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Jeffery Lee Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), Jefferson, LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, and including ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, John Quincy Adams and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Martin Van Buren, Teddy Roosevelt, U.S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison “The Signer”, Benjamin Harrison, Jimmy Carter, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, William Taft, John Tyler (10th President), James Polk (11th President)Zachary Taylor, and Abraham Lincoln.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! http://wwwfamilytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
• • Books written about our unique DNA include:
• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.
Birthdays on May 13…
Judy Bateman Downes
Scott L. Dubishar
Boyd Godlove
Elizabeth Godlove
George M. LeFevre
Sally A. Payton Sherman
Maria Theresa Francis
May 13, 1117: The title Matilda then assumed is somewhat dubious; she was never crowned empress by the pope, though she was crowned in Rome by the archbishop of Braga, Maurice Bourdin, at Pentecost ( May 13, 1117).[10] As Matilda later claimed to have been crowned twice, a ceremony may have taken place earlier in the year at Easter.[1]
May 1334: Robert fought at Halidon, where his uncle and former guardian, Sir James Stewart, was killed. Following this battle, Robert's lands in the west were given by Balliol to his supporter David Strathbogie, the titular Earl of Atholl. Robert took refuge in the fortress of Dumbarton Castle in the Clyde estuary to join his uncle, King David. In May 1334 David escaped to France leaving Robert and John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray as joint Guardians of the kingdom.[2]
In May 1334, the situation looked dire for the house of Bruce and David II gained safety in France.[11] Robert set about winning back his lands in the west of Scotland.[10] Strathbogie came over to the Bruce interest after disagreements with his fellow 'disinherited' but his fierce opposition to Randolph came to a head at a Parliament held at Dairsie Castle in early 1335 when Strathbogie received the support of Robert.[14] Strathbogie once again changed sides and submitted to the English king in August and was made Warden of Scotland. It seems that Strathbogie may also have persuaded Robert to submit to Edward and Balliol—Sir Thomas Gray, in his Scalacronica claimed that he had actually done so—and may explain his removal as Guardian around this time.[15] The Bruce resistance to Balliol may have been verging on collapse in 1335 but a turn-round in its fortunes began with the appearance of Sir Andrew Murray of Bothwell as a potent war leader at the Battle of Culblean.[16][3]
May 1342: Reportedly, King Philip VI of France wanted to execute Salisbury and Robert Ufford, Earl of Suffolk, who was captured with him. Philip was, however, dissuaded by John of Bohemia, who argued that the earls could come in handy in an exchange, should any French noblemen be captured.[25] Though released on parole in September, it was not until May 1342 that he reached a final settlement with the French. Salisbury was freed in a prisoner exchange, but only on the condition that he never fight in France again.[3][4]
Final years
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.22wmf8/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png
Salisbury's residence of Bisham Manor in Berkshire.
Salisbury had long been frustrated by the failure of the government in England to provide sufficient funds for the war effort.[26] On his return, however, he played little part in the conflict of 1341 between King Edward and Chancellor John Stratford. In May 1341 that year he was appointed to a committee to hear the king's charges against Stratford, but little came from this.[27] In 1342–43 he fought with Robert of Artois in the Breton War of Succession, and in 1343 helped negotiate the Truce of Malestroit.[3] It was probably sometime after this he made good his claim on the Isle of Man, by conquering the island which was until then held by the Scots.[3]
His final international commission took place late in 1343, when he accompanied Henry of Grosmont, Earl of Derby, on a diplomatic mission to Castile.[3] Early in 1344 he was back in England, where he took part in a great tournament at Windsor. It was during this tournament, according to the chronicler Adam Murimuth, that he received wounds that would prove fatal.[3][5]
May 13, 1359: Child of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault
Margaret
July 20, 1346
1361
Married John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke on May 13, 1359; No issue.
[6]
May 1349: Bubonic Plague Reaches Norway.[7]
May 13, 1382: A synod was held to examine Wheatcliff’s works. (The first translated Bibles in English). It was a show trial. The conclusion was preordained. Two days into their synod they proclaimed Wheatcliff’s pronouncements as outright heresies. It ordered the arrest and prosecution of itinerant preachers throughout the land. Eventually it obtained a parliamentary ban on all English speaking Bibles. Canterbury UK - 5.8 quake strikes during synod – some saw as portentous,[8] [9]
May 1390: Parliament granted John permission to change his regnal name to Robert, probably in part to maintain the link back to Robert I but also to disassociate himself from King John Balliol.[24] The four-month delay in the crowning of Robert III can be seen as a period when Fife and his affinity sought to ensure their future positions and which also saw Buchan's opportunistic attack on Elgin Cathedral, settling an old score with the Bishop of Moray and possibly also a protest at Fife's reappointment as the king's lieutenant.[25]
In 1392, Robert III strengthened the position of his son David, now earl of Carrick, when he endowed him with a large annuity that allowed the young prince to build up his household and affinity and then in 1393 regained his right to direct rule when the general council decided that Fife's lieutenancy should end and that Carrick now of age should assist his father.[26] This independence of action was demonstrated in 1395–6 when he responded to Carrick's unauthorised marriage to Elizabeth Dunbar, daughter of George, Earl of March by ensuring its annulment.[8] The king appears to have also taken over the conduct of foreign affairs, preserving the peace with Richard II and managing to increase the power of the Red Douglas Earl of Angus in the southeast of the country as a counterbalance to Fife's Black Douglas ally.[10]
May 13, 1424: The coronation parliament of the Three Estates witnessed the king perform a knighthood ceremony for eighteen prominent nobles including Alexander Stewart, Murdoch's son; an event probably intended to foster loyalty to the crown within the political community.[36] Called primarily to discuss issues surrounding the finance of the ransom payments, the parliament heard James underline his position and authority as monarch. He ensured the passing of legislation designed to substantially improve crown income by revoking the patronage of royal predecessors and guardians. The earls of Douglas and Mar were immediately affected by this when their ability to remove large sums from the customs was blocked.[37] Despite this, James was still dependent on the nobility—especially Douglas—for its support and initially adopted a less confrontational stance.[6] The early exception to this was Walter Stewart, Albany's son. Walter was the heir to the earldom of Lennox and had been in open revolt against his father during 1423 for not giving way to his younger brother Alexander for this title. He also disagreed with his father's acquiescence to the return of James to Scotland.[38] James had Walter arrested on May 13, 1424 and imprisoned on the Bass Rock—at this time, this was probably in Murdoch's interests as well as James's.[39] It is probable that the king felt unable to move against the rest of the Albany Stewarts while Murdoch's brother, John Stewart, Earl of Buchan and Archibald, Earl of Douglas were fighting the English on the Dauphinist cause in France.[40][11]
May 13, 1453: Child of James II and Mary of Guelders Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran (May 13, 1453 – May 1488)[12]
May 13, 1509: John Kennedy, 2nd Lord Kennedy1
M, #109277, b. before October 12, 1454, d. between July 24, 1508 and May 13, 1509
John Kennedy, 2nd Lord Kennedy was born before October 12, 1454.2 He was the son of Gilbert Kennedy of Dunure, 1st Lord Kennedy and Catherine Maxwell.2 He married, firstly, Elizabeth Montgomerie, daughter of Alexander Montgomerie, 1st Lord Montgomerie and Margaret Boyd, before March 25, 1460.2 He married, secondly, Lady Elizabeth Gordon, daughter of Alexander Gordon, 1st Earl of Huntly and Elizabeth Crichton, between August 24, 1467 and August 12, 1471.2 He married, thirdly, Elizabeth Kennedy after 1500.2 He died between July 24, 1508 and May 13, 1509.2
He succeeded to the title of 2nd Lord Kennedy [S., 1458] circa 1480.2 He was a Commissioner to treat with the English in 1484.2 He was invested as a Privy Counsellor (P.C.) [Scotland] to King James III.2[13]
May 13, 1515: Mary and Suffolk marry in public. [14] Suffolk was saved from Henry's anger only by Wolsey, and the pair eventually agreed to pay to Henry £24,000 in yearly instalments of £1000, and the whole of Mary's dowry from Louis of £200,000, together with her plate and jewels. They were openly married at Greenwich Hall on May 13. The Duke had been twice married already, to Margaret Neville (the widow of John Mortimer) and to Anne Browne, to whom he had been betrothed before his marriage with Margaret Mortimer. Anne Browne died in 1511, but Margaret Mortimer, from whom he had obtained a declaration of nullity on the ground of consanguinity, was still living. He secured in 1528 a bull from Pope Clement VII assuring the legitimacy of his marriage with Mary Tudor and of the daughters of Anne Browne, one of whom, Anne, was sent to the court of Margaret of Savoy.[15]
May 13, 1568: Mary managed to raise an army of 6000 men, and met Moray's smaller forces at the Battle of Langside on May 13.[141][16]
May 13, 1571: The Earl of Sussex, Lord Burleigh, Sir Ralph Sadler, and Sir Walter Mildmay, subjected the Bishop of Ross to an examination, and accused him sharply with having conspired against the peace of the state. But the bishop maintained that his communications with the Duke of Alva had only for their object the obtaining of supplies of men and
money for the adherents of Mary in Scotland ; that in so acting for his sovereign's interest, he had not violated his duties as ambassador, and could not therefore lose the privileges pertaining to his office. In spite of all his protests, he was sent to prison.
Meanwhile Ridolfi[17], who had left Brussels nearly about the same time as Baillie, had gone to Rome.
Pope Pius V having looked into the powers and instructions of which he w^as the bearer, received him in the most favourable manner, and gave him letters for Philip II, in which he specially recommended to
that prince the object of his mission. Don Juan de Zuniga, the Spanish ambassador at the Holy See, with equal alacrity wrote to his master in the most flattering terms of Ridolfi. [18]
May 13, 1607: Under the power of this charter and through the enterprise of the adventurers resulted the sailing of the Susan Constant, the Godspeed, and
the Discovery, the arrival at Jamestown on May 13, 1607, and the plant-
ing of one hundred settlers.[19]
May 13, 1607: Jamestown, Virginia, becomes the first permanent English colony in America.[20] Their job is to make money for the English trading company that sent them here. [21] The first Bible brought to America (to Jamestown in 1607) was the Geneva Bible.[22] Not all Native Americans succumbed to European diseases. This land was neither empty, nor uninhabited. It is the land of the Powatan. More than 14,000 people living in small communities in around 200 villages on the coast and along rivers in large houses surrounded by cleared forests in mixed fields of squash beans and corn. These are farmers and hunters. There is no gold or silver. For a while the settlers and the natives coexist. This land is rich in resources Europe lacks. There is more than enough for everyone. [23]
Frei Diogo da Assumpcao, a partly Jewish friar who embraced Judaism, burned alive in Lisbon.[24]
Captain John Smith, The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England & the Summer Isles (1624)
The Names of them that were the first Planters, were these following.
Councel.
Mr. Edward Maria Wingfield
Captain Bartholomew Gosnoll
Captain John Smith
Captain John Ratliffe
Captain George Kendall
Gent. [Gentlemen]
47 gentlemen listed.
Carpenters.
4 carpenters listed
Labourers
12 laborers listed, including one named "Old William"
[Tradesmen]
James Read, Blacksmith
Jonas Profit, Sailer
Thomas Cowper, Barber
William Garret, Bricklayer
Edward Brinto, Mason
William Love, Taylor
Nic. Scott, Drum
William Wilkinson, Surg.
With divers others to the number of 100.
Chapter II
What Happened Till the First Supply
Being thus left to our fortunes, it fortuned that within ten days scarce ten amongst us could either go or well stand, such extreme weakness and sickness oppressed us. And thereat none need marvel, if they consider the cause and reason, which was this: Whilst the ships stayed, our allowance was somewhat bettered by a daily proportion of biscuit, which the sailors would pilfer to sell, give, or exchange with us for money, sassafras, furs, or love. But when they departed, there remained neither tavern, beer house, nor place of relief but the common kettle. Had we been as free from all sins as gluttony and drunkenness, we might have been canonized for saints. But our President would never have been admitted, for engrossing to his private [use] oatmeal, sack, oil, aquavitae, beef, eggs, or what not, but the [common] kettle. That, indeed, he allowed equally to be distributed, and that was half a pint of wheat, and as much barley boiled with water for a man a day. And this having fried some 26 weeks in the ship's hold contained as many worms as grains, so that we might truly call it rather so much bran than corn. Our drink was water, our lodgings castles in the air. With this lodging and diet, our extreme toil in bearing and planting Pallisadoes so strained and bruised us, and our continual labor in the extremity of the heat had so weakened us, as were cause sufficient to have made us as miserable in our native country or any other place in the world. From May to September those that escaped lived upon sturgeon and sea crabs. Fifty in this time we buried. The rest seeing the President's projects to escape these miseries in our pinnace by flight (who all this time had neither felt want nor sickness) so moved our dead spirits that we deposed him and established Ratcliffe in his place (Gosnold being dead), Kendall deposed. Smith newly recovered [from illness], Martin and Ratcliffe was by his care preserved and relieved, and the most of the soldiers recovered with the skillful diligence of Master Thomas Wotton, our surgeon general. But now was all our provision spent, the sturgeon gone, all helps abandoned. Each hour expecting the fury of the savages, when God, the patron of all good endeavors, in that desperate extremity so changed the hearts of the savages, that they brought such plenty of their fruits and provisions that no man wanted.
And now, where some, affirmed it was ill done of the Council to send forth men so badly provided, this incontradictable reason will show them plainly they are too ill advised to nourish such ill conceits. First, the fault of our going was our own. What could be thought fitting or necessary we had; but what we should find or want or where we should be we were all ignorant; and supposing to make our passage in two months with victual to live and the advantage of the spring to work, we were at sea five months, where we both spent our victual and lost the opportunity of the time and season to plant by the unskillful presumption of our ignorant transporters that understood not at all what they undertook.
Such actions have ever since the world's beginning been subject to such accidents, and everything of worth is found full of difficulties; but nothing so difficult as to establish a commonwealth so far remote from men and means, and where men's minds are so untoward as neither do well themselves nor suffer others. But to proceed.
The new President and Martin, being little beloved, of weak judgment in dangers and less industry in peace, committed the managing of all things abroad to Captain Smith; who by his own example, good words, and fair promises set some to mow, others to bind thatch, some to build houses, others to thatch them, himself always bearing the greatest task for his own share, so that in short time he provided most of them lodgings, neglecting any for himself.
This done, seeing the savages' superfluity begin to decrease (with some of the workmen) shipped himself in the shallop to search the country for trade. The want of the language, knowledge to manage his boat without sails, the want of a sufficient power (knowing the multitude of the savages), apparel for his men, and other necessaries, were infinite impediments, yet no discouragement. Being but six or seven in company, he went down the river to Kecoughtan, where at first they scorned him, as a famished man, and would in derision offer him a handful of corn, a piece of bread for their swords and muskets, and such like proportions also for their apparel. But seeing by trade and courtesy there was nothing to be had, he made bold to try such conclusions as necessity enforced, though contrary to his commission. [He] let fly his muskets, ran his boat on shore, whereat they all fled into the woods. So marching towards their houses, they might see great heaps of corn: much ado he had to restrain his hungry soldiers from present taking of it, expecting as it happened that the savages would assault them; as not long after they did with a most hideous noise. Sixty or seventy of them, some black, some red, some white, some parti-colored came in a square order, singing and dancing out of the woods, with their Okee (which was an idol made of skins, stuffed with moss, all painted and hung with chains and copper) borne before them. And in this manner, being well armed with clubs, targets, bows and arrows, they charged the English, that so kindly received them with their muskets loaden with pistol shot, that down fell their god and divers lay on the ground. The rest fled again to the woods and ere long sent one of the Quiyoughkasoucks to offer peace and redeem their Okee. Smith told them if only six of them would come unarmed and load his boat, he would not only be their friend, but restore them their Okee, and give them beads, copper, and hatchets besides: which on both sides was to their contents performed: and then they brought him venison, turkeys, wild fowl, bread, and what they had, singing and dancing in sign of friendship till they departed. . . .
Thus God unboundless by his power,
Made them thus kind, would us devour.
Smith, perceiving (notwithstanding their late misery) not any regarded but from hand to mouth (the company being well recovered), caused the pinnace to be provided with things fitting to get provision for the year following. But in the interim he made three or four journeys and discovered the people of Chickahamania. Yet what he carefully provided the rest carelessly spent. Wingfield and Kendall living in disgrace, seeing all things at random in the absence of Smith, the company's dislike of their President's weakness, and their small love to Martin's never mending sickness, strengthened themselves with the sailors and other confederates to regain their former credit and authority, or at least such means aboard the pinnace (being fitted to sail as Smith had appointed for trade) to alter her course and to go for England. Smith unexpectedly returning had the plot discovered to him. Much trouble he had to prevent it, till with store of saker and musket shot he forced them to stay or sink in the river; which action cost the life of Captain Kendall. These brawls are so disgustful, as some will say, they were better forgotten, yet all men of good judgment will conclude it were better their baseness should be manifest to the world than the business bear the scorn and share of their excused disorders.
The President and Captain Archer not long after intended also to have abandoned the country, which project also was curbed and suppressed by Smith. The Spaniard never more greedily desired gold than he [Smith] victual; nor his soldiers more to abandon the country than he to keep it. But [he found] plenty of corn in the river of Chickahominy, where hundreds of savages in diverse places stood with baskets expecting his coming. And now the winter approaching, the river became so covered with swans, geese, ducks, and cranes that we daily feasted with good bread, Virginia peas, pumpkins, and putchamins [persimmons], fish, fowl, and diverse sorts of wild beasts as fat as we could eat them, so that none of our tuftaffaty [silly] humorists desired to go for England.
But our comedies never endured long without a tragedy. Some idle exceptions being muttered against Captain Smith for not discovering the head of Chickahominy River and [being] taxed by the Council to be too slow in so worthy an attempt, the next voyage [in December] he proceeded so far that with much labor by cutting trees in sunder he made his passage, but when his barge could pass no farther, he left her in a broad bay out of danger of shot, commanding none should go ashore till his return. Himself, with two English and two savages, went up higher in a canoe. But he was not long absent but his men went ashore, whose want of government gave both occasion and opportunity to the savages to surprise one George Cassen, whom they slew, and much failed not to have cut off the boat and all the rest.
[Among the colonists on the next ship arriving included the following tradesmen.]
Daniel Stallings, Jeweller.
Richard Belfield, a Goldsmith.
William Dawson, a refiner.
Abram Ransack, a refiner.
Post Ginnat, a Surgeon
William Johnson, a Goldsmith.
John Lewes, a Cooper.
Peter Keffer, a gunsmith.
Robert Cotton, a tobacco pipe-maker.
Rob: Alberton, a perfumer.
Richard Dole, a Blacksmith.
Chapter V.
The Accidents that happened in the Discovery of the Bay of Chesapeake
The prodigality of the President's state went so deepe into our small store, that Smith and Scrivener tied him and his Parasites to the rules of proportion. But now Smith being to depart, the President's authority so overswayed the discretion of Master Scrivener that our store, our time, our strength and labors were idly consumed to fulfill his fantasies. The second of June 1608 , Smith left the fort to perform his discovery with this company [Six gentlemen and Seven soldiers, and One doctor]
These being in an open barge near three tons burden, leaving the Phoenix at Cape Henry, they crossed the Bay to the eastern shore and fell with the isles called Smith's Isles, after our captain's name. The first people we saw were two grim and stout savages upon Cape Charles, with long poles like javelins, headed with bone. They boldly demanded what we were and what we would, but after many circumstances they seemed very kind and directed us to Accomac, the habitation of their werowance, where we were kindly entreated. This king was the comeliest, proper, civil savage we encountered. His country is a pleasant fertile clay soil, some small creeks, good harbors for small barks but not for ships. He told us of a strange accident lately happened him, and it was: Two children being dead, some extreme passions or dreaming visions, fantasies, or affection moved their parents again to revisit their dead carcasses, whose benumbed bodies reflected to the eyes of the beholders such delightful countenances, as though they had regained their vital spirits. This as a miracle drew many to behold them, all which being a great part of his people, not long after died and but few escaped.
They spake the language of Powhatan, wherein they made such descriptions of the Bay, isles, and rivers that often did us exceeding pleasure. Passing along the coast, [we searched] every inlet and bay fit for harbors and habitations. Seeing many isles in the midst of the Bay we bore up for them, but ere we could obtain them such an extreme gust of wind, rain, thunder, and lightning happened that with great danger we escaped the unmerciful raging of that oceanlike water. The highest land on the main, yet it was but low, we called Keale's Hill, and these uninhabited isles, Russell's Isles.
The next day searching them for fresh water we could find none, the defect whereof forced us to follow the next eastern channel, which brought us to the river of Wighcocomoco [Pocomoke].
The people at first with great fury seemed to assault us, yet at last with songs and dances and much mirth became very tractable. But searching their habitations for water, we could fill but three barricoes [kegs] and that such puddle [water] that never till then we ever knew the want of good water. We digged and searched in many places but before two days were expired, we would have refused two barricoes of gold for one of that puddle water of Wighcocomoco.
Being past these isles, which are many in number but all naught for habitation, falling with a high land upon the main, we found a great pond of fresh water but so exceeding hot we supposed it some bath. That place we called Point Ployer in honor of that most honorable House of Moussaye in Brittany that in an extreme extremity once relieved our captain.
From Wighcocomoco to this place all the coast is low broken isles of morap [marsh], grown a mile or two in breadth and ten or twelve in length, good to cut for hay in summer and to catch fish and fowl in winter; but the land beyond them is all covered over with wood, as is the rest of the country.
Being thus refreshed, in crossing over from the main to other isles we discovered, the wind and waters so much increased with thunder, lightning, and rain that our mast and sail blew overboard and such mighty waves overracked us in that small barge that with great labor we kept her from sinking by freeing [bailing] out the water.
Two days we were enforced to inhabit these uninhabited isles, which for the extremity of gusts, thunder, rain, storms, and ill weather we called Limbo. Repairing our sail with our shirts, we set sail for the main and fell with a pretty convenient river on the east called Kuskarawaok [Nanticoke]. The people ran as amazed in troops from place to place and diverse got into the tops of trees. They were not sparing of their arrows, nor [of] the greatest passion they could express of their anger. Long they shot, we still riding at an anchor without their reach, making all the signs of friendship we could.
The next day they came unarmed with everyone a basket, dancing in a ring to draw us on shore. But seeing there was nothing in them but villainy, we discharged a volley of muskets charged with pistol shot; whereat they all lay tumbling on the ground, creeping some one way, some another into a great cluster of reeds hard by, where their companies lay in ambuscado. Towards the evening we weighed [anchor] and approaching the shore, discharging five or six shot among the reeds, we landed where there lay a many of baskets and much blood, but saw not a savage. A smoke appearing on the other side of the river, we rowed thither, where we found two or three little houses, in each a fire. There we left some pieces of copper, beads, bells, and looking glasses, and then went into the Bay; but when it was dark we came back again.
Early in the morning four savages came to us in their canoe, whom we used with such courtesy. [They] not knowing what we were nor had done, having been in the Bay a fishing, bade us stay and ere long they would return, which they did and some twenty more with them; with whom after a little conference, two or three thousand men, women, and children came clustering about us, everyone presenting us with something, which a little bead would so well requite that we became such friends they would contend who should fetch us water, stay with us for hostage, conduct our men any whither, and give us the best content.
Here doth inhabit the people Sarapinagh, Nause, Arseek, and Nantaquake, the best merchants of all other savages. They much extolled a great nation called Massawomekes, in search of whom we returned by Limbo. This river, but only at the entrance, is very narrow, and the people of small stature as them of Wighcocomoco; the land but low, yet it may prove very commodious because it is but a ridge of land betwixt the Bay and the main ocean. Finding this eastern shore shallow broken isles, and for most part without fresh water, we passed by the straits of Limbo for the western shore. So broad is the Bay here we could scarce perceive the great high cliffs on the other side. By them we anchored that night and called them Rickard's Cliffs.
Thirty leagues we sailed more northwards not finding any inhabitants, leaving all the eastern shore, low islands but overgrown with wood, as all the coast beyond them so far as we could see. The western shore by which we sailed we found all along well watered but very mountainous and barren, the valleys very fertile but extreme thick of small wood so well as trees and much frequented with wolves, bears, deer, and other wild beasts.
We passed many shallow creeks but the first we found navigable for a ship we called Bolus [Patapsco], for that the clay in many places under the cliffs by the high water mark did grow up in red and white knots as gum out of trees; and in some places so participated together as though they were all of one nature, excepting the color; the rest of the earth on both sides being hard sandy gravel, which made us think it bole-armeniac and terra sigillata.
When we first set sail some of our gallants doubted nothing but that our captain would make too much haste home. But having lain in this small barge not above twelve or fourteen days, oft tired at the oars, our bread spoiled with wet so much that it was rotten (yet so good were their stomachs that they could digest it) they did with continual complaints so importune him now to return as caused him bespeake them in this manner:
Gentlemen, if you would remember the memorable history of Sir Ralph Lane, how his company importuned him to proceed in the discovery of Moratico, alleging they had yet a dog that being boiled with sassafras leaves would richly feed them in their returns; then what a shame would it be for you (that have been so suspicious of my tenderness) to force me [to] return with so much provision as we have and scarce able to say where we have been nor yet heard of that we were sent to seek? You cannot say but I have shared with you in the worst which is past; and for what is to come of lodging, diet, or whatsoever I am contented you allot the worst part to myself. As for your fears that I will lose myself in these unknown large waters or be swallowed up in some stormy gust, abandon these childish fears, for worse than is passed is not likely to happen. And there is as much danger to return as to proceed. Regain, therefore, your old spirits, for return I will not (if God please) till I have seen the Massawomekes [and] found Potomac or the head of this water you conceit to be endless.
Two or three days we expected [experienced] wind and weather whose adverse extremities added such discouragement that three or four fell sick, whose pitiful complaints caused us to return, leaving the Bay some nine miles broad at nine and ten fathom water.
The 16th of June we fell with the river Potomac. Fear being gone and our men recovered, we were all content to take some pains to know the name of that seven mile broad river. For thirty miles' sail we could see no inhabitants. Then we were conducted by two savages up a little bayed creek towards Onawmanient [Nomini Bay], where all the woods were laid with ambuscados to the number of three or four thousand [more likely hundred] savages, so strangely painted, grimed and disguised, shouting, yelling, and crying as so many spirits from hell could not have showed more terrible.
Many bravadoes they made, but to appease their fury our captain prepared with as seeming a willingness (as they) to encounter them. But the grazing of our bullets upon the water (many being shot on purpose they might see them) with the echo of the woods so amazed them as down went their bows and arrows; and exchanging hostages, James Watkins was sent six miles up the woods to their king's habitation. We were kindly used of those savages of whom we understood they were commanded to betray us, by the direction of Powhatan; and he so directed from the discontented at Jamestown because our captain did cause them stay in their country against their wills.
(The like encounters we found at Potomac, Cecocawonce and diverse other places; but at Moyaones, Nacotchtant, and Toags the people did their best to content us.)
Having gone so high as we could with the boat, we met diverse savages in canoes well loaden with the flesh of bears, deer, and other beasts; whereof we had part. Here we found mighty rocks growing in some places above the ground as high as the shrubby trees and diverse other solid quarries of diverse tinctures; and diverse places where the waters had fallen from high mountains they had left a tinctured spangled scurf that made many bare places seem as gilded. Digging the ground above in the highest cliffs of rocks, we saw it was a clay sand so mingled with yellow spangles as if it had been half pin-dust.
In our return, inquiring still for this matchqueon [as the Indians called this spangled pin-dust], the king of Potomac gave us guides to conduct us up a little river called Quiyough [Aquia Creek], up which we rowed so high as we could. Leaving the boat, with six shot and diverse savages he marched seven or eight miles before they came to the mine. [He led the bound hostages by] a small chain [which] they were to have for their pains, being proud so richly to be adorned.
The mine is a great rocky mountain like antimony, wherein they digged a great hole with shell and hatchets. And hard by it runneth a fair brook of crystal-like water where they wash away the dross and keep the remainder, which they put in little bags and sell it all over the country to paint their bodies, faces, or idols, which makes them look like blackamoors dusted over with silver. With so much as we could carry we returned to our boat, kindly requiting this kind king and all his kind people.
The cause of this discovery was to search [for] this mine of which Newport did assure us that those small bags we had given him, in England he had tried [and found] to hold half silver; but all we got proved of no value. Also to search what furs the best whereof is at Kuskarawaok, where is made so much roanoke [shells] or white beads that occasion as much dissension among the savages as gold and silver among Christians. And what other minerals, rivers, rocks, nations, woods, fishings, fruits, victual, and what other commodities the land affordeth. And whether the Bay were endless or how far it extended.
Of mines we were all ignorant, but a few beavers, otters, bears, martins, and minks we found. And in diverse places that abundance, of fish lying so thick with their heads above the water [that] as for want of nets (our barge driving among them) we attempted to catch them with a frying pan, but we found it a bad instrument to catch fish with. Neither better fish, more plenty, nor more variety for small fish had any of us ever seen in any place so swimming in the water, but they are not to be caught with frying pans. Some small cod also we did see swim close by the shore by Smith's Isles, and some as high as Rickard's Cliffs. And some we have found dead upon the shore.
To express all our quarrels, treacheries, and encounters amongst those savages I should be too tedious. But in brief, at all times we so encountered them and curbed their insolencies that they concluded with presents to purchase peace; yet we lost not a man. At our first meeting our captain ever observed this order: to demand their bows and arrows, swords, mantles, and furs, with some child or two for hostage; whereby we could quickly perceive when they intended any villainy.
Having finished this discovery (though our victual was near spent) he intended to see his imprisonment-acquaintances upon the river of Rappahannock, by many called Tappahannock. But our boat by reason of the ebb chancing to ground upon a many shoals lying in the entrances, we spied many fishes lurking in the reeds. Our captain sporting himself by nailing them to the ground with his sword set us all a fishing in that manner. Thus we took more in one hour than we could eat in a day.
But it chanced our captain taking a fish from his sword (not knowing her condition) being much of the fashion of a thornback but a long tail like a riding rod, whereon the middest is a most poisoned sting of two or three inches long, bearded like a saw on each side, which she struck into the wrist of his arm near an inch and a half. No blood nor wound was seen but a little blue spot. But the torment was instantly so extreme that in four hours had so swollen his hand, arm, and shoulder we all with much sorrow concluded [anticipated] his funeral and prepared his grave in an island by, as himself directed. Yet it pleased God by a precious oil Doctor Russell at the first applied to it when he sounded it with a probe (ere night) his tormenting pain was so well assuaged that he ate of the fish to his supper, which gave no less joy and content to us than ease to himself. For which we called the island Stingray Isle after the name of the fish.
Having neither surgeon nor surgery but that preservative oil, we presently set sails for Jamestown, passing the mouths of the rivers Piankatank and Pamunkey. The next day we safely arrived at Kecoughtan.
The simple savages seeing our captain hurt and another bloody by breaking his skin, our numbers of bows, arrows, swords, mantles, and furs would needs imagine we had been at wars. The truth of these accidents would not satisfy them, but impatiently importuned us to know with whom. Finding their aptness to believe, we failed not (as a great secret) to tell them anything that might affright them, what spoil we had got and made of the Massawomekes. This rumor went faster up the river than our barge, that arrived at Warraskoyack the 20th of July, where trimming her with painted streamers and such devices as we could we made them at Jamestown jealous of [suspicious of being] a Spanish frigate, where we all, God be thanked, safely arrived the 21st of July.
There we found the last Supply [of new settlers] were all sick, the rest some lame, some bruised-all unable to do anything but complain of the pride and unreasonable needless cruelty of the silly President that had riotously consumed the store and to fulfill his follies about building him an unnecessary building for his pleasure in the woods had brought them all to that misery, that had we not arrived they had as strangely tormented him with revenge.
But the good news of our discovery and the good hope we had by the savages' relation that our Bay had stretched into the South Sea or somewhat near it, appeased their fury. But conditionally that Ratcliffe should be deposed and that Captain Smith would take upon him the government, as by course it did belong.
Their request being effected, he substituted Master Scrivener, his dear friend, in the Presidency, equally distributing those private provisions the other had engrossed, appointing more honest officers to assist Master Scrivener (who then lay exceeding sick of a calenture). And in regard of the weakness of the company and heat of the year, they being unable to work, he left them to live at ease to recover their health, but embarked himself to finish his discovery. . . .
So setting sail for the southern shore, we sailed up a narrow river up the country of Chesapeake. It hath a good channel but many shoals about the entrance. By [the time] that we had sailed six or seven miles we saw two or three little garden plots with their houses, the shores overgrown with the greatest pine and fir trees we ever saw in the country. But not seeing nor hearing any people and the river very narrow, we returned to the great river to see if we could find any of them, coasting the shore towards Nansemond which is mostly oyster banks. At the mouth of that river we espied six or seven savages making their weirs, who presently fled. Ashore we went and where they wrought we threw diverse toys and so departed. Far we were not gone ere they came again and began to sing and dance and recall us. And thus we began our first acquaintance. At last one of them desired us to go to his house up that river. Into our boat voluntarily he came; the rest ran after us by the shore with all the show of love that could be. Seven or eight miles we sailed up this narrow river. At last on the western shore we saw large cornfields; in the midst [of the river] a little isle, and in it was an abundance of corn. The people, he told us, were all a hunting but in the isle was his house, to which he invited us with much kindness. To him, his wife, and children we gave such things as they seemed much contented them. The others being come, desired us also to go but a little higher to see their houses. Here our host left us, the rest rowed by us in a canoe till we were so far past the isle the river became very narrow.
Here we desired some of them to come aboard us, whereat pausing a little they told us they would but fetch their bows and arrows and go all with us. But being ashore and thus armed, they persuaded us to go forward, but we could neither persuade them into their canoe nor into our boat. This gave us cause to provide for the worst. Far we went not ere seven or eight canoes full of men armed appeared following us, staying to see the conclusion. Presently from each side the river came arrows so fast as two or three hundred could shoot them, whereat we returned to get the open. They in the canoes let fly also as fast, but amongst them we bestowed so many shot [that] the most of them leaped over board and swam ashore; but two or three escaped by rowing. Being against their plains [open, flat land], our muskets they found shot further than their bows, for we made not twenty shot ere they all retired behind the next trees. Being thus got out of their trap, we seized on all their canoes and moored them in the midst of the open. More than a hundred arrows stuck in our targets and about the boat. Yet none [was] hurt; only Anthony Bagnall was shot in his hat and another in his sleeve. But seeing their multitudes, and suspecting, as it was, that both the Nansemonds and the Chesapeakes were together, we thought it best to ride by their canoes a while to bethink if it were better to burn all in the isle or draw them to composition [peace] till we were provided to take all they had, which was sufficient to feed all our colony. But to burn the isle at night it was concluded.
In the interim we began to cut in pieces their canoes, and they presently lay down their bows, making signs of peace. Peace, we told them, we would accept it, would they bring us their king's bows and arrows with a chain of pearl, and when we came again give us four hundred baskets full of corn; otherwise we would break all their boats and burn their houses and corn and all they had. To perform all this they alleged only the want of a canoe. So we put one adrift and bade them swim to fetch her, and till they performed their promise we would but only break their canoes. They cried to us to do no more; all should be as we would, which presently they performed. Away went their bows and arrows and tag and rag came with their baskets. So much as we could carry we took, and so departing good friends we returned to Jamestown, where we safely arrived the 7th of September, 16o8.
There we found Master Scrivener and diverse others well recovered; many dead, some sick; the late President a prisoner for mutiny; by the most honest diligence of Master Scrivener the harvest gathered, but the provision in the store much spoiled with rain.
Thus was that summer (when little wanted) consumed and spent and nothing done (such was the government of Captain Ratcliffe) but only this discovery. Wherein to express all the dangers, accidents, and encounters this small number passed in that small barge, by the scale of proportion about three thousand miles with such watery diet in those great waters and barbarous countries (till then to any Christian utterly unknown) I rather their merit to the censure of the courteous and experienced reader than I would be tedious or partial, being a party.
No sooner were we landed but the President dispersed so many as were able, some for glass, others for tar, pitch, and soap-ashes, leaving them with the fort to the Council's oversight.
But thirty of us he conducted down the river some five miles from Jamestown to learn to make Clapboard, cut down trees, and lay in woods. Amongst the rest he had chosen Gabriel Beadle and John Russell, the only two gallants of this last Supply, and both proper gentlemen. Strange were these pleasures to their conditions; yet lodging, eating and drinking, working or playing, they [were] but doing as the President did himself. All these things were carried so pleasantly as within a week they became masters making it their delight to hear the trees thunder as they fell. But the axes so oft blistered their tender fingers that many times every third blow had a loud oath to drown the echo. For remedy of which sin, the President devised how to have every man's oaths numbered,. and at night for every oath to have a can of water poured down his sleeve, with which every offender was so wash (himself and all) that a man should scarce hear an oath in a week
By this let no man think that the President and these gentlemen spent their times as common wood-haggers at felling of trees or such like labors; or that they were pressed to it as hirelings or common slaves. For what they did, after they were but once a little inured, it seemed, and some conceited it, only as a pleasure and recreation, yet 30 or 40of such voluntary gentlemen would do more in a day than one hundred of the rest that must be pressed to it by compulsion. But twenty good workmen had been better than them all.
Master Scrivener, Captain Waldo, and Captain Winne at the fort, every one in like manner carefully regarded their charge. The President returning from amongst the woods, seeing the time consumed and no provision gotten (and the ship lay idle at a great charge and did nothing) presently embarked himself in the discovery barge, giving order to the Council to send Lieutenant Percy after him with the next barge that arrived at the fort. Two barges he had himself and eighteen men. But arriving at Chickahominy, that dogged nation was too well acquainted with our wants, refusing to trade with as much scorn and insolence as they could express. The President perceiving it was Powhatan's policy to starve us, told them he came not so much for their corn as to revenge his imprisonment and the death of his men murdered by them. And so landing his men, and ready to charge them, they immediately fled; and presently after sent their ambassadors with corn, fish, fowl, and what they had to make their peace. Their corn being that year but bad, they complained extremely of their own wants, yet freighted our boats with a hundred bushels of corn and in like manner Lieutenant Percy's that not long after arrived. And having done the best they could to content us, we parted good friends and returned to Jamestown. . . .
All this time our old tavern made as much of all them that had either money or ware as could be desired. This time they were become so perfect on all sides (I mean the soldiers, sailors, and savages) as there was ten times more car to maintain their damnable and private trade than to provide for the colony things that were necessary. Neither was it a small policy in Newport and the mariners to report in England we ha such plenty and bring us so many men without victuals when they had so many private factors in the fort that within six or seven weeks [out] of two or three hundred axes, chisels, hoes, and pickaxes scarce twenty could be found. And for pike-heads, shot,, powder, or anything they could steal from their fellows [that] was vendible, they knew as well (and as secretly) how to convey them to trade with the savages for furs, baskets, mussanecks, young beasts, or such like commodities, as exchange them with the sailors for butter, cheese, beef, pork, aqua vitae, beer, biscuit, oatmeal, and oil; and then feign all was sent them from their friends. And though Virginia afforded no furs for the store, yet one master in one voyage hath got so many by this indirect means as he confessed to have sold in England for £30.
Those are the saint-seeming worthies of Virginia (that have notwithstanding all this meat, drink, and wages): but now they begin to grow weary, their trade being both perceived and prevented. None hath been in Virginia that hath observed anything which knows not this to be true. And yet the loss, the scorn, the misery, and shame was the poor officers, gentlemen, and careless governors who were all thus bought and sold, the Adventurers couzened, and the action overthrown by their false excuses, informations, and directions. By this let all men judge how this business could prosper, being thus abused by such pilfering occasions. And had not Captain Newport cried Peccavi, the President would have discharged the ship and caused him to have stayed one year in Virginia to learn to speak of his own experience.
Master Scrivener was sent with the barges and pinnace to Werowocomoco, where he found the savages more ready to fight than trade. But his vigilancy was such as prevented their projects, and by the means of Namontack [he] got three or four hogsheads of corn; and as much puccoon, which is a red root which then was esteemed an excellent dye. Captain Newport, being dispatched with the trials of pitch, tar, glass, frankincense, soap-ashes, [along] with that clapboard and wainscot that could be provided, met with Master Scrivener at point Comfort, and so returned for England. We remaining were about two hundred.
THE COPY OF A LETTER SENT TO THE TREASURER AND COUNCIL OF VIRGINIA FROM CAPTAIN SMITH, THEN PRESIDENT IN VIRGINIA.
Right Honorable, etc.
I received your letter wherein you write that our minds are so set upon faction and idle conceits in dividing the country without your consents and that we feed you but with ifs and ands, hopes, and some few proofs, as if we would keep the mystery of the business to ourselves. And that we must expressly follow your instructions sent by Captain Newport, the charge of whose voyage amounts to near two thousand pounds, the which if we cannot defray by the ship's return we are like to remain as banished men. To these particulars I humbly entreat your pardons if I offend you with my rude answer.
For our factions: Unless you would have me run away and leave the country I cannot prevent them, because I do make many stay that would else fly any whether. For the idle letter sent to my Lord of Salisbury by the President [Ratcliffe] and his confederates for dividing the country, etc.: What it was I know not, for you saw no hand of mine to it, nor ever dreamt I of any such matter. That we feed you with hopes, etc.: Though I be no scholar I am past a schoolboy, and I desire but to know what either you and these here do know but that I have learned to tell you by the continual hazard of my life. I have not concealed from you anything I know, but I fear some cause you to believe much more than is true.
Expressly to follow your directions by Captain Newport, though they be performed I was directly against it; but according to our commission, I was content to be overruled by the major part of the Council. I fear to the hazard of us all, which now is generally confessed when it is too late. Only Captain Winne and Captain Waldo I have sworn of the Council and crowned Powhatan according to your instructions.
For the charge of this voyage of two or three thousand pounds: We have not received the value of a hundred pounds. And for the quartered boat to be borne by the soldiers over the falls: Newport had one hundred twenty of the best men he could chose. If he had burnt her to ashes one might have carried her in a bag, but as she is five hundred cannot to a navigable place above the falls. And for him at that time to find in the South Sea a mine of gold or any of them sent by Sir Walter Raleigh: at our consultation I told them was as likely as the rest. But during this great discovery thirty miles (which might as well have been done by one man and much more for the value of a pound of copper at a seasonable time) they had the pinnace and all the boats with them but one that remained with me to serve the fort.
In their absence I followed the new begun works of pitch and tar, glass, soap-ashes, and clapboard; whereof some small quantities we have sent you. But if you rightly consider what an infinite toil it is in Russia and Swethland [Sweden] where the woods are proper for naught else, and though there be the help both of man and beast in those ancient commonwealths, which many a hundred years have used it; yet thousands of those poor people can scarce get necessaries to live but from hand to mouth. And though your factors there can buy as much in a week as will fraught you a ship or as much as you please, you must not expect from us any such matter, which are but a many of ignorant, miserable souls that are scarce able to get wherewith to live and defend ourselves against the inconstant savages; finding but here and there a tree fit for the purpose, and want all things else the Russians have.
For the coronation of Powhatan: By whose advice you sent him such presents I know not, but this give me leave to tell you: I fear they will be the confusion of us all ere we hear from you again. At your ship's arrival the savages' harvest was newly gathered, and we going to buy it, our own not being half sufficient for so great a number. As for the two ships' loading of corn Newport promised to provide us from Powhatan, he brought us but four teen bushels, and from the Monacans nothing, but the most of the men sick and near famished. From your ship we had not pro vision in victuals worthy twenty pounds, and we are more than two hundred to live upon this: the one half sick, the other little better. For the sailors: I confess they daily make good cheer, but our diet is a little meal and water and not sufficient of that. Though there be fish in the sea, fowls in the air, and beasts in the woods, their bounds are so large, they so wild, and we so weak and ignorant we cannot much trouble them. Captain Newport we much suspect to be the author of those inventions.
Now, that you should know I have made you as great a discovery as he for less charge than he spendeth you every meal, I have sent you this map of the Bay and rivers, with an annexed relation of the countries and nations that inhabit them, as you may see at large. Also two barrels of stones and such as I take to be good iron ore at the least, so divided as by their notes you may see in what places I found them.
The soldiers say many of your officers maintain their families out of that you send us, and that Newport hath a hundred pounds a year for carrying news. For every master you have yet sent can find the way as well as he, so that a hundred pounds might be spared, which is more than we have all that helps to pay him wages.
Captain Ratcliffe is now called Sicklemore, a poor counterfeited imposture.* I have sent you him home, lest the company should cut his throat. What he is now everyone can tell you. If he and Archer return again, they are sufficient to keep us always in factions.
When you send again I entreat you rather send but thirty carpenters, husbandmen, gardeners, fishermen, blacksmiths, masons, and diggers up of trees, roots, well provided, than a thousand of such as we have. For except we be able both to lodge them and feed them, the most will consume with want of necessaries before hey can be made good for anything.
Thus if you please to consider this account and of the unnecessary wages to Captain Newport or his ships so long lingering and staying here (for notwithstanding his boasting to leave us victuals for twelve months, though we had eighty-nine by this discovery lame and sick and but a pint of corn a day for a man, we were constrained to give him three hogsheads of that to victual him homeward) or yet [not] to send into Germany or Poland for glassmen and the rest till we be able to sustain ourselves and relieve them
When they come. It were better to give five hundred pounds a ton -for those gross commodities in Denmark than send for them hither till more necessary things be provided. For in over-toiling our weak and unskillful bodies to satisfy this desire of present profit we can scarce ever recover ourselves from one Supply to another.
And I humbly entreat you hereafter let us know what we should receive and not stand to the sailors' courtesy to leave us what they please, else you may charge us with what you will but we not you with anything.
These are the causes that have kept us in Virginia from laying such a foundation that ere this might have given much better content and satisfaction, but as profitable returns. So I humbly rest.
Source: John Smith, The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England& the Summer Isles . . . [1624] (Glasgow, 1907). *Some spelling has been modernized.
[Back to History 41 Syllabus] [25]
1609-1624
“We note in Du Bellet‘s Virginia Families, Volume three, there were two emigrants who bore the name of Thomas Smyth. One was Thomas Smyth, 1624 (Hotten’s List of Emigrants), and one was Sir Thomas Smyth, who came to Virginia in the period July 1609 to November 3, 1609. (Brown’s Genesis of U. S.) Sir Thomas Smyth bore the arms of Thomas Smyth of Ostenhanger, 1s.t Treasurer of the London Company, who inter-married with the famous Dudley and Sydney families. To this family belong John Smith, Thomas Smith, Sons of Sir Thomas Smyth1 also Lawrence Smith, Arthur Smith, Phelps Smith, etc[26]
+Azure,+a+chevron+between+three+acorns,+slipped+and+leaved+or.jpg){kind=icon}
“Smith, Virginia. Major Lawrence Smith, Abingdon, Gloucester County (Devonshire): Azure, a chevron between three acorns, slipped and leaved or.” tCrosier’s General Armory, p. 120.
“The familiar patronymic Smith has been most worthily represented in Virginia, from its settlement. The capital figure in the line, doughty Captain John Smith, ‘ 'The Father, of the Colony,’ however, returned a bachelor to England. [27]
1609-1610
The Old Testament of the Rheims-Douay Bible was published 1609, 1610 at Douayu, hance the name, “Rheims –Douay Bible.”[28]
May 13, 1625: Charles I, who ascended the throne on March 27, 1625, issued his proclamation on May 13 after his accession, declaring that it was not his purpose to "take away or impeach the particular interest of any private planter or adventurer, nor to alter the same otherwise than should be
necessary for the good of the public."* [29]
May 13, 1629: Child of Charles I…
Charles James, Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay
May 13m 1629
May 13,1629
Born and died the same day. Buried as "Charles, Prince of Wales".[191]
[30]
On May 13, 1643, with Louis XIII dead, Queen Anne had her husband's will annulled by the Parlement de Paris (a judicial body comprising mostly nobles and high clergymen). This action abolished the regency council and made Anne sole Regent of France. She then entrusted far more power to Cardinal Mazarin, than any other cardinal in the past.
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Europe after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648
While his mother, Queen Anne, was regent, the great nobles and the judges of the parliament of Paris launched a major but uncoordinated revolt, which created the response to the centralizing policies of Louis the XIII's minister Cardinal Richelieu and his successor, Mazarin. This revolt was called Fronde and lasted 5 years. "In one sense, Louis' childhood came to an end with the outbreak of the Fronde. It was not only that life became insecure and unpleasant -a fate meted out to many children all ages -but that Louis (XIV) how to be taken into the confidence of his mother and Mazarin and political and military matters of which he could have no deep understanding".[7] "The family home became at times a near-prison when Paris had to be abandoned, not in carefree outings to other chateaux but in humiliating flights".[8] So the royal family was driven out of Paris twice and at one point Louis XIV and Anne were held under virtual arrest in the royal palace in Paris. Cardinal Mazarin was victorious in 1653 and constructed an extraordinary administration for the kingdom. Mazarin finally suppressed the revolt and restored internal order. Many lessons were taught to Louis and Philippe during the Fronde years, which had various effects; "the one effect usually stressed - Louis' hatred of Paris and consequent determination to move out of the ancient capital as soon as possible, never to return - seems unattainable".[9]
In 1648, Mazarin successfully negotiated the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War in Germany. Its terms ensured Dutch independence from Spain, awarded some autonomy to the various German princes of the Holy Roman Empire, and granted Sweden seats on the Imperial Diet and territories to control the mouths of the Oder, Elbe, and Weser rivers. France, however, profited most from the settlement. Austria, ruled by the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand III, ceded all Habsburg lands and claims in Alsace to France and acknowledged her de facto sovereignty over the Three Bishoprics of Metz, Verdun, and Toul. Moreover, eager to emancipate themselves from Habsburg domination, petty German states sought French protection. This anticipated the formation of the 1658 League of the Rhine, leading to the further diminution of Imperial power.
As the Thirty Years' War came to an end, a civil war known as the Fronde (after the slings used to smash windows) erupted in France. It effectively checked France's ability to exploit the Peace of Westphalia. Mazarin had largely pursued the policies of his predecessor, Cardinal Richelieu, augmenting the Crown's power at the expense of the nobility and the Parlements. The Frondeurs, political heirs of a dissatisfied feudal aristocracy, sought to protect their traditional feudal privileges from an increasingly centralized royal government. Furthermore, they believed their traditional influence and authority was being usurped by the recently ennobled bureaucrats (the Noblesse de Robe, or "nobility of the robe") who administered the kingdom and on whom the monarchy increasingly began to rely. This belief intensified their resentment.
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1655 portrait of Louis, the Victor of the Fronde, portrayed as the god Jupiter
In 1648 Mazarin attempted to tax members of the Parlement de Paris. The members not only refused to comply, but also ordered all of his earlier financial edicts burned. Buoyed by the victory of Louis, duc d’Enghien (later known as le Grand Condé) at the Battle of Lens, Mazarin arrested certain members in a show of force. Paris erupted in rioting as a result. A mob of angry Parisians broke into the royal palace and demanded to see their king. Led into the royal bedchamber, they gazed upon Louis, who was feigning sleep, were appeased, and quietly departed. The threat to the royal family prompted Anne to flee Paris with the king and his courtiers. Shortly thereafter, the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia allowed Condé's army to return to aid Louis and his court.
Just as this first Fronde (the Fronde parlementaire of 1648–1649) ended, a second one (the Fronde des princes of 1650–1653) began. Unlike that which preceded it, tales of sordid intrigue and half-hearted warfare characterized this second phase of upper-class insurrection. To the aristocracy, this rebellion represented a protest against and a reversal of their political demotion from vassals to courtiers. It was headed by the highest-ranking French nobles, among them Louis's uncle Gaston, Duke of Orléans, and first cousin Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier, known as la Grande Mademoiselle; Princes of the Blood such as Condé, his brother Armand, Prince of Conti, and their sister the Duchess of Longueville; dukes of legitimised royal descent, such as Henri, Duke of Longueville, and François, Duke of Beaufort; so-called "foreign princes" such as Frédéric Maurice, Duke of Bouillon, his brother Marshal Turenne, and Marie de Rohan, Duchess of Chevreuse; and scions of France's oldest families, such as François de La Rochefoucauld.
The Frondeurs claimed to act on Louis's behalf and in his real interest against his mother and Mazarin. However, Louis's coming-of-age and subsequent coronation deprived them of their pretext for revolt. Thus, the Fronde gradually lost steam and ended in 1653, when Mazarin returned triumphantly after having fled into exile on several occasions.[31]
May 13-14, 1662: Catherine of Braganza journeyed from Portugal to Portsmouth on May 13-14, 1662,[33] but was not visited by Charles II there until May 20.[32]
May 13, 1568: Mary leaves Hamilton palace, on her way to Dumbarton, and gives battle to Murray at *' Langside. The result being fatal to her party, she flies for safety to Galloway, and thence to Dundrennan abbey, near Kirkcudbright. [33]
May 13, 1568: Hugh CRAWFORD (LAWRENCE17, ROBERT16, MALCOLM15, MALCOLM14, ROGER13, REGINALD12, JOHN, JOHN, REGINALD DE CRAWFORD, HUGH OR JOHN, GALFRIDUS, JOHN, REGINALD5, REGINALD4, DOMINCUS3 CRAWFORD, REGINALD2, ALAN1) was born in Scotland, and died 1576 in scotland. He married (1) ELIZABETH BARCLAY, daughter of DAVID BARCLAY. He married (2) MARGARET COLQUOHOUN.
Notes for HUGH CRAWFORD:
Staunch friend of Mary, Queen of Scots. Signed a bond for the defense of Mary against all person whatsoever. He fought for her cause at Langside, May 13, 1568. (His brother Captain Thomas fought on the other side.) [34]
CAPTAIN THOMAS18 CRAWFORD (LAWRENCE17, ROBERT16, MALCOLM15, MALCOLM14, ROGER13, REGINALD12, JOHN, JOHN, REGINALD DE CRAWFORD, HUGH OR JOHN, GALFRIDUS, JOHN, REGINALD5, REGINALD4, DOMINCUS3 CRAWFORD, REGINALD2, ALAN1). He married JANET KER.
Notes for CAPTAIN THOMAS CRAWFORD:
Celebrated Capt. Thomas Crawford of Jordanhill. The baronetcy later fell to a descendant of this youngest son.
Child of CAPTAIN CRAWFORD and JANET KER is:
27. i. HUGH19 CRAWFORD. [35]
May 14, 1760: On the fourteenth day of May (May 14), 1760, Arthur St. Clair married, at Boston, Phiebe Bavard.
VALENTINE CRAWFORD TO GEORGE WASHINGTON.
GIST’S,[36] May 13, 1774.
DEAR SIR :—I write to let you know that all your servants are well, and that none have run away. Mr. Simpson has as many of the carpenters as he can find work for, and has got some of the servants assisting about the seat for the mill, until this storm of the Indians blows over.
We this day received some Cows from Wheeling. Several of the inhabitants of that part are gone back and are planting their corn.
David Shepherd,[37] who lives down at Wheeling, moved his family up to my house, but he has gone back himself, and is planting his corn. I am sure if he can stay at Wheeling, I can go down with your men and go to work on your land; but, until my son, whom I have sent to you returns, I shall let Mr. Simpson keep all the men he chooses both carpenters and servants. As for the laborers I employed for you and Doctor Craik, I have discharged them, and they are gone with my brother William, under pay as militia, to guard the people down about Chartier’s, to enable them to get their stock away;[38] as many of the inhabitants came away and left everything they had behind them. But there are numbers of them since, returning back and planting their corn, but have left their wives and children behind, in our neighborhood. I hope, therefore, to be able yet to go down the river, if we have no worse news, in a short time; but I shall wait for my son’s returning with an answer from you. I wrote you very fully by him, and I write this line or two by Mr. Johnson, who is going straight to Williamsburg, where he will meet with you; so, pray, write me very fully how I am to act. I am, etc.
P. S.—I saw some gentlemen who came very lately from Williamsburg, at my house, last night, and they say there will be a new county set off. They also informed me that Lord Dunmore has issued a proclamation that he will find both men and money to defend our frontier; so, as I gave you a hint before, I hope you will not forget me and my son; as we are determined to stay on the frontier, and a commission would be of great advantage to us, and would add to the favors from you.
May 13, 1792: The Democratic-Republican Party is formed by Thomas Jefferson.[39]
William Henry Harrison
Territorial Governor of Indiana
May 13, 1800-December 28, 1812
William Henry Harrison
Artist: Barton Stone Hays, American, 1826-1914
oil on canvas, 36 1/4 x 29 1/4 (92.0 x 74.4)
Unsigned
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON was born in Virginia, the son of Benjamin Harrison, who was himself a governor of Virginia and one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Educated at Hampden-Sidney College, the young Harrison entered medical school but was forced to leave in 1791 when his father died. From 1792 to 1794 Harrison was Anthony Wayne's aide-de-camp in battles against the Miami Indians, and he was promoted to captain in 1797. [40]
May 13, 1824: Senate approved an amended tariff bill, Jackson voting yea. [41]
May 13, 1830
Governor Zebulon Vance.jpg
NC Office of Archives and History
Zebulon Baird Vance, best known as North Carolina's Civil War Governor, was born in Buncombe County in the North Carolina mountains on May 13, 1830. His family was Scotch-Irish on both sides and he was the third of eight children of David and Mira Baird Vance.
Zeb Vance was born into a family with a history of military and public service. During the American Revolution, his grandfather, Colonel David Vance, had suffered through a bitter winter with Washington's Army at Valley Forge and had fought at Germantown, Brandywine, and the Battle of Monmouth. His uncle, Dr. Robert Brank Vance, was a congressman from 1824 to 1826 and Vance's father was a captain during the War of 1812.
The family lived in the house that Colonel David Vance had built in the 1790s and while the family was 'long on tradition,' they were often short of cash. Young Zeb was sent to Washington College in East Tennessee when he was about twelve; Zeb returned home when he was just fourteen because his father had died.[42]
May 13, 1830: Zebulon Baird Vance
Zebulon Baird Vance
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Zebulon_Baird_Vance_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-Zebulon_Baird_Vance_-_Brady-Handy.jpg
37th and 43rd Governor of North Carolina
In office
January 1, 1877 – February 5, 1879
Preceded by
Curtis Hooks Brogden
Succeeded by
Thomas Jordan Jarvis
In office
September 8, 1862 – May 29, 1865
Preceded by
Henry Toole Clark
Succeeded by
William Woods Holden
United States Senator from North Carolina
In office
March 4, 1879 – April 14, 1894
Preceded by
Augustus S. Merrimon
Succeeded by
Thomas Jordan Jarvis
Personal details
Born
(1830-05-13)May 13, 1830
Weaverville, North Carolina
[43]
Zebulon Baird Vance (May 13, 1830 – April 14, 1894) was a Confederate military officer in the American Civil War, the 37th and 43rd Governor of North Carolina, and U.S. Senator. A prodigious writer, Vance became one of the most influential Southern leaders of the Civil War and postbellum periods.
Childhood
Zebulon Vance was born in Buncombe County, North Carolina near present-day Weaverville,[4] the third of eight children. His family is known to have owned a relatively large number of slaves (18). His uncle was Congressman Robert Brank Vance, for whom his elder brother, Robert B. Vance, was named. At age twelve he was sent to study at Washington College in Tennessee, now known as Washington College Academy.The death of his father forced Vance to withdraw and return home at the age of fourteen. It was during this time that he began to court the well-bred Miss Harriette Espy by letter.[5]
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Zebulon_Vance%27s_Birthplace.jpg/220px-Zebulon_Vance%27s_Birthplace.jpg
http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf7/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png
Zebulon Vance birthplace
To improve his standing, Vance determined to go to law school. At the age of twenty-one, he wrote to the President of the University of North Carolina, where he was a member of the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies, former Governor David L. Swain, and asked for a loan so that he could attend law school. Governor Swain arranged for a $300 loan from the university, and Vance performed admirably. By 1852 Vance had begun practicing law in Asheville, and was soon elected county solicitor (prosecuting attorney). By 1853, he and Harriette Espy were married, and they would subsequently have four sons.
[44]
May 13, 1830: Zebulon Baird Vance, May 13, 1830-April 14, 1894. Docsouth.unc.edu.. Rasmussen, Steve. [45]
May 13, 1846: Congress authorizes $10 million for the recruitment of 50,000 soldiers to serve in the Mexican War.[46]
May 13, 1851: On his twenty-first birthday, Zebulon Baird Vance wrote to former Governor David L. Swain, who was the president of the University at Chapel Hill, and asked for a loan so he could enter Law School. Governor Swain arranged for a $300 loan from the University and after a reportedly brilliant academic year, Vance was granted his County Court license in Raleigh in late 1851. The next year he went to Asheville and began to practice law.
The young lawyer first ventured into electoral politics when he was only twenty-four years old as the Whig candidate for a seat in the State House of Commons. He won that election against an opponent twice his age. Like many North Carolinians in public life, Vance was an outstanding public speaker. His gift of ready humor and oratorical skills on the stump resulted in a remarkable success rate in elections. During his entire career, he was only defeated once at the polls (in 1856) when David Coleman, and not Vance, became the State Senator from Buncombe.[47]
May 13, 1861: England declares its neutrality in the Civil War.[48]
May 13, 1863: Next morning we crossed the creek and discovered the enemy's pickets about two and one-half miles beyond. Our division (Hovey's) formed in line of battle, and threw out a skirmish line nearly two miles in length and drove in the enemy's pickets. The remainder of the force withdrew in the direction of Raymond. Skirmishing continued until noon, at times very severe, there being several wounded in the division. Meanwhile the Pioneer Corps were busily engaged in cutting a road through the woods to the right. The whole force of the enemy, probably 25,000 strong, were not more than two miles in advance of our line. Had they been apprised of our position and number, they might very easily have captured, or at least utterly routed, our little force of 4,000 men. About 1 o'clock an order was received to move out by the right flank through the road cut out by the pioneers. When the column had gotten finely in motion the long line of skirmishers was withdrawn, and followed quickly after. This feint which resulted so successfully was made to prevent the enemy from sending reinforcements towards
Jackson, in which direction the columns of McPherson and Sherman were pressing. Marching rapidly, we encamped about dark in a corn-field about seven or eight miles from where we had been menacing the enemy. Scarcely had we broken ranks when a terrible rain-storm set in, flooding the ground and drenching us completely. We had no reason to complain of the lack of softness in our beds that night. The wet and newly ploughed ground yielded to the pressure of tired limbs rather more readily than was desirable. Still there was no help for it, and each comprehending the necessity submitted to the soft embrace of his muddy couch without a murmur. [49]
Fri. May 13[50][51], 1864:
Started for the east at 8 am
Went 7 miles east of Alexandra[52]’[53]
Camped on red river near the boat[54]
William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary, 24th Iowa Infantry[55]
May 13-14, 1864: Battle of Resaca, GA.[56]
May 13, 1864: Battle at Resaca, Georgia on May 13, 1864. Dr. William McKinnon Goodlove (1st cousin, 3 times removed) and the 57th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, Near Resaca May 13. [57]
May 13-25, 1864: Rhea, Gordon C. To the North Anna River: Grant and Lee, May 13–25, 1864, Louisiana State University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8071-2535-0.[58]
May 13, 1865: Battle of Palmette Ranch, TX.[59]
100_5658[60]
May 13, 1898: On board Convoy 50 was Leizer Gotlieb born November 6, 1891 from Russie, (Russia), and Charles Gottlieb, born May 13, 1898 from Fulda, Germany. [61]
The routine telex, dated March 4 (XXVc-211), was signed by Rothke. It annoced to the recipients, among them Eichmaann, that on the same day 1,000 Jews left the station at Le Bourget/Drancy (see section below on destination) for Cholm, the word Auschwitz is crossed out, under the supervision of Lieutenant Ott.
One deportee, Jacob Silber, escaped from this convoy. His escape and transfer to Auschwitz after drecapture are related in documents XXVc-216 and 220.[62]
Convoy 50 took close to a thousand people, some to Maidanek and the great majority to Sobibor, the former for immediate killing and the latter for slave labor. Indications are that most were killed at Sobibor; only four people from this convoy were alive at the end of the war. Convoy 50 included 10 children.[63]
May 13, 1913:
7
410
Roosevelt, Theodore, 1858-1919 ( T.L.S.), May 13, 1913; July 23, 1918
[64]
May 13, 1940:
Germany invades France.[65]
When Germany invaded the north of France in May 1940, the Windsors fled south, first to Biarritz, then in June 1940 to Spain. In July 1940 the pair moved to Lisbon, Portugal, where they lived at first in the home of Ricardo de Espírito Santo, a Portuguese banker with both British and German contacts.[69][66]
May 13, 1943: Tunisia is liberated by the Allies.[67]
May 13, 1943: Al-Husseini's attempts to block Jewish refugees
Husseini intervened on May 13, 1943, with the German Foreign Office to block possible transfers of Jews from Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, after reports reached him that 4,000 Jewish children accompanied by 500 adults had managed to reach Palestine. He asked that the Foreign Minister "to do his utmost" to block all such proposals and this request was complied with.[137] According to Edith Zertal, none of the documents presented at Eichmann's trial prove that it was the Mufti's interference, in these 'acts of total evil,' that prevented the children's rescue.[138[68]
Rosa GOTLOB born OPPENHEIM, August 14, 1890. Permanent residence OFFENBACH,DARMSTADT,HESSE,GERMANY. Place of Death SOBIBOR, Camp. Victims' status end WWII: Declared Dead.[69]
•
Seigfried Gottlob, Offenbach (place of residence), November 7, 1887 (born). Missing. Mecheln (last known whereabouts).
Gretel E. Gottlob, Offenbach (place of residence). Born January 1, 1914.Declared legally dead. Sobibor.[70]
May 13, 1961 U.S. agrees to increase arms to South Vietnam[71]
May 13, 1981: 5:15 PM. Shots rang out. Pope John Paul II has been shot four times at close range. At a nearby hospital doctors operate for five hours. The gunman is a 23 year old Turk, a trained sniper, who had escaped a Turkish prison while serving a sentence for murder. Pope John Paul makes a remarkable recovery. [72]
On May 13, 1981, Pope John Paul II was shot in St. Peter s Square by a Turkish political extremist, Mehmet Ali Agca. After his release from the hospital, the pope famously visited his would-be assassin in prison, where he had begun serving a life sentence, and personally forgave him for his actions. The next year, another unsuccessful attempt was made on the pope s life, this time by a fanatical priest who opposed the reforms of Vatican II.
Although it was not confirmed by the Vatican until 2003, many believe Pope John Paul II began suffering from Parkinson s disease in the early 1990s. He began to develop slurred speech and had difficulty walking, though he continued to keep up a physically demanding travel schedule. In his final years, he was forced to delegate many of his official duties, but still found the strength to speak to the faithful from a window at the Vatican. In February 2005, the pope was hospitalized with complications from the flu. He died two months later.
Pope John Paul II is remembered for his successful efforts to end communism, as well as for building bridges with peoples of other faiths, and issuing the Catholic Church s first apology for its actions during World War II. He was succeeded by Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, who became Pope Benedict XVI. Benedict XVI began the process to beatify John Paul II in May 2005.[73]
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[1] wikipedia
[2] wikipedia
[3] wikipedia
[4] wikipedia
[5] wikipedia
[6] wikipedia
[7] http://www.twoop.com/medicine/archives/2005/10/bubonic_plague.html
[8] mike@abcomputers.com
[9] The Reformation, The Adventure of English. 12/10/2003, HISTI
[10] wikipedia
[11] wikipedia
[12] wikipedia
[13] http://www.thepeerage.com/p10928.htm#i109276
[14] http://www.tudor-history.com/about-tudors/tudor-timeline/
[15] wikipedia
[16] wikipedia
[17] * Yet some days after the departure of Ridolfi, the Duke of Alva
wrote to the King of Spain, to deter him from all participation in
the proposed enterprise, and even endeavoured to infuse into his
mind suspicions of the fidelity of Ridolfi. Besides, the Duke had
always pushed the adherents of Mary to extreme measures, only to
abandon them at the immediate moment of execution, as he had
done during the insurrection of 1569.
[18] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[19] Cavaliers and Pioneers
[20] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[21] America before Columbus, NTGEO, 11/22/2009
[22] Trial by Fire, by Harold Rawlings, page 135.
[23] America before Columbus, NTGEO, 11/22/2009
[24] www.wikipedia.org
[25] http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/bdorsey1/41docs/10-smi.html
[26] .”*The Sydney-Smith, Leggett-Price and Allied Families, by Lucy Smith Price.
[27] Torrence and Allied Families, Robert M. Torrence, pg 299
[28] Trial by Fire, by Harold Rawlings, page 141.
[29] Cavaliers and Pioneers
[30] wikipedia
[31] wikipedia
[32] wikipedia
[33] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[34] http://penningtons.tripod.com/jeptha.htm
[35] http://penningtons.tripod.com/jeptha.htm
[36] Now Mount Braddock, Fayette county, Pennsylvania the former home, it will be remembered of Christopher Gist, the first white settler west of the Alleghany mountains. Gist was not alive at the above date.
[37] David Shepherd was long a prominent citizen of the West. As Lieutenant of Ohio county, Virginia, he rendered very efficient service, during the Revolution in Protecting the country along the OhioError! Bookmark not defined. river, above and below Wheeling, from savage incursions In April, 1781, he commanded one hundred and thirty-four militia, in the campaign against Coshocton, an Indian town, now the site of Coshocton Ohio, under the lead of Colonel Daniel Brodhead.
[38] This was only a small part of the design in Captain Crawford’s movement down the Ohio, early in May, 1774. The principal object was to go as low as Wheeling, to watch the movements of the Indians. It will be recollected that he proceeded as far as Grave creek, but saw no savages.
[39] ON This Day in America by John Wagman.
[40] http://www.in.gov/history/2746.htm
[41] The Papers of Andrew Jackson, Volume V, 1821-1824
[42] http://thomaslegion.net/zebulon_baird_vance.html
[43] wikipedia
[44] WIKIPEDIA
[45] wikipedia
[46] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[47] http://thomaslegion.net/zebulon_baird_vance.html
[48] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[49] http://www.mobile96.com/cw1/Vicksburg/TFA/24Iowa-1.html
[50] Retreat to Morganza May 13-22.
UNION IOWA VOLUNTEERS, 24th Regiment, Iowa Infantry: http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/template.cfm?unitname=24th%20Regiment%2C%20Iowa%20Infantry&unitcode=UIA0024RI
[51] The army remained at Alexandria until May 13, as the Red River was unseasonably low and the Union fleet was stranded above the falls. To make matters worse, the enemy established a blockade below the city in an effort to cut the Federal supply line. In response to the critical situation, Union engineers constructed dams in hopes of creating a pool of water sufficient in depth to float the boats over the rapids. Thus, Banks had to delay farther retreat in order to enable the engineers to finish their work and protect the fleet.
"The rebel blockade on Red River was so well maintained" lamented Rigby, "that we were quite shut out from the rest of the world while we lay at Alexandria. After one large mail going out had been captured Gen. Banks would allow no more to go out & soon after this the river was closed to us entirely not until after at least 3 transports & two of the Musketo Boats (Signal and Covington) had been captured & burned by the enemy." Life in the beleaguered city soon became unpleasant as the Union soldiers lived on reduced rations and under threat of an attack. The captain recalled, "At Alexandria we were continually expecting an attack from the enemy & Gen. Banks kept our corps oscillating backwards & forwards between Alexandria and Middle Bayou 7 m. from town. Letter, WTR to brother May 23, 1864.
[52] On May 13, Porter and Banks resumed their retreat from Alexandria.
http://www.civilwarhome.com/redrivercampaign.htm
[53] In point of fact, except as a location on the map, A. J. Smiths gorillas had burned it at the outset. Looking back over their shoulders as they set out they had a similar satisfaction, similar not only to Simsport, but also to Grande Ecore three weeks ago, as well to an number of lesser hamlets in their path before and since of seeing Alexandria aflame. It burned briskly under a long wind tattered plume of greasy smoke while over the levy and down by the bank of the river as one federal would recall; “thousands of people, mostly women, children and old men, were wringing their hands as they stood by little piles of what was all of their worldly possessions.” They had been driven there by the sudden press of heat from a score of fires that had quickly merged after starting simultaneously with the help of a mixture of turpentine and camphine which the soldiers slopped on houses with mops and brooms. Experience had greatly improved their incinderary techniques. (The Civil War by Shelby Foote, Cassette 3, side 2)
[54] By May 13 the fleet was over the rapids and the retreat was resumed as Union soldiers took up the line of march at 3 p.m. and headed southeast toward Simmesport on the Atchafalaya River. When they reached the area below Alexandria where the enemy had blockaded the river, the men were surprised to find the captured mail strewn along the riverbank. Rigby related in a letter to his brother:
The bank of the river was covered with letters they [the Confederates] had opened & read. Some of the boys found letters they had themselves written at Alexandria. I warrant you the Rebs had a jolly time reading them & that they found some not flattering opinions expressed of Gen. Banks. The worst of it is we had received pay & some of the boys sent their money by mail & it is probably lost. [48] ] Letter, WTR to brother May 23, 1864.
[55] Annotated by Jeffery Lee Goodlove
[56]
[57] Ohiocivilwar.com/cw57.html
[58] wikipedia
[59] (State Capital Memorial, Austin, TX, February 11, 2012.)
[60] (State Capital Memorial, Austin, TX, February 11, 2012.)
[61] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 399.
[62] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 395
[63] French Children of the Holocaust, A memorial by Serge Klarsfeld, page 406.
[64]
Series 2: Incoming Correspondence, 1867-1953
The majority of this series is personal correspondence sent to Harrison, although there are also a significant number of items that were sent to Harrison in his official capacity as Mayor of Chicago or Collector of Internal Revenue. Several letters have handwritten annotations by Harrison explaining the letter's context or giving his thoughts on the sender or the letter's subject.
Much of Harrison's official incoming correspondence involves patronage job appointments. The rest of Harrison's incoming correspondence covers a wide range of topics, including: (a) his three books (Stormy Years, Growing Up With Chicago, and With the American Red Cross in France, 1918-1919); (b) the political activities of the Democratic Party at both the local and national level, including four letters from Tammany Hall boss Richard Croker; (c) early Chicago history; (d) hunting and fishing trips; (e) efforts to locate the whereabouts of various individuals with whom Harrison was acquainted in the past; and (f) responses from well-known people of Harrison's day from whom he requested autographs as a young man.
Among the correspondence in this series are two interesting letters from then Senator Harry Truman in 1936 in which Truman tells Harrison what he thinks of the French and expresses his displeasure at France's failure to repay the United States for debts incurred during World War I in connection with the purchase of war supplies. There is also a letter from Harrison's brother, William Preston Harrison, giving his eyewitness account of the assassination of Harrison's father in 1893, and a letter from Lawton Parker inviting Harrison to attend a meeting to discuss the formation the Arts Club of Chicago. Finally, this series includes letters relating to Harrison's service with the American Red Cross in France at the end of World War I, and his gifts to the Art Institute of Chicago.
[65] (Based on Ian Ousby, Occupation: The Ordeal of France, 1940-1944 (New York: St. Mar
tin’s Press, 1998)
[66] Wikipedia
[67]Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1776
[68] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haj_Amin_al-Husseini
[69] Full Record Details for Gotlob Rosa Source Gedenkbuch - Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945, Bundesarchiv (German National Archives), Koblenz 1986
[70] [2]Memorial Book: Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Oppression in Germany, 1933-1945
[71] http://www.assassinationresearch.com/v2n1/chrono1.pdf
[72] Secret Access: The Vatican, 12/22/10
[73] www.history.com
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