaeological and linguistic evidence to support an expansion of Bantu-speaking people throughout subequatorial Africa (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994). It is therefore interesting to see what dates are suggested by the level of microsatellite variance among the dominant, UEP group 4 Bantu Y chromosomes typed in this study. When there is good reason to believe that the correct ancestral Y chromosome can be identified—for example, by its presence at a high frequency (both alone and together with its one-step neighbors)—it is possible to use the method of Thomas et al. (1998), in which the time to coalescence to an ancestral Y chromosome is ASD=μt. A single-step mutation model is assumed, with μ being the average microsatellite mutation rate (per generation) and with t being the time (in generations). Haplotype 117, which is present across the Bantu tribes and in the Lemba, was selected as the ancestral Y chromosome. Alone it represents 25.8% of UEP group 4 Bantu-sample Y chromosomes, 58% together with its one-step neighbors. When the ASD for microsatellites DYS19, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, and DYS393 is calculated and μ=.0021 (Heyer et al. 1997) and 25 years/generation are used, the time to coalescence is 4,839 years. We also used the same approach as did Kittles et al. (Slatkin 1995; Kittles et al. 1998), to calculate an approximate time for the start of rapid population growth. In this method, V=μt, where V is the average variance of microsatellite-repeat counts. Using the same microsatellites, mutation rate, and generation time as used in the ASD=μt calculation above produced a time of 3,310 years. Both times accord with estimates of the agricultural and Bantu expansions in subequatorial Africa (i.e., 3,000–5,000 years before the present [Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994]). It should be appreciated that these dates carry very large confidence intervals, because of variability and uncertainty associated with (1) the evolutionary process and (2) the mutation rate and process. Since the estimates of confidence intervals depend on assumptions about demographic history (Goldstein et al. 1999), we have not attempted to estimate them here.
Go to:
Discussion
Because of convergent evolution in microsatellites, care must be exercised in the interpretation of haplotype frequencies across populations. When two or more populations share haplotypes at high frequency, however, it is unlikely that convergence and matching drift is the correct explanation. The presence of Y-chromosome haplotypes in more than one population, and their absence from other populations, is suggestive of either common origin or male-mediated gene flow.
Genealogical trees of Y-chromosome microsatellite haplotypes included within the same UEP group classified by population can be very helpful in the identification of clades more associated with one population than with another—for example, the Bantu/Lemba clade in figure 3. When such population-associated clades are identified, it is possible that a search for UEP polymorphisms that distinguish between members of the identified clade and other members of the UEP group would yield biallelic markers useful in the study of relationships between particular population groups.
Sampling strategy in Y-chromosome population studies has not generally been given sufficient attention. Whether the collected samples truly reflect the structure of a population is difficult to assess. Since many populations may be both very heterogeneous and highly structured geographically, researchers must be careful when extrapolating conclusions based on an analysis of samples from a restricted area. Care must also be exercised in the interpretation of data from samples that are of unknown provenance and for which only a broad description of origin is available.
The results reported above suggest a genetic history of the Lemba that is not incompatible with their oral tradition. Clearly, there has been a Semitic genetic contribution, including, quite probably, one from Arabs, given the Lembas' presence on the eastern coast of Africa, where Arabs have settled for centuries (Mathew 1963). Both Ashkenazic and Sephardic Israelites are geographically far removed from the Lemba, and, were it not for the Y-chromosome sharing between the Yemeni and Jewish populations, the occurrence of Jewish haplotypes in the Lemba population would be highly suggestive of gene flow between the two groups. However, given the extent of Y-chromosome sharing between the Yemeni and Jewish groups, the presence of such haplotypes because of gene flow from Arab sources cannot be discounted. Support for a Jewish contribution to the Lemba gene pool is, nevertheless, found in the presence, at high frequency in the Lemba, of the CMH (.088 of the entire population and .135 of UEP group 1); the CMH is also observed at moderate frequency in Ashkenazic Israelites (.150 and .231) and Sephardic Israelites (.100 and .161), but it was observed in only a single Yemeni (.020 and .028). Furthermore, in an unpublished study of Palestinian Arabs (A. Nebel, D. Filon, M. Faerman, A. Oppenheim, personal communication), the CMH was present at only very low frequency (<.025). The CMH has been suggested as a signature haplotype for the ancient Hebrew population, and it may be performing that function in this study (Thomas et al. 1998). Further support for Lemba oral history comes from the Buba/CMH association. However, it is possible that the Lemba CMH Y chromosomes are a consequence of a relatively recent event that, in Lemba oral tradition, has acquired a patina of antiquity.
The genetic evidence revealed in this study is consistent with both a Lemba history involving an origin in a Jewish population outside Africa and male-mediated gene flow from other Semitic immigrants (both of these populations could have formed founding groups for at least some of the Lemba clans) and with admixture with Bantu neighbors; all three groups are likely to have been contributors to the Lemba gene pool, and there is no need to present an Arab versus a Judaic contribution to that gene pool, since contributions from both are likely to have occurred. The CMH present in the Lemba could, however, have an exclusively Judaic origin.
The female contribution to the Lemba gene pool may be very different from the paternal, although still consistent with Lemba oral tradition. Soodyall (1993), analyzing mtDNA, found no evidence of Semitic admixture. Significantly, more than one-quarter of the Lemba sampled by Soodyall et al. (1996) had the African intergenic COII/tRNALys 9-bp deletion. Our study provides no evidence of a specific contribution from the ancestors of the present-day residents of Sena.
Go to:
References
Bradman N, Thomas M, Goldstein DG. The genetic origins of Old Testament priests. In: Renfrew C (ed) Population specific polymorphisms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (in press)
Cavalli-Sforza LL, Menozzi P, Piazza A (1994) The history and geography of human genes. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Encyclopedia Judaica (1972) Keter Publishing House, Jerusalem .
Felsenstein J (1993) PHYLIP (phylogeny inference package) version 3.5c. Department of Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle.
Goldstein DB, Pollock DD (1997) Launching microsatellites: a review of mutation processes and methods of phylogenetic inference. J Hered 88:335–342. [PubMed]
Goldstein DB, Reich DE, Bradman N, Usher S, Seligsohn U, Peretz H (1999) Age estimates of two common mutations causing factor XI deficiency: recent genetic drift is not necessary for elevated disease incidence among Ashkenazi Jews. Am J Hum Genet 64:1071–1075. [PMC free article][PubMed]
Hammer MF, Karafet T, Rasanayagam A, Wood ET, Altheide K, Jenkins T, Griffiths RC, et al (1998) Out of Africa and back again: nested cladistic analysis of human Y chromosome variation. Mol Biol Evol 15:427–441. [PubMed]
Hammer MF, Spurdle AB, Karafet T, Bonner MR, Wood ET, Novelletto A, Malaspina P (1997) The geographical distribution of human Y chromosome variation. Genetics 145:787–805. [PMC free article][PubMed]
Heyer E, Puymirat J, Dieltjes P, Bakker E, de Knijff P (1997) Estimating Y chromosome specific microsatellite mutation frequencies using deep rooting pedigrees. Hum Mol Genet 6:799–803. [PubMed]
Kayser M, Caglia A, Corach D, Fretwell N, Gehrig C, Graziosi G, Heidorn F, et al (1997) Evaluation of Y-chromosomal STRs: a multicenter study. Int J Legal Med 110:125–133. [PubMed]
Kittles RA, Perola M, Peltonen L, Bergen AW, Aragon RA, Virkkunen M, Linnoila M, et al (1998) Dual origins of Finns revealed by Y chromosome haplotype variation. Am J Hum Genet 62:1171–1179. [PMC free article][PubMed]
Liesenbang G (1977) New light on Venda traditions: Mahumane’s account of 1730. Hist Afr 4:162–181.
Mandivenga EC (1983) Islam in Zimbabwe. Mambo Press, Gweru, Zimbabwe.
Mathew G (1963) The east African coast until the coming of the Portuguese. In: Mathew RO, Mathew G (eds) The history of east Africa. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 94–127.
Mathivha MER (1992) The Basena/Vamwenya/Balemba. Published privately. Available from the author: P. O. B. 399, Shayandima, Thohoyandou, 0945, Republic of South Africa.
Nei M (1987) Molecular evolutonary genetics. Columbia University Press, New York.
Parfitt T (1997) Journey to the vanished city. Phoenix, London.
Raymond M, Rousset F (1995) An exact test for population differentiation. Evolution 49:1280–1283.
Ruwitah A (1997) Lost tribe, lost language? the invention of a false Remba identity. Zimbabwea 5:53–71.
Skorecki K, Selig S, Blazer S, Bradman R, Bradman N, Warburton PJ, Ismajlowicz M, et al (1997) Y chromosomes of Jewish priests. Nature 385:32. [PubMed]
Slatkin M (1995) A measure of population subdivision based on microsatellite allele frequencies. Genetics 139:457–462. [PMC free article][PubMed]
Soodyall H (1993) Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in southern African populations. PhD thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
Soodyall H, Vigilant L, Hill AV, Stoneking M, Jenkins T (1996) mtDNA control-region sequence variation suggests multiple independent origins of an “Asian-specific” 9-bp deletion in sub-Saharan Africans. Am J Hum Genet 58:595–608. [PMC free article][PubMed]
Spurdle AB, Jenkins T (1996) The origins of the Lemba “black Jews” of southern Africa: evidence from p12F2 and other Y-chromosome markers. Am J Hum Genet 59: 1126–1133. [PMC free article][PubMed]
Thomas MG, Skorecki K, Ben-Ami H, Parfitt T, Bradman N, Goldstein DB (1998) Origins of Old Testament priests. Nature 394:138–140. [PubMed]
Wierdl M, Dominska M, Petes TD (1997) Microsatellite instability in yeast: dependence on the length of the microsatellite. Genetics 146:769–779. [PMC free article][PubMed][59]
•Summary
•Introduction
•Subjects And Methods
•Results
•Discussion
•References
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Articles from American Journal of Human Genetics are provided here courtesy of American Society of Human Genetics
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] Trial by Fire, by Harold Rawlings, page 116.
[2] http://www.tudor-history.com/about-tudors/tudor-timeline/
[3] wikipedia
[4] wikipedia
[5] wikipedia
[6] wikipedia
[7] wikipedia
[8] wikipedia
[9] wikipedia
[10] http://www.tudor-history.com/about-tudors/tudor-timeline/
[11] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[12] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[13] http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1585
[14] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[15] http://www.nndb.com/people/948/000068744/
[16] The chronology of Xenia and Greene County Ohio., http://fussichen.com/oftheday/otdx.htm
[17] (deeds of Darrell to GW, May 19-20, 1760, Fairfax County Deeds, Book D-1, 681--92, Vi Microfilm).
[18] Letter from JoAnn Naugle, 1985
[19] http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924017918735/cu31924017918735_djvu.txt
[20] http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924017918735/cu31924017918735_djvu.txt
[21] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe.
[22] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[23] The Horn Papers, Early Westward Movement on the Monongahela and Upper Ohio 1765-1795 by W.F. Horn Published for a Committee of the Greene County Historical Society, Waynesburg, Pennsylvania by the Hagstrom Company, New York, N.Y. 1945
Ref. 33.4 Conrad and Caty by Gary Goodlove 2003
[24] http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/u/d/Penny-J-Gudgeon/ODT6-0001.html
[25] The Papers of Andrew Jackson, Volume V, 1821-1824
[26]
Series 21: Collector's Items, 1783-1915, bulk 1827-1893
This series consists of letters, autographs, and miscellaneous other documents that were not originally directed to Harrison or his family, but which Harrison collected. There are items from many famous people, most of whom were Americans, including John Quincy Adams, Washington Irving, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, George Washington, and Noah Webster. The content of the letters in this series tends to not be very substantive, with many of the letters being things such as thank you notes, responses to requests for autographs, and invitations and responses to invitations.
This box is stored in the Vault. The correspondence in this series is arranged alphabetically by the sender's name. Multiple items within a folder are then arranged chronologically. Documents other than correspondence are arranged alphabetically by the name of the person who signed the document, or to whom the document primarily relates.
[27] History of Logan County and Ohio, O.L. Basking & Co., Chicago, 1880. page 692.
[28] In tracing the course of his company's service, the captain wrote that the army remained in Simmesport on May 18 and 19, during which time the regiment changed camp several times-evidence of the confusion which permeated army headquarters. The Atchafalaya is a broad stream, noted. Rigby of the river at Simmesport, "it was bridged by placing transports side by side in the stream & lying the bridge across the ... [bows] on this the entire army with its wagons crossed." Letter, WTR to brother May 23, 1864.
[29] Annotated by Jeffery Lee Goodlove
[30] Descendents of Elias Gotleben, Email from Alice, May 2010.
[31] http://cwcfamily.org/egy3.htm
[32] http://cwcfamily.org/egy3.htm
[33] www.frontierfolk.net/ramsha_research/families/Stephenson.rtf
[34] Source: Encyclopaedia Judaica. © 2008 The Gale Group. All Rights Reserved.
[35] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[36] “Abraham’s Children” Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People by Jon Entine, pg 248.
[37] Mapping Human History, by Steve Olson, pages 117-118.
[38] wikipedia
[39] Wikipedia
[40] Decisions that Shook the World, FDR and World War II. 10/26/2004.
[41] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haj_Amin_al-Husseini#World_War_I
[42] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[43] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1765
[44] http://www.cv6.org/1942/doolittle/doolittle_2.htm
[45] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[46] (Based on Ian Ousby, Occupation: The Ordeal of France, 1940
1944 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998)
(Based on Ian Ousby, Occupation: The Ordeal of France, 1940
[47]WWII in HD 11/15/2009
[48] http://www.destroyers.org/smrdd/USS_Morrison.html
[49] wikipedia
[50] http://www.assassinationresearch.com/v2n1/chrono1.pdf
[51] http://www.assassinationresearch.com/v2n1/chrono1.pdf
[52] http://www.assassinationresearch.com/v2n1/chrono1.pdf
[53] http://www.assassinationresearch.com/v2n1/chrono1.pdf
[54] This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.Skipjack-class submarine:
•Skipjack
•Scamp
•Scorpion
•Sculpin
•Shark
•Snook
[55] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe.
[56]Proposed Descendants of William Smythe
[57] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe
[58] wikipedia
[59] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1288118/
No comments:
Post a Comment