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Jeff Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), Jefferson, LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, and including ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, John Quincy Adams and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Martin Van Buren, Teddy Roosevelt, U.S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison “The Signer”, Benjamin Harrison, Jimmy Carter, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, William Taft, John Tyler (10th President), James Polk (11th President)Zachary Taylor, and Abraham Lincoln.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! http://wwwfamilytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
• • Books written about our unique DNA include:
• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.
“Jacob’s Legacy, A Genetic View of Jewish History” by David B. Goldstein
Birthdays on March 13:
Elizabeth Godlove
Dorothy Hoyer Snell (wife of the brother in law of the aunt)
John M. Mentus (1st cousin 2x removed)
Christopher T. Sherman 3rd cousin 1x removed)
Patricia L. Stickley Gasmi (sister in law of the brother)
Frank E. Thompson (husband of the 1st cousin 3x removed
William A. Truax (3rd great granduncle of the ex.)
March 13, 4 B.C: Josephus gives the following account of the High Priest Joazar. On March 13, 4 B.C. Herod the Great deposed the High Priest Matthias, whom he suspected of complicity in the attack on the golden eagle which he had had erected over the over the Temple gate, and replaced him by Matthias’ brother in law, Joazar.
4 BC: Joazar ben Boethus High Priest of Israel 4 BC (Sadducee) under Herodians and Romans.[1] Joazar, son (?) of Boethus, was High Priest for less than a year (brother-in-law of Matthias).[2]
4 B.C.: During his last illness Herod the Great devised a scheme to plunge the entire kingdom into mourning when he died, ordering his army to imprison a crowd of leading Judaean citizens in the hippodrome in Jericho, and to massacre them when his death was announced. (Fortunately for his command was not carried out.)[3]
100_1477
4 B.C.: Elaborate masonry foundations beneath a bathhouse in Herod’s winter palace hint at luxuries savored 2,000 years ago. The great builder died here in 4. B.C., celebrated and despised, a despot and a genius.[4]
4 B.C.: Death of Herod.[1[5]] In Jericho, where Herod died in 4.B.C. his body was placed on a golden bier studded with gemstones and draped in royal purple, with a scepter in his right hand and a gold crown on his head. His numerous family ranged themselves around the bier, together with his army dressed in full battle array and 500 servants and freed slaves carrying spices. Together thy escorted Herod 25 long, hot miles southwest, to a cone shaped hill at the edge of the desert that gleamed with white stonework. Here they laid him to rest. {3}[6] The country was divided into four provinces, each under Caesar’s thumb. It was the last time a Jew would rule over a united Palestine until the founding of the modern State of Israel in 1948.[2] [7]
March 13, 1741: Birthdate of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor. (step 8th great grandchild of the 5th cousin 17x removed) On the positive side, Joseph did away with numerous humiliating conditions for his Jewish subjects including the special badges and taxes. He wanted to liberate the Jews from “humiliating and oppressive laws and to assure that all Austrian subjects could contribute to the public welfare without any distinction with regard to nationality and religion.” The thrust of his reforms were intended to make Germans out of his Jewish subjects. This liberalization worried the empire’s anti-Semites. But it also bothered Jewish leaders including Moses Mendelssohn. They feared that the price of being free was a diluted Judaism.[8]
March 13, 1749: Joseph Howard Sr. (husband of the wife of the 5th great grandfather) is reported to have had four children: Margaret born April 4, 1746, Joseph Jr. born March 13, 1749, Magery born March 17, 1752/3, and Benjamin born August 26, 1761.[9]
March 13, 1754: The Chartiers Creek Fort was never built
Even though authorized, the Chartiers Creek Fort was never built. In lieu of that location,
construction on a fort commenced at the forks of the Ohio. According to Darlington‘s book, in a
March 13, 1754 letter to Lieutenant-Governor Dinwiddie, Governor Hamilton wrote: In January I commissioned William Trent to raise one Hundred men; he had got Seventy and had begun a Fort at the Forks of the Monhongialo. His Majesty sent me out Thirty Pieces of Cannon, Four-Pounders, with Carriages and all necessary Impliments, with Eighty Barrells of Gun Powder.[10]
March 13, 1767: The eleven-year-old Louis-Auguste 2nd great grandchild of the brother in law of the 1st cousin 9x removed of the of the husband of the 9th cousin 2x removed) became the new Dauphin. His mother, who had never recovered from the loss of her husband, died on March 13, 1767, also from tuberculosis.[2] The strict and conservative education he received from the Duc de La Vauguyon, "gouverneur des Enfants de France" (governor of the Children of France), from 1760 until his marriage in 1770, did not prepare him for the throne that he was to inherit in 1774 after the death of his grandfather, Louis XV. Throughout Louis's education he received a mixture of studies particular to religion, morality, and humanities.[3] His instructors may have also had a good hand in shaping Louis into the indecisive king that he became. Abbé Berthier, his instructor, taught Louis that timidity was a value in strong monarchs, and Abbé Soldini, his confessor, instructed Louis not to let the people read his mind.[4]
Family life
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Marie Antoinette Queen of France with her three eldest children, Marie-Thérèse, Louis-Charles and Louis-Joseph. By Marie Louise Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun
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Louis XVI at the age of 20
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Louis-Charles, the dauphin of France and future Louis XVII. By Marie Louise Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun.[11]
William McGachen[12] to George Washington, (grand nephew of the wife of the 1st cousin 10x removed) March 13, 1774
BALTIMORE March 13th. 1774
DEAR SIR
I received your very agreeable favour by Mr Crawford I have done my self the pleasure to give him every assistance in my power and has purchased for you Four men convicts four Indented servants for three years and a man & his wife for four years the price Is I think rather high but as they are country likely people and you at present wanted them Mr Crawford said he imagined you would be well satisfied with our Bargain I have agreed to pay £110 Sterling for them the first of next may which I hope you will be pleased with should you want any more there is a ship expected this month with country convicts I suppose six months credit may [bel got for a parcel of them on the same terms 1 have bought the parcel now sent you as they are at present scarce and in demand I shall always take pleasure in doing every thing in my power to serve you here I am respectfully
Dear sir Your most Obdt Hum Servt
WILL MCGACHEN[13]
Cambridge, March 13, 1776.
Sir: In my letter of the 7th. and 9th. Instant, which I had the honor of Addressing you, I mentioned the Intelligence I had received respecting the embarkation of the Troops from Boston and fully expected before this, that the Town would have
been entirely evacuated. Altho' I have been deceived and was rather premature in the Opinion I had then formed I have little reason to doubt but the event will take place in a very short time, as other Accounts which have come to hand since,
the sailing of a great number of Transports from the Harbour to Nantasket Road and many circumstances corresponding therewith seem to confirm & render it unquestionable.
Whether the Town will be destroyed is a matter of much uncertainty, but it would seem from the destruction they are making of sundry pieces of furniture, of many of their Waggons, Carts &ca. which they cannot take with 'em, as it is said, that
it will not; For if they intended it, the whole might be involved in one general ruin.
Holding it of the last importance in the present contest, that we should secure New York and prevent the Enemy from possessing it, and conjecturing they have views of that sort and their embarkation to be for that purpose, I judged it necessary
under the situation of things here, to call a Council of General Officers to consult of such measures as are expedient to be taken at this interesting conjuncture of Affairs. A copy of the proceedings I have the honor to inclose you.[14]
Agreeable to the Opinion of the Council, I shall detach the Rifle Regiment tomorrow under the Command of Brigadier General Sullivan with orders to repair to New York, with all possible expedition, which will be succeeded the day after by the other five in one Brigade, they being all that it was thought advisable to send from hence until the Enemy shall have quitted the Town. Immediately upon their departure, I shall send forward Major General Putnam and will follow myself with the remainder of the Army as soon as I have it in my power; leaving here only such a number of men as circumstances may seem to require.
As the badness of the roads at this Season will greatly retard the March of our men, I have by advice of the General Officers wrote to Governor Trumbull by this express to use his utmost exertions for throwing a reinforcement of two Thousand
Men into New York from the Western parts of Connecticut, and to the Commanding Officer there, to apply to the Provincial Convention or Committee of Safety of New Jersey, for a thousand more, for the same purpose, to oppose the Enemy and prevent
their getting possession, in case they arrive before our Troops get there, of which there's a probability unless they are impeded by Contrary Winds. This Measure, tho it will be attended with considerable expence, I flatter myself will meet the
Approbation of Congress. The Lines in Boston and on Boston Neck point out the propriety and suggest the necessity of keeping them from gaining possession and making a Lodgement. Should their destination be further southward or for Halifax for
the purpose of going into Canada, the March of our Troops to New York, will place them nearer the scene of Action and more convenient for affording succours.
We have not taken post on Nuke [Nook's] Hill and fortified it, as mentioned we should in my last. On hearing that the Enemy were about to retreat and leave the Town, It was thought imprudent and unadvisable to force them with too much
precipitation, that we might gain a little time and prepare for a March. To morrow Evening we shall take possession of it unless they are gone. As New York is of such importance; prudence and policy require, that every precaution that can be
devised, should be adopted to frustrate the designs which the Enemy may have of obtaining possession of it. To this End I have ordered Vessels to be provided and held ready at Norwich for the embarkation and Transportation of our Troops
thither. This I have done with a view not only of expediting their arrival, as it will save several days marching but also that they may be fresh and fit for intrenching and throwing up Works of defence, as soon as they got there, If they do
meet the Enemy to contend with, for neither of which would they be in a proper condition after a long and fatiguing March in bad roads. If Wallace with his Ships should be apprized of the measure and attempt to prevent it by stopping up the
Harbour at New London, they can but pursue their March by Land.
You will be pleased to observe, that it is the Opinion of the General Officers, If the Enemy abandon the Town, that it will be unnecessary to employ or keep any of this Army for its defence, and that I have mentioned on, that event's happening,
I shall immediately repair to New York with the remainder of the Army not now detached, leaving only such a Number of Men here as circumstances may seem to require. What I partly allude to is, that as it will take a considerable time for the
removal of such a large body of men, as the Divisions must precede each other in such order as to allow intermediate time sufficient for 'era to be covered and provided for on the route, and many things done previous to the march of the whole
for securing and forwarding such necessaries, as can not be carried Immediately, (if proper to be carried at all) That some directions might be received from Congress, as to the number which they may judge necessary to be kept here for these or
any other purposes. I could wish to have their commands upon the Subject and in time, as I may be under some degree of embarrassment as to their views.
Congress having been pleased to appoint Col. Thompson a Brigadier General, there is a Vacancy for a Colonel in the Regiment he commanded, to which I would beg leave to recommend the Lieut. Col. Hand[15] I shall also take the Liberty of
recommending Captain Hugh Stevenson (half 6th great granduncle) of the Virginia Riflemen to succeed Col. Hand & to be appointed in his place as Lieut. Col. (there being no Major, Magaw[16] the late one being appointed Lt. Col. of one of the Pennsylvania Battalions and gone
from hence) He is in my Opinion the fittest person in this Army for it, as well as the oldest Captain in the service, having distinguished himself at the Head of a Rifle Company
Col. Mifflin Informed me to day, of his having received Tent Cloths from Mr. Barrett of Philadelphia to the amount of 7,500 Ð of Pennsylvania Currency and applied for a Warrant for Payment of it. But our Fund being low & many demands against
it, which must be satisfied and our calls for Money will be exceedingly great, I could not grant it, thinking it might be convenient for payment to be made in Philadelphia by your order, on the Treasury there.[17] I have the Honor &ca.[18]
March 13, 1777
That the Council of the Massachusetts State erect at the Expence of the United States in some convenient place in the County of Worcester in said State, Barracks with a Stockade or enclosure surrounding the same, capable of containing 1,500 Prisoners, to be built of wood, as may appear to them most conducive to the public service and in the end least expensive to the Public.
Whereas applications are frequently made to Congress for employment in the continental army by gentlemen from Europe of various nations, who may very probably have great merit, but, not understanding our language, can be of no use in the army of these States; therefore,
Resolved, That the Committee of Secret Correspondence be directed forthwith to write to all their ministers and agents abroad, to discourage all gentlemen from coming to America with expectation of employment in the service, unless they are masters of our language, and have the best recommendations.
Resolved, That the two German Officers mentioned in the Letter of his Excellency Governor Henry, not understanding our Language, cannot be provided for by Congress in the Army of the United States.[19]
Werneck, Hesse[20]-Cassel (Franciscus Gottlob’s home?)
Willkommen in Werneck
March 13, 1806: CRAWFORD VANCE, b. March 13, 1806; married SUSAN CLAYTON.[21]
March 13, 1824: Anglo-American convention to suppress the slave trade signed; not ratified. [22]
March 13, 1826, William Morgan of Batavia, N.Y. signed a book contract for a publication he said would expose the Freemasons’ secrets. When word got out, a rogue group of men professing to be Freemasons burned the printer’s shop and threatened Morgan. When the New York author was jailed for non-payment of debts, a benefactor bailed him out, but Morgan was kidnapped off of the streets as he left the jail and never seen again. Five men later confessed that they had taken him to the old Fort Niagara, but that he had escaped. As the arrests were made and the men brought to trial, anti Masonic sentiments were enraged when it was discovered that the local judge, sheriff, and some jurors belonged to the fraternity. Seeing a political opportunity to permanently damage Andrew Jackson, (2nd cousin 8x removed) who was elected and had served as Grand Master of the Tennessee Masonic Lodge in 1822 and 23, President John Quincy Adams (8th cousin 4x removed of the wife of the 1st cousin 10x removed) immediately began a campaign of written opinions denouncing the organization and calling on its members to leave the lodges, in spite of the fact that Adams’ former colleagues George Washington and other American colonial leaders were members. Adams was joined in his efforts by fundamentalist evangelists who tried to persuade the people that the Masonic fraternity was a diabolical organization. For two years, the sentiment was pushed across the country by Adams and eventually led to the formation of the Anti-Masonic Political Party.[23]
March 13, 1834 – An emigration party under Lt. Joseph Harris departs from the Cherokee Agency. Through later accessions, it eventually numbers 903.[24]
Spring 1834 – John Ross proposes to Secretary Cass that the Nation be allowed to remain in the East on a small part of their land, subject to the laws of the respective states in which they live, and eventually assimilate into American society. His brother Andrew, on the other hand, signs a removal treaty that even the other removal advocated boycott. Major Ridge takes the middle way, condemning both extremes, citing, to John Ross, the extreme destitution and dissolution of the Catawba who had followed that course.[25]
March 13, 1836: MARTHA CRAWFORD, (3rd cousin 5x removed) b. March 13, 1836, Haywood County, North Carolina; d. August 24, 1911, Haywood County, North Carolina; m. ISHAM B. EVENS, October 30, 1858, Haywood County, North Carolina.
Notes for MARTHA CRAWFORD:
Buried at MT Zion Cemetery, Franklin, NC [26]
March 13, 1841: When Clay pressed William Henry Harrison (6th cousin 7x removed) on the special session on March 13, the president rebuffed his counsel and told him not to visit the White House again, but to address him only in writing.[71] A few days later, however, Treasury Secretary Thomas Ewing reported to Harrison that federal funds were in such trouble that the government could not continue to operate until Congress' regularly scheduled session in December; Harrison thus relented.[27]
March 13, 1845: Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto is premièred in Leipzig with Ferdinand David as soloist. Born in 1809 Felix Mendelssohn was the grandson of Moses Mendelssohn. His Jewish parents had him baptized as a Lutheran in 1816. The violinist Ferdinand David was Jewish.[28] The unique Cohen DNA that the Goodlloves carry indicate Jewish ancestry. It is not known when the conversion to Christianity took place but it would probably be before 1800.
March 13, 1852: LAURA F.28 CRAWFORD (4th cousin 4x removed) (JEPTHA M.27, VALENTINE "VOL"26, JOSEPH "JOSIAH"25, VALENTINE24, VALENTINE23, WILLIAM22, MAJOR GENERAL LAWRENCE21, HUGH20, HUGH19, CAPTAIN THOMAS18, LAWRENCE17, ROBERT16, MALCOLM15, MALCOLM14, ROGER13, REGINALD12, JOHN, JOHN, REGINALD DE CRAWFORD, HUGH OR JOHN, GALFRIDUS, JOHN, REGINALD5, REGINALD4, DOMINCUS3 CRAWFORD, REGINALD2, ALAN1) was born 1833 in Jackson County, Missouri. She married STEWART WHITSETT March 13, 1852 in Jackson county, Missouri, son of ISAAC WHITSETT and CYNTHIA NOLAND.
Marriage Notes for LAURA CRAWFORD and STEWART WHITSETT:
Married by Joab Powell
Children of LAURA CRAWFORD and STEWART WHITSETT are:
73 i. LEANDER (LEE)29 WHITSETT, b. 1853, Jackson County, Missouri; d. 1925, Jackson County, Missouri.
ii. ISAAC J. WHITSETT, b. 1856.
iii. CYNTHIA A. WHITSETT, b. 1858.
iv. WILLIAM M. WHITSETT, b. 1860.
v. ELIZABETH WHITSETT, b. 1863.
vi. MARY A. WHITSETT, b. 1865. [29]
Sunday, June 04, 2006 (5)
Map of Louisiana.[30]
Sun. March 13[31][32], 1864
Started at 7 am – marched 15 miles
Camped on the byo tash[33] at 3 pm had
Preaching at 5 pm pretty campground
William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary, 24th Iowa Infantry[34]
March 13, 1865: William McKinnon Goodlove, (1st cousin 3x removed) the Union Army, K Co. 57th Inf Reg. in Ohio at the Battle at Fayetteville, North Carolina on March 13, 1865[35]
March 13, 1873: "John Wayles", (father in law of the brother in law of the 1st great grandnephew of the wife of the 1st cousin 10x removed) Jefferson's Community: Relatives, Monticello. Footnote to Wayles' paternity: Isaac Jefferson, Memoirs, 4; Madison Hemings, "Life Among the Lowly," Pike County Republican, March 13, 1873. A December 20, 1802 letter from Thomas Gibbons, a Federalist planter of Georgia, to Jonathan Dayton states that Sally Hemings "is half sister to his first wife." Similarly, a letter from Thomas Turner in the May 31, 1805 Boston Repertory states, "an opinion has existed . . . that this very Sally is the natural daughter of Mr. Wales, who was the father of the actual Mrs. Jefferson."[36]
March 13, 1881: Alexander II of Russia was assassinated, which put an end to his half-hearted liberalism. He was succeeded by Alexander III who was devoted to medievalism and urged a return to “Russian civilization.” The most influential person during his reign was Pobestonostov, his financier and procurator of the Holy Synod, who earned the title "the Second Torquemada." The newspapers in Moscow, Kiev and Odessa began a campaign against the Jews which would only lead to greater outbreaks of anti-Semitism as the Czarist regime swirled forward on its downward dance with destruction that ended in 1917.[37]
March 13, 1896:
Convoy 42, November 6, 1942. Convoy 42 included 478 men, 504 women, and 16 undetermined. Among them were 221 children under 18, half (113) of whom were under 12. Some were from the Paris region; the others were taken in the provinces during the mid-October roundups (see Convoy 40).[38]
On Convoy 42 was Syra Gotlib was born March 13, 1896 in Dzindow, Poland. .[39]
There were 18 sublists, reflecting the different areas people were taken from.
1. Drancy 1—90 names.
2. Drancy 2—54 names.
3. Drancy 3—13 names.
4. Poitiers—200 names. They were among the 617 Jews arrested in mid-October by the SiPo-SD commando of Poitiers (XXVc-253). The ones here were transferred to Drancy and deported with this convoy. There were families, children, and old people.
5. Haute-Saone—8 names. Seven of the people were German;
all were elderly.
6. Angers –45 names. They were mainly Poles and were among the 296 people arrested in Angers in mid-October.
7. Angouleme—55 names. Among them were several children.
8. Alencon—16 names.
9. Le Creusot—25 names. Children without parents.
10. Dijon—13 names, from amonmg the 122 Jews arrested in Dijon in mid-October.
11. Chalon-sur=-Saone—8 names.
12. Le Mans—62 names. This group contained Poles and French.
13. Melun—52 names.
14. Merignac—69 names.
15. Nancy—142 names. In mid-October, 234 people had been interned in Ecrouves. This group, mainly French and Polish, was transferred to Drancy for deportation.
16. Rouen—28 names, for the most part Romanian. Some were small children.
17. Rivesaltes—94 names, mainly Germans, Austrians, and Poles.
18. Last minute departures; 16 names.
The routine telex reporting the departure of Convoy 42 is numbered XXVc-193. Composed by SS Heinrichsohn and signed by his superior, Rothke, it notified Berlin, Oranienburg, and Auschwitz that convoy 901/36 left the staion at Le Bourget/Drancy on November 6 at 8:55 AM, with 1,000 Jews for Auschwitz, escorted by Feldwebel Ullmeier. Other related docuemtns are XXVc-192 (of October 31 and November 2).
When they arrived in Auschwitz, 145 men were selected and given numbers 74021 through 74165. As with Convoy 40, this number indicates that there was no prior selection at Kosel. Eighty two women were selected and given numbers 23963 through 24044; none returned.
In 1945 there were four survivors, all men.[40]
March 13, 1898: Karl Gottlieb, born March 13, 1898 in Fulda. Resided Frankfurt am Main
Deportation: from Drancy, Marz 1943, Majdanek/Lublin. Declared legally dead.[41]
March 13, 1901: Benjamin Harrison,(8th cousin 5x removed) twenty-third President of the United States, dies in Indianapolis, Indiana[42].
March 13, 1933: Jewish lawyers and judges were expelled from court in Breslau.[43]
March 13, 1938: the Anschluss was proclaimed. Austria existed as a federal state of Germany until the end of World War II, when the Allied powers declared the Anschluss void and reestablished an independent Austria. Schuschnigg, who had been imprisoned soon after resigning, was released in 1945.[44]
November 30-March 13, 1940: Invasion of Finland by the USSR, followed by the Winter War. [45]
March 13, 1942[46]: At a press conference held by S. Bertrand Jacobson in mid-March, 1942, based a report on eyewitness statements. Estimating that the Nazis had already massacred 240,000 Jews in the Ukrain alone, Jacobson stated that the killing in eastern Europe was continuing at full fury. Among the most horrifyuin relevations to appear in the United States until that time (but omitted from the Times’s account) was a description by a Hungarian soldier who had seen a vast burial site near Kiev. Seven thousnad Jews, some shot dead but others wounded and still alive, had been thrown into the shallow grave and covered thinly with dirt. Burned into the soldier’s membory was the sight of the field, “heaving like a living sea.”[47]
March 13, 1943: Ostindustrie GmbH is founded by the SS to exploit Jewish labor in the Generalgouvernement.[48]
March 13, 1945: USS Enterprise…
Landing Signal Officer Ensign R. J. Grant guided in a F6F Hellcat fighter, 13 Mar 1945
Landing Signal Officer Ensign R. J. Grant guided in a F6F Hellcat fighter, March 13, 1945
March 13, 1962: In 1962, the Pentagon was still pushing for a war with Cuba, and was even drawing up contingency plans for an invasion of Cuba. One such plan, named Operation Northwoods, was recently declassified. On March 13, 1962, Chairman of the Joint Chief General Lemnitzer delivered this plan to McNamara, marked “top secret” and signed by the nation’s highest military commanders.[27]
Operation Northwoods, also named “Justification for US Military Intervention in Cuba,” was endorsed by the entire Joint Chiefs, which recommended the operation go into planning stages, and recommended that the Joint Chiefs assume responsibility “for both overt and covert military operations” of the plan.[28] The purpose of the plan was to orchestrate pretexts for a US military intervention in Cuba, and the Joint Chiefs recommended that throughout the operations, the US military will be in an ‘exercise’ mode in order to allow for a “rapid change from exercise to intervention if Cuban response justifies.”[29]
Among the recommended provocations and pretexts to justify a war, the Joint Chiefs suggested that, “a series of well coordinated incidents will be planned to take place in and around [the US military base at] Guantanamo to give genuine appearance of being done by hostile Cuban forces,” including starting rumours, landing “friendly Cubans in uniform” outside of the base to “stage attack on base” in Cuban uniform, capturing friendly “saboteurs inside the base,” and have friendly Cubans “start riots near the base main gate.”[30] Further recommendations were to “blow up ammunition inside the base; start fires,” as well as burning aircraft on the base, or sabotage a ship in the harbor, or to even, “sink [a] ship near harbor entrance. Conduct funerals for mock-victims.”[31]
One startling recommendation was that, “We could blow up a US ship in Guantanamo Bay and blame Cuba,” or that, “we could blow up a drone (unmanned) vessel anywhere in the Cuban waters,” and blame Cuba, and that, “casualty lists in US newspapers would cause a helpful wave of national indignation.”[32] However, the most disturbing aspect of Operation Northwoods was the recommendation that:
“We could develop a Communist Cuban terror campaign in the Miami area, in other Florida cities and even in Washington. The terror campaign could be pointed at Cuban refugees seeking haven in the United States. We could sink a boatload of Cubans enroute to Florida (real or simulated). We could foster attempts on lives of Cuban refugees in the United States even to the extent of wounding in instances to be widely publicized. Exploding a few plastic bombs in carefully chosen spots, the arrest of Cuban agents and the release of prepared documents substantiating Cuban involvement also would be helpful in projecting the idea of an irresponsible government.”[33]
The general even suggested bombing other Latin American countries such as Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala and Nicaragua and blaming it on Cuba. They even suggested that a “US military drone aircraft” could be destroyed by a US military plane that, “properly painted would convince air passengers that they saw a Cuban” aircraft.[34] The Joint Chiefs further suggested, “hijacking attempts against civil air and surface craft should appear to continue as harassing measures condoned by the government of Cuba.” Startlingly, the plan also recommended concocting a scenario in which an American plane, possibly consisting of “a group of college students,” would be flown over Cuba and blown up, to be blamed on Cuba.[35]
So there you have it, the US Joint Chiefs of Staff put out recommendations for hijacking US aircraft, staging “false flag” attacks, which are covert military operations in which they attack selected targets under the “flag” of another nation/entity in order to blame that particular entity for the attack, such as the recommendations for attacking Guantamo Bay by “friendly Cubans” and conducting a “terror campaign” within the United States, itself.
Three days after Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Lemnitzer presented this plan to McNamara, he was summoned by President Kennedy to the Oval Office for a discussion of Cuba strategy alongside other National Security figures. Many of the figures suggested a military invasion of Cuba, and Lemnitzer jumped at the opportunity to recommend Operation Northwoods, yet spared the specific operational plans of “blowing up people on the streets of Miami and the nation’s capital and blaming it on Castro.” However, “Kennedy was not amused” and he told the general that, “we were not discussing the use of U.S. military force.”[36]
Yet, over the next month, the Joint Chiefs and in particular, Lemnitzer, continued to press both McNamara and Kennedy for a military invasion of Cuba, and “after a National Security Council meeting in June, the president took the general aside and told him he wanted to send him to Europe to become NATO’s new supreme allied commander.” Kennedy thus replaced Lemnitzer with Max Taylor.[37][49]
March 13, 1967
TO: JIM GARRISON, DISTRICT ATTORNEY
FROM: FRANK MELOCHE, INVESTIGATOR
RE: ROSE CHERAMI
On February 25, 1967, I had occasion to investigate one ROSE CHERAMI, a white female. On November 20, 1963, ROSE CHERAMI was picked up by LT. FRANCIS FRUGE of the Louisiana State Police on Highway 190 near Eunice, Louisiana. Subject was suppose [sic] to have been thrown from a vehicle by two white males. ROSE CHERAMI was brought to the Moosa Hospital in Eunice, Louisiana, for treatment and then returned to the Eunice jail where she was suspected of having narcotics withdrawals. Assistant Coroner of St. Landry Parish, Dr. F. J. DeROUEN, was called in and he gave ROSE a sedative and later had to be called again when she became violent, stripped herself of her clothing, and cut her ankles. Dr. DeROUEN agreed to commit ROSE to Jackson (East Louisiana State Hospital). ROSE was brought to Jackson in an ambulance from Charity Hospital in Lafayette accompanied by a Eunice Police Officer. ROSE remained in confinement until November 26, 1963. It was during this time between the 20th and 26th of November, 1963, that DR. VICTOR J. WEISS, JR., of San Antonio, Texas, was house psychiatrist in Jackson. WEISS stated that during her stay at Jackson, ROSE had told him that she knew both RUBY and OSWALD and had seen them sitting together on occasions at Ruby's club. When asked about the statement that MR. A. H. MAGRUDER had given to me he (MAGRUDER) states that she told DR. WEISS that the President and other Texas public officials were going to be killed on their visit to Dallas. DR. WEISS states that he doesn't recall whether this was told to him before or after the assassination. [50]
http://www.jfk-online.com/chermug.jpg
The woman known to assassination researchers as "Rose Cheramie"
March 13, 1989: The entire Canadian province of Quebec experienced a 12 hour blackout caused by a CME(chrononal mass ejection). [51]
1.March 13, 2001: "Princess Anne fined for speeding". (11th cousin) BBC. March 13, 2001. Retrieved 31 May 2006. "She saw the police car and believed it was waiting to escort her on her journey." [52]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel
[2] High Priests and Politics in Roman Palestine by E. Mary Smallwood, 1962, page 14, 17, 31.
[3] National Geographic, December 2008, page 46.
[4] National Geographic, December, 2008, page 59
[5] [1]The world Before and After Jesus, Desire of the Everlasting Hills by Thomas Cahill, page 337.
[6] [3] National Geographic, December 2008, page 46.
[7] [2] Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People, by Jon Entine, page 117-118.
[8] http://boards.ancestrylibrary.com/surnames.cutlip/1.2.3.4.10.2.1/mb.ashx
[9] (FamilySearch Ancestral File v 4.19 (AFN: 1563- F73.)
[10] In Search of Turkey Foot Road, pages 89-90.
[11] Wikipedia
[12] [Note 1: 1 This name in vol. iii. is erroneously given as William M. Gachen.]
[13] The George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741-1799
Letters to Washington and Accompanying Papers. Published by the Society of the Colonial Dames of America. Edited by Stanislaus Murray Hamilton.--vol. 04
[14] [The proceedings of this council are in theWashington Papers.]
[15] [Note: Lieut. Col. Edward Hand.]
[16] [Robert Magaw, of Thompson's rifle regiment.] all the last War and highly merited the approbation of his superior officers.
[17] [In the writing of Robert Hanson Harrison.]
[18] The George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741-1799, George Washington to Continental Congress, March 13, 1776 , The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745-1799. John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor.--vol. 04
[19]Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789
[20] Hesse
Hessen
Hessen
— State of Germany —
Flag
Coat of arms
Coordinates: 50°39′58″N 8°35′28″E / 50.66611°N 8.59111°E / 50.66611; 8.59111
Country
Germany
Capital
Wiesbaden
Government
• Minister-President
Volker Bouffier (CDU)
• Governing parties
CDU / FDP
• Votes in Bundesrat
5 (of 69)
Area
• Total
21,100 km2 (8,100 sq mi)
Population (2011-12-31)[1]
• Total
6,092,126
• Density
290/km2 (750/sq mi)
Time zone
CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)
CEST (UTC+2)
ISO 3166 code
DE-HE
GDP/ Nominal
€ 228.51 billion (2011 [2])[citation needed]
GDP per capita
€ 37,491 (2011)
NUTS Region
DE7
Website
www.hessen.de
Hesse /ˈhɛs/ or Hessia (German: Hessen [ˈhɛsən], Hessian dialect: Hesse [ˈhɛzə]) is both a cultural region of Germany and the name of an individual German state.
•The cultural region of Hesse includes both the State of Hesse and the area known as Rhine-Hesse in the neighbouring Rhineland-Palatinate state. The oldest and fourth largest Hessian city, Mainz, is in Rhine-Hesse.
•The State of Hesse (German: Land Hessen, literally "Country of Hesse") is part of the larger cultural region. It has an area of 21,110 km2 (8,150 sq mi) and just over six million inhabitants. The capital is Wiesbaden. Hesse's largest city is Frankfurt am Main.
The English name "Hesse" comes from the Hessian dialect. The variant "Hessia" comes from the medieval latin Hassia. The German term Hessen is used by the European Commission because their policy is to leave regional names untranslated (paragraphs 1.31 & 1.35).[3] The term "Hesse" ultimately derives from a Germanic tribe called the Chatti, who settled in the region in the first century B.C.
•An inhabitant of Hesse is called a Hessian (German: Hesse (masculine) or Hessin (feminine)) (see also Hessian (soldiers)).
History
As early as the Paleolithic period, the Central Hessian region was inhabited. Due to the favorable climate of the location, people lived there about 50,000 years ago during the last glacial period, as burial sites show from this era. Finds of paleolitical tools in southern Hesse in Rüsselsheim suggest Pleistocene hunters about 13,000 years ago. The Züschen tomb (German: Steinkammergrab von Züschen, sometimes also Lohne-Züschen) is a prehistoric burial monument, located between Lohne and Züschen, near Fritzlar, Hesse, Germany. Classified as a gallery grave or a Hessian-Westphalian stone cist (hessisch-westfälische Steinkiste), it is one of the most important megalithic monuments in Central Europe. Dating to the late 4th millennium BC (and possibly remaining in use until the early 3rd), it belongs to the Late Neolithic Wartberg culture.
An early Celtic presence in what is now Hesse is indicated by a mid 5th century BC La Tène style burial uncovered at Glauberg. The region was later settled by the Germanic Chatti tribe in ca. the 1st century BC, and the name Hesse is a continuation of that tribal name.
The Romans had a military camp in Dorlar, and in Waldgirmes directly on the eastern outskirts of Wetzlar was a civil settlement under construction. Presumably, the provincial government for the occupied territories of the right bank of Germania was planned at this location. It is likely that the governor of Germania, at least temporarily, had resided here. The settlement appears to have been abandoned by the Romans after the devastating Battle of the Teutoburg Forest failed in the year 9 AD .The Chatti were also involved in the Revolt of the Batavi in the year 69 AD.
In the early Middle Ages, a Frankish gau comprising an area around Fritzlar and Kassel and a Saxon one further north were known as Hessengau. In the 9th century the Saxon Hessengau also came under the rule of the Franconians. In the 12th century it was passed to Thuringia.
In the War of the Thuringian Succession (1247–64), Hesse gained its independence and became a Landgraviate within the Holy Roman Empire. It shortly rose to primary importance under Landgrave Philip the Magnanimous, who was one of the leaders of German Protestantism. After Philip's death in 1567, the territory was divided up among his four sons from his first marriage (Philip was a bigamist) into four lines: Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel), Hesse-Darmstadt, Hesse-Rheinfels and the also previously existing Hesse-Marburg. As the latter two lines died out quite soon (1583 and 1605, respectively), Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Darmstadt were the two core states within the Hessian lands. Several collateral lines split off during the centuries, such as in 1622, when Hesse-Homburg split off from Hesse-Darmstadt. In the late 16th century, Kassel adopted Calvinism, while Darmstadt remained Lutheran and subsequently the two lines often found themselves on different sides of a conflict, most notably in the disputes over Hesse-Marburg and in the Thirty Years' War, when Darmstadt fought on the side of the Emperor, while Kassel sided with Sweden and France.
The Landgrave Frederick II (1720–1785) ruled as a benevolent despot, 1760-1785. He combined Enlightenment ideas with Christian values, cameralist plans for central control of the economy, and a militaristic approach toward diplomacy.[4] He funded the depleted treasury of the poor nation by renting out 19,000 soldiers in complete military formations to Great Britain to fight in North America during the American Revolutionary War, 1776-1783. These soldiers, commonly known as Hessians, fought under the British flag. For further revenue the soldiers were rented out elsewhere as well. Most were conscripted, with their pay going to the Landgrave.
19th century
Hesse-Kassel was elevated to the rank of an Electorate in 1803, but this remained without effect as the Holy Roman Empire was disbanded in 1806. The territory was annexed by the Kingdom of Westphalia in 1806, but restored to the Elector in 1813. While other Electors had gained other titles, becoming either Kings or Grand Duke, the Elector of Hesse-Kassel alone retained the anachronistic dignity. The name survived in the term Kurhessen, denoting the region around Kassel. In 1866 it was annexed by Prussia, together with the Free City of Frankfurt, Hesse-Homburg and the duchy of Nassau, which established the province of Hesse-Nassau.
Hesse-Darmstadt was elevated to the rank of a Grand Duchy in 1806. In the War of 1866, it fought on the side of Austria against Prussia, but retained its autonomy in defeat, because a greater part of the country was situated south of the Main river and Prussia did not dare to expand beyond the Main line as this might have provoked France. But the parts of Hesse-Darmstadt north of the Main river (the region around the town of Gießen, commonly called Oberhessen) were incorporated in the Norddeutscher Bund, a tight federation of German states, established by Prussia in 1867. In 1871, after France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, the rest of the Grand Duchy joined the German Empire. Around the turn of the twentieth century, Darmstadt was one of the centres of the Jugendstil.
Until 1907, the Grand Duchy of Hesse used only the Hessian red and white lion as its coat-of-arms
20th century
The revolution of 1918 transformed Hesse-Darmstadt from a monarchy to a republic, which officially renamed itself to "Volksstaat Hessen" (People's State of Hesse). The parts of Hesse-Darmstadt on the western banks of the Rhine (province Rheinhessen) were occupied by French troops until 1930 under the terms of the Versailles peace treaty that officially ended WWI in 1919.
After World War II the Hessian territory left of the Rhine was again occupied by France, whereas the rest of the country was part of the US occupation zone. The French separated their part of Hesse from the rest of the country and incorporated it into the newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz). The United States, on the other side, proclaimed the state of Greater Hesse (Groß-Hessen) on September 19, 1945, out of Hesse-Darmstadt and most of the former Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau. On December 4, 1946 Groß-Hessen was officially renamed Hessen.[5]
Geography
See also: List of places in Hesse and List of mountains of Hesse
The most important rivers, mountains, and cities of Hesse
Situated in west-central Germany, Hesse state borders the German states of (starting in the north and proceeding clockwise) Lower Saxony, Thuringia, Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, Rhineland-Palatinate and North Rhine-Westphalia.
The principal cities of Hesse include Frankfurt am Main, Wiesbaden, Darmstadt, Offenbach, Hanau, Gießen, Wetzlar, and Limburg in the greater Rhine Main Area, Fulda in the east, and Kassel and Marburg an der Lahn in the north.
The most important rivers in Hesse are the Fulda and Eder rivers in the north, the Lahn in the central part of Hesse, and the Main and Rhine in the south. The countryside is hilly and there are numerous mountain ranges, including the Rhön, the Westerwald, the Taunus, the Vogelsberg, the Knüll and the Spessart.
Most of the population of Hesse is in the southern part of Hesse in the Rhine Main Area. The Rhine borders Hesse on the southwest without running through the state, only one old arm – the so-called Alt-Rhein – runs through Hesse. The mountain range between the Main and the Neckar river is called the Odenwald. The plain in between the rivers Main, Rhine and Neckar, and the Odenwald mountains is called the Ried.
Hesse is the greenest state in Germany.[6] Forest covers 42% of the state.[6]
Administration of the State of Hesse
Wiesbaden
Frankfurt am Main
Kassel
Offenbach am Main
Hesse is divided into 21 districts and 5 independent cities (with their abbreviations, as used on vehicle number plates):
1.Bergstraße (Heppenheim) (HP)
2.Darmstadt-Dieburg (Darmstadt) (DA)
3.Groß-Gerau (Groß-Gerau) (GG)
4.Hochtaunuskreis (Bad Homburg) (HG)
5.Main-Kinzig-Kreis (Gelnhausen) (MKK)
6.Main-Taunus-Kreis (Hofheim am Taunus) (MTK)
7.Odenwaldkreis (Erbach) (ERB)
8.Offenbach (Dietzenbach) (OF)
9.Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis (Bad Schwalbach) (RÜD)
10.Wetteraukreis (Friedberg) (FB)
11.Gießen (Gießen) (GI)
12.Lahn-Dill-Kreis (Wetzlar) (LDK)
13.Limburg-Weilburg (Limburg) (LM)
14.Marburg-Biedenkopf (Marburg) (MR)
15.Vogelsbergkreis (Lauterbach) (VB)
16.Fulda (Fulda) (FD)
17.Hersfeld-Rotenburg (Bad Hersfeld) (HEF)
18.Kassel (Kassel) (KS)
19.Schwalm-Eder-Kreis (Homberg (Efze)) (HR)
20.Werra-Meißner-Kreis (Eschwege) (ESW)
21.Waldeck-Frankenberg (Korbach) (KB)
Independent cities:
1.Darmstadt (DA)
2.Frankfurt am Main (F)
3.Kassel (KS)
4.Offenbach am Main (OF)
5.Wiesbaden (WI)
Rhenish Hesse
Rhenish Hesse (German: Rheinhessen) refers to the part of the former Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt located west of the Rhine river and now part of Rhineland-Palatinate. It is a hilly countryside largely devoted to vineyards; therefore, it is also called the "land of the thousand hills." Its larger towns include Mainz, Worms, Bingen, Alzey, Nieder-Olm and Ingelheim. Many inhabitants commute to work in Mainz, Wiesbaden, or Frankfurt.
Administration of Rhenish Hesse
Rhenish Hesse contains a number of municipalities and has no specific overall government. It was previously part of the government area of Rheinhessen-Pfalz. However, the state of Rheinland-Palatinate no longer uses this area for administrative purposes.
Politics
Main article: Politics of Hesse
The Politics of Hesse takes place within a framework of a federal parliamentary representative democratic republic, where the Federal Government of Germany exercises sovereign rights with certain powers reserved to the states of Germany including Hesse. The state has a multi-party system where the two main parties were long the center-right Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the leftist Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). However, this changed in 2009, when support for the SPD collapsed after a political crisis in 2008. There are now five parties in the Hesse Landtag.
Most recent state election
Although the government under Minister-President, Roland Koch (CDU), lost their majority in the state diet Landtag of Hesse following the 2008 Landtag election, their rival parties were unable to form a government. A snap election was held in 2009, which enabled the CDU again to form a government with the FDP. In May 2010, Koch announced his resignation from the post of Minister-President as well as his retirement from politics. His successor is Volker Bouffier.
The party strengths in the 2009 election were as follows:
e • d Summary of the January 18 2009 election results for the Landtag of Hesse
Party
Ideology
Vote % (change)
Seats (change)
Seat %
Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
Christian Democracy
37.2%
+0.4%
46
+4
39.0%
Social Democratic Party (SPD)
Social Democracy
23.7%
-13.0%
29
-13
24.6%
Free Democratic Party (FDP)
Classical liberalism
16.2%
+6.8%
20
+9
17.0%
Alliance '90/The Greens (GRÜNE)
Green politics
13.7%
+6.2%
17
+8
14.4%
The Left (Die Linke)
Democratic socialism
5.4%
+0.3%
6
0
5.1%
Free Voters (FW)
Various, lean right
1.6%
+0.7%
National Democratic Party (NPD)
Ethnic nationalism
0.9%
0
The Republicans (REP)
National conservatism
0.6%
-0.4%
Pirate Party (PIRATEN)
Civil rights
0.5%
+0.2%
Civil Rights Movement Solidarity (BüSo)
LaRouche movement
0.2%
+0.2%
All Others
--
0%
-1.4%
Total
100.0%
120
+10
100.0%
Turnout was at 61.0%, down from 64.3% in 2008. 61.0% marks the lowest turnout for a Landtag election in Hesse's history. Only the non-binding 1946 election (while Hesse was still under military occupation) had a lower turnout.
Culture
The cultural region of Hesse extends into Rhenish Hesse which is in Rhineland-Palatinate. The oldest and second largest Hessian city of Mainz is in Rhenish Hesse. The locals speak a Rhine Franconian dialect known as Hessisch.
[edit] Religion
Religion in Hesse - 2006
religion
percent
Protestants
40.8%
Roman Catholics
25.4%
Other or none
33.8%
View of the Stadtpfarrkirche St. Blasius in Fulda.
As of 2006[7] 40.8% of the Hessians belong to the Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau, a member of the Evangelical Church in Germany, while 25.4% adhere to the Roman Catholic Church. 33.8% or one-third of the Hessian people belong to other faiths or is unaffiliated. Minority faiths include Islam and Buddhism. The continental Baha'i House of Worship for Europe is located in the village of Langenhain in the town of Hofheim near Frankfurt.
State anthem
The official anthem of Hesse is called "Hessenlied" (Song of Hesse), and was written by Albrecht Brede (music) and Carl Preser (lyrics).
TV and radio stations
Hessischer Rundfunk (HR) is the main ARD broadcaster in Hesse, providing a statewide TV programme as well as its regional radio stations (HR 1, HR 2, HR 3, HR 4, you fm and HR info). Other than HR, ZDF and other privately run TV stations flourish. Among the commercial radio stations that are active in Hesse are Hit Radio FFH, Planet Radio, Harmony FM, Radio BOB and Main FM.
Economy
Hesse is one of the largest and healthiest economies in Germany. Its GDP in 2011 exceeded 229 billion Euros (about 318 bn US$).[8] This makes Hesse itself one of the largest economies in Europe and the 38th largest in the world.[9] Some large companies headquartered in Hesse include Opel, Merck, Deutsche Bank, Commerzbank, Fraport, Fresenius, Sanofi Aventis, Procter & Gamble, B. Braun and Deutsche Börse. According to GDP-per-capita figures, Hesse is the wealthiest State in Germany.
Traffic and public transportation
Hesse has one of the best transportation networks in Europe. Many trans-European and German motorways, high-speed train, and waterways lines cross Hesse. Frankfurt International Airport is Germany's largest and Europe's third largest airport (after London Heathrow and Paris Charles de Gaulle). Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof is Germany's second busiest railway station by passengers but the busiest in terms of traffic.[citation needed]
Motorways
Hesse has a dense highway network with a total of 24 motorways. The internationally important motorway routes through Hesse are the A3, A5, and A7. Close to the airport of Frankfurt is the Frankfurter Kreuz, Germany's busiest and one of Europe's busiest motorway junction, where the motorways A3 (Arnhem-Cologne-Frankfurt-Nuremberg-Passau) and A5 (Hattenbach-Frankfurt-Karlsruhe-Basel) intersect. The A5 becomes as large as 4 lanes in each direction near the city of Frankfurt am Main. During the rush-hour its possible to use the emergency lanes on the A3 and A5 motorway in the Rhine-Main Region. In fact of this, the Motorways had 4 lanes in each direction.
Death penalty
The Hessian constitution was written in 1946, and Article 21 permitted the use of the death penalty.[10] But all uses of capital punishment in Germany are forbidden by the 1949 Federal Grundgesetz (basic law), which supersedes all state laws such as the Hessian constitution by the principle of "Bundesrecht bricht Landesrecht" ('Federal law breaks state law').[11]
Public discussion in Hesse
There is still public discussion in Hesse about removing the now useless text concerning death penalty from the Hessian constitution: Some people think that Article 21 of the Hessian constitution should be deleted, for if there is no death penalty it cannot be used. Removing the death penalty from the Hessian constitution, however, requires a referendum in Hesse. Bavaria held a referendum in 1998 and successfully removed the law concerning death penalty from its constitution, and the Saarland removed the passage concerning the death penalty upon reunion with Germany in 1956.
See also
Germany portal
•Landgraviate of Hesse
•Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt
•Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
•Hessische Bergstrasse
•List of mountains in Hesse
References
1.^ "Die Bevölkerung der hessischen Gemeinden" (in German). Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt. December 2011. http://www.statistik-hessen.de/static/publikationen/A/AI2_AII_AIII_AV_11-2hj_pdf.zip.
2.^ (German) "Bruttoinlandsprodukt". Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnungen. Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder. 2011. http://vgrdl.de/Arbeitskreis_VGR/tbls/tab01.asp. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
3.^ European Commission English Style Guide, http://ec.europa.eu/translation/writing/style_guides/english/style_guide_en.pdf
4.^ Charles W. Ingrao, The Hessian Mercenary State: Ideas, Institutions, and Reform under Frederick II, 1760-1785 (2003)
5.^ "Hessen - 60 stolze Jahre - Zeittafel 1945/1946". http://60stolzejahre.hessen.de/dynasite.cfm?dssid=77&dsmid=1898. Retrieved 2006-12-01.
6.^ a b "Our State". State of Hesse. http://www.hessen.eu/irj/hessen_en_Internet?cid=42734bf7b41385446b3a113d3314add9. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
7.^ EKD Statistik, Stand 31. Dezember 2006
8.^ (German) "Bruttoinlandsprodukt". Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnungen. Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder. 2012. http://www.statistik-portal.de/statistik-portal/en/en_jb27_jahrtab65.asp. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
9.^ See the list of countries by GDP (nominal).
10.^ Hessian constitution (in German)
11.^ Grundgesetz (in German)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hessen
•Official government portal
•Wiki about Hesse in Hessian language
•"Hesse". Catholic Encyclopedia. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07298c.htm.
•Geographic data related to Hesse at OpenStreetMap
[21] http://files.usgwarchives.net/pa/fayette/cemeteries/scems0001.txt
[22] The Papers of Andrew Jackson, Volume V, 1821-1824
[23] http://www.tennesseehistory.com/class/Jackson.htm
[24] Timetable of Cherokee Removal.
[25] Timetable of Cherokee Removal.
[26] Crawford Coat of Arms
[27] Wikipedia
[28] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[29] Crawford Coat of Arms
[30] History of the Nineteenth Army Corps by Richard B. Irwin, 1892
[31] The campaign began on Sunday, March 13, 1864, as the regiment left Berwick City and marched up Bayou Tech. Pushing over the same route as the previous fall, the Iowans marched through Franklin, New Iberia, Opelousas, and arrived with seven miles of Alexandria on March 24.
(William T. Rigby and the Red Oak Boys in Louisiana by Terrence J. Winschel)
http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/spec-coll/bai/winschel.htm
[32] On the 13th joined the Red River Expedition under General Banks.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_Iowa_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment
[33] Bayou Teche.
[34] Annotated by Jeff Goodlove
[35] (Historical Data Systems, comp,. American Civil War Soldiers [database on-line], Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 1999.)
[36] Wikipedia
[37] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[38] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 336.
[39] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 339
[40] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 336-337.
[41] [1] Gedenkbuch, Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945. 2., wesentlich erweiterte Auflage, Band II G-K, Bearbeitet und herausgegben vom Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, 2006, pg. 1033-1035,.
[2] Memorial Book: Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National socialist Oppression in Germany, 1933-1945. Gedenkbuch (Germany)* does not include many victims from area of former East Germany).
[42] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[43] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[44] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/germany-annexes-austria
[45] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1762.
[46] http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Chronology_1942.html
[47] \ The Abandonment of the Jews, America and the Holocaust, 1941-1945 by David S. Wymen page 4.
[48] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1775
[49] http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-national-security-state-and-the-assassination-of-jfk/22071
[50]
[51] Countdown to Apocalypse, H2, 11/09/2012.
[52] wikipedia
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