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Jeffery Lee Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), Jefferson, LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, and including ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, John Quincy Adams and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Martin Van Buren, Teddy Roosevelt, U.S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison “The Signer”, Benjamin Harrison, Jimmy Carter, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, William Taft, John Tyler (10th President), James Polk (11th President)Zachary Taylor, and Abraham Lincoln.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! http://wwwfamilytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
• • Books written about our unique DNA include:
• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.
Birthdays on May 22….
Catharine P. (Ptermine)
LeFevre
James Connell
John Connell
Doris Coulter Lock
LOUVINA CRAWFORD
COPE
ORANGE ". Crawford
Dennis A. Edaburn
Elizabeth
Arlo G. Godlove
James A. Graham
John Kerr
Ernest D. LeClere
Esther LeFevre
Nicholas A. Nunemaker
Charles A. Sherman
May 22, 334 BCE: The Macedonian army of Alexander the Great defeated Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. This was the first step of a “journey” that would lead to the turning Egypt and Asia Minor (a territory that included Jerusalem and Judea) into bastions of Hellenistic culture. This would create a collision course with Jewish values that would lead to the Maccabee Revolt followed by decades of internicine fighting that would really not come to an end until the Second Temple was destroyed.[1]
334 BCE: After two centuries of Persian rule, the Greeks became the next in the series of distant empires to rule over the land of Canaans. In 334 BCE, twenty-two year old Alexander of Macedonia attacked Persia, executing a plan originally conceived by his father, Philip, who had been assassinated a few years before.[2]
332BCE: Alexander marches through Palestine. [1] In 332 BCE Alexander of Macedonia defeated Darius III of Persia and the Greeks began to colonies Asia and Africa. They founded city states in Tyre, Sidon, Gaza, Philadelphia (Amman) and Tripolis and even at Shechem. The Jews of Palistine and the diaspora were surrounded by a Helenistic culture which some found disturbing, but others were excited by Greek theater, philosophy sport and poetry. [3]
332BCE:Soon after Alexander’s conquering of Egypt, Alexandria is named for him. It becomes the capital of Egypt. The Library of Alexandria is the largest in the world. There was a lecture hall, observatory, museum, pool, botanical garden, and zoo, in addition to the library. There was free room and board to some of the most brilliant scholars of all time. [1][4] There were 700,000 volumes in the library. They acquired so many because Alexandria was a large port that controlled the Nile river. Each ship would be boarded and if any books were found they would be copied. [2] [5]
332 B.C.: The Hellenistic period that the followed the construction of the Second Temple (from Alexander’s conquest ofr Judea in 332 B.C.E. t the establishment of the Hasomonean monarchy in 141 B.C.E.) brought profound changes to religious practice among the Jews. Jews were torn between maintaining their identies and assimilating themselves into Hellensistic culture. For a while, it appeared they could do both. Under the Seleucid Kinhg Antiochus III, the priests were officially recongnized as community leaders and accorded exalted status in Jerusalem.[6]
332 BCE: Soon after Alexander’s conquering of Egypt, Alexandria is named for him. It becomes the capital of Egypt. The Library of Alexandria is the largest in the world. There was a lecture hall, observatory, museum, pool, botanical garden, and zoo, in addition to the library. There was free room and board to some of the most brilliant scholars of all time. [1][7] There were 700,000 volumes in the library. They acquired so many because Alexandria was a large port that controlled the Nile river. Each ship would be boarded and if any books were found they would be copied. [2] [8]
The Septuagint, or simply “LXX”, is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the 3rd and 1st centuries BC in Alexandria.[1] It is the oldest of several ancient translations of the Hebrew Bible into the Greek language, the language spoken by people of the eastern Mediterranean Basin from the time of Alexander the Great 356-323 BC. The word septuaginta[2] means “seventy” in Latin. It derives from a tradition that seventy ()or seventy-two) Jewish scholars translated the Pentateuch (Torah) from Hebrew into Greek for Ptolemy II Philadelphus, 285-246BC [3][4].
The Septuagint includes some books not found in the Hebrew Bible. Many Protestant Bibles follow the Jewish canon and exclude the additional books. Roman Catholics, however include some of these books in their canon while Eastern Orthodox Churches use all the books of the Septuagint. Anglican lectionaries also use all of the books except Psalm 151, and the full Authorized (King James) Version includes these additional books in a separate section labeled the ”Apocryph”.The Septuagint was held in great respect in ancient times; Philo and Josephus ascribed divine inspiration to its authors[4] Besides the Old Latin version the LXXis also the basis for the Slavonic, Syro-Hexaplar (but not the Peshitta).[9]
332 to 30 BC.
100_2252[10]
331 B.C. The Macedonian Greeks, led by Alexander the Great, bring an end to the Persian Empire.
By the time Alexander the Great was welcomed into Babylon in 331 B.C., he had already conquered the entire eastern Mediterranean including Egypt. Alexander died in Babylon only 8 years after he captured the city, so his period of ascendance in the Near East was brief, and his imprint on the archaeological record is very light.
Alexander established garrisons and built new towns modeled on Greek city-states. For a short time Babylon was the capital of the eastern empire, continuing as the center of traditional learning (especially astronomy), with existing institutions and population remaining in place. Greek supplemented the existing local languages, and Hellenistic art, a fusion of classical and Near Eastern traditions, dominated the Near East. [11]
331 BCE: Alexander suppresses a rebellion in Samraria and settles some Macedonians in that part of Israel. A group of Samarians escapes to a cave near Jericho, but the Macedonians find and kill them.[12]
331 BCE: Alexander ‘s Jewish soldiers refuse to cooperate in rebuilding the pagan Babylonian temple, Esagila.[13]
May 22, 337: Birthdate of Constantine, known as the first Christian Emperor of the Roman Emperor for legalizing the practice of Christianity in the Roman Empire. As the following entry shows, Constantine not only promoted Christianity, he was instrumental in the creation of hostile environment for the Jewish people. “Constantine instituted several legislative measures regarding the Jews: they were forbidden to own Christian slaves or to circumcise their slaves. Conversion of Christians to Judaism was outlawed. Congregations for religious services were restricted, but Jews were allowed to enter Jerusalem on Tisha B'Av, the anniversary of the destruction of the Temple. Constantine also supported the separation of the date of Easter from the Jewish Passover stating in his letter after the First Council of Nicaea: "... it appeared an unworthy thing that in the celebration of this most holy feast we should follow the practice of the Jews, who have impiously defiled their hands with enormous sin, and are, therefore, deservedly afflicted with blindness of soul. ... Let us then have nothing in common with the detestable Jewish crowd; for we have received from our Saviour a different way." Theodoret's Ecclesiastical History 1.9 records the Epistle of the Emperor Constantine addressed to those Bishops who were not present at the Council: "It was, in the first place, declared improper to follow the custom of the Jews in the celebration of this holy festival, because, their hands having been stained with crime, the minds of these wretched men are necessarily blinded. ... Let us, then, have nothing in common with the Jews, who are our adversaries. ... avoiding all contact with that evil way. ... who, after having compassed the death of the Lord, being out of their minds, are guided not by sound reason, but by an unrestrained passion, wherever their innate madness carries them. ... a people so utterly depraved. ... Therefore, this irregularity must be corrected, in order that we may no more have any thing in common with those parricides and the murderers of our Lord. ... no single point in common with the perjury of the Jews."[14]
May 22, 1149: Stephen was knighted by King David I of Scotland, his great uncle, at Carlisle.[33] Although the civil war had been decided in Stephen's favour, his reign was troubled. In 1153, the death of Stephen's son Eustace, combined with the arrival of a military expedition led by Henry, led him to acknowledge the latter as his heir by the Treaty of Wallingford.
Matilda retired to Rouen in Normandy during her last years, where she maintained her own court and presided over the government of the duchy in the absence of Henry. She intervened in the quarrels between her eldest son Henry and her second son Geoffrey, Count of Nantes, but peace between the brothers was brief. Geoffrey rebelled against Henry twice before his sudden death in 1158. Relations between Henry and his youngest brother, William X, Count of Poitou, were more cordial, and William was given vast estates in England. Archbishop Thomas Becket refused to allow William to marry the Countess of Surrey and the young man fled to Matilda's court at Rouen. William died there in January 1164, reportedly of disappointment and sorrow. She attempted to mediate in the quarrel between her son Henry and Becket, but was unsuccessful.
Although she gave up hope of being crowned in 1141, her name always preceded that of her son Henry, even after he became king. Matilda died at Notre Dame du Pré near Rouen in 1167 and was buried in the Abbey of Bec-Hellouin, Normandy. Her body was transferred to Rouen Cathedral in 1847; her epitaph reads: "Great by Birth, Greater by Marriage, Greatest in her Offspring: Here lies Matilda, the daughter, wife, and mother of Henry."
Historical fiction[edit]
The civil war between supporters of Stephen and the supporters of Matilda has proven popular as a subject in historical fiction. Novels dealing with it include:
•Graham Shelby, The Villains of the Piece (1972) (published in the US as The Oath and the Sword)
•The Brother Cadfael series by Ellis Peters, and the TV series made from them starring Sir Derek Jacobi
•Jean Plaidy, The Passionate Enemies, the third book of her Norman Trilogy
•Sharon Penman, When Christ and His Saints Slept tells the story of the events before, during and after the civil war
•Haley Elizabeth Garwood, The Forgotten Queen (1997)
•Ken Follett, The Pillars of the Earth
•E. L. Konigsburg, A Proud Taste for Scarlet and Miniver
•Cecelia Holland, The Earl
•Joan Wolf, No Dark Place and The Poisoned Serpent are medieval romantic mysteries about supporters of both Stephen and Matilda
•Ellen Jones, The Fatal Crown (highly inaccurate)
•Juliet Dymoke, The Lion's Legacy (Being part of a trilogy, the first being, Of The Ring Of Earls, the second, Henry of the High Rock)
•Elizabeth Chadwick, "Lady of the English" (2011)
One novel goes so far as to posit a love-affair between Matilda and Stephen, the Janna Mysteries by Felicity Pulman, set during the civil war between Stephen and Matilda.
Matilda is a character in Jean Anouilh's play Becket. In the 1964 film adaptation she was portrayed by Martita Hunt. She was also portrayed by Brenda Bruce in the 1978 BBC TV series The Devil's Crown, which dramatised the reigns of her son and grandsons.
Alison Pill portrayed her in the 2010 TV miniseries The Pillars of the Earth, an adaptation of Follett's novel, although she is initially known in this as Princess Maud not Empress Matilda.
May 22, 1176: Murder attempt by the Hashshashin (Assassins) on Saladin near Aleppo. This attempt on the Muslim Warrior-King was part of the on-going clash between sects of Islam. From the Jewish point of view, Saladin’s survival is good news. After capturing Jerusalem from the Crusaders, Saladin allowed the Jews to return to the City of David during a century long ban imposed by the Christians. The event was eloquently described by the Jewish poet Al-harizi in 1190. Saladin reportedly hired Moses Maimonides to serve as his personal physician.[15]
1177: Treaty of Ivry between Henry II and Louis VII, Peace of Venice between Emperor Frederick I and Pope Alexander III, founding of Belfast, Baldwin IV of Jerusalem defeats Saladin at Montgisard, Frederick Barbarossa (HRE) truce with Lombards, Truce between Lombards and Frederick Barbarossa. [16]
May 22, 1370: After killing a rich Jew in Brussels, Belgium, the perpetrators tried to cover their tracks by accusing the Jews of host desecration. The perpetrators escaped in the ensuing confusion. A few hundred Jews were killed and the rest banished from the country. A holiday was declared by the local churches.[17]
May 22, 1377: Pope Gregory XI issues five papal bulls to denounce the doctrines of English theologian John Wycliffe. Wycliffe’s doctrines were part of the heresies threatening Papal authority through out northern Europe. This is the same Pope Gregory who had ordered the burning of Jewish books a year earlier in 1376, an act that might be seen more as a way of enforcing Papal authority and the primacy of the Roman Catholic Church.1760(7th of Sivan, 5520): Second Day of Shavuot.[18]
1378: Now at the beginning of 1378 Gutleben again acquired the right of citizenship in Colmar also, and had a house there near the Augustine monastery. As we shall see, medical practitioners who were solidly employed by a city worked not only in one place, but cared for patients in the farether reaches of the surrounding area. Such double residence is not surprixing, especially as Gutleben, as shall be shown, along with his activity as a physician, was engaged in money lending and probably had a few credit customers in Colmar. Gutleben probably stayed in his upper Alsace residence often in spite of his obligations in Basel. This was probably aloso one of the reasons why the Basel magistrate in March 1379 received a request from Mathis, Eberlin’s son, to allow him to live in Colmar again, bhut the application was not granted. Meanwhile, Mathis was even banished from Basel also, as someone had found him guilty again of ridiculing Christianity in respect to jeering at the Good Friday liturgy of the church. After the city gates of Basel and Colmar remained closed to him, he was known to settle down with his wife Ester in Bern.[19] Eberlin from Gebweiler seems at first to have moved to Basel not until the end of the seventies of the 14th century, whereas Nordmann’s dwellings stem from the previous decade. Then if one brings in for comparison Ginsburger’s history of the Basel Jews, where some can be found, although not as extensive an account about the topography of the Jewish settlement in Basel, it becomes clear without a doubt that Nordmann has mixed up the two Alsatian Eberlins.[20] 1378 to 1417 After the Papal court returned to Rome, the Church was divided by the creation of antipopes. Known as the Great Schism, the period lasted from 1378 to 1417. Two rival popes ruled at the same time, the first two being Urban VI in Rome and Clement VII in Avignon. Urban was violent, drank heavily, and told a cardinal who remonstrated with him that: “I can do anything, absolutely anything I like.” Like two mad bulls, the rival popes bellowed away at each other. All of Christendom was scandalized, and unbelievers scoffed at the sight of two competing “Vicars of Jesus Christ” anathematizing and excommunication each other, raising armies and slaughtering helpless women and children, each for his own enhancement. As the Great Schism unfolded, displaying the ugly state of the papcy, it only confirmed the accuracy of Wycliffe’s uninhibited assessment of Church corruption. [21] 1378: Wycliffe’s tract, De Veritate Sacrae Scripturae (On the Truth of Holy Scripture), which he completed in about 1378, “shook the fourteenth-century English social structure to its roots. In this tract, Wycliffe refutes in the most scholarly opf terms the time-honored doctyrine of ‘mediate dominion.” This is the blief that people can learn Bible truth only through the medium of a priest or some other Church authority. Man’s relationship with God is “immediate,” Wycliffe contended, and as there should be no barriers between God and his children, there should be no barriers between God’s Word and His children. Wycliffe asserted that no priest had more right to the Word of God than an ordinary layperson. [22] Death of Charles IV of Luxembourg emperor – son Wenceslas IV rules, renewal of Anglo-French war, death of HRE Charles IV, Wenceslas IV HRE to 1400, [23]
May 22, 1540: Child by James V and…
By Mary of Guise: James, Duke of Rothesay (May 22, 1540 - April 21, 1541).
May 22, 1540: James and Mary had two sons. James Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, was born May 22, 1540 at St Andrews.[24]
May 22, 1554: Elizabeth's supporters in the government, including Lord Paget, convinced Mary to spare her sister in the absence of hard evidence against her. Instead, on May 22, Elizabeth was moved from the Tower to Woodstock, where she was to spend almost a year under house arrest in the charge of Sir Henry Bedingfield. Crowds cheered her all along the way.[34][35][25]
May 22, 1570 - 1st atlas, with 70 maps, published[26]
May 22, 1584: The Scottish parliament, at the instigation of the Earl of Arran, declares Angus, Marr, Glammis, and their adherents, guilty of high-treason. Soon after, the Earl of Arran is promoted to the
dignity of high-chancellor of Scotland, and Lord Fleming is nominated lord-chamberlain. [27]
May 22, 1710
He was one of the most influential men in his day, was a member of the legislature and was a senior representative of the town of St. John’s in the famous assembly convened on May 22nd, 1710, when he made himself prominent in the his opposition to the tyranny of the execrable Governor Parke, who that same year met with a tragic fate. being torn in pieces by the populace in the streets of St. John's. On this occasion Government House was burned down. and the new Governor, General Hamilton, took up his residence at the house of Dr. MacKinnon. On Hamilton’s recall, General Douglas was appointed, and his conduct nearly produced another rebellion. He persecuted General Hamilton and tried to seize Dr MacKinnon, who however escaped to England, only there to be committed to prison on the instance of Governor Douglas.[28]
May 22, 1760
1760 James Connell[29] was born, Frederick Co., VA, May 22, 1760 to Ann and James Connell. Elizabeth Vance Matthew’s husband dies.[30]
Much has been handed down in story and record concerning John Connell, son of James and Ann Crawford Connell. When but a boy of 14 or 15, he joined the frontier troops before the close of the Revolution; he was one of the original town fathers of Charlestown, Virginia, (now Wellsburg, West Virginia); was a Lt. Col. In the war of 1812 He was born May 22, 1760 near what is now Connellsville, PA. died March 28,1831 at Wellsburg, Virginia (Now West Virginia). He married first in Ohio County, Virginia to Mary Hedges, second in Brooke County to Eleanor Swearingen.
All of Ann Crawford's children are mentioned in her will and all but Nancy left records to show that they had settled on the Ohio River in Ohio County, Virginia, where they lived until after the vormation of Brooke county from Ohio County. Do not know what became of Nancy Connell. Brooke County was formed from Ohio County in 1797. [31]
May 22, 1768: John Connell b May 22, 1768 in what is now Fayette County, PA. d March 28, 1831, Wellsburg, VA (now WV) m 2nd March 4, 1802 Brooke co. VA (now WV) Eleanor Swearingen b Jan 28, 1786 in Penn. Dau of John and Eleanor Dawson Swearingen d July 3, 1848, Wellsburg, VA (now WV) . [32]
May 22, 1780
The 22d. At ten o’clock in the evening the jägers and the English and Hessian grenadiers, under General Kospoth, marched out beyond Ashley Ferry to support the light infantry in case of necessity. [33]
JAMES SULLIVAN TO George Rogers CLARK, May 22, 1781.
[Draper MSS., 51J54.—L. S.]
SULLIVANS STATION 22d of May 1781.
DEAR SIR. Since my last by Col° Floyds express, I have engaged a sufficient number of hands, to compleate nearly all the boats you wanted, but I am much Distressed, for want of the necessary Gaurds and fattaiegs [fatigues], Mjr Slaughter refusing, to furnish either which put me under the necessity, of applying to Col° Floyd, for a Guard from the Millitia. I wish you woud Consider us, and send some good man in his place, as you may Depend nothing can be done for the good of the State untill he be removed.
After eating up alimost everything, I furnished he & his Lousey Corps is near starving, & so shall remain for me. I hope you will bring Coarking for the Boats as there is none to be bad here, My kind love to Collonells Craford & Harrison, & there good fameleys, I hope you will believe me to be sir,
Your most Obedt Humbl Servt
JAMES SULLIVAN
P. S. please present my Compliments to Capt Ben: Harrison & family J. S.
[Addressed:] The Honbl Brigadier Genl Clark at Pittsburg pr express[34]
Siege of Augusta - May 22 - June 6, 1781
Siege of Ninety-Six - May 22 - June 19, 1781[35]
Augusta, Georgia: May 22-June 5, 1781:
Pickens' militia was soon recalled to defend their own homes and so he missed the Battle of Guilford Courthouse on March 15, 1781. In April, he raised a regiments of state regulars. In May 1781, Maj. General Nathanael Greene sent Pickens and Lt. Colonel Henry Lee to support Elijah Clarke in operations against Augusta, Georgia. The siege began on May 22 and after maneuvering, securing outposts and the cutting off of reinforcements by the Patriots, Colonel Thomas Brown surrendered Augusta on June 5, 1781.
•Ninety Six, South Carolina: May 22-June 19, 1781:
Following the surrender of Augusta, Pickens and Lt. Colonel Lee joined General Greene in his siege at Ninety Six, South Carolina. Greene had begun his siege on May 22, 1781, the same day that Augusta had been besieged. On June 11, Greene ordered Pickens and Lt. Colonel William Washington to aid Thomas Sumter in blocking a relief column led by Lord Rawdon. However, Sumter instead moved to Fort Granby, allowing Rawdon to make his way to Ninety Six. On June 19, Greene had to give up the siege and retreat after a failed assault.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0b/Andrew_Pickens_%28commemorative_plaque_at_the_South_Carolina_statehouse%29.jpg/200px-Andrew_Pickens_%28commemorative_plaque_at_the_South_Carolina_statehouse%29.jpg
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf20/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png
Revolutionary hero Andrew Pickens - plaque at the South Carolina statehouse[36]
George WASHINGTON TO IRVINE.
HEAD QUARTERS, NEWBURGH, May 22, 1782.
— I have been favored with your two letters of the 20th of April and 2nd of May and am much obliged by your vigilance and attention.
An extract respecting the removing and supporting of the Indians, I have transmitted to the secretary at war, and desired him to take measures-for the relief and comfort of those distressed wretches.[37]
May 22, 1805: For Harrison's involvement in sending a group of Indian chiefs to Washington, see the following sources: Pierre Chouteau (Agent of Indian Affairs, Saint Louis) writes to Harrison regarding the Indian chiefs who had arrived in St. Louis from Fort Mandan. Chouteau asked Harrison for instructions for conducting the chiefs to Washington. There are numerous references to taking Indians to Washington to meet the "father." [38]
May 22, 1807: LOUVINA CRAWFORD, b. May 22, 1807, Miller's Creek, Clark County, Kentucky; m. JOHN COPE, November 25, 1827. [39]
May 22, 1807: ORANGE "ARCIE" CRAWFORD, b. May 22, 1807, Miller's Creek, Clark County, Kentucky; d. 1838, Owsley County, Kentucky. [40]
May 22, 1843: The first pioneer bound of the Oregon Territorry leave Elm Grove Missouri.[41]
May 22, 1843
Reports to individuals from the Jewish community
The merits of Wolf Aron Kohn merchant build a district savings bank in Werneck 1839-1843
Werneck AZJ 22051843.jpg (153504 Byte)Article in the "Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums" from May 22, 1843: "honor wage. " In the districts of Royal Court Werneck a district savings bank was founded in early 1839, without more funds, which offered represent the deposits and the credit of the General District unfolded their effectiveness in the most enjoyable way, and at the conclusion of the previous year with a deposit capital of 26.903 Gulden-9 Cruiser, then graduated from cruiser with an active able of 27.611 guilders 11 Cruiser, it with an active Überschusse of 708 guilders 2. The Court owed this gratifying State of the charitable institution preferably - a Jew, namely the Jewish Kaufmanne Wolf Aron Kohn in Werneck, who merely took unusual choice without any compensation, in introduction of the savings bank of page of plenary district poor curatorship Council on him as a cashier to promote the good thing for three years, and during this period his place with the greatest of care, Provided punctuality and altruism, and except for the trouble and worry also varied his Allhand errors brought to the victims. After three years, a reasonable fee for the Administration if he understand for their continuation, was offered the cashier Kohn, he refused but any compensation, and took over the administration of continuing in the same laudable way free of charge for another year. This gentleman was part, the annual thanks of the plenary Assembly of the district and the rühmlichste recognition of the district authority and the superior Royal County Government page and now where he to Four years of loyal and selfless work with the mentioned günstiGen scores the cash management into other hands handed over, it deserves also the public grateful acknowledgement, which signed the Board of the Savings Bank Institute hereby expressing keeps for duty.
"Werneck in Lower Franconia on may 4, 1843 IHL, Royal Bavarian judges."[42]
May 22, 1847
May 22,1847, Logan County OH Deed Book Q?, pge 572. Daniel McKinnon, Sr., and Mary Ann, his wife, sold to their son, James
B. McKinnon. $300. 157.52 acres. NW qtr. Sec 36, Twp. 3, Range
14.[43]
May 22, 1856: John Brown was particularly affected by the sacking of Lawrence, in which a sheriff-led posse destroyed newspaper offices, private houses and a hotel.[1] The violence against abolitionists was accompanied by celebrations in the pro-slavery press, with writers such as Benjamin F. Stringfellow of the Squatter Sovereign proclaiming that pro-slavery forces "are determined to repel this Northern invasion and make Kansas a Slave State; though our rivers should be covered with the blood of their victims and the carcasses of the Abolitionists should be so numerous in the territory as to breed disease and sickness, we will not be deterred from our purpose."[2] Brown was outraged by both the violence of pro-slavery forces, and also by what he saw as a weak and cowardly response by the antislavery partisans and the Free State settlers, whom he described as cowards, or worse.[3] In addition, two days before this massacre Brown learned about the caning of abolitionist Charles Sumner by Preston Brooks on the floor of Congress.[4]
Attack
A Free State company under the command of John Brown, Jr., set out, and the Osawatomie company joined them. On the morning of May 22, 1856, they heard of the sack of Lawrence and the arrest of Deitzler, Brown, and Jenkins. However, they continued their march toward Lawrence, not knowing whether their assistance might still be needed, and encamped that night near the Ottawa Creek. [7][44][45]
March 10-May 22, 1864: Overview of the Red River Campaign of 1864 (March. 10 to May 22, 1864.)
Because of the French threat (Maximilian in Mexico, Lincoln wanted military operations undertaken early in 1864 to raise the Federal flag over some part of Texas. Although Grant, Sherman, and Banks were opposed, a line of operations up the Red River was finally prescribed. (Halleck favored it.) Banks, as senior department commander (Gulf), was directed in January, 1864 to work our a joint operation with the other two department commanders, Sherman (Mississippi), and Frederick Steele (Arkansas).
As finally agreed, Banks was to move up Bayou Teche with 17000 troops and link up at Alexandria on March 17 with 10,000 Sherman would send up the Red river. Steele was to advance south from Little Rock with 15,000 and join Banks at Alexandria, Natchitoches, or Shreveport, as seemed best. (As it turned out, Steele was so late starting that he played no part in the operations.)
To oppose this concentric advance Kirby Smith had 30,000 troops in his Trans-Miss. Dept. that were divided into three equal groups: T. H. Holmes was near Camden, Ark.; Magruder was along the Tex. Coast; and Richard Taylor was in La. Taylor’s forces were disposed as follows: J. F. Walker’s division of three brigades and with three attached cavalry companies was located around Marksville, with covering forces in the direction of Simsport and 200 men detached to reinforce the artillery garrison of Fort De Russy. Mouton’s newly-created division of two brigades (Henry Gray and Polignac) was posted below Alexandrea when Taylor learned of the Federal advance. Vincent’s 2d La. Cav. Was on the Teche around Vermillionville, except for the three companies with Walker. The task force Sherman sent to Banks was composed of the division of J. A. Mower, W. F. Lynch, and T. Kilby Smith. A. J. Smith commanded this 10,000 man provisional organization, which is variously referred to in accounts as the “detachment from the Army of the Tennessee,” “XVI and XVII Corps, “ etc. It will be called A. J. Smith’s corps or command in the following narrative.
On March 10, A. J. Smith’s command embarked at Vicksburg and was escorted into the Red River by Admiral Porter with “the most formidable force that had ever been collected in western waters”: 13 ironclads and seven light draught gunboats (B.&L., IV, 362). After leaving Vicksburg Smith learned that bands had not departed on schedule, and also that the Red River was obstructed at Fort De Russy. (. H. Bringhurst and Frank Swigart, History of the Forty-Six country th Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry (Logansport, 1888, pp. 85-86) Franklin’s 15,000 infantry and artillery traversed an Arcadian countryside unique in it romantic beauty. The first part of the route lay alon Bayou Teche, with its deep placed water and graceful curves, winding throu level fields that before war came thick with sugar cane. Great live oaks and orange groves surrounded the mansions of planters who not too many months ago had been the lords of creation in their particular corner of the world. [46]
100_1689
Union Forces
April 30, - May 22, 1864
DEPARTMENT OF THE GULF
MAJOR GENERAL NATHANIEL PRENTISS BANKS
Escort
Company "C" --- Captain Frank Sayles
Engineer Brigade - Colonel George D. Robinson
97th U.S. Colored Troops --- Lieutenant Colonel George A. Harmount
99th U.S. Colored Troops --- Lieutenant Colonel Uri B. Pearsall
Headquarters
Company "A" --- Captain Richard W. Francis
Company "B" --- Captain Richard W. Francis
XIII CORPS, ARMY OF THE GULF
MAJOR GENERAL JOHN ALEXANDER McLERNAND
1st Division
2nd Brigade - Brigadier General Michael K. Lawler
49th Indiana Infantry Regiment --- Colonel James Keigwin
69th Indiana Infantry Regiment --- Lieutenant Colonel Oran Perry
34th Iowa Infantry Regiment --- Colonel George W. Clark
22nd Kentucky Infantry Regiment --- Colonel George W. Monroe
16th Ohio Infantry Regiment --- Lieutenant Colonel Phillip Kershner
114th Ohio Infantry Regiment --- Lieutenant Colonel John H. Kelly
3rd Division - Brigadier General Robert Alexander Cameron
1st Brigade - Colonel Thomas H. Bringhurst
46th Indiana Infantry Regiment --- Captain Henry Snyder
29th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment --- Colonel William A. Green
2nd Brigade - Colonel James R. Slack
47th Indiana Infantry Regiment --- Lieutenant Colonel John A. McLaughlin
24th Iowa Infantry Regiment --- Major Edward Wright
28th Iowa Infantry Regiment --- Lieutenant Colonel Bartholomew W. Wilson
56th Ohio Infantry Regiment --- Colonel William H. Raynor
4th Division - Colonel William Jennings Landram
1st Brigade - Colonel Frederick W. Moore
77th Illinois Infantry Regiment --- Major John A. Burdett
19th Kentucky Infantry Regiment --- Captain William T. Cummins
83rd Ohio Infantry Regiment --- Lieutenant Colonel William H. Baldwin
23rd Wisconsin Infantry Regiment --- Major Joseph E. Green
Artillery - Major Adolph Schwartz
1st Battery, Indiana Light Artillery --- Lieutenant Lawrence Jacoby
Battery "A", 1st Missouri Light Artillery --- Lieutenant Elisha Cole
2nd Battery, Ohio Light Artillery --- Lieutenant William H. Harper
1st Battery, Wisconsin Light Artillery --- Captain Jacob T. Foster
Unattached
Independent Company, Kentucky Infantry --- Captain William F. Patterson
ARMY OF THE GULF
XIX CORPS
MAJOR GENERAL WILLIAM BUELL FRANKLIN
1st Division - Brigadier General William H. Emory
1st Brigade - Colonel George L. Beal
29th Maine Infantry Regiment --- Lieutenant Colonel Charles S. Emerson
114th New York Infantry Regiment --- Major Oscar H. Davis
116th New York Infantry Regiment --- Colonel George N. Love
153rd New York Infantry Regiment --- Colonel Edwin P. Davis
161st New York Infantry Regiment --- Lieutenant Colonel William B. Kinsey
2nd Brigade - Brigadier General James W. McMillan
13th Maine Infantry Regiment --- Colonel Henry Rust Jr.
15th Maine Infantry Regiment --- Colonel Isaac Dyer
160th New York Infantry Regiment --- Lieutenant Colonel John B. Van Petten
47th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment --- Colonel Thigman H. Good
3rd Brigade - Lieutenant Colonel Justus W. Blanchard
30th Maine Infantry Regiment --- Lieutenant Colonel Thomas H. Hubbard
162nd New York Infantry Regiment --- Captain Samuel Cowdrey
165th New York Infantry Regiment --- Captain Henry C. Inwood
173rd New York Infantry Regiment --- Captain Howard C. Conrady
Artillery - Captain Benjamin F. Neilds
1st Battery, Delaware Light Artillery --- Lieutenant Thomas A. Porter
25th Battery, New York Light Artillery --- Lieutenant Irving D. Southworth
Battery "L", 1st U.S. Light Artillery --- Lieutenant Franck E. Taylor
2nd Division - Brigadier General Cuvier Grover
1st Brigade - Brigadier General Frank S. Nickerson
133rd New York Infantry Regiment --- Colonel Leonard D. H. Currie
176th New York Infantry Regiment --- Major Charles Lewis
2nd Brigade - Colonel Jacob Sharpe
38th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment --- Lieutenant Colonel James P. Richardson
128th New York Infantry Regiment --- Lieutenant Colonel James P. Foster
156th New York Infantry Regiment --- Captain James J. Hoyt
3 Companies, 175th New York Infantry --- Captain Charles McCarthy
Artillery - Captain George W. Fox
Battery "G", 7th Massachusetts Light Artillery --- Captain Newman W. Storer
26th Battery, New York Light Artillery --- Captain George W. Fox
Battery "C", 2nd U.S. Artillery --- Lieutenant John I. Rogers
Artillery Reserve - Captain Henry W. Closson
2 Companies, 1st Indiana Heavy Artillery --- Captain William S. Hinkle
1st Battery, Vermont Light Artillery --- Lieutenant Edward Rice
CORPS D'AFRIQUE, ARMY OF THE GULF
COLONEL WILLIAM H. DICKEY
1st Brigade, 1st Division - Colonel William H. Dickey
1st Infantry (73rd U.S. Colored Troops) --- Major Hiram E. Perkins
3rd Infantry (75th U.S. Colored Troops) --- Colonel Henry W. Fuller
12th Infantry (84th U.S. Colored Troops) --- Captain James H. Corrin
22nd Infantry (92ne U.S. Colored Troops) --- Colonel Henry N. Frisbie
CAVALRY DIVISION, ARMY OF THE GULF
BRIGADIER GENERAL RICHARD ARNOLD
(As of April 18, 1864)
1st Brigade - Colonel Thomas J. Lucas
12th Illinois Cavalry Regiment --- Colonel Hasbouck Davis
16th Indiana Mounted Infantry Regiment --- Captain James M. Hildreth
2nd Louisiana (U.S.) Mounted Infantry --- Colonel Charles Everett
6th Missouri Cavalry Regiment --- Major Bacon Montgomery
3rd Brigade - Lieutenant Colonel John M. Crebs
1st Louisiana (U.S.) Cavalry Regiment --- Major Algernon S. Badger
87th Illinois Mounted Infantry Regiment --- Major George W. Land
4th Brigade - Colonel Edmund J. Davis
2nd Illinois Cavalry Regiment --- Major Benjamin F. Marsh
3rd Massachusetts Cavalry Regiment --- Lieutenant Colonel Lorenzo D. Sargent
31st Massachusetts Mounted Infantry --- Captain Elbert H. Fordham
2nd New Hampshire Cavalry Regiment --- Lieutenant Colonel George A. Flanders
5th Brigade - Colonel Oliver P. Gooding
2nd New York Veteran Cavalry Regiment --- Colonel Morgan H. Crysler
18th New York Cavalry Regiment --- Colonel James J. Byrne
3rd Rhode Island Cavalry Regiment --- Lieutenant Colonel Charles H. Parkhurst
Artillery
Battery "B", 2nd Massachusetts Light Artillery --- Captain Ormand F. Nims
Battery "F", 1st U.S. Light Artillery --- Lieutenant William L. Haskins
Battery "G", 5th U.S. Light Artillery --- Lieutenant Jacob B. Rawles
Unattached
Company "C", 49th Indiana Cavalry Regiment --- Captain Andrew P. Gallagher
3rd Maryland Cavalry Regiment --- Colonel Byron Kirby
DETACHMENTS XVI & XVII CORPS, ARMY OF THE TENNESSEE
BRIGADIER GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON SMITH
1st Division, XVI Corps - Brigadier General Joseph Anthony Mower
2nd Brigade - Colonel Lucius F. Hubbard
47th Illinois Infantry Regiment --- Colonel John D. McClure
5th Minnesota Infantry Regiment --- Major John C. Becht
8th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment --- Lieutenant Colonel John W. Jefferson
3rd Brigade - Colonel Sylvester G. Hill
35th Iowa Infantry Regiment --- Colonel William B. Keeler
33rd Missouri Infantry Regiment --- Major George W. Van Beck
3rd Division - Brigadier General Joseph Anthony Mower
1st Brigade - Colonel William F. Lynch
58th Illinois Infantry Regiment --- Major Thomas Newlan
119th Illinois Infantry Regiment --- Colonel Thomas J. Kinney
89th Indiana Infantry Regiment --- Colonel Charles D. Murry
2nd Brigade - Colonel William T. Shaw
14th Iowa Infantry Regiment --- Captain Warren C. Jones
27th Iowa Infantry Regiment --- Colonel James I. Gilbert
33rd Iowa Infantry Regiment --- Colonel John Scott
24th Missouri Infantry --- Major Robert W. Fyan
3rd Brigade - Colonel Risdon M. Moore
49th Indiana Infantry Regiment --- Colonel Jacob E. Gauen
117th Illinois Infantry Regiment --- Colonel Jonathan Merriam
178th New York Infantry Regiment --- Colonel Edward Wehler
Artillery - Captain James M. Cockefair
3rd Battery, Indiana Light Artillery --- Captain James M. Cockefair
9th Battery, Indiana Light Artillery --- Captain George Brown
Provisional Division - Brigadier General Thomas Kilby Smith
1st Brigade - Colonel Jonathan B. Moore
41st Illinois Infantry Regiment --- Lieutenant Colonel John H. Nale
3rd Iowa Infantry Regiment --- Colonel James Tullis
33rd Wisconsin Infantry Regiment --- Major Horatio H. Virgin
2nd Brigade - Colonel Lyman M. Ward
81st Illinois Infantry Regiment --- Lieutenant Colonel Andrew W. Rogers
95th Illinois Infantry Regiment --- Colonel Thomas W. Humphrey
14th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment --- Captain Carlos M. G. Mansfield
Artillery
Battery "M", 1st Missouri Light Artillery --- Lieutenant John H. Tiemeyer[47]
Sun. May 22[48], 1864
Marched 12 miles camped on miss river
At morganza landing[49] very hot day
Received a letter from home on May 10
Wrote home no 4
(William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary, 24th Iowa infantry)[50]
May 22, 1865
The following day some members of the 28th Iowa killed twenty one bloodhounds owned by Judge William Butler, who reportedly had frequently used them to catch fugitive Union soldiers escaping from prison as well as runaway slaves. Butler had taken the oath of allegiance, and the attack on his kennel brought an order restricting all regiments to camp. Rigby charged that the judge had become a drinking partner of the leading officers, and a few of the boys had a better idea of justice that respect for high Confederate officials or a few southern mongrel curs.[51]
May 22, 1865: Edward Stephenson. Born on May 11, 1842. Edward died on May 22, 1865; he was 23. Buried in Concord Cemetery, Kentucky. [52]
May 22, 1873
11
607
Harrison, Sophonisba Preston (passport), May 22, 1873
[53]
May 22, 1899:
4
223
Harrison, Randolph (A.L.S.), May 22, 1899
[54]
May 22, 1904: Rebecca Gotlibowska, born May 22, 1904 from Krasnopol, (P), Poland was on Convoy 15.[55]
This convoy was composed of 1,013 deportees, 588 women and 425 men. Over half of the women were between ages 34 and 50. The list shows that some of them were deporteed with their children. One counts 176 girls between 13 and 21, and 93 boys between 13 and 19. Half (216) of the men were between 39 and 49.
The list is in a particularly deporable condition. It indicates family name, first name, date and place of birth, nationality, and the city where the deportee had resided. It is classified according to barracks, noyt alphabetically.
The Germans specified 895 people by nationality: 672 Poles; 86 Russians; 16 Germans; 5 Frenchmen; 2 Czechs; 2 Turks; 2 Rumanians; 1 Austrian; and 108 undetermined. [56]
May 22, 1913
W. H. Goodlove put down a new cement sidewalk in front of his house on the east side. This makes a cement walk clear across the block to Main Street.[57]
May 22, 1920: The International Jew. The World's Foremost Problem. Being a Reprint of a Series of Articles Appearing in The Dearborn Independent from May 22 ... 1920 [to January 14, 1922] Dearborn, Mich. Dearborn Publishing Co., 1920-1922
May 22, 1928: In about 1905 Sim and his family left Missouri for the panhandle of Texas, "because Missouri was becoming too crowded." When the 1910 U.S. Census was taken, Sim owned a home on the farm of his son, John Lee Whitsett in Hereford, Deaf Smith County, Texas. About 1925 Sim moved further west to Rosebud, New Mexico which today is Amistad. James Simeon Whitsett died in Lee’s Summit, Missouri on May 22, 1928 at the age of eighty-three, probably at the home of his daughter Helen. He is buried in Kansas City, Missouri in the Forest Hill Cemetery on Troost Street, Block 21, Lot 101, space B which was purchased by his daughter Helen Sweeny (or Swaney). Sim's second wife Lena, who suffered from palsy, apparently stayed in Texas when Sim moved to New Mexico. She deeded her son John land about seventeen miles north of Hereford and then lived out her life with him. [58]
May 22, 1955: Edith Ogden Harrison
•
Birth:
November 16, 1861
Death:
May 22, 1955
http://www.findagrave.com/icons2/trans.gif
Family links:
Spouse:
Carter Henry Harrison (1860 - 1953)*
*Calculated relationship
Burial:
Graceland Cemetery
Chicago
Cook County
Illinois, USA
Edit Virtual Cemetery info [?]
Created by: Doug the bug
Record added: Oct 22, 2007
Find A Grave Memorial# 22375046
Edith Ogden Harrison
Added by: Saratoga
Edith Ogden Harrison
Added by: Sammy Boyd
Edith Ogden Harrison
Added by: Medina Cooper
[59]
Edith Ogden Harrison
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Edith_Ogden_Harrison01.JPG/230px-Edith_Ogden_Harrison01.JPG
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf4/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png
New York Public Library
Edith Ogden Harrison (November 16, 1862 – May 22, 1955) was a well-known and prolific author of children's books and fairy tales in the early decades of the twentieth century. She was also the wife of Carter Harrison, Jr., five-term mayor of Chicago.
Edith Ogden was born to Robert N. Ogden, Jr. and Sarah L Beattie,[1] and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana; she was a "belle of cultured, aristocratic habits who acquitted herself well in the parlors of the Potter Palmers and Marshall Fields" and other Chicago notables.[2] She married Carter Harrison on December 14, 1887. Their first child died in infancy in 1889; they had two surviving children, Carter Henry Harrison V, born June 28, 1891, and Edith Ogden Harrison II, born January 21, 1896. (Their son was the fifth of that name because his father was, formally, Carter Henry Harrison IV. He was known in his political career as "Junior" because his father, Carter Henry Harrison III, had preceded him in office and had been one of Chicago's most famous mayors.[3] Confusion arises when "Junior" is erroneously referred to as "Carter Harrison II.") The couple celebrated the fiftieth wedding anniversary of an apparently happy marriage in 1937.
In the first phase of her literary career, Edith O. Harrison concentrated on children's literature; later she wrote travel books and autobiographical works. Her early book Prince Silverwings was adapted by family acquaintance L. Frank Baum[60] for a dramatization that never made it to the stage.[4] (All Chicago theaters were closed after the Iroquois Theater fire[61] on December 30, 1903 caused 570 fatalities.) In the process, influences from Harrison's book appear to have found their way into Baum's works.[5]
She did not abandon her theatrical ambitions: over a number of years Harrison and Baum tried to establish a children's theater in Chicago. They were still working on the project as late as 1915, but without success.[6]
Harrison's 1912 novel The Lady of the Snows was made into a film of the same title in 1915. [1]
Works of Edith Ogden Harrison
•Prince Silverwings and Other Fairy Tales, 1902
•The Star Fairies, 1903
•The Moon Princess, 1905
•The Flaming Sword, 1908
•Ladder of Moonlight, 1909
•The Mocking-bird, 1909
•Pole Star, 1909
•Princess Sayrane, 1910
•The Glittering Festival, 1911
•The Lady of the Snows, 1912
•The Enchanted House, 1913 (illustrated by Frederick Richardson)
•Clemencia's Crisis, 1915
•Below the Equator, 1918
•Lands of the Sun: Impressions of a Visit to Tropical Lands, 1925
•Grey Moss, 1929
•The Scarlet Riders, 1930
•Strange to Say: Recollections of Persons and Events in New Orleans and Chicago, 1949.[62]
[63]
1888: The Secret Doctrine by H. P. Blavatsky is published. [64] An Austrian writer, Guido Van Liste, picks up Blavatski’s idea of an Aryan race. Blavatski rewrote history, Liste rewrote geograph.[65]
May 22, 1961 J. Edgar Hoover sends RFK a memo informing him of the fact that the
CIA has enlisted members of the mob (Sam Giancana) in plots to assassinate Fidel Castro. RFK
calls for a “vigorous” follow-up on this information. RK[66]
May 22, 1962 The Oswald family spends their last night in Minsk at their friend Pavel
Bolovochev’s apartment. Because the Oswalds are still under surveillance, the KGB tapes record
Marina’s last words to Lee as they walk out the door. “You fucking guy, you can’t even carry a
baby.” [67]
Just moments before….
http://www.jfk-online.com/chermug.jpg
The woman known to assassination researchers as "Rose Cheramie"
M E M O R A N D U M
May 22, 1967
TO: LOUIS IVON, CHIEF INVESTIGATOR
FROM: FRANK MELOCHE, INVESTIGATOR
--------------------------------------------------------
I received information from LT. FRANCES {sic] FRUGE, State Police, on May 22, 1967, that we should talk with one MARY YOUNG who is manager of the business office at Charity Hospital. MARY YOUNG was recruited by LEE HARVEY OSWALD to join some type of women's club while OSWALD was in New Orleans.
Also, there is an operator of a computer, name unknown, now employed by Charity Hospital who has been with them about a week who also was an operator of a computer at Standard Coffee Company while OSWALD was employed there.
Information was also received that several nurses employed at Jackson Mental Hospital who were watching television along with ROSE CHERAMI the day Kennedy was assassinated stated that during the telecast moments before Kennedy was shot ROSE CHERAMI stated to them, "This is when it is going to happen," and at that moment Kennedy was assassinated. Information states that these nurses had told several people of this incident.
May 22, 2007: Freeman, Joshua. "Laying down the (Oral) law". The Jerusalem Post, May 22, 2007, p. 14.[68]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[2] Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People, by Jon Entine, page 113-114.
[3] [1] The world Before and After Jesus, Desire of the Everlasting Hills by Thomas Cahill, page 336.
[4] [1] Where Did It Come From? Ancient Egypt, HISTI, 9/21/06
[5] [2] Early Christian History Part Two. Dr. Maxie Burch, Podcast.
[6] Jacob’s Legacy, A Genetic View of Jewish History, by David B. Goldstein
[7] [1] Where Did It Come From? Ancient Egypt, HISTI, 9/21/06
[8] [2] Early Christian History Part Two. Dr. Maxie Burch, Podcast.
[9] En.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuagint
[10] The Oriental Institute Museum, Photo by Jeff Goodlove , January 2, 2011
[11] The Oriental Institute Museum, Photo by Jeff Goodlove, January 2, 2011
[12] The Timetables of Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 34
[13] The Timetables of Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 34
[14] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[15] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[16] mike@abcomputers.com
[17] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[18] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[19] The Gutleben Family of Physicians in Medieval Times, by Gerd Mentgen, page 3.
[20] The Gutleben Family of Physicians in Medieval Times, by Gerd Mentgen, page 5.
[21] Trial by Fire by Harold Rawlings, page 37.
[22] Trial by Fire by Harold Rawlings, page 45.
[23] mike@abcomputers.com
[24] wikipedia
[25] wikipedia
[26] beginshttp://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1570
[27] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[28] M E M O I R S OF C LAN F I N G O N BY REV. DONALD D. MACKINNON, M.A. Circa 1888
[29] John Connell was born on May 22, 1760 in Frederick County, Virginia. During his early childhood his parents moved to the vicinity of Stewarts Crossing in the Youghiogheny Valley of Pennsylvania. Though raised in a rugged frontier country, he received a good education for that day. Like others of William Crawford’s family, he was acquainted with George Washington, Lord Dunmore and other important visitors who came into that region. Tradition states that John, when still a boy, though large for his age, incurred the disgust of his elders by running away from home to join the militia.
During John’s early youth, his mother became a widow and as the oldest son, he was required to assume the responsibilities of manhood. When a young man, he moved to the western part of the county and lived at Augusta Town, which later became Washington, Pennsylvania.
During the Revolutionary period, he served as a private with the Washington County Militia.
Though John Connell and all of Effie McCormick’s children, (except Ann McCormick) and all of Sarah Harrison’s children were not named in their grandfather Crawford’s will, Col. William Crawford did secure land on the Ohio River for John Connell and made settlements for others of his family, prior to writing of his will, which was drawn up just before departure of the Sandusky Expedition. (From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford by Grace U. Emahiser, p.255.)
[30] The Brothers Crawford, Allen W. Scholl, 1995
[31] http://www.brookecountywvgenealogy.org/CONNELL.html
[32] http://www.brookecountywvgenealogy.org/CONNELL.html
[33] Diary of the American War, A Hessian Journal by Captain Johann Ewald pgs.242-243
[34] George Rogers Clark Papers, Vol. III 1771-1781, James Alton James, Editor, pg 556
[35] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kemp%27s_Landing
[36] wikipedia
[37] Washington-Irving Correspondence, Butterfield, page 120.
[38] Pierre Chouteau to Wm. H. Harrison, St. Louis, May 22, 1805, Messages and Letters, Esarey, ed., 128-30. (B00603)
[39] http://penningtons.tripod.com/jepthagenealogy.htm
[40] http://penningtons.tripod.com/jepthagenealogy.htm
[41] On This Day in America by John Wgaman
[42]
http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=de&to=en&a=http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/werneck_synagoge.htm
[43] LOGAN COUNTY DEEDS FOR MCKINNON Provided by Helen G. Silvey
Ancestors of Forrest Roger Garnett Page 112.39
[44] [edit] References
[edit] Footnotes
1. ^ Judge Lecompte and the "Sack of Lawrence," May 21, 1856 [Part 1 of 2], by James C. Malin, August 1953
2. ^ Quoted in David S. Reynolds, John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights (New York: Vintage, 2006), p. 162
3. ^ Reynolds, pp. 163-166.
4. ^ CSPAN 2 Book Festival 2011 McCullough
5. ^ Reynolds, pp. 172-173.
6. ^ Reynolds, p. 177.
7. ^ Reynolds, p?
•Portions of this text were taken from William G. Cutler's History of the State of Kansas, (Chicago: A.T. Andreas, 1883).
[edit] General references
•Decaro, Louis A. Jr. "Fire from the Midst of You": A Religious Life of John Brown. New York: New York University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8147-1921-X.
•Johnson, Andrew. What John Brown Did in Kansas (December 12, 1859): a speech to the United States House of Representatives, December 12, 1859. Originally published in The Congressional Globe, The Official Proceedings of Congress. Published by John C. Rives, Washington, D. C. Thirty-Sixth Congress, 1st Session, New Series...No. 7, Tuesday, December 13, 1859, pages 105-106. Retrieved May 16, 2005.
•PBS Online. People & Events: Pottawatomie Massacre"John Brown's Holy War." The American Experience. WGBH, 1999.
•Reynolds, David S. John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights. New York: Vintage, 2005. ISBN 0-375-41188-7.
•Townsley, James. "The Pottawatomie Killings: It is Established Beyond Controversy That John Brown Was the Leader." Republican Citizen. Paola, Kansas, 20 Dec 1879, page 5, column 5.
[45] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottawatomie_Massacre
[46] Red River Campaign by Ludwell H. Johnson pp. 98-99.
[47] http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/pottery/1080/red_river_campaign_la_10mar64.htm
[48] Unable to secure river transports, the soldiers again took up the line of march to Morganza, on the Mississippi River, which was reached before noon on May 22. [51] [47] Letter, WTR to brother May 23, 1864.
"So ends our Red River expedition," wrote a frustrated Captain Rigby. "I think that a more laborious or fatiguing one has not been made by any of our forces & it is disheartening after all the hard ships we had undergone to think that the expedition to say the least is a failure." Although pained by a sense of failure, the young officer was relieved to notify his family that, "The boys are all well though they are all badly worn down. Hard marching, loss of sleep & insufficient rations will wear down the strongest constitution & all these we experienced. For two weeks we have been on 2/3 rations of hard tack & coffee with occasionally a slice of fat meat." He admitted, "For the first time I am the worse of campaigning. I feel worn & am completely stalled [constipated] (that is not a nice word but you will understand it), on the Hard tack & coffee." [52] [47] Letter, WTR to brother May 23, 1864.
[49] On the 22d his (Banks) army reached Morganza Bend.
(Roster of Iowa Soldiers in the War of the Rebellion Vol. III, 24th Regiment-Infantry ftp://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgienweb/ia/state/military/civilwar/book/cwbk 24.txt.
Fortress Morganza-After his failed Red River Campaign, General Banks camped his Union army at Morganza. A large fort was constructed on the site which served the Union army until the end of the war. (Civil War Military Sites) http://www.crt.state.la.us/tourism/civilwar/milsites.htm
[50] Annotated by Jeffery Lee Goodlove
[51] Rigby Journal, May 28, 1865; Hoag Diary, May 22, 1865; Longly, Annals of Iowa (April, 1895, p. 51 (The History of the 24th Iowa Infantry by Harvey H Kimball, August 1974, page 205.)
[52] www.frontierfolk.net/ramsha_research/families/Stephenson.rtf
[53]
Series 2: Incoming Correspondence, 1867-1953
The majority of this series is personal correspondence sent to Harrison, although there are also a significant number of items that were sent to Harrison in his official capacity as Mayor of Chicago or Collector of Internal Revenue. Several letters have handwritten annotations by Harrison explaining the letter's context or giving his thoughts on the sender or the letter's subject.
Much of Harrison's official incoming correspondence involves patronage job appointments. The rest of Harrison's incoming correspondence covers a wide range of topics, including: (a) his three books (Stormy Years, Growing Up With Chicago, and With the American Red Cross in France, 1918-1919); (b) the political activities of the Democratic Party at both the local and national level, including four letters from Tammany Hall boss Richard Croker; (c) early Chicago history; (d) hunting and fishing trips; (e) efforts to locate the whereabouts of various individuals with whom Harrison was acquainted in the past; and (f) responses from well-known people of Harrison's day from whom he requested autographs as a young man.
Among the correspondence in this series are two interesting letters from then Senator Harry Truman in 1936 in which Truman tells Harrison what he thinks of the French and expresses his displeasure at France's failure to repay the United States for debts incurred during World War I in connection with the purchase of war supplies. There is also a letter from Harrison's brother, William Preston Harrison, giving his eyewitness account of the assassination of Harrison's father in 1893, and a letter from Lawton Parker inviting Harrison to attend a meeting to discuss the formation the Arts Club of Chicago. Finally, this series includes letters relating to Harrison's service with the American Red Cross in France at the end of World War I, and his gifts to the Art Institute of Chicago.
There is a fair amount of correspondence (i.e., over five letters) from the following individuals or entities: American Red Cross; Art Institute of Chicago; Bobbs-Merrill Company; William Jennings Bryan; Charles Collins; Charles G. Dawes; Charles S. Deneen; Edward F. Dunne; E. K. Eckert; James Farley; Alexander Hugh Ferguson; Charles Fitzmorris; Sophonisba Preston Harrison; William Preston Harrison; Henry Horner; Cordell Hull; Harold L. Ickes; James Hamilton Lewis; Frank O. Lowden; Edgar Lee Masters; William Gibbs McAdoo; John T. McCutcheon; F. Millet; Henry Morgenthau Jr.; Battling Nelson; Lawton Parker; Henry T. Rainey; Frederick Rex; Franklin Delano Roosevelt; Julius Rosenwald; A. J. Sabath; Adlai E. Stevenson; William Hale Thompson; Henry Emerson Tuttle; and Walter Ufer.
Letters to Harrison specifically about his family's genealogy and history are arranged separately in Series 11 (Harrison Family History). Letters to Harrison about the Chicago Commission for the Encouragement of Local Art are arranged separately in Series 12 (Chicago Commission for the Encouragement of Local Art).
This series is arranged alphabetically by the sender's name. Multiple items within a folder are then arranged chronologically.
[54]
Series 2: Incoming Correspondence, 1867-1953
The majority of this series is personal correspondence sent to Harrison, although there are also a significant number of items that were sent to Harrison in his official capacity as Mayor of Chicago or Collector of Internal Revenue. Several letters have handwritten annotations by Harrison explaining the letter's context or giving his thoughts on the sender or the letter's subject.
Much of Harrison's official incoming correspondence involves patronage job appointments. The rest of Harrison's incoming correspondence covers a wide range of topics, including: (a) his three books (Stormy Years, Growing Up With Chicago, and With the American Red Cross in France, 1918-1919); (b) the political activities of the Democratic Party at both the local and national level, including four letters from Tammany Hall boss Richard Croker; (c) early Chicago history; (d) hunting and fishing trips; (e) efforts to locate the whereabouts of various individuals with whom Harrison was acquainted in the past; and (f) responses from well-known people of Harrison's day from whom he requested autographs as a young man.
Among the correspondence in this series are two interesting letters from then Senator Harry Truman in 1936 in which Truman tells Harrison what he thinks of the French and expresses his displeasure at France's failure to repay the United States for debts incurred during World War I in connection with the purchase of war supplies. There is also a letter from Harrison's brother, William Preston Harrison, giving his eyewitness account of the assassination of Harrison's father in 1893, and a letter from Lawton Parker inviting Harrison to attend a meeting to discuss the formation the Arts Club of Chicago. Finally, this series includes letters relating to Harrison's service with the American Red Cross in France at the end of World War I, and his gifts to the Art Institute of Chicago.
There is a fair amount of correspondence (i.e., over five letters) from the following individuals or entities: American Red Cross; Art Institute of Chicago; Bobbs-Merrill Company; William Jennings Bryan; Charles Collins; Charles G. Dawes; Charles S. Deneen; Edward F. Dunne; E. K. Eckert; James Farley; Alexander Hugh Ferguson; Charles Fitzmorris; Sophonisba Preston Harrison; William Preston Harrison; Henry Horner; Cordell Hull; Harold L. Ickes; James Hamilton Lewis; Frank O. Lowden; Edgar Lee Masters; William Gibbs McAdoo; John T. McCutcheon; F. Millet; Henry Morgenthau Jr.; Battling Nelson; Lawton Parker; Henry T. Rainey; Frederick Rex; Franklin Delano Roosevelt; Julius Rosenwald; A. J. Sabath; Adlai E. Stevenson; William Hale Thompson; Henry Emerson Tuttle; and Walter Ufer.
Letters to Harrison specifically about his family's genealogy and history are arranged separately in Series 11 (Harrison Family History). Letters to Harrison about the Chicago Commission for the Encouragement of Local Art are arranged separately in Series 12 (Chicago Commission for the Encouragement of Local Art).
This series is arranged alphabetically by the sender's name. Multiple items within a folder are then arranged chronologically.
[55] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld. Page 128.
[56] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld page 125.
[57] Winton Goodlove Papers.
[58] http://whitsett-wall.com/Whitsett/whitsett_simeon.htm
[59] http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=22375046
[60] L. Frank Baum
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For the retired German footballer, see Frank Baum (footballer).
L. Frank Baum
Baum in 1911
Born
Lyman Frank Baum
(1856-05-15)May 15, 1856
Chittenango, New York
Died
May 6, 1919(1919-05-06) (aged 62)
Hollywood, California
Resting place
Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California
Occupation
Author, Newspaper Editor, Actor, Screenwriter, Film Producer
Spouse(s)
Maud Gage (1882–1919; his death)
Children
Frank Joslyn Baum
Robert Stanton Baum
Harry Neal Baum
Kenneth Gage Baum
Signature
Lyman Frank Baum (May 15, 1856 – May 6, 1919) was an American author of children's books, best known for writing The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. He wrote thirteen novel sequels, nine other fantasy novels, and a host of other works (55 novels in total, plus four "lost" novels, 83 short stories, over 200 poems, an unknown number of scripts,[1] and many miscellaneous writings), and made numerous attempts to bring his works to the stage and screen. His works anticipated such century-later commonplaces as television, augmented reality, laptop computers (The Master Key), wireless telephones (Tik-Tok of Oz), women in high risk, action-heavy occupations (Mary Louise in the Country), and the ubiquity of advertising on clothing (Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work).
Contents
[hide]
•1 Baum's childhood and early life
•2 Theater
•3 The South Dakota years
•4 Baum becomes an author
◦4.1 The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
◦4.2 The Wizard of Oz: Fred R. Hamlin's Musical Extravaganza
•5 Later life and work
•6 Baum's beliefs
◦6.1 Literary
◦6.2 Political
◾6.2.1 Women's suffrage advocate
◾6.2.2 Editorials about Native Americans
◾6.2.3 Political imagery in The Wizard of Oz
◦6.3 Religion
•7 Bibliography
◦7.1 Oz works
◦7.2 Non-Oz works
◦7.3 Short stories
◦7.4 Under pseudonyms
◦7.5 Miscellanea
◦7.6 Plays and adaptations
◦7.7 The Wizard of Oz on screen and back to stage
•8 See also
•9 Notes
•10 References
•11 External links
Baum's childhood and early life[edit]
Baum was born in Chittenango, New York, in 1856, into a devout Methodist family. He had German, Scots-Irish, and English ancestry, and was the seventh of nine children of Cynthia Ann (née Stanton) and Benjamin Ward Baum, only five of whom survived into adulthood.[2][3] He was named "Lyman" after his father's brother, but always disliked this name, and preferred to go by his middle name, "Frank".[4]
Benjamin Baum was a wealthy businessman, originally a barrel maker, who had made his fortune in the oil fields of Pennsylvania. Baum grew up on his parents' expansive estate, Rose Lawn, which he always remembered fondly as a sort of paradise.[5] As a young child, he was tutored at home with his siblings, but at the age of 12, he was sent to study at Peekskill Military Academy. He was a sickly child given to daydreaming, and his parents may have thought he needed toughening up. But after two utterly miserable years at the military academy, he was allowed to return home.[6] Frank Joslyn Baum, in his biography, To Please a Child, claimed that this was following an incident described as a heart attack, though there is no contemporary evidence of this (and much evidence that material in Frank J.'s biography was fabricated).[citation needed]
Baum started writing at an early age, perhaps due to an early fascination with printing. His father bought him a cheap printing press; which, with the help of his younger brother Henry (Harry) Clay Baum, with whom he had always been close, he used to produce The Rose Lawn Home Journal. The brothers published several issues of the journal, which included advertisements, perhaps which they may have sold. Rose Lawn was located in Mattydale, New York. The house burned down in the 1950s, and is now the site of an abandoned skating rink. The only remains of Rose Lawn are a few concrete steps, located behind the building.[citation needed] By the time he was 17, Baum established a second amateur journal, The Stamp Collector, printed an 11-page pamphlet called Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory, and started a stamp dealership with friends.[7]
At the age of 20, Baum took on a new vocation: the breeding of fancy poultry, a national craze at the time. He specialized in raising a particular breed of fowl, the Hamburg. In March 1880 he established a monthly trade journal, The Poultry Record, and in 1886, when Baum was 30 years old, his first book was published: The Book of the Hamburgs: A Brief Treatise upon the Mating, Rearing, and Management of the Different Varieties of Hamburgs.[8]
Despite financial difficulties, Frank was always the spotlight of fun around the household. Due to the fact that one of his trades was selling fireworks, he always made the Fourth of July memorable. His skyrockets, Roman candles, and fireworks filled the sky, while many people around the neighborhood would gather in front of the house to watch the displays. Christmas was even more festive. Frank played Santa for the family. While his father placed the Christmas tree in the front parlor behind closed drapes, Frank would decorate the tree and talk to them from behind the drapes, although they never could manage to see him. He kept up this tradition all his life.[9]
Theater[edit]
At about the same time, Baum embarked upon his lifetime infatuation with the theater,[10] a devotion which would repeatedly lead him to failure and near-bankruptcy. His first such failure occurred when a local theatrical company duped him into replenishing their stock of costumes, with the promise of leading roles that never came his way. Disillusioned, Baum left the theatre — temporarily — and went to work as a clerk in his brother-in-law's dry goods company in Syracuse. At one point, he found another clerk locked in a store room dead, an apparent suicide. This incident appears to have inspired his locked room story, "The Suicide of Kiaros", first published in the literary journal, The White Elephant.[citation needed]
Yet Baum could never stay away from the stage long. He continued to take roles in plays, performing under the stage names of Louis F. Baum and George Brooks.[citation needed]
In 1880, his father built him a theatre in Richburg, New York, and Baum set about writing plays and gathering a company to act in them. The Maid of Arran, a melodrama with songs based on William Black's novel A Princess of Thule, proved a modest success. Baum not only wrote the play but composed songs for it (making it a prototypical musical, as its songs relate to the narrative), and acted in the leading role. His aunt, Katharine Gray, played his character's aunt. She was the founder of Syracuse Oratory School, and Baum advertised his services in her catalog to teach theatre, including stage business, playwriting, directing, and translating (French, German, and Italian), revision, and operettas, though he was not employed to do so. On November 9, 1882, Baum married Maud Gage, a daughter of Matilda Joslyn Gage, a famous women's suffrage and radical[citation needed] feminist activist. While Baum was touring with The Maid of Arran, the theatre in Richburg caught fire during a production of Baum's ironically-titled parlor drama, Matches, destroying not only the theatre, but the only known copies of many of Baum's scripts, including Matches, as well as costumes.[citation needed]
The South Dakota years[edit]
In July 1888, Baum and his wife moved to Aberdeen, Dakota Territory, where he opened a store, "Baum's Bazaar". His habit of giving out wares on credit led to the eventual bankrupting of the store,[11] so Baum turned to editing a local newspaper, The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer, where he wrote a column, Our Landlady.[12] Following the death of Sitting Bull at the hands of a federal agent, Baum urged the wholesale extermination of all America's native peoples in a column he wrote on December 20, 1890. On January 3, 1891 he reverted to the subject in an editorial response to the Wounded Knee Massacre:[13]
The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extirmination [sic] of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth.[14]
A recent analysis of these editorials has challenged their literal interpretation, suggesting that the actual intent of Baum was to generate sympathy for the Indians via obnoxious argument, ostensibly promoting the contrary position.[15]
Baum's description of Kansas in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is based on his experiences in drought-ridden South Dakota. During much of this time, Matilda Joslyn Gage was living in the Baum household. While Baum was in South Dakota, he sang in a quartet that included a man who would become one of the first Populist (People's Party) Senators in the U.S., James Kyle.[citation needed][16]
Baum becomes an author[edit]
Promotional Poster for Baum's "Popular Books For Children", 1901.
After Baum's newspaper failed in 1891, he, Maud and their four sons moved to Humboldt Park section of Chicago, where Baum took a job reporting for the Evening Post. Beginning in 1897, for several years he edited a magazine for advertising agencies focused on window displays in stores. The major department stores created elaborate Christmas time fantasies, using clockwork mechanisms that made people and animals appear to move. In 1900, Baum published a book about window displays in which he stressed the importance of mannequins in drawing customers.[17] He also had to work as a traveling salesman.[18]
In 1897, he wrote and published Mother Goose in Prose, a collection of Mother Goose rhymes written as prose stories, and illustrated by Maxfield Parrish. Mother Goose was a moderate success, and allowed Baum to quit his door-to-door sales job (which had had a negative impact on his health). In 1899 Baum partnered with illustrator W. W. Denslow, to publish Father Goose, His Book, a collection of nonsense poetry. The book was a success, becoming the best-selling children's book of the year.[19]
The Baum-Denslow Mother Goose book used as free premium for breakfast cereal
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz[edit]
In 1900, Baum and Denslow (with whom he shared the copyright) published The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to much critical acclaim and financial success.[20] The book was the best-selling children's book for two years after its initial publication.[citation needed] Baum went on to write thirteen more novels based on the places and people of the Land of Oz.[citation needed]
The Wizard of Oz: Fred R. Hamlin's Musical Extravaganza[edit]
1903 poster of Dave Montgomery as the Tin Man in Hamlin's musical stage version.
Two years after Wizard's publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer Paul Tietjens and director Julian Mitchell to produce a musical stage version of the book under Fred R. Hamlin.[21] Baum and Tietjens had worked on a musical of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz in 1901 and based closely upon the book, but it was rejected. This stage version, the first to use the shortened title "The Wizard of Oz", opened in Chicago in 1902, then ran on Broadway for 293 stage nights from January to October 1903. It returned to Broadway in 1904, where it played from March to May and again from November to December. It successfully toured the United States with much of the same cast, as was done in those days, until 1911, and then became available for amateur use. The stage version starred David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone as the Tin Woodman and Scarecrow respectively, which shot the pair to instant fame. The stage version differed quite a bit from the book, and was aimed primarily at adults. Toto was replaced with Imogene the Cow, and Tryxie Tryfle, a waitress, and Pastoria, a streetcar operator, were added as fellow cyclone victims. The Wicked Witch of the West was eliminated entirely in the script, and the plot became about how the four friends, being allied with the usurping Wizard, were hunted as traitors to Pastoria II, the rightful King of Oz. It is unclear how much control or influence Baum had on the script; it appears that many of the changes were written by Baum against his wishes due to contractual requirements with Hamlin. Jokes in the script, mostly written by Glen MacDonough, called for explicit references to President Theodore Roosevelt, Senator Mark Hanna, Rev.Andrew Danquer and oil magnate John D. Rockefeller. Although use of the script was rather free-form, the line about Hanna was ordered dropped as soon as Hamlin got word of his death in 1904.[citation needed]
Beginning with the success of the stage version, most subsequent versions of the story, including newer editions of the novel, have been titled "The Wizard of Oz", rather than using the full, original title. In more recent years, restoring the full title has become increasingly common, particularly to distinguish the novel from the Hollywood film.[citation needed]
Baum wrote a new Oz book, The Marvelous Land of Oz, with a view to making it into a stage production, which was titled The Woggle-Bug, but since Montgomery and Stone balked at appearing when the original was still running, the Scarecrow and Tin Woodman were omitted from this adaptation, which was seen as a self-rip-off by critics and proved to be a major flop before it could reach Broadway. He also worked for years on a musical version of Ozma of Oz, which eventually became The Tik-Tok Man Of Oz. This did fairly well in Los Angeles, but not well enough to convince producer Oliver Morosco to mount a production in New York. He also began a stage version of The Patchwork Girl of Oz, but this was ultimately realized as a film.[citation needed]
Later life and work[edit]
With the success of Wizard on page and stage, Baum and Denslow hoped lightning would strike a third time and in 1901 published Dot and Tot of Merryland.[22] The book was one of Baum's weakest, and its failure further strained his faltering relationship with Denslow. It would be their last collaboration. Baum would work primarily with John R. Neill on his fantasy work beginning in 1904, but Baum met Neill few times (all before he moved to California) and often found Neill's art not humorous enough for his liking, and was particularly offended when Neill published The Oz Toy Book: Cut-outs for the Kiddies without authorization.[citation needed]
Several times during the development of the Oz series, Baum declared that he had written his last Oz book and devoted himself to other works of fantasy fiction based in other magical lands, including The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus and Queen Zixi of Ix. However, persuaded by popular demand, letters from children, and the failure of his new books, he returned to the series each time. Even so, his other works remained very popular after his death, with The Master Key appearing on St. Nicholas Magazine's survey of readers' favorite books well into the 1920s.[citation needed]
In 1905, Baum declared plans for an Oz amusement park. In an interview, he mentioned buying Pedloe Island off the coast of California to turn it into an Oz park. Trouble is, not only is there no evidence that he purchased such an island, no one has ever been able to find any island whose name even resembles Pedloe in that area.[23][24] Nevertheless, Baum stated to the press that he had discovered a Pedloe Island off the coast of California and that he had purchased it to be "the Marvelous Land of Oz," intending it to be "a fairy paradise for children." Eleven year-old Dorothy Talbot of San Francisco was reported to be ascendant to the throne on March 1, 1906, when the Palace of Oz was expected to be completed. Baum planned to live on the island, with administrative duties handled by the princess and her all-child advisers. Plans included statues of the Scarecrow, Tin Woodman, Jack Pumpkinhead, and H.M. Woggle-Bug, T.E.[25] Baum abandoned his Oz park project after the failure of The Woggle-Bug, which was playing at the Garrick Theatre in 1905.[citation needed]
Because of his lifelong love of theatre, he financed elaborate musicals, often to his financial detriment. One of Baum's worst financial endeavors was his The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908), which combined a slideshow, film, and live actors with a lecture by Baum as if he were giving a travelogue to Oz.[26] However, Baum ran into trouble and could not pay his debts to the company who produced the films. He did not get back to a stable financial situation for several years, after he sold the royalty rights to many of his earlier works, including The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. This resulted in the M.A. Donahue Company publishing cheap editions of his early works with advertising that purported that Baum's newer output was inferior to the less expensive books they were releasing. Baum had shrewdly transferred most of his property, except for his clothing, his library (mostly of children's books, such as the fairy tales of Andrew Lang, whose portrait he kept in his study), and his typewriter (all of which he successfully argued were essential to his occupation), into Maud's name, as she handled the finances, anyway, and thus lost much less than he could have.[citation needed]
Baum made use of several pseudonyms for some of his other, non-Oz books. They include:
•Edith Van Dyne (the Aunt Jane's Nieces series)
•Laura Bancroft (The Twinkle Tales, Policeman Bluejay)
•Floyd Akers (The Boy Fortune Hunters series, continuing the Sam Steele series)
•Suzanne Metcalf (Annabel)
•Schuyler Staunton (The Fate of a Crown, Daughters of Destiny)
•John Estes Cooke (Tamawaca Folks)
•Capt. Hugh Fitzgerald (the Sam Steele series)
Baum also anonymously wrote The Last Egyptian: A Romance of the Nile.[citation needed]
Baum continued theatrical work with Harry Marston Haldeman's men's social group, The Uplifters,[27] for which he wrote several plays for various celebrations. He also wrote the group's parodic by-laws. The group, which also included Will Rogers, was proud to have had Baum as a member and posthumously revived many of his works despite their ephemeral intent. Although many of these play's titles are known, only The Uplift of Lucifer is known to survive (it was published in a limited edition in the 1960s). Prior to that, his last produced play was The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (based on Ozma of Oz and the basis for Tik-Tok of Oz), a modest success in Hollywood that producer Oliver Morosco decided did not do well enough to take to Broadway. Morosco, incidentally, quickly turned to film production, as would Baum.[citation needed]
L. Frank Baum grave at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Glendale, California. December 2011.
In 1914, having moved to Hollywood years earlier, Baum started his own film production company, The Oz Film Manufacturing Company,[28] which came as an outgrowth of the Uplifters. He served as its president, and principal producer and screenwriter. The rest of the board consisted of Louis F. Gottschalk, Harry Marston Haldeman, and Clarence R. Rundel. The films were directed by J. Farrell MacDonald, with casts that included Violet MacMillan, Vivian Reed, Mildred Harris, Juanita Hansen, Pierre Couderc, Mai Welles, Louise Emmons, J. Charles Haydon, and early appearances by Harold Lloyd and Hal Roach. Silent film actor Richard Rosson appeared in one of the films, whose younger brother Harold Rosson photographed The Wizard of Oz (1939). After little success probing the unrealized children's film market, Baum came clean about who wrote The Last Egyptian and made a film of it (portions of which are included in Decasia), but the Oz name had, for the time being, become box office poison and even a name change to Dramatic Feature Films and transfer of ownership to Frank Joslyn Baum did not help. Unlike with The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, Baum invested none of his own money in the venture, but the stress probably took its toll on his health.[citation needed]
On May 5, 1919, Baum suffered a stroke. He died quietly the next day, May 6, nine days short of his 63rd birthday. At the end he mumbled in his sleep, then said, "Now we can cross the Shifting Sands."[according to whom?] He was buried in Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery.[29] His final Oz book, Glinda of Oz, was published on July 10, 1920, a year after his death. The Oz series was continued long after his death by other authors, notably Ruth Plumly Thompson, who wrote an additional nineteen Oz books. [30]
Baum's beliefs[edit]
Literary[edit]
Baum's avowed intentions with the Oz books, and other fairy tales, was to tell such tales as the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen told, making them American and bringing them up to date by making the characters not stereotypical dwarfs or genies, and by removing both the violence and the moral to which the violence was to point.[31] Although the first books contained a fair amount of violence, it decreased with the series; in The Emerald City of Oz, Ozma objected to doing violence even to the Nomes who threaten Oz with invasion.[32] His introduction is often cited as the beginnings of the sanitization of children's stories, although he did not do a great deal more than eliminate harsh moral lessons. His stories still include decapitations, eye removals, maimings of all kinds, and other violent acts, but the tone is very different from Grimm or Andersen.[citation needed]
Another traditional element that Baum intentionally omitted was the emphasis on romance. He considered romantic love to be uninteresting for young children, as well as largely incomprehensible. In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the only element of romance lay in the backstory of the Tin Woodman and his love Nimmie Amee, which explains his condition and does not otherwise affect the tale, and that of Gayelette and the enchantment of the Winged Monkeys; the only other stories with such elements were The Scarecrow of Oz and Tik-Tok of Oz, both based on dramatizations, which Baum regarded warily until his readers accepted them.[33]
Political[edit]
Women's suffrage advocate[edit]
Sally Roesch Wagner of The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation has published a pamphlet titled The Wonderful Mother of Oz describing how Matilda Gage's radical feminist politics were sympathetically channeled by Baum into his Oz books. Much of the politics in the Republican Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer dealt with trying to convince the populace to vote for women's suffrage. Baum was the secretary of Aberdeen's Woman's Suffrage Club. When Susan B. Anthony visited Aberdeen, she stayed with the Baums. Nancy Tystad Koupal notes an apparent loss of interest in editorializing after Aberdeen failed to pass the bill for women's enfranchisement.[citation needed]
Some of Baum's contacts with suffragists of his day seem to have inspired much of his second Oz story, The Marvelous Land of Oz. In this story, General Jinjur leads the girls and women of Oz, armed with knitting needles, in a revolt; they succeed, and make the men do the household chores. Jinjur proves to be an incompetent ruler, but a female advocating gender equality is ultimately placed on the throne. His Edith Van Dyne stories, including the Aunt Jane's Nieces, The Flying Girl and its sequel, and his girl sleuth Josie O'Gorman from The Bluebird Books, depict girls and young women engaging in traditionally masculine activities.[citation needed]
Editorials about Native Americans[edit]
During the period surrounding the 1890 Ghost Dance movement and Wounded Knee Massacre, Baum wrote two editorials about Native Americans for the Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer which have provoked controversy in recent times because of his assertion that the safety of White settlers depended on the wholesale genocide of American Indians. Sociologist Robert Venables has argued that Baum was not using sarcasm in the editorials.[34]
The first piece was published on December 20, 1890, five days after the killing of the Lakota Sioux holy man, Sitting Bull (who was being held in custody at the time). Following is the complete text of the editorial:
Sitting Bull, most renowned Sioux of modern history, is dead.
He was not a Chief, but without Kingly lineage he arose from a lowly position to the greatest Medicine Man of his time, by virtue of his shrewdness and daring.
He was an Indian with a white man's spirit of hatred and revenge for those who had wronged him and his. In his day he saw his son and his tribe gradually driven from their possessions: forced to give up their old hunting grounds and espouse the hard working and uncongenial avocations of the whites. And these, his conquerors, were marked in their dealings with his people by selfishness, falsehood and treachery. What wonder that his wild nature, untamed by years of subjection, should still revolt? What wonder that a fiery rage still burned within his breast and that he should seek every opportunity of obtaining vengeance upon his natural enemies.
The proud spirit of the original owners of these vast prairies inherited through centuries of fierce and bloody wars for their possession, lingered last in the bosom of Sitting Bull. With his fall the nobility of the Redskin is extinguished, and what few are left are a pack of whining curs who lick the hand that smites them. The Whites, by law of conquest, by justice of civilization, are masters of the American continent, and the best safety of the frontier settlements will be secured by the total annihilation of the few remaining Indians. Why not annihilation? Their glory has fled, their spirit broken, their manhood effaced; better that they die than live the miserable wretches that they are. History would forget these latter despicable beings, and speak, in latter ages of the glory of these grand Kings of forest and plain that Cooper loved to heroize.
We cannot honestly regret their extermination, but we at least do justice to the manly characteristics possessed, according to their lights and education, by the early Redskins of America.[35][36]
Following the December 29, 1890, massacre, Baum wrote a second editorial, published on January 3, 1891:
The peculiar policy of the government in employing so weak and vacillating a person as General Miles to look after the uneasy Indians, has resulted in a terrible loss of blood to our soldiers, and a battle which, at best, is a disgrace to the war department. There has been plenty of time for prompt and decisive measures, the employment of which would have prevented this disaster.
The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extirmination [sic] of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth. In this lies safety for our settlers and the soldiers who are under incompetent commands. Otherwise, we may expect future years to be as full of trouble with the redskins as those have been in the past.
An eastern contemporary, with a grain of wisdom in its wit, says that "when the whites win a fight, it is a victory, and when the Indians win it, it is a massacre."[35][37]
These two short editorials continue to haunt his legacy. In 2006, two descendants of Baum apologized to the Sioux nation for any hurt their ancestor had caused.[38]
The short story, "The Enchanted Buffalo", claims to be a legend of a tribe of bison, and states that a key element made it into legends of Native American tribes. Father Goose, His Book contains poems such as "There Was a Little Nigger Boy" and "Lee-Hi-Lung-Whan." In The Last Egyptian, Lord Roane uses "nigger" to insult the title character, while in The Daring Twins, set in the American South, the only character to use the term is a boy from Boston complaining that his mother uses their money to help "naked niggers in Africa." Baum mentions his characters' distaste for a Hopi snake dance in Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John, but also deplores the horrible situation of Indian Reservations. Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch has a hard-working Mexican present himself as an exception to reiterate Anglo stereotypes of Mexican laziness.[citation needed] Baum's mother-in-law, Woman's Suffrage leader Matilda Joslyn Gage, had great influence over Baum's views. Gage was initiated into the Wolf Clan and admitted into the Iroquois Council of Matrons for her outspoken respect and sympathy for Native American people; it would seem unlikely that Baum could have harbored animosity for them in his mature years.
The interpretation of the Indian editorials has been explored in the context of satire and reverse psychology, highlighting their ironic inconsistencies. Analysis of Baum literature, both subsequent to and contemporary with the editorials, appears to reveal sympathy with the plight of the Indians, suggesting that in these editorials “…he was not advocating holocaust, he was deploring it, at the moment it was occurring and in the midst of it … (he) found himself surrounded not by bloodthirsty redskins, but rather by his subscribers, bloodthirsty frontier rednecks.”[39]
Political imagery in The Wizard of Oz[edit]
Main article: Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
Although numerous political references to the "Wizard" appeared early in the 20th century, it was in a scholarly article by Henry Littlefield,[40] an upstate New York high school history teacher, published in 1964 that there appeared the first full-fledged interpretation of the novel as an extended political allegory of the politics and characters of the 1890s. Special attention was paid to the Populist metaphors and debates over silver and gold.[41] As a Republican and avid supporter of Women's Suffrage, it is thought that Baum personally did not support the political ideals of either the Populist movement of 1890–92 or the Bryanite-silver crusade of 1896–1900. He published a poem in support of William McKinley.[42]
Since 1964 many scholars, economists and historians have expanded on Littlefield's interpretation, pointing to multiple similarities between the characters (especially as depicted in Denslow's illustrations) and stock figures from editorial cartoons of the period. Littlefield himself wrote to The New York Times letters to the editor section spelling out that his theory had no basis in fact, but that his original point was, "not to label Baum, or to lessen any of his magic, but rather, as a history teacher at Mount Vernon High School, to invest turn-of-the-century America with the imagery and wonder I have always found in his stories."[43]
Baum's newspaper had addressed politics in the 1890s, and Denslow was an editorial cartoonist as well as an illustrator of children's books. A series of political references are included in the 1902 stage version, such as references by name to the President and a powerful senator, and to John D. Rockefeller for providing the oil needed by the Tin Woodman. Scholars have found few political references in Baum's Oz books after 1902.[citation needed]
When Baum himself was asked whether his stories had hidden meanings, he always replied that they were written to please children and generate an income for his family.[citation needed]
Religion[edit]
Originally a Methodist, Baum joined the Episcopal Church in Aberdeen to participate in community theatricals. Later, he and his wife, encouraged by Matilda Joslyn Gage, became members of the Theosophical Society in 1892.[44] Baum's beliefs are often reflected in his writing. The only mention of a church in his Oz books is the porcelain one which the Cowardly Lion breaks in the Dainty China Country in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The Baums believed in God, but felt that religious decisions should be made by mature minds and not religious authorities. As a result, they sent their older sons to "Ethical Culture Sunday School" in Chicago, which taught morality, not religion.[45][46]
Bibliography[edit]
This literature-related list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Oz works[edit]
Main: List of Oz books
•The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)
•The Marvelous Land of Oz (1904)
•Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1905, comic strip depicting 27 stories)
•The Woggle-Bug Book (1905)
•Ozma of Oz (1907)
•Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (1908)
•The Road to Oz (1909)
•The Emerald City of Oz (1910)
•The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1913)
•Little Wizard Stories of Oz (1913, collection of 6 short stories)
•Tik-Tok of Oz (1914)
•The Scarecrow of Oz (1915)
•Rinkitink in Oz (1916)
•The Lost Princess of Oz (1917)
•The Tin Woodman of Oz (1918)
•The Magic of Oz (1919, posthumously published)
•Glinda of Oz (1920, posthumously published)
•The Royal Book of Oz (1921, posthumous attribution—entirely the work of Ruth Plumly Thompson)
Princess Truella, a character from The Magical Monarch of Mo, illustrated by Frank Ver Beck
Non-Oz works[edit]
•Mother Goose in Prose (prose retellings of Mother Goose rhymes, (1897)
•By the Candelabra's Glare (poetry, 1898)[47]
•Father Goose: His Book (nonsense poetry, 1899)
•The Magical Monarch of Mo (Originally published in 1900 as A New Wonderland) (fantasy, 1903)
•The Army Alphabet (poetry, 1900)
•The Navy Alphabet (poetry, 1900)
•Dot and Tot of Merryland (fantasy, 1901)
•American Fairy Tales (fantasy, 1901)
•The Master Key: An Electrical Fairy Tale (fantasy, 1901)
•The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (fantasy, 1902)
•The Enchanted Island of Yew (fantasy, 1903)
•Queen Zixi of Ix (fantasy, 1905)
•John Dough and the Cherub (fantasy, 1906)
•Father Goose's Year Book: Quaint Quacks and Feathered Shafts for Mature Children (nonsense poetry for adults, 1907)
•The Daring Twins: A Story for Young Folk (novel, 1911; reprinted in 2006 as The Secret of the Lost Fortune)
•The Sea Fairies (fantasy, 1911)
•Sky Island (fantasy, 1912)
•Phoebe Daring: A Story for Young Folk (novel, 1912; announced for reprint by Hungry Tiger Press as Unjustly Accused!)
•Our Married Life (novel, 1912) [lost]
•Johnson (novel, 1912) [lost]
•The Mystery of Bonita (novel, 1914) [lost][48]
•Molly Oodle (novel, 1915) [lost]
•Animal Fairy Tales (fantasy, 1969) (originally published 1905 as a magazine series)
Short stories[edit]
This list omits those stories that appeared in Our Landlady, American Fairy Tales, Animal Fairy Tales, Little Wizard Stories of Oz, and Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz.
•"They Played a New Hamlet" (April 28, 1895)
•"A Cold Day on the Railroad" (May 26, 1895)
•"Who Called 'Perry?'" (January 19, 1896)
•"Yesterday at the Exhibition" (February 2, 1896)
•"My Ruby Wedding Ring" (October 12, 1896)
•"The Man with the Red Shirt" (c.1897, told to Matilda Jewell Gage, who wrote it down in 1905)
•"How Scroggs Won the Reward" (May 5, 1897)
•"The Extravagance of Dan" (May 18, 1897)
•"The Return of Dick Weemins" (July 1897)
•"The Suicide of Kiaros" (September 1897)
•"A Shadow Cast Before" (December 1897)
•"John" (June 24, 1898)
•"The Mating Day" (September 1898)
•"Aunt Hulda's Good Time" (October 26, 1899)
•"The Loveridge Burglary" (January 1900)
•"The Bad Man" (February 1901)
•"The King Who Changed His Mind" (1901)
•"The Runaway Shadows or A Trick of Jack Frost" (June 5, 1901)
•"(The Strange Adventures of) An Easter Egg" (March 29, 1902)
•"The Ryl of the Lilies" (April 12, 1903)
•the first chapter of The Whatnexters, an unfinished novel with Isidore Witmark[49] (1903, Unpublished and possibly lost)
•"Chrome Yellow" (1904, Unpublished; held in The Baum Papers at Syracuse University)
•"Mr. Rumple's Chill" (1904, Lost)
•"Bess of the Movies" (1904, Lost)
•"The Diamondback" (1904, First page missing)
•"A Kidnapped Santa Claus" (December 1904)
•"The Woggle-Bug Book: The Unique Adventures of the Woggle-Bug" (January 12, 1905)[50]
•"Nelebel's Fairyland" (June 1905)
•"Jack Burgitt's Honor" (August 1, 1905)
•"The Tiger's Eye: A Jungle Fairy Tale" (1905)
•"The Yellow Ryl" (1906)
•"The Witchcraft of Mary–Marie" (1908)
•"The Man-Fairy" (December 1910)
•"Juggerjook" (December 1910)
•"The Tramp and the Baby" (October 1911)
•"Bessie's Fairy Tale" (December 1911)
•"Aunt 'Phroney's Boy" (December 1912)
•"The Littlest Giant—An Oz Story" (1918)
•"An Oz Book" (1919)
Under pseudonyms[edit]
As Edith Van Dyne:
•Aunt Jane's Nieces (1906)
•Aunt Jane's Nieces Abroad (1907)
•Aunt Jane's Nieces at Millville (1908)
•Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work (1909)
•Aunt Jane's Nieces in Society (1910)
•Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John (1911)
•The Flying Girl (1911)
•Aunt Jane's Nieces on Vacation (1912)
•The Flying Girl and Her Chum (1912)
•Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch (1913)
•Aunt Jane's Nieces Out West (1914)
•Aunt Jane's Nieces in the Red Cross (1915, revised and republished in 1918)
•Mary Louise (1916)
•Mary Louise in the Country (1916)
•Mary Louise Solves a Mystery (1917)
•Mary Louise and the Liberty Girls (1918)
•Mary Louise Adopts a Soldier (1919; largely ghostwritten based on a fragment by Baum; subsequent books in the series are by Emma Speed Sampson)
As Floyd Akers:
•The Boy Fortune Hunters in Alaska (1908; originally published in 1906 as Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea by "Capt. Hugh Fitzgerald")
•The Boy Fortune Hunters in Panama (1908; originally published in 1907 as Sam Steele's Adventures in Panama by "Capt. Hugh Fitzgerald"; reprinted in 2008 as The Amazing Bubble Car)
•The Boy Fortune Hunters in Egypt (1908; reprinted in 2008 as The Treasure of Karnak)
•The Boy Fortune Hunters in China (1909; reprinted in 2006 as The Scream of the Sacred Ape)
•The Boy Fortune Hunters in Yucatan (1910)
•The Boy Fortune Hunters in the South Seas (1911)
As Schuyler Staunton:
•The Fate of a Crown (1905)
•Daughters of Destiny (1906)
As John Estes Cooke:
•Tamawaca Folks: A Summer Comedy (1907)
As Suzanne Metcalf:
•Annabel, A Novel for Young Folk (1906)
As Laura Bancroft:
•The Twinkle Tales (1906; collected as Twinkle and Chubbins, though Chubbins is not in all the stories)
•Policeman Bluejay (1907; also known as Babes in Birdland, it was published under Baum's name shortly before his death)
Anonymous:
•The Last Egyptian: A Romance of the Nile (1908)
Miscellanea[edit]
•Baum's Complete Stamp Dealer's Directory (1873)
•The Book of the Hamburgs (poultry guide, 1886)
•Our Landlady (newspaper stories, 1890–1891)
•The Art of Decorating Dry Goods Windows and Interiors (trade publication, 1900)
•L. Frank Baum's Juvenile Speaker (or Baum's Own Book for Children), a collection of revised work (1910), later republished as The Snuggle Tales (1916–17) and Oz-Man Tales (1920)
Baum has been credited as the editor of In Other Lands Than Ours (1907), a collection of letters written by his wife Maud Gage Baum.[51]
Plays and adaptations[edit]
Main article: Plays of L. Frank Baum
Including those listed here and on the Oz books page, Michael Patrick Hearn has identified forty-two titles of stage plays associated with Baum, some probably redundant or reflective of alternate drafts, many for works that Baum may never have actually started. Listed below are those either known to have been performed (such as the lost plays of his youth) or that exist in at least fragmentary or treatment form.
•The Mackrummins (lost play, 1882)
•The Maid of Arran (play, 1882)
•Matches (lost play, 1882)
•Kilmourne, or O'Connor's Dream (lost? play, opened April 4, 1883)
•The Queen of Killarney (lost? play, 1883)
•The Songs of Father Goose (Father Goose set to music by Alberta N. Hall Burton, 1900)
•"The Maid of Athens: A College Fantasy" (play treatment, 1903; with Emerson Hough)
•"The King of Gee-Whiz" (play treatment, February 1905, with Emerson Hough)
•Mortal for an Hour or The Fairy Prince or Prince Marvel (play, 1909)
•The Pipes O' Pan (play, 1909, with George Scarborough; only the first act was ever completed)
•King Bud of Noland, or The Magic Cloak (musical play, 1913; music by Louis F. Gottschalk, revised as the scenario to the film, The Magic Cloak of Oz)
•Stagecraft, or, The Adventures of a Strictly Moral Man (musical play, 1914; music by Louis F. Gottschalk)
•Prince Silverwings (long term project collaborating with Edith Ogden Harrison, based on her book; worked on as late as 1915; published in 1982)
•The Uplift of Lucifer, or Raising Hell: An Allegorical Squazosh (musical play, music by Louis F. Gottschalk, 1915)
•Blackbird Cottages: The Uplifters' Minstrels (musical play, 1916; music by Byron Gay)[52]
•The Orpheus Road Show: A Paraphrastic Compendium of Mirth (musical play, 1917; music by Louis F. Gottschalk)
The Wizard of Oz on screen and back to stage[edit]
Following early film treatments in 1910 and 1925, and Baum's own venture, The Oz Film Manufacturing Company, Metro Goldwyn Mayer made the story into the now classic movie The Wizard of Oz (1939) starring Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale. It was only MGM's second feature-length film in three-strip Technicolor (the first having been Sweethearts, based on the Victor Herbert operetta). Among other changes, including largely eliminating the novel's feminist influences, the film was given an all-a-dream ending. (Baum used this technique only once, in Mr. Woodchuck, and in that case the title character explicitly told the dreamer that she was dreaming numerous times.)
In 1970, the actor Conlan Carter, formerly of ABC's Combat! and The Law and Mr. Jones, played the role of Baum in the episode "The Wizard of Aberdeen" in the syndicated television series Death Valley Days.[53]
A completely new Tony Award-winning Broadway musical based on African-American musical styles, The Wiz was staged in 1975 with Stephanie Mills as Dorothy. It was the basis for a 1978 film by the same title starring Diana Ross as an adult Dorothy and Michael Jackson as the Scarecrow. The Wizard of Oz continues to inspire new versions such as Disney's 1985 Return to Oz, The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, Tin Man (a re-imagining of the story televised in late 2007 on the Sci Fi Channel), and a variety of animated productions. Today's most successful Broadway show, Wicked provides a backstory to the two Oz witches used in the classic MGM film. Wicked author Gregory Maguire chose to honor L. Frank Baum by naming his main character Elphaba—a phonetic take on Baum's initials.
Baum was portrayed by actor John Ritter in the television movie Dreamer of Oz.
In 2013 the film titled Oz the Great and Powerful was released
See also[edit]
Biography portal
Storybook Land is a theme park in Aberdeen, South Dakota. It features the Land of Oz, with characters and attractions from the books.[citation needed]
Notes[edit]
1. Jump up ^ 42 titles are known, but whether any writings ever existed to go with many of them is not known
2. Jump up ^ Rogers, p. 1.
3. Jump up ^ [1]
4. Jump up ^ Hearn, Introduction, The Annotated Wizard of Oz, p. xv n. 3.
5. Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 2–3.
6. Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 3–4.
7. Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 4–5.
8. Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 6–7; Hearn, Annotated Wizard, pp. xvii–xviii.
9. Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 49.
10. Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 8–9, 16–17 and ff.
11. Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 23–5.
12. Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 25–7 and ff.
13. Jump up ^ Stannard, David E, American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World, Oxford Press, 1992, page 126 ISBN 0-19-508557-4
14. Jump up ^ Hastings, A. Waller. "L. Frank Baum's Editorials on the Sioux Nation", Northern State University. (Retrieved Dec 20, 2011)
15. Jump up ^ Reneau, Reneau H. “Misanthropology: A Florilegium of Bahumbuggery,” donlazaro translations, 2004 pp. 145-164
16. Jump up ^ Koupal
17. Jump up ^ Emily and Per Ola d'Aulaire, "Mannequins: our fantasy figures of high fashion," Smithsonian, Vol. 22, no. 1, April 1991
18. Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 45–59.
19. Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 54–69 and ff.
20. Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 73–94.
21. Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 105–10.
22. Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 95–6.
23. Jump up ^ "Miscellaneous Questions" about L. Frank Baum, see heading "Has there ever been any sort of Wizard of Oz-themed amusement park or tourist attraction?"
24. Jump up ^ "L. Frank Baum's La Jolla, Halfway to Oz" by Bard C. Cosman, in The Journal of San Diego History, Fall 1998, volume 44, Number 4
25. Jump up ^ "First Princess of Oz and Owner of Island." June 18, 1905, unidentified Chicago newspaper clipping in the L. Frank Baum file at the New York Public Library of the Performing Arts
26. Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 162–3; Hearn, Annotated Wizard, pp. lxvi–lxxi.
27. Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 182–3.
28. Jump up ^ Rogers, pp. 110, 177, 181, 202–5 and ff.
29. Jump up ^ Rogers, p. 239.
30. Jump up ^ http://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/bios/Thompson__Ruth_Plumly.html Penn State University Library biography of Ruth Plumly Thompson
31. Jump up ^ Sale, p. 223.
32. Jump up ^ Riley, p. 164.
33. Jump up ^ Hearn, pp. 138–9.
34. Jump up ^ Venables, Robert. "Twisted Footnote to Wounded Knee". Northeast Indian Quarterly.
35. ^ Jump up to: a b "L. Frank Baum's Editorials on the Sioux Nation" Full text of both, with commentary by professor A. Waller Hastings
36. Jump up ^ Rogers, p. 259.
37. Jump up ^ Professor Robert Venables, Senior Lecturer Rural Sociology Department, Cornell University, "Looking Back at Wounded Knee 1890", Northeast Indian Quarterly, Spring 1990
38. Jump up ^ Ray, Charles (2006-08-17). "'Oz' Family Apologizes for Racist Editorials". Morning Edition (National Public Radio). Retrieved 2007-09-04.
39. Jump up ^ Reneau, Reneau H. “A Newer Testament: Misanthropology Unleashed,“ donlazaro translations, 2008, pp. 129-147
40. Jump up ^ Littlefield, Henry. "The Wizard of Oz: Parable on Populism." American Quarterly. v. 16, 3, Spring 1964, 47–58.
41. Jump up ^ Attebery, pp. 86–7.
42. Jump up ^ Oz Populism Theory at www.halcyon.com
43. Jump up ^ "'Oz' Author Kept Intentions to Himself". The New York Times Company. February 7, 1992. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
44. Jump up ^ Algeo, pp. 270–3; Rogers, pp. 50–1 and ff.
45. Jump up ^ F. J. Baum, To Please a Child, p. 84
46. Jump up ^ Michael Patrick Hearn. The Annotated Wizard of Oz. 2nd Edition. 2000. pp. 7, 271, 328.
47. Jump up ^ Facsimile edition, Delmar, NY, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1981. ISBN 978-0-8201-1361-6
48. Jump up ^ According to Michael Patrick Hearn, this is mentioned in legal documents related to The Oz Film Manufacturing Company.
49. Jump up ^ "Isidore Witmark has in his cabinet the manuscript of the first and only chapter ever written of a book that he and Frank Baum had planned to write together, entitled, The Whatnexters." Isidore Witmark and Isaac Goldberg. The Story of the House of Witmark: From Ragtime to Swingtime. New York: Lee Furman, Inc., 1939, p. 238.
50. Jump up ^ Facsimile edition, Delmar, NY, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1978. ISBN 978-0-8201-1308-1
51. Jump up ^ Facsimile edition, Delmar, NY, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, 1983. ISBN 978-0-8201-1385-2
52. Jump up ^ The Book Collector's Guide to L. Frank Baum and Oz by Paul R. Bienvenue and Robert E. Schmidt asserts in its entry on Manuel Weldman's edition of The Uplift of Lucifer that the two titles belong to the same work.
53. Jump up ^ IMDB, Conlan Carter, acting roles: http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0141543/
References[edit]
•Algeo, John. "A Notable Theosophist: L. Frank Baum." American Theosophist, Vol. 74 (August–September 1986), pp. 270–3.
•Attebery, Brian. The Fantasy Tradition in American Literature. Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, 1980.
•Baum, Frank Joslyn, and Russell P. Macfall. To Please a Child. Chicago, Reilly & Lee, 1961.
•Baum, L. Frank. The Annotated Wizard of Oz. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Michael Patrick Hearn. New York, Clarkson N. Potter, 1973. Revised 2000. New York, W.W. Norton, 2000.
•Ferrara, Susan. The Family of the Wizard: The Baums of Syracuse. Xlibris Corporation, 1999. ISBN 0-7388-1317-6
•Ford, Alla T. The High-Jinks of L. Frank Baum. Hong Kong, Ford Press, 1969.
•Ford, Alla T. The Musical Fantasies of L. Frank Baum. Lake Worth, FL, Ford Press, 1969.
•Gardner, Martin, and Russel B. Nye. The Wizard of Oz and Who He Was. East Lansing, MI, Michigan State University Press, 1957. Revised 1994.
•Hearn, Michael Patrick. The Critical Heritage Edition of the Wizard of Oz. New York, Schocken, 1986.
•Koupal, Nancy Tystad. Baum's Road to Oz: The Dakota Years. Pierre, SD, South Dakota State Historical Society, 2000.
•Koupal, Nancy Tystad. Our Landlady. Lawrence, KS, University of Nebraska Press, 1986.
•Parker, David B. The Rise and Fall of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a "Parable on Populism" Journal of the Georgia Association of Historians, vol. 15 (1994), pp. 49–63.
•Reneau, Reneau H. "Misanthropology: A Florilegium of Bahumbuggery" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2004, pp. 155-164
•Reneau, Reneau H. "A Newer Testament: Misanthropology Unleashed" Inglewood, CA, donlazaro translations, 2008, pp. 129-147
•Riley, Michael O. Oz and Beyond: The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum. Lawrence, KS, University of Kansas Press, 1997. ISBN 0-7006-0832-X
•Rogers, Katharine M. L. Frank Baum, Creator of Oz: A Biography. New York, St. Martin's Press, 2002. ISBN 0-312-30174-X
•Sale, Roger. Fairy Tales and After: From Snow White to E. B. White. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University press, 1978. ISBN 0-674-29157-3
•Schwartz, Evan I. Finding Oz: How L. Frank Baum Discovered the Great American Story. New York, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009 ISBN 0-547-05510-2
•Wagner, Sally Roesch. The Wonderful Mother of Oz. Fayetteville, NY: The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation, 2003.
•Wilgus, Neal. "Classic American Fairy Tales: The Fantasies of L. Frank Baum" in Darrell Schweitzer (ed) Discovering Classic Fantasy Fiction, Gillette NJ: Wildside Press, 1996, pp. 113–121.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: L. Frank Baum
Wikimedia Commons has media related to L. Frank Baum.
Wikisource has original works written by or about:
L. Frank Baum
•L. Frank Baum Papers at Syracuse University
•Bibliography (Baum and Oz)
•The International Wizard of Oz Club, Inc.
•L. Frank Baum public domain audiobooks at Librivox.org
•L. Frank Baum Works Archive
•Wonderful Wizard of Oz Website
•Works by L. Frank Baum at Project Gutenberg
•Free scores by L. Frank Baum at the International Music Score Library Project
[show]
•v
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L. Frank Baum
Novels
(chronological)
including Oz
•A New Wonderland, or The Magical Monarch of Mo (17 June 1896, revised 1903)
•The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (9 October 1899)
•Dot and Tot of Merryland (October 1901)
•The Master Key (1901)
•The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (12 April 1902)
•The Enchanted Island of Yew (1903)
The Whatnexters (1903, unfinished)
•The Marvelous Land of Oz (5 July 1904)
•Queen Zixi of Ix (November 1904)
•The Fate of a Crown (4 June 1905)
•King Rinkitink (1905--lost)
•Annabel (1906)
•Aunt Jane's Nieces (1 March 1906)
•Aunt Jane's Nieces Abroad (1906)
•Daughters of Destiny (1906)
•Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea (The Boy Fortune Hunters in Alaska) (1906)
•Twinkle and Chubbins (19 May 1906, collected 1911)
•John Dough and the Cherub (14 October 1906)
•Ozma of Oz (29 July 1907)
•Policeman Bluejay or Babes in Birdland (1907)
•Sam Steele's Adventures in Panama (The Boy Fortune Hunters in Panama) (1907)
•Tamawaca Folks (1907)
•The Last Egyptian (1 May 1908)
•Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz (18 June 1908)
•The Boy Fortune Hunters in Egypt (1908)
•Aunt Jane's Nieces at Millville (1908)
•Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work (1909)
•The Boy Fortune Hunters in China (1909)
•The Road to Oz (10 July 1909)
•Aunt Jane's Nieces in Society (1909)
•The Boy Fortune Hunters in Yucatan (1910)
•The Emerald City of Oz (20 July 1910)
•Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John (1910)
•The Boy Fortune Hunters in the South Seas (1911)
•The Daring Twins (1911)
•The Flying Girl (1911)
•The Sea Fairies (1911)
•Aunt Jane's Nieces on Vacation (1912)
•The Flying Girl and Her Chum (1912)
•Phoebe Daring (1912)
Phil Daring's Experiment (unpublished)
The Flying Girl's Brave Venture (unfinished fragment)
Our Married Life (1912, lost)
Johnson (19 September 1912; lost)
•Sky Island (1912)
•Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch (1913)
•The Patchwork Girl of Oz (25 June 1913)
•The Mystery of Bonita (1914; lost)
•Aunt Jane's Nieces Out West (1914)
•Tik-Tok of Oz (19 June 1914)
•Aunt Jane's Nieces in the Red Cross (1915; revised 1918)
•The Scarecrow of Oz (16 July 1915)
Molly Oodle (17 September 1915; lost)
•Mary Louise (1916)
•Mary Louise in the Country (1916)
•Rinkitink in Oz (1916 (revision of King Rinkitink))
•The Lost Princess of Oz (5 June 1917)
•Mary Louise Solves a Mystery (1917)
•Mary Louise and the Liberty Girls (1918)
•The Tin Woodman of Oz (13 May 1918)
•The Magic of Oz (1919)
•Mary Louise Adopts a Soldier (1919)
•Glinda of Oz (1920)
Short story
collections
•Our Landlady (1890; collected 1941/1996)
•Mother Goose in Prose (1897)
•American Fairy Tales (23 February 1901)
•Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz (1903)
•Animal Fairy Tales (1906; collected 1969)
•L. Frank Baum's Juvenile Speaker (1910, reissued as Baum's Own Book for Children (1911)
•Little Wizard Stories of Oz (24 July 1914)
The Musical Fantasies of L. Frank Baum (1958)
The Purple Dragon and Other Fantasies (1976)
•The Runaway Shadows and Other Stories (1980)
Baum's Road to Oz: The Dakota Years (July 2000)
•The Collected Short Stories of L. Frank Baum (2006)
Poetry
collections
•By the Candelabra's Glare (1898)
•Father Goose, His Book (16 March 1899)
•The Army Alphabet (20 January 1900)
•The Songs of Father Goose (30 March 1900)
•The Navy Alphabet (1 August 1900)
•Father Goose's Year Book (22 July 1907)
•Father Goose's Party (10 August 1915)
•Songs of Spring (1917)
•The High-Jinks of L. Frank Baum (1969)
Plays
The Mackrummins (11 February 1882)
•The Maid of Arran (11 February (opened 15 May) 1882)
Matches (11 February (opened 18 May) 1882)
Kilmourne, or O'Connor's Dream (opened 4 April 1883)
The Queen of Killarney (1883)
King Midas (1901)
The Octopus; or the Title Trust (1 May 1901)
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (18 September 1901)
•The Wizard of Oz (16 June 1902)
Montezuma, or The Son of the Sun (November 1902)
King Jonah XIII (September 1903)
The Maid of Athens: A College Fantasy or Spartacus (1903)
•Prince Silverwings (1903)
Father Goose (August 1904)
The Pagan Potentate (1904)
The King of Gee-Whiz (23 February 1905)
•The Woggle-Bug (February 1905)
unfinished, untitled play set in Egypt (January 1906)
Down Missouri Way (1907)
Our Mary (1907)
Mortal for an Hour or The Fairy Prince or Prince Marvel (1909)
The Koran of the Prophet (23 February 1909)
The Pipes O'Pan (31 March 1909)
Peter and Paul (1909)
The Girl from Oz/The Girl of Tomorrow (1909)
The Clock Shop (1910)
The Pea-Green Poodle (1910)
•The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (31 March 1913)
The Patchwork Girl of Oz (16 November 1913)
King Bud of Noland, or The Magic Cloak (1913)
Stagecraft, or, The Adventures of a Strictly Moral Man (14 January 1914)
High Jinks (24 October 1914)
The Corrugated Giant (1915)
The Uplift of Lucifer, or Raising Hell: An Allegorical Squazosh (23 October 1915)
The Birth of the New Year (31 December 1915)
Blackbird Cottages: The Uplifter's Minstrels (28 October 1916)
Snow White (1916)
The Orpheus Road Show: A Paraphrastic Compendium of Mirth (1917)
Nonfiction
Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory (1873)
•The Book of the Hamburgs (July-November 1882, collected 1886)
•The Art of Decorating Dry Goods Windows and Interiors (1900)
Films
•The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (24 September 1908)
•The Patchwork Girl of Oz (6 August 1914)
•The Magic Cloak of Oz (1914)
•His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz (14 October 1914)
•The Last Egyptian (7 December 1914)
•Violet's Dreams (1915)
•The Gray Nun of Belgium (26 April 1915)
•Pies and Poetry (1915)
Related people
and collaborators
•Maud Gage Baum
•Matilda Joslyn Gage
•Frank Joslyn Baum
•Harry Neal Baum
•Roger S. Baum
•Paul Tietjens
•Edith Ogden Harrison
•Isidore Witmark
•Louis F. Gottschalk
•Nathaniel D. Mann
•Frederic Chapin
•Manuel Klein
•Arthur Pryor
•Byron Gay
•Emerson Hough
•George Scarborough
•W.W. Denslow
•John R. Neill
[show]
•v
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L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
Oz
General
•Land of Oz
•Emerald City
•Munchkin Country
•Gillikin Country
•Winkie Country
•Quadling Country
•Yellow brick road
•Oogaboo
•Forest of Burzee
•Nonestica
•Land of Ev
•Merryland
•Mo
•Ix
•Noland
•Apocrypha
•The Oz Film Manufacturing Company
Authors
L. Frank Baum
•Ruth Plumly Thompson
•John R. Neill
•Jack Snow
•Rachel Cosgrove Payes
•Eloise Jarvis McGraw
•Dick Martin
•Alexander Volkov
•Gregory Maguire
•Sherwood Smith
•Roger S. Baum
Illustrators
•William Wallace Denslow
•John R. Neill
•Frank Kramer
•Dirk Gringhuis
•Dick Martin
•Eric Shanower
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[61] Iroquois Theatre fire
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Iroquois Theatre fire
The Iroquois Theatre, shortly after the fire
Date
December 30, 1903 (1903-12-30)
Time
about 3:15 P.M.
Location
Chicago, Illinois, United States
Cause
Ignition of muslin curtains due to broken arc light
Deaths
605
The Iroquois Theatre fire occurred on December 30, 1903, in Chicago, Illinois. It is the deadliest theater fire and the deadliest single-building fire in United States history. At least 605 people died as a result of the fire but not all the deaths were reported, as some of the bodies were removed from the scene.
The theatre[edit]
The Iroquois Theatre was located at 24–28 West Randolph Street, on the North Side between State Street and Dearborn Street in Chicago. The syndicate that bankrolled its construction chose the location specifically to attract women on day trips from out of town who, it was thought, would be more comfortable attending a theatre located close to the safe, police-patrolled Loop shopping district.[1] The theatre opened in November 1903 after numerous delays due to labor unrest[2] and, according to one writer,[3] the unexplained inability of architect Benjamin Marshall to complete required drawings on time. Upon opening it was lauded by drama critics; Walter K. Hill wrote in the New York Clipper (a predecessor of Variety) that the Iroquois was "the most beautiful ... in Chicago, and competent judges state that few theaters in America can rival its architectural perfections ..."[4]
The Grand Stair Hall as it appeared before the fire. The stairway on the right saw the greatest number of fatalities.
The theatre had three audience levels. The main floor (known as the "orchestra" or "parquet") was on the same level as the Foyer or Grand Stair Hall. The second level (the "dress circle") and the third level (the "gallery") were accessed through broad stairways that led off the foyer. The backstage areas were unusually large, with dressing rooms on five levels, an uncommonly large fly gallery (where scenery was hung), and even an elevator available to transport actors down to the stage level.
Fire readiness deficiencies noted before the fire[edit]
Despite being billed as "Absolutely Fireproof" in advertisements and playbills,[5] numerous deficiencies in fire readiness were apparent:
•An editor of Fireproof Magazine had toured the building during construction and had noted "the absence of an intake, or stage draft shaft; the exposed reinforcement of the (proscenium) arch;[6] the presence of wood trim on everything and the inadequate provision of exits."[7]
•A Chicago Fire Department captain who made an unofficial tour of the theatre days before the official opening noted that there were no extinguishers, sprinklers, alarms, telephones, or water connections; the only firefighting equipment available were six canisters of a dry chemical called "Kilfyre", which was normally used to douse chimney fires in residential houses.[8] "Kilfyre" is made out of bicarbonate-of-soda and powder. [9] The captain pointed out the deficiencies to the theatre's fire warden but was told that nothing could be done, as the fire warden would simply be dismissed if he brought the matter up with the syndicate of owners. When the captain reported the matter to his commanding officer, he was again told that nothing could be done, as the theatre already had a fire warden.[10]
Structural deficiencies in the theater[edit]
There were also structural deficiencies reported, including:
•Large iron gates blocked off the stairways during performances to prevent patrons from moving down from the gallery to the dress circle or orchestra.
•Many of the exit routes were confusing.[11]
•Skylights on the roof of the stage, which were intended to open automatically during a fire to vent the heat and smoke, were fastened closed.[12]
•The asbestos curtain was not tested periodically, and it got stuck when the theater personnel tried to lower it. [13]
The fire[edit]
A horse-drawn ambulance is filled with the bodies of victims.
On December 30, 1903, the Iroquois presented a matinee performance of the popular Drury Lane musical Mr. Bluebeard, which had been playing at the Iroquois since opening night. The play, a burlesque of the traditional Bluebeard folk tale, featured Dan McAvoy as Bluebeard and Eddie Foy[14] as Sister Anne, a role that allowed him to showcase his physical comedy skills. Attendance since opening night had been disappointing, people having been driven away by poor weather, labor unrest, and other factors. The December 30 performance drew a much larger sellout audience, with every seat being filled and hundreds of patrons in the "standing room" areas at the back of the theatre. Many of the estimated 2,000 patrons attending the matinee were children. The standing room areas were so crowded that some patrons instead sat in the aisles, blocking the exits.
At about 3:15 P.M., the beginning of the second act, a dance number was in progress when an arc light shorted out and sparks ignited a muslin curtain. A stagehand attempted to douse the fire with the Kilfyre canisters provided but it quickly spread to the fly gallery high above the stage where several thousand square feet of highly flammable painted canvas scenery flats were hung. The stage manager attempted to lower the fire curtain, but it snagged. Although early reports state that it was stopped by the trolley-wire that carried one of the acrobats over the stage,[14][15] later investigation showed that the curtain had been blocked by a light reflector which stuck out under the proscenium arch.[16] A chemist who later tested part of the curtain stated that it was mainly wood pulp mixed with asbestos, and would have been "of no value in a fire."[17]
Foy, who was preparing to go on stage at the time, ran out and attempted to calm the crowd, first making sure his young son was in the care of a stagehand. He later wrote, "It struck me as I looked out over the crowd during the first act that I had never before seen so many women and children in the audience. Even the gallery was full of mothers and children."[14] Foy's role in this disaster was recreated by Bob Hope in the film The Seven Little Foys. Foy was widely seen as a hero after the fire for his courage in remaining on stage and pleading with patrons not to panic even as large chunks of burning scenery landed around him.[18]
By this time, many of the patrons on all levels were quickly attempting to flee the theatre. Some had located the fire exits hidden behind draperies on the north side of the building, but found that they could not open the unfamiliar bascule lock. One door was opened by a man who happened to have a bascule lock in his home and two were opened either by brute force or by a blast of air, but most of the other doors could not be opened. Some patrons panicked, crushing or trampling others in a desperate attempt to escape the fire.[19] Many were killed while trapped in dead ends or while attempting to open windows that were designed to look like doors.
The dancers on stage were also forced to flee, along with the performers backstage and in the numerous dressing rooms.[20] When the performers and stagehands went out the back exit, the icy wind rushed in and made the fire substantially bigger. [21] Many escaped the theatre through the coal hatch and through windows in the dressing rooms, while others attempted to escape via the west stage door, which opened inwards and became jammed as actors pressed toward the door frantically trying to get out. By chance a passing railroad agent saw the crowd pressing against the door and undid the hinges from the outside using tools he normally carried with him, allowing the actors and stagehands to escape.[22] Someone else opened the huge double freight doors in the north wall, normally used for scenery, allowing "a cyclonic blast" of cold air to rush into the building and create an enormous fireball.[23] As the vents above the stage were nailed or wired shut, the fireball instead traveled outwards, ducking under the stuck asbestos curtain and streaking toward the vents behind the dress circle and gallery 50 feet (15 m) away. The hot gases and flames passed over the heads of those in the orchestra seats and incinerated everything flammable in the gallery and dress circle levels, including patrons still trapped in those areas.
Those in the orchestra section were able to exit into the foyer and out the front door, but those in the dress circle and gallery who escaped the fireball were unable to reach the foyer because the iron grates that barred the stairways were still in place. The largest death toll was at the base of these stairways, where hundreds of people were trampled, crushed, or asphyxiated.
Patrons who were able to escape via the emergency exits on the north side found themselves on the unfinished fire escapes. Many jumped or fell from the icy, narrow fire escapes to their deaths; the bodies of the first jumpers broke the falls of those who followed them.
Students from the Northwestern University building located north of the theatre tried bridging the gap with a ladder and then with some boards between the rooftops, saving those few able to manage the makeshift cross over.
Aftermath[edit]
Corpses were piled ten bodies high around the doors and windows. Many patrons had clambered over piles of bodies only to succumb themselves to the flames, smoke, and gases. It is estimated that 575 people were killed on the day of the fire itself; well over 30 more died of injuries suffered over the following weeks. Many of the Chicago victims were buried in Montrose, Forest Home, and Graceland cemeteries.[24][25]
Of the 300 or so actors, dancers, and stagehands, only five people - the aerialist (Nellie Reed), an actor in a bit part, an usher, and two female attendants died. The aerialist's role was to fly out as a fairy over the audience on a trolley wire, showering them with pink carnations. She was trapped above the stage while waiting for her entrance; during the fire she fell, was gravely injured, and died of burns and internal injuries three days later.[26]
In New York City on New Year's Eve some theaters eliminated standing room. Building and fire codes were subsequently reformed; theaters were closed for retrofitting all around the country and in some cities in Europe. All theater exits had to be clearly marked and the doors configured so that, even if they could not be pulled open from the outside, they could be pushed open from the inside.[27]
After the fire, it was alleged that fire inspectors had been bribed with free tickets to overlook code violations.[28] The mayor ordered all theaters in Chicago closed for six weeks after the fire.[29]
As a result of public outrage many were charged with crimes, including Mayor Carter Harrison, Jr.. Most charges were dismissed three years later, however, because of the delaying tactics of the owners' lawyers and their use of loopholes and inadequacies in the city's building and safety ordinances. The only person convicted was a tavern keeper charged with grave robbing.
The exterior of the Iroquois was largely intact. The building later reopened as the Colonial Theater, which was torn down in 1926 to make way for the Oriental Theater.[30]
Memorial[edit]
A bronze bas-relief memorial by sculptor Lorado Taft without any identifying markings was placed inside the LaSalle Street entrance to City Hall.[31] On December 31, 1911, The Chicago Tribune described the marker as depicting "the Motherhood of the World protecting the children of the universe, the body of a child borne on a litter by herculean male figures, with a bereaved mother bending over it". The memorial was located in the Iroquois Hospital on Wacker until the building was demolished in 1951. It was placed in storage in City Hall until it was installed in its current location in 1960. On November 5, 2010, the memorial was rededicated and a descriptive plaque was donated by the Union League Club of Chicago. The dedication was attended by members of the Chicago City Council, the Union League Club and Taft's granddaughter.[32]
Chicago held an annual memorial service at City Hall, until the last survivors died.[31]
Developments[edit]
The Iroquois fire prompted widespread implementation of the panic bar, first invented in the United Kingdom following the Victoria Hall disaster. Panic exit devices are now required by building codes for high-occupancy spaces, and were mass manufactured in the US following the fire by the Von Duprin company (now part of Ingersoll Rand).[33]
A second result of the fire was the requirement that a fireproof asbestos curtain (or sheet metal screen) be raised before each performance and lowered afterward to separate the audience from the stage. (Not common practice and not code in many jurisdictions—not for every performance.)[clarification needed]
The third result was that all doors in public buildings must open in the direction of egress, but that practice did not become national until the Collinwood School Fire of 1908.[34]
See also[edit]
•Chicago portal
•Illinois portal
•Disasters portal
•Fire portal
References[edit]
Notes
1. Jump up ^ Brandt, Nat (2003). Chicago Death Trap: The Iroquois Theatre Fire of 1903. Southern Illinois University Press. pp. 11–13. ISBN 0-8093-2490-3.
2. Jump up ^ Hatch, Anthony P. (2003). Tinder Box: The Iroquois Theatre Disaster, 1903. Chicago: Academy Chicago Publishers. pp. 7–12. ISBN 0-89733-514-7.
3. Jump up ^ Brandt, pp. 11–13.
4. Jump up ^ Quoted in Hatch, p. 18.
5. Jump up ^ Brandt, p. 5.
6. Jump up ^ The concrete arch above the stage.
7. Jump up ^ Quoted in Hatch, p. 12.
8. Jump up ^ Hatch, pp. 13–14.
9. Jump up ^ Brandt, Nat (2003). Chicago Death Trap: The Iroquois Fire of 1903. Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 31.
10. Jump up ^ Hatch, p. 14.
11. Jump up ^ "Iroquois Theatre Fire". Eastland Memorial Society. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
12. Jump up ^ "Fire Inquiry Discloses: Skylights Reported Opened After the Disaster—Cannot Find the "Asbestos" Curtain—Usher Arrested". The New York Times (NYTimes.com). January 5, 1904. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
13. Jump up ^ ""What is a 'Fireproof' Screen"". Chicago Tribune. January 2, 1904. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
14. ^ Jump up to: a b c "A Tragedy Remembered" (PDF). NPFA (National Fire Protection Association) (July/August). 1995. "Actor Eddie Foy's personal account"
15. Jump up ^ Secter, Bob (December 30, 1903). "The Iroquois Theater fire". Chicago Tribune.
16. Jump up ^ Hatch, p.88.
17. Jump up ^ Quoted in Hatch, p. 150.
18. Jump up ^ Hatch, pp. 81–87.
19. Jump up ^ Brandt, pp. 41–51.
20. Jump up ^ Brandt, pp. 28–40.
21. Jump up ^ Eastlandmemorialsociety.org
22. Jump up ^ Brandt, p.39.
23. Jump up ^ Brandt, p. 40.
24. Jump up ^ Brandt, p. 90.
25. Jump up ^ Jane Doe of the Iroquois Theatre Fire gravesite
26. Jump up ^ Brandt, pp. 36–40.
27. Jump up ^ Bob Secter (19 December 2007). "The Iroquois Theater fire". Chicago Tribune (Chicagotribune.com). Retrieved 2011-12-05.
28. Jump up ^ Brandt, pp. 126–130.
29. Jump up ^ Brandt, p. xviii.
30. Jump up ^ Brandt, p. 139.
31. ^ Jump up to: a b Zasky, Jason. "Burning Down The House: The 1903 Iroquois Theater Fire". Failure Magazine. Retrieved October 1, 2009. "The Iroquois Theater advertised itself as "absolutely fireproof," it went up in flames six weeks after opening"
32. Jump up ^ "Historic City Hall Plaque to be Rededicated". WBBM-TV News (CBS Chicago.com). 4 November 2010. Retrieved 2011-01-24.
33. Jump up ^ Schweyer, Jenny (2008-11-05). "Exit Devices: Von Duprin Changes the Face of Commercial Security". Article Alley. Retrieved 2009-01-13.
34. Jump up ^ "Collinwood School Fire". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Case Western Reserve University. 27 March 2008. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
RE: NFPA Life Safety 101 Chapter 13 Existing Assemblys 13.4.5.7.F All proscenium curtains shall be in the closed position, except during performances, rehearsals, or similar activities.
Further reading
•McCurdy, D.B. (1904). Lest We Forget: Chicago's Awful Theatre Horror. Chicago: Memorial Publishing.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iroquois Theater Fire.
•"The Iroquois Theater Fire". Eastland Memorial Society. Retrieved July 27, 2007. "The screams of the children for their mothers and mothers for their children I shall carry in my memory to my dying day. — Frank Slosson, Secretary-Treasurer of the Bain Wagon Works, survivor"
•Chicago's Awful Theater Horror by Marshall Everett, 1904, includes photographs, at Internet Archive
◦Chicago's Awful Theater Horror, Chapter One, a LibriVox audiobook.
•Hucke, Matt. "Iroquois Theater Fire Memorial". Graveyards (of Chicago). Retrieved July 27, 2007. "... photograph of memorial at Montrose Cemetery, Chicago ..."
•"Iroquois Theatre Fire." Eastland Memorial Society, 2007. Web. 1 Oct.
•www.eastlandmemorial.org/iroquois.shtml.
•Verdict of Coroner's Jury
•"Contradictions in reports about Iroquois disaster. Discuss what really happened on December 30, 1903".
Coordinates: 41°53′5″N 87°37′43″W / 41.88472°N 87.62861°W / 41.88472; -87.62861
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•1903 in Illinois
•1903 fires
•Building fires in the United States
•Fire disasters involving barricaded escape routes
•Fires in Illinois
•Former buildings and structures in Chicago, Illinois
•History of Chicago, Illinois
•Theatres in Chicago, Illinois
•Theatre fires
•Human stampedes
[62] References[edit]
1. Jump up ^ Wheeler, William Ogden, Lawrence Van Alstyne, and Charles Burr Ogden. 1907. The Ogden family in America, Elizabethtown branch, and their English ancestry; John Ogden, the Pilgrim, and his descendants, 1640-1906. Philadelphia: Printed for private circulation by J.B. Lippincott Co. pp 468-70
2. Jump up ^ Edward R. Kantowicz, "Carter Harrison II: The Politics of Balance," in The Mayors: The Chicago Political Tradition, ed. by Paul Michael Green and Melvin G. Holli, Carbondale, IL, Southern Illinois University Press, 2005; p. 20.
3. Jump up ^ Erik Larsen, The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair That Changed America, New York, Crown, 2003.
4. Jump up ^ Michael Patrick Hearn, David L. Greene, and Peter E. Hanff, "The Faltering Flight of Prince Silverwings," The Baum Bugle, Vol. 18 No. 2 (Autumn 1974), pp. 4-10.
5. Jump up ^ Katharine Rogers, L. Frank Baum, Creator of Oz: A Biography, New York, St. Martin's Press, 2002; pp. 102-3.
6. Jump up ^ L. Frank Baum, The Annotated Wizard of Oz, Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Michael Patrick Hearn; revised edition, New York, W. W. Norton, 2000; Introduction, pp. lxix-lxx.
[63] Wikipedia
[64] Hitler and the Occult, 11/05/2007 NTGEO
[65] Hitler and the Occult, 11/05/2007 NTGEO
[66] http://www.assassinationresearch.com/v2n1/chrono1.pdf
[67] http://www.assassinationresearch.com/v2n1/chrono1.pdf
[68] wikipedia
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