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Jeff Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), Jefferson, LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, and including ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, John Quincy Adams and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Martin Van Buren, Teddy Roosevelt, U.S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison “The Signer”, Benjamin Harrison, Jimmy Carter, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, William Taft, John Tyler (10th President), James Polk (11th President)Zachary Taylor, and Abraham Lincoln.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! http://wwwfamilytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
• • Books written about our unique DNA include:
• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.
“Jacob’s Legacy, A Genetic View of Jewish History” by David B. Goldstein
Birthdays on March 16...
Alisha A. Cunningham (1st cousin 1x removed)
Isaac Godlove
Philip G. LeFevre (2nd great grandfather of the wife of the 1st cousin 3x removed)
President James Madison (husband of the sister in law of the 1st great grandnephew of the wife of the 1st cousin 10x removed)
Emory E. Smith (6th cousin 5x removed)
March 16, 597 B.C.: Nebuchadnezzar captures Jerusalem and begins deporting Jews to Babylon. [1][1] King Jehoiachin and many other leadeing citizens, including a young priest named Ezekiel, are exiled to Babylon. Zedekiah, uncle of Jehoiachin, is appointed king of Judah. [2][2] In the Bible, the event is recorded in 2 Kings 24:1ff. and in 2 Chronicles 36:5-8. It is also implied in the early chapters of Jeremiah and Ezekiel.[3]
Genes Tell Intricate Tale of Jewish Diaspora
Stephanie Pappas, LiveScience Senior Writer
Date: August 6, 2012 Time: 03:00 PM ET
Aben Danan Synagogue in Morocco
The Aben Danan Synagogue in Fez, Morocco, brings a North African flare to the Jewish faith.
CREDIT: Anibal Trejo, Shutterstock
A new genetic map paints a comprehensive picture of the 2,000 or so years in which different Jewish groups migrated across the globe, with some becoming genetically isolated units while others seemed to mix and mingle more.
The new findings allow researchers to trace the diaspora, or the historical migration, of the Jews, which began in the sixth century B.C. when the Babylonians conquered the Kingdom of Judah. Some Jews remained in Judah under Babylonian rule, while others fled to Egypt and other parts of the Middle East. Jewish migrations have continued into the present day.
The study researchers found that the genomes of Jewish North African groups are distinct from one another, but that they show linkages to each other absent from their non-Jewish North African neighbors. The findings reveal a history of close-knit communities prone to intermarriage, said study leader Harry Ostrer of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York.
"Virtually all the Jewish groups we've studied tend to be quite closely related to one another," Ostrer said. "It would seem for most Jewish groups, there is a biological basis for their Jewishness which is based on their sharing of DNA segments."
Tracing Jewish genetics
Ostrer and his colleagues have been studying the genetics of Jewish groups throughout Europe and the Middle East, both to reconstruct the history of the religion and to investigate diseases such as the genetic disorder Tay-Sachs that disproportionately affect this population. In 2010, the group reported on the genetics of seven European and Middle Eastern populations. The new study, published today (August 6) in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, expands the findings to a total of 15 groups, with the newest additions from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and the island of Djerba. [Photos: Ancient Jewish Treasure]
The researchers worked with local communities to get volunteers to offer blood samples for genetic analysis. The current study analyzed the genes of 509 unrelated North African individuals, comparing them across groups. Similar work has been done linking ancient Israeli and Syrian people to Ethiopia.
The results revealed close relations between North African and European Jews, Ostrer said. The researchers also found two distinct groups of North African Jews, one comprised of Libyan and Tunisian Jews and the other of Moroccan and Algerian Jews. These groups were more likely to share DNA segments than other Jewish groups, indicating more shared genetic history.
"I like to think of Jewishness as a tapestry with these DNA segments representing the threads that weave the tapestry together," Ostrer said. Non-Jews can convert to Judaism, but membership in the group is also passed down along a matrilineal line, meaning Jewishness straddles the line between religion, ethnicity and culture.
A history of migration
The findings tended to track with what is known of the history of the Jewish Diaspora, or spread of the Jewish people, through North Africa. For example, there was evidence of gene-sharing between North African Jews and non-Jews, but generally not recently, the researchers found.
"This tends to fit the historical observation that during Islamic times from roughly the eighth century to roughly the 20th century, there was limited intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews," Ostrer said.
Among Moroccan and Algerian Jews, there was evidence of some mixing with the Sephardic Jews who trace their roots to the Iberian Peninsula. Again, the genetic results back up the known history of Sephardic Jews leaving Spain and Portugal, with some settling in Morocco and Algeria.
The findings help create a "comprehensive view of what the Jewish Diaspora was like," Ostrer said. Major times of movement included the classic period of Greek and Roman dominance, when Jewish groups migrated out of the Middle East and into Europe and North Africa, converting locals and intermarrying along the way. A second major migration occurred after the Spanish Inquisition in the late 1400s and early 1500s, a time when Jews and Muslims were ordered to convert to Catholicism or leave Spain. [10 Myths of Medieval Torture]
The most recent movement began in the late 1800s and continues today, with immigration to the United States, Israel, Canada, Australia and South Africa, Ostrer said.
The United States and Latin America tend to be a "melting pot" of genetics, Ostrer said — 50 percent to 60 percent of American Jews marry someone of a different religion or ethnicity — but the "Old World" genetics of European and North African Jews are helpful in understanding certain diseases.
In these populations, people married within their communities and even within their own families for centuries, allowing studies on relatively few people to be extrapolated more widely throughout the population. In a similar example, researchers recently found a gene that protects against Alzheimer's disease in Icelandic populations. Those results were reported July 21 in the journal Nature. The same sort of research is possible in Jewish populations, Ostrer said.
"It represents an extraordinary resource that is much harder to do, for instance, in the European-American population, because there has been such a melting pot occurring there," he said.
Follow Stephanie Pappas on Twitter @sipappas or LiveScience @livescience. We're also on Facebook & Google+. [4]
596-586 B.C.: Zedekiah, King of Southern Israel.[5]
596-525: Amasis. Egypt became a sea power in the Eastern Mediterranean and entertained relations with the Greek islands and the Greek colonies in Cyrenaica. Defensive alliances with Croesus of Lydia and Polycrates of Samos against the Persians failed. Amases son Psamtik III was defeated by the Persian king Cambyses at Pelusium in 525.[6]
595 B.C.: Jeremiah dated these prophecies against Babylon to Zedekiah’s fourth year as King. (595 B.C.)Jeremiah 50:1-46.[7]
595 BCE: An insurrection in Bablyon is joined by some Judeans.[8]
594 BCE: Judah and some local states, hearing of the insurrection against Bablyon, plan their own revolt. The plot fails to materialize, and King Zedekiah reassures King Nebuchadrezzar of his loyalty.[9]
594 B.C.: Jeremiah preached the following sermons around the time that the false prophet Hananiah plotted against Jeremiah. This happened during Zedekiah’s reign in 594 B.C.[10]
594 BCE: The prophet Jeremiah wears an ox yoke to symbolize his advice to submit to the yoke of Babylon.[11]
Year BCE
Exile Year
King of
Babylon
King of
Judah
Textual Reference
Event
Scripture
594
12
4th year of the reign of Zedekiah
Jeremiah sends a letter to the Jews in Babylon with a number of officials when king Zedekiah is summoned there by Nebuchadnezzar. It is possible that the king of Babylon was unsure of Zedekiah's support for him.
Jeremiah 51:59-60
[12]
593 BCE: Ezekial begins to prophesy to his fellow Judean exiles in Babylon. The prophet envisions YHWH visiting him from Jerusalem in a heavenly chariot, which will later become the object of Jewish mystical speculation. He regurgitates a message of Jerusalem’s doom, written on a scroll Ezekiel is said to eat. Although he affirms the possibility of last minute repentance, he foresees catastrophe as he mimes to his audience the impending siege and exile of Jerusalem.[13]
593-571 B.C.: Ezekiel, major prophet of Southern Israel.[14]
March 16, 37: Caligula becomes Roman Emperor after the death of his great uncle, Tiberius. Caligula was a challenge to all those he ruled, including the Jews, because he was “crazy.” Among other things, he appointed his favorite horse to the position of Consul. He did present a special problem for Jews because he believed he was a god and expected to be worshipped by his subjects. Fortunately, he never succeeded in having his golden image installed in the Temple of Jerusalem. After a bizarre meeting with a delegation of Jews from Alexander that included the famous Philo, Caligula said of the Jews, “They’re not so bad after all. They’re just a poor, stupid people unable to believe in my divinity”.[15]
March 16: 455: Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor passed away. During his reign, the position of Jews continued to worsen. Under one imperial decree, Jews were excluded from government service and were prohibited from practicing law. Another decree made it possible for the children of Jews who converted to Christianity to inherit the property of their Jewish parents.[16]
March 16, 1554: – Elizabeth (8th cousin 14x removed) is charged with her involvement in the plot and ordered to the Tower. [17]
March 1603: When Elizabeth I of England died childless in March 1603, her distant cousin James VI of Scotland became King of England as James I.(10x cousin 12x removed). Charles was a weak and sickly infant, and was not considered strong enough to make the journey to London due to his fragile health.[3][18]
March 1610.
The colony had started 1609 with about 500 people, at the end of the “starving time winter” in March of 1610 they were down to 60 people.[19]
There is a move to abandon Jamestown and the colonist actually sailed away, but less than a day later they run into a ship bringing new settlars under the command of Lord Thomas Delaware. Jamestown will not be abandoned. The colony survives.[20]
March 1610: Astronomy
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Fresco by Giuseppe Bertini depicting Galileo showing the Doge of Venice how to use the telescope
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It was on this page that Galileo first noted an observation of the moons of Jupiter. This observation upset the notion that all celestial bodies must revolve around the Earth. Galileo published a full description in Sidereus Nuncius in March 1610
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The phases of Venus, observed by Galileo in 1610[21]
March 1613: The abduction of Pocahontas (4th great grandmother of the wife of the brother in law of the 6th cousin 7x removed)
,+Johann+Theodor+de+Bry+depicts+a+full+narrative..jpg)
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In his engraving The abduction of Pocahontas (1619), Johann Theodor de Bry depicts a full narrative. Starting in the lower left, Pocahontas (center) is deceived by the weroance Iopassus, who holds as bait a copper kettle, and his wife, who pretends to cry. At center right, Pocahontas is put on the boat and feasted. In the background, the action moves from the Potomac to the York River, where negotiations for a hostage trade fail and the English attack and burn a Native American village.[33]
Pocahontas's capture occurred in the context of the First Anglo-Powhatan War, a conflict between the Jamestown settlers and the Native Americans that began late in the summer of 1609.[34] In the first years of war, the English took control of the James River, both at its mouth and at the falls. Captain Samuel Argall, in the meantime, pursued contacts with Native American groups in the northern portion of Powhatan's paramount chiefdom. The Patawomecks, who lived on the Potomac River, were not always loyal to Powhatan, and living with them was a young English interpreter named Henry Spelman. In March 1613, Argall learned that Pocahontas was visiting the Patawomeck village of Passapatanzy and living under the protection of the weroance Iopassus (also known as Japazaws).[35]
With Spelman's help translating, Argall pressured Iopassus to assist in Pocahontas's capture by promising an alliance with the English against the Powhatans.[35] They tricked Pocahontas into boarding Argall's ship and held her for ransom, demanding the release of English prisoners held by her father, along with various stolen weapons and tools.[36] Powhatan returned the prisoners, but failed to satisfy the colonists with the number of weapons and tools he returned. A long standoff ensued, during which the English kept Pocahontas captive.
During the year-long wait, she was held at Henricus, in modern-day Chesterfield County, Virginia. Little is known about her life there, although colonist Ralph Hamor wrote that she received "extraordinary courteous usage".[37] Linwood "Little Bear" Custalow, in a 2007 book, asserted that Pocahontas was raped during this time, citing oral tradition handed down over four centuries. According to Helen Rountree, "Other historians have disputed that such oral tradition survived and instead argue that any mistreatment of Pocahontas would have gone against the interests of the English in their negotiations with Powhatan."[38]
At this time, the minister at Henricus, Alexander Whitaker, taught Pocahontas about Christianity and helped her to improve her English. Upon her baptism, Pocahontas took the Christian name "Rebecca".[39]
March 1614: The standoff built up to a violent confrontation between hundreds of English and Powhatan men on the Pamunkey River. At Powhatan's capital of Matchcot, the English encountered a group of some senior Native American leaders (but not Powhatan himself, who was away). The English permitted Pocahontas to talk to her countrymen. Pocahontas reportedly rebuked her father for valuing her "less than old swords, pieces, or axes", and told the Powhatan she preferred to live with the English.[40]
Possible marriage to "Kocoum"
Current Mattaponi tradition holds that Pocahontas' first husband was Kocoum, the main Patawomeck weroance, who was murdered by the English after her capture in 1613.[41] However, Kocoum's actual identity, location and even existence have been widely debated among scholars for centuries, with several historians arguing that the only mention of a "Kocoum" in any English document is taken from a brief statement written ca. 1616 by William Strachey in England that Pocahontas had been living married to a "private captaine called Kocoum" for two years. Since 1614 is certainly when she married John Rolfe, and no contemporary records even hint at any previous husband, it has accordingly been suggested that this "private captaine called Kocoum" was in fact a nickname for Rolfe himself, with the reference being later misunderstood as one of Powhatan's officers.[42] There was a Powhatan military rank called kokoraws, sometimes translated 'captain', and scholarly debate has also raged whether Strachey could have meant this as one of his famously divergent spellings, as a gloss to 'Captayne'. In addition, the date of Strachey's original statement has been widely disputed by numerous authors attempting either to make the case, or refute, that Pocahontas had been previously married. If there was such a marriage and Kocoum was not murdered, it likely ended, according to Powhatan custom, when Pocahontas was captured.[43]
Marriage to John Rolfe [edit]
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John Gadsby Chapman, The Baptism of Pocahontas (1840)
During her stay in Henricus, Pocahontas met John Rolfe. Rolfe's English-born wife and child had died on the journey over to Virginia. He had successfully cultivated a new strain of tobacco there and spent much of his time there tending to his crop. He was a pious man who agonized over the potential moral repercussions of marrying a heathen. In a long letter to the governor requesting permission to wed her, he expressed both his love for her and his belief he would be saving her soul claiming he was:
motivated not by the unbridled desire of carnal affection, but for the good of this plantation, for the honor of our country, for the Glory of God, for my own salvation... namely Pocahontas, to whom my hearty and best thoughts are, and have been a long time so entangled, and enthralled in so intricate a labyrinth that I was even a-wearied to unwind myself thereout[44]
Pocahontas's feelings about Rolfe and the marriage are unknown.[22]
March 1617: Pocahontas
.
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Pocahontas
Pocahontas by Simon van de Passe 1616.jpg
Portrait engraving by Simon de Passe, 1616.
Born
Matoaka
c. 1595
Werowocomoco, Virginia
Died
March 1617 (aged 21–22)
Gravesend, Kent, England
Resting place
St George's Church, Gravesend
Other names
Matoaka
Rebecca Rolfe
Ethnicity
Powhatan (a Native American paramount chiefdom)
Known for
Association with Jamestown colony, saving the life of John Smith, and as a Powhatan convert to Christianity
Spouse(s)
•Kocoum (?)
•John Rolfe (m. 1614–1617)
Children
Thomas Rolfe (son)
Parents
Wahunsenacawh / Chief Powhatan (father)
Pocahontas (born Matoaka, and later known as Rebecca Rolfe, c. 1595 – March 1617) was a Virginia Indian[1][2][3] notable for her association with the colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. Pocahontas was the daughter of Powhatan, the paramount chief[1] of a network of tributary tribal nations in the Tidewater region of Virginia. In a well-known historical anecdote, she is said to have saved the life of an Indian captive, Englishman John Smith, in 1607 by placing her head upon his own when her father raised his war club to execute him.
Pocahontas was captured by the English during Anglo-Indian hostilities in 1613, and held for ransom. During her captivity, she converted to Christianity and took the name Rebecca. When the opportunity arose for her to return to her people, she chose to remain with the English.[23]
March 1617: The marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe brought a peace between the English colonists and the Powhatans, and in 1615 Pocahontas gave birth to their first child, Thomas. In 1616, the couple sailed to England. The so-called Indian Princess proved popular with the English gentry, and she was presented at the court of King James I. In March 1617, Pocahontas and Rolfe prepared to sail back to Virginia. However, the day before they were to leave, Pocahontas died, probably of smallpox, and was buried at the parish church of St. George in Gravesend, England.
John Rolfe returned to Virginia and was killed in an Indian massacre in 1622. After an education in England, their son Thomas Rolfe returned to Virginia and became a prominent citizen. John Smith returned to the New World in 1614 to explore the New England coast. On another voyage of exploration in 1614, he was captured by pirates but escaped after three months of captivity. He then returned to England, where he died in 1631.[24]
March 1617: Another version goes like this… Rolfe and Pocahontas boarded a ship to return to Virginia; the ship had only gone as far as Gravesend on the River Thames when Pocahontas became gravely ill.[55] She was taken ashore and died in John Rolfe's arms at the age of twenty-two. It was not known what caused her death, but theories range from smallpox, pneumonia, or tuberculosis, to her having been poisoned.[56] According to Rolfe, she died saying, "all must die, but tis enough that her child liveth".[57] Her funeral took place on March 21, 1617 in the parish of Saint George's, Gravesend.[58] The site of her grave is thought to be underneath the church's chancel, though since that church was destroyed in a fire in 1727 her exact gravesite is unknown.[59] Her memory is honored with a life-size bronze statue at St. George's Church by William Ordway Partridge.[60]
Descendants
Pocahontas and Rolfe had one child, Thomas Rolfe, who was born in 1615 before his parents left for England. Through this son, Pocahontas has many living descendants. Descendants of many First Families of Virginia trace their roots to Pocahontas and Chief Powhatan, including such notable individuals as Edith Bolling Galt Wilson, wife of Woodrow Wilson; George Wythe Randolph; Admiral Richard Byrd; Virginia Governor Harry Flood Byrd; fashion-designer and socialite Pauline de Rothschild; former First Lady Nancy Reagan; actor Glenn Strange; and astronomer and mathematician Percival Lowell.
Her "blood" was introduced to the Randolph family of Virginia via the marriage of her great-great-granddaughter, Jane Bolling, to Richard Randolph.[61]
Popular legend
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A 19th century depiction
After her death, increasingly fanciful and romanticized representations of Pocahontas were produced. The only contemporary portrait of Pocahontas is Simon van de Passe's engraving of 1616. In this portrait, he tried to portray her Virginia- Native American features. Later portraits often portrayed her as more European in appearance.
The myths that arose around Pocahontas' story portrayed her as one who demonstrated the potential of Native Americans to be assimilated into European society. For example, the United States Capitol displays an 1840 painting by John Gadsby Chapman, The Baptism of Pocahontas, in the Rotunda. A government pamphlet, entitled The Picture of the Baptism of Pocahontas, explained the characters in the painting, and praised the Jamestown settlers for introducing Christianity to the "heathen savages".
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U. S. Postal stamps commemorating Pocahontas for the Jamestown Exposition, 1907
In another development, Pocahontas' story was romanticized. Some writers preferred accounts of a love story between her and John Smith. The first to publish such a story at length was John Davis in his Travels in the United States of America (1803).[62] Perhaps the first surviving stage dramatization of the Pocahontas story was James Nelson Barker's The Indian Princess; or, La Belle Sauvage. In the 19th century, John Brougham produced a burlesque, Po-ca-hon-tas, or The Gentle Savage.
Several films about Pocahontas have been made, beginning with a silent film in 1924. Captain John Smith and Pocahontas was released in 1953 with Jody Lawrance as the title role heroine. The Walt Disney Company's 1995 animated feature Pocahontas presented a fictional love affair between Pocahontas and John Smith. In addition, Pocahontas teaches Smith respect for nature. The sequel, Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World, depicts her journey to England and her meeting and falling in love with John Rolfe. In 2005 Terrence Malick directed The New World, a movie depicting the founding of the Jamestown, Virginia settlement, and featuring Q'orianka Kilcher as Pocahontas. Pocahontas: The Legend is the second feature film based on her life.
Neil Young recorded a song about Pocahontas on his album Rust Never Sleeps (1979).
Namesakes
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Matoaka Whittle Sims, born 1844, Pittsylvania County, Virginia, descended on both sides from namesake Pocahontas
Numerous places and landmarks were named after Pocahontas:
•Pocahontas was the namesake for one of the richest seams of bituminous coal found in Virginia and West Virginia, and the Pocahontas Land Company, a subsidiary of the Norfolk and Western Railway.
•From 1930 into the 1960s, one of the Norfolk and Western Railway's named luxury trains was the "Pocahontas".
•The town of Pocahontas, Virginia.
•Pocahontas County, West Virginia.
•Matoaca, Virginia is located in Chesterfield County on the Appomattox River. County historians say this is the site of the Native American village Matoax, where she was raised.
•Matoaka, West Virginia.
•Pocahontas, Iowa is in Pocahontas County.
•Pocahontas, Arkansas.
•Pocahontas, Illinois.
•Fort Pocahontas, an American Civil War fortification in Charles City County, Virginia.
•Lake Matoaka, part of the campus of the College of William and Mary.
•Pocahontas State Park, Chesterfield, Virginia.
•MV Pocahontas is a river tour boat operated from Gravesend in London, UK.
•Four United States Navy ships named USS Pocahontas and one named USS Princess Matoika.
•Pocahontas, Mississippi.
•In Henrico County, Virginia, a middle school has been named after Pocahontas and John Rolfe.
•Matoaca High School, located in Chesterfield County, Virginia. Their teams are called The Warriors.
•Pocahontas, Alberta.[25]
March 1625: With the encouragement of his Protestant advisers, James VI I (10th cousin 12x removed) summoned Parliament in 1624 so that he could request subsidies for a war.[31] At the behest of Charles I (11th cousin 11x removed) and Buckingham, James assented to the impeachment by the House of Commons of the Lord Treasurer, Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex, who quickly fell in much the same manner as Bacon had.[31]
James also requested that Parliament sanction the marriage between the Prince of Wales and Princess Henrietta Maria of France,[32] whom Charles had met in Paris while en route to Spain.[33] It was a good match since she was a sister of Louis XIII[34] (their father, Henry IV, had died during her childhood). Parliament reluctantly agreed to the marriage,[34] with the promise from both James and Charles that the marriage would not entail liberty of religion being accorded to any Roman Catholic outside the Princess's own household.[34] By 1624, James was growing ill, and as a result was finding it extremely difficult to control Parliament. By the time of his death, March 1625, Charles and the Duke of Buckingham had already assumed de facto control of the kingdom.[35]
Scottish and English Royalty
House of Stuart
Coat of Arms of England (1603-1649).svg
Charles I
•Charles II
•James II & VII
•Henry, Duke of Gloucester
•Mary, Princess Royal
•Henriette, Duchess of Orléans
•Princess Elizabeth of England
•v
•t
•e
March 1625: Both Charles and James were advocates of the divine right of kings, but whilst James's lofty ambitions concerning absolute prerogative[36] were tempered by compromise and consensus with his subjects, Charles I believed that he had no need of Parliamentary approval, that his foreign ambitions (which were greatly expensive and fluctuated wildly) should have no legal impediment, and that he was himself above reproach. Charles believed that he had no need to compromise or even to explain his actions, and that he was answerable only to God. He famously said, "Kings are not bound to give an account of their actions but to God alone".[37][38][26]
March 1634: The first English settlers--a carefully selected group of Catholics and Protestants--arrived at St. Clement's Island aboard the Ark and the Dove.
Religious conflict was strong in ensuing years as the American Puritans, growing more numerous in Maryland and supported by Puritans in England, set out to revoke the religious freedoms guaranteed in the founding of the colony. In 1649, Maryland Governor William Stone responded by passing an act ensuring religious liberty and justice to all who believed in Jesus Christ. In 1654, however, the so-called Toleration Act was repealed after Puritans seized control of the colony, leading to a brief civil war that ended with Lord Baltimore losing control of propriety rights over Maryland in March 1655.
Although the Calverts later regained control of Maryland, anti-Catholic activity persisted until the 19th century, when many Catholic immigrants to America chose Baltimore as their home and helped enact laws to protect their free practice of religion.[27]
March 1640: Charles summoned both English and Irish parliaments in the early months of 1640.[103] In March 1640, the Irish Parliament duly voted in a subsidy of £180,000 with the promise to raise an army 9,000 strong by the end of May.[103] However, in the English general election in March, court candidates fared badly,[104] and Charles's dealings with the English Parliament in April quickly reached stalemate. The earls of Northumberland and Strafford together attempted to reach a compromise whereby the king would agree to forfeit ship money in exchange for £650,000 (although the coming war was estimated at around £1 million).[105] Nevertheless, this alone was insufficient to produce consensus in the Commons.[106] The Parliamentarians' calls for further reforms were ignored by Charles, who still maintained the support of the House of Lords.[28]
March 1655: After a royalist uprising in March 1655, led by Sir John Penruddock, Cromwell (influenced by Lambert) divided England into military districts ruled by Army Major Generals who answered only to him. The 15 major generals and deputy major generals—called "godly governors"—were central not only to national security, but Cromwell's crusade to reform the nation's morals. The generals not only supervised militia forces and security commissions, but collected taxes and ensured support for the government in the English and Welsh provinces. Commissioners for securing the peace of the commonwealth were appointed to work with them in every county. While a few of these commissioners were career politicians, most were zealous puritans who welcomed the major-generals with open arms and embraced their work with enthusiasm. However, the major-generals lasted less than a year. Many feared they threatened their reform efforts and authority.[29]
March 1661: On the death of Mazarin in March 1661, Louis (brother in law of the 1st cousin 9x removed of the husband of the 9th cousin 2x removed) assumed personal control of the reins of government. Queen Anne (mother in law of the 1st cousin of the husband of the 9th cousin 2x removed) had a very close relationship with the Cardinals. "It used to be believed (and is still held by some historians of the period) that Mazarin also became Louis XIV's stepfather by a secret marriage to Queen Anne".[10] In 1654 he was declared of age. After the death of Cardinal Mazarin, in 1661 Louis resumed his reign over France. “After Mazarin’s death in 1661, Louis XIV broke with tradition and astonished his court by declaring that he would rule without a chief minister.”.[11] His exact words were “Up to this moment I have been pleased to entrust the government of my affairs to the late Cardinal. It is now time that I govern them myself. You [he was talking to the secretaries and ministers of state] will assist me with your counsels when I ask for them. I request and order you to seal no orders except by my command . . . I order you not to sign anything, not even a passport . . . without my command; to render account to me personally each day and to favor no one".[12]
King Louis XIV was able to capitalize on the widespread public yearning for law and order that resulted from prolonged foreign wars and domestic civil strife to further consolidate central political authority and reform at the expense of the feudal aristocracy. Praising his ability to choose and encourage men of talent, the historian Chateaubriand noted that "it is the voice of genius of all kinds which sounds from the tomb of Louis".[13]
Louis began his personal reign with administrative and fiscal reforms. In 1661, the treasury verged on bankruptcy. To rectify the situation, Louis chose Jean-Baptiste Colbert as Controller-General of Finances in 1665. However, Louis first had to neutralize Nicolas Fouquet, the Superintendent of Finances, in order to give Colbert a free hand. Although Fouquet's financial indiscretions were not really very different from Mazarin before him or Colbert after him, his ambition was worrying to Louis. He had, for example, built an opulent château at Vaux-le-Vicomte where he entertained Louis and his court ostentatiously, as if he were wealthier than the king himself. The court was left with the impression that the vast sums of money needed to support his lifestyle could only have been obtained through embezzlement of government funds. Fouquet appeared eager to succeed Mazarin and Richelieu in assuming power, and he indiscreetly purchased and privately fortified the remote island of Belle Île. These acts sealed his doom. Fouquet was charged with embezzlement. The Parlement found him guilty and sentenced him to exile. However, Louis altered the sentence to life-imprisonment and abolished Fouquet's post.
With Fouquet dismissed, Colbert reduced the national debt through more efficient taxation. The principal taxes included the aides and douanes (both customs duties), the gabelle (a tax on salt), and the taille (a tax on land). Louis and Colbert also had wide-ranging plans to bolster French commerce and trade. Colbert's mercantilist administration established new industries and encouraged manufacturers and inventors, such as the Lyon silk manufacturers and the Gobelins manufactory, a producer of tapestries. He invited manufacturers and artisans from all over Europe to France, such as Murano glassmakers, Swedish ironworkers, and Dutch shipbuilders. In this way, he aimed to decrease foreign imports while increasing French exports, hence reducing the net outflow of precious metals from France.
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Louis and his family portrayed as Roman gods in a 1670 painting by Jean Nocret. L to R: Louis's aunt, Henriette-Marie; his brother, Philippe, duc d'Orléans; the Duke's daughter, Marie Louise d'Orléans, and wife, Henriette-Anne Stuart; the Queen-mother, Anne of Austria; three daughters of Gaston d'Orléans; Louis XIV; the Dauphin Louis; Queen Marie-Thérèse; la Grande Mademoiselle.
Louis instituted reforms in military administration through Michel le Tellier and his son François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois. They helped to curb the independent spirit of the nobility, imposing order on them at court and in the army. Gone were the days when generals protracted war at the frontiers while bickering over precedence and ignoring orders from the capital and the larger politico-diplomatic picture. The old military aristocracy (the Noblesse d'épée, or "nobility of the sword") ceased to have a monopoly over senior military positions and rank. Louvois in particular pledged himself to modernizing the army and re-organizing it into a professional, disciplined and well-trained force. He was devoted to the soldiers' material well-being and morale, and even tried to direct campaigns.
Legal matters did not escape Louis's attention, as is reflected in the numerous "Great Ordinances" he enacted. Pre-revolutionary France was a patchwork of legal systems, with as many legal customs as there were provinces, and two co-existing legal traditions—customary law in the north and Roman civil law in the south.[14] The 'Grande Ordonnance de Procédure Civile' of 1667, also known as the Code Louis, was a comprehensive legal code attempting a uniform regulation of civil procedure throughout legally irregular France. Among other things, it prescribed baptismal, marriage, and death records in the state's registers, not the church's, and also strictly regulated the right of the Parlements to remonstrate.[15] The Code Louis played an important part in French legal history as the basis for the Napoleonic code, itself the origin of many modern legal codes.
One of Louis's more infamous decrees was the Grande Ordonnance sur les Colonies of 1685, also known as the Code Noir ("black code"). Although it sanctioned slavery, it did attempt to humanise the practice by prohibiting the separation of families. Additionally, in the colonies, only Roman Catholics could own slaves, and these had to be baptised.
Patronage of the arts
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Painting from 1667 depicting Louis as patron of the fine arts.
Louis generously supported the royal court of France and those who worked under him. He brought the Académie Française under his patronage and became its "Protector". He allowed Classical French literature to flourish by protecting such writers as Molière, Racine and La Fontaine, whose works remain greatly influential to this day. Louis also patronised the visual arts by funding and commissioning various artists, such as Charles Le Brun, Pierre Mignard, Antoine Coysevox and Hyacinthe Rigaud, whose works became famous throughout Europe. In music, composers and musicians such as Jean-Baptiste Lully, Jacques Champion de Chambonnières, and François Couperin thrived.
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The Cour royale and the Cour de marbre at Versailles[30]
March 1669:Child of Louis XIV By Françoise-Athénaïs de Rochechouart de Mortemart, marquise de Montespan (October 5, 1641 – May 27, 1707)
Louise Françoise de Bourbon
at the end of March 1669
February 23, 1672 (aged 2).[31]
(nephew of the husband of the 1st cousin 9x removed of the husband of the 9th cousin 2x removed)
March 1675
In March, 1675, the General Assembly, in order to stop the Indian depredations, appointed & number of forts, and Major Lawrence Smith (9th great grandfather) to command one hundred and eleven men out of Gloucester.[32]
“Lawrence Smith resided in Gloucester County, Virginia: In March, 1675-1676, he commanded a fort at the head of the Rappahannock. In Bacon’s Rebellion, he sided with Governor Berkeley, and after Bacon’s death, led the G1oucester” trained bands “against Ingram. . . . [33]
Lawrence Smith is the compilers 9th great grandfather.
“Members of the Governor’s Council were invariably chosen from the wealthiest, the most capable and influential citizens of Virginia, prominent, both socially and politically.”[34]
1675
‘1675, he (Lawrence Harrison) was in command of troops stationed at the Fort of the falls of the Rappahannock River.[35]
March 1676
"Major Lawrence Smith
(spelled Laurence in the Va. magazine), born in England, and came to
Virginia early in the 17th Century, died 1700. In March 1676, or order to
stop Indian depredations, the Governor ordered a number of forts to be
built along the rapahannock and Potomac and placed Major Smith in
charge of all of them.
March 1679: The new English Parliament, which met in March 1679 of the same year, was quite hostile to Charles II. (12th cousin 10x removed). Many members feared that he had intended to use the standing army to suppress dissent or impose Catholicism. However, with insufficient funds voted by Parliament, Charles was forced to gradually disband his troops. Having lost the support of Parliament, Lord Danby resigned his post of Lord High Treasurer, but received a pardon from the King. In defiance of the royal will, the House of Commons declared that the dissolution of Parliament did not interrupt impeachment proceedings, and that the pardon was therefore invalid. When the House of Lords attempted to impose the punishment of exile—which the Commons thought too mild—the impeachment became stalled between the two Houses. As he had been required to do so many times during his reign, Charles bowed to the wishes of his opponents, committing Lord Danby to the Tower of London. Lord Danby would be held there for another five years.[56]
Later years
Charles faced a political storm over the succession to the Throne. The prospect of a Catholic monarch was vehemently opposed by Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury (previously Baron Ashley and a member of the Cabal, which had fallen apart in 1673). Shaftesbury's power base was strengthened when the House of Commons of 1679 introduced the Exclusion Bill, which sought to exclude the Duke of York from the line of succession. Some even sought to confer the Crown to the Protestant Duke of Monmouth, the eldest of Charles's illegitimate children. The Abhorrers—those who thought the Exclusion Bill was abhorrent—were named Tories (after a term for dispossessed Irish Catholic bandits), while the Petitioners—those who supported a petitioning campaign in favour of the Exclusion Bill—became called Whigs (after a term for rebellious Scottish Presbyterians).[57]
Head and shoulders portrait of Charles with heavy jowls. He wears a wig of long black curls and a suit of armour.
Portrait by John Riley, c. 1680–1685[36]
March 1681: Fearing that the Exclusion Bill would be passed, and bolstered by some acquittals in the continuing Plot trials, which seemed to him to indicate a more favourable public mood towards Catholicism, Charles dissolved the English Parliament, for a second time that year, in the summer of 1679. Charles's hopes for a more moderate Parliament were not fulfilled, within a few months he had dissolved Parliament yet again, after it sought to pass the Exclusion Bill. When a new Parliament assembled at Oxford in March 1681, Charles dissolved it for a fourth time after just a few days.[58] During the 1680s, however, popular support for the Exclusion Bill ebbed, and Charles experienced a nationwide surge of loyalty. Lord Shaftesbury was charged with treason and fled to Holland, where he died. For the remainder of his reign, Charles ruled without Parliament.[59]
Charles's opposition to the Exclusion Bill angered some Protestants. Protestant conspirators formulated the Rye House Plot, a plan to murder the King and the Duke of York as they returned to London after horse races in Newmarket. A great fire, however, destroyed Charles's lodgings at Newmarket, which forced him to leave the races early thus, inadvertently, avoiding the planned attack. News of the failed plot was leaked.[60] Protestant politicians such as Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex, Algernon Sydney, Lord William Russell and the Duke of Monmouth were implicated in the plot. Lord Essex slit his own throat while imprisoned in the Tower of London; Sydney and Russell were executed for high treason on very flimsy evidence; and the Duke of Monmouth went into exile at the court of William of Orange. Lord Danby and the surviving Catholic lords held in the Tower were released and the King's Catholic brother, James, acquired greater influence at court.[61] Titus Oates was convicted and imprisoned for defamation.[62][37]
March 1686: James sent a letter to the Scottish Privy Council advocating toleration for Catholics but that the persecution of the Presbyterian Covenanters should continue, calling them to London when they refused to acquiesce his wishes.[81] The Privy Councillors explained that they would grant relief to Catholics only if a similar relief was provided for the Covenanters and if James promised not to attempt anything that would harm the Protestant religion. James agreed to a degree of relief to Presbyterians, but not to the full toleration he wanted for Catholics, declaring that the Protestant religion was false and he would not promise not to prejudice a false religion.[81]
James allowed Catholics to occupy the highest offices of the Kingdoms, and received at his court the papal nuncio, Ferdinando d'Adda, the first representative from Rome to London since the reign of Mary I.[82] James's Jesuit confessor, Edward Petre, was a particular object of Protestant ire.[83] When the King's Secretary of State, the Earl of Sunderland, began replacing office-holders at court with Catholic favourites, James began to lose the confidence of many of his Anglican supporters.[84] Sunderland's purge of office-holders even extended to the King's Anglican brothers-in-law and their supporters.[84] Catholics made up no more than one fiftieth of the English population.[85][38]
March 1689: With the assistance of French troops, James II (grandfather of the husband of the 7th cousin 15x removed) landed in Ireland in March 1689.[117] The Irish Parliament did not follow the example of the English Parliament; it declared that James remained King and passed a massive bill of attainder against those who had rebelled against him.[118] At James's urging, the Irish Parliament passed an Act for Liberty of Conscience that granted religious freedom to all Roman Catholics and Protestants in Ireland.[119][39]
March 1699: Queen Catherine (wife of the 12th cousin 10x removed finally returned to Portugal in March 1699, where she became a nanny and tutor to Prince John. His mother, Maria Sofia of Neuburg, had recently died, and the prince had fallen into a depression. Catherine was key in lifting the young prince's spirits, and soon became a key part in his life, as his tutor and main female figure in his life. Her death would, in fact, cause Prince John to go into another depression.
In 1703, she supported the Treaty of Methuen between Portugal and England. She acted as regent for her brother, Peter II, in 1701 and 1704–05.[40]
Saturday c. March 16, 1754
Sieur de Contrecoeur[41] sets out from Fort Le Boeuf with an expedition of 600 men to take the Forks of the Ohio and begin construction of a fort by which French claims to the area can be secured. [42]
March 16, 1776: On the 16th,(March 16) Gen. v. Heister went on board the Commodore's ship " Elizabeth," and owing to the lack of transportation, he was obliged to leave Rail's and Mirbach's regiments, and 154 men of Knyphausen's, behind. On the iyth the fleet set sail forty-four vessels under Commodore Parker. [43]
March 16, 1778: Winch, David,(1st cousin 7x removed) Lancaster, Capt. Ebenezer Belknap's co., Col. Nathaniel Wade's regt.; enlisted March 16, 1778; service to July 15, 1778, 3 mos. 29 days, at Rhode Island; roll dated North Kingston.[44]
March 16, 1782: Battle of Roatán - March 16, 1782.[45]
March 16, 1802: The United States Military Academy West Point is established.[46]
March 16, 1824: Andrew Jackson (2nd cousin 8x removed) received a gold medal voted by Congress for War of 1812 service.[47]
March 16, 1826: M Isaac GODLOVE
Birth: March 16, 1826 Wheatfield VA
Spouse: Unknown REEDY ( - )
Marriage: Unk. [48]
March 16, 1841: William Henry Harrison (6th cousin 7x removed) took his pledge to reform executive appointments very seriously, visiting each of the six executive departments to observe its operations and issuing through Webster an order to all departments that electioneering by employees would henceforth be considered grounds for dismissal.[68] As he had with Clay, Harrison resisted pressure from other Whigs over partisan patronage. When a group arrived in his office on March 16 to demand the removal of all Democrats from any appointed office, Harrison proclaimed, "So help me God, I will resign my office before I can be guilty of such an iniquity!"[69] Harrison's own cabinet attempted to countermand the president's appointment of John Chambers as Governor of Iowa in favor of Webster's friend, General James Wilson.[49]
July 16, 1822 - March 16, 1864
Daniel W. MCKINNON (1st cousin 4x removed)
· BIRTH: July 16, 1822, Clark Co.,Oh.,USA
· DEATH: March 16, 1864, Logan Co.,Oh.,USA
Father: William Harrison MCKINNON
Mother: Kittie FOLEY
Family 1 : Phoebe Ann HOGGE
· MARRIAGE: February 11, 1849
1. +Emma MCKINNON
2. +John W. MC_KINNON
3. Henry MC_KINNON
4. +Kittie MC_KINNON [50]
Wed. March 16, 1864:
Started on the march. Camped 6 miles west of iberie. 14 mile march. Nice camp
Received a letter from wildcat.
William Harrison Goodlove (2nd great grandfather) Civil War Diary 24th Iowa Infantry[51]
March 16, 1865: William McKinnon Goodlove,(1st cousin 3x removed) the Union Army, K Co. 57th Inf Reg. in Ohio at the Battle at Waynesboro, North Carolina on March 16, 1865. [52]
March 16, 1865: Battle of Averysboro, N.C.[53]
March 16, 1874: . Emory Eli Smith 6th cousin 5x removed) (b. March 16, 1874 / d. June 9, 1961).[54]
March 16, 1935: In violation of the Versailles Treaty, conscription is resumed in Germany.[55]
March 16, 1939: Perens W. Smith (6th cousin 5x removed) (b. July 29, 1868 in GA / d. August 10, 1937)
More about Perens Smith: Perens married Joseph Enoch Smith (b. April 20, 1867 / d. March 16, 1939).[56]
March 16, 1941: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (2nd cousin 5x removed of the wife of the granduncle of the husband of the sister in law of the 1st great grandnephew of the wife of the 1st cousin 10x removed) promises that the United States will supply England and the Allies with military aid.[57]
October 6, 1941-March 16,1945 : A total of 46,067 Prague Jews are deported to the “east” and to Theresienstadt.[58]
March 16, 1942: 1800 Jews are transported from the nearby Jungerhoffer concentration camp to a nearby forest and shot. [59]
More than 1200 Jews from Lvov, Ukraine, were killed at Piaski, Poland, as retribution for the March 16 murder of an SS trooper by a Jewish man. Eleven Jewish policemen were hanged in the ghetto, 1000 Jewish slave laborers were executed, and an additional 200 Jews were murdered.[60]
March 16, 1945: The Duke (Edward VIII) (21st cousin 1x removed) was installed as Governor of the Bahamas. He did not enjoy the position, and referred to the islands as "a third-class British colony".[72] The British Foreign Office strenuously objected when the Duke and Duchess planned to tour aboard a yacht belonging to a Swedish magnate, Axel Wenner-Gren, whom American intelligence wrongly believed to be a close friend of Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring.[73] The Duke was praised, however, for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands, although he was as contemptuous of the Bahamians as he was of most non-white peoples of the Empire. He said of Étienne Dupuch, the editor of the Nassau Daily Tribune: "It must be remembered that Dupuch is more than half Negro, and due to the peculiar mentality of this Race, they seem unable to rise to prominence without losing their equilibrium."[21] He was praised, even by Dupuch, for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in Nassau in 1942, even though he blamed the trouble on "mischief makers – communists" and "men of Central European Jewish descent, who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft".[74] He resigned the post on March 16, 1945.[33][61]
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• [1] [1] The Gifts of the Jews, How a Tribe of Desert Nomads Changed the Way Everyone Thinks and Feels, by Thomas Cahill; Page 273.
• [2] [2] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 25.
[3] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[4] http://www.livescience.com/22137-genetics-jewish-diaspora.html
[5] Fascinating Facts about the Holy Land by Clarence H. Wagner, Jr.
[6] The Anchor Atlas of World History Vol. 1, From the Stone Age to the Eve of the French Revolution, 1974, pg. 25.
[7] The One Year Chronology Bible, NIV, page 1047.
[8] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 25.
[9] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 25.
[10] The One Year Chronology Bible, NIV, page 1057.
[11] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 25.
[12] http://www.pytlik.com/observe/daniel/timeline.html
[13] The Time Tables of Jewish History, A chronology of the Most Important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 25.
[14] Fascinating Facts about the Holy Land, by Clarence H. Wagner, Jr.
[15] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[16] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[17] http://www.tudor-history.com/about-tudors/tudor-timeline/
[18] Wikipedia
[19] Secrets of Jamestown, Save Our History, HIST, 11/27/2004
[20] Secrets of Jamestown, Save Our History, HIST, 11/27/2004
[21] Wikipedia
[22] Wikipedia
[23] Wikipedia
[24] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
[25] Wikipedia
[26] Wikipedia
[27] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-settlement-of-maryland
[28] Wikipedia
[29] Wikipedia
[30] Wikipeida
[31] Wikipedia
[32] H. H. Hardesty’s Historical and Genealogical Encyclopedia, Virginia Edition, p. 357.
[33] t.Lyon Gardner Tyler’s Encyclopedia-Virginia Biography, p. 326.
[34] James Branch Cabell’s The Majors and Their Marriages, p. 92. Torrence and Allied Families, Robert M. Torrence pg. 299-300http://exhibits.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/athome/1700/timeline/index.html
14Rappahannock River. Valentine Papers, vol. 4; see also Virginia Magazine, vol. 23, p. 87
rrence and Allied Families, Robert M. Torrence, pg 301.
[36] Wikipedia
[37] Wikipedia
[38] Wikipedia
[39] Wikipedia
[40] Wikipedia
[41] Contrecoeur. Capitaine Claude-Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecoeur. (Disagreement on date-of-birth, one source indicates 1730— but another places the date at 1703—the compiler believes the 1703 is probably the more accurate). (cawn-tra-coo-er). Accompanied Céloron on his noted expedition in 1749. Became a captain in the French marines. Onetime commandant at Fort Frontenac and veteran of several western explorations. He took the unfinished fort (stockade) at the forks of the Ohio from Ensign Ward on April 17, 1754. Contrecoeur led a force of 1,000 Troupes de la Marine and militia with eighteen cannons against Ensign Ward and his body of 42 men. Contrecoeur completed the stockade and gave it the name Fort Duquesne after the then current Governor–General of New France, Ange Duquesne de Menneville, marquis Duquesne.
Contrecoeur was commandant of Fort Duquesne before and after the Battle of the Monongahela when General Braddock’s forces were routed. The French Captain recognized that Fort Duquesne was too small to hold all his regular forces plus the Indians. The fort could hold maybe 200 people. Besides, the Indians would not attempt to hold a fort against attack. This violated their entire nature of warfare. He recognized that the British force would have to be engaged in the field before reaching the confluence.
A continued argument exists as to who was commander of Fort Duquesne at the time of the Battle of the Monongahela. This compiler’s opinion is that Contrecoeur was fort commander during the period leading up to Braddock’s arrival in the immediate area, but—was replaced in command by newly-arrived Captain Daniel de Beaujeu. When Beaujeau led the French, Canadian, and Indian force from the fort down to the battle site on the Monongahela, he was in the front ranks and was killed at the onset of the battle. At that point, he was replaced in the field by Captain Jean-Daniel Dumas who executed the remainder of the battle. When the Dumas-led force retired to Fort Duquesne, Contrecoeur resumed command. The military authorities in Montreal then replaced Contrecoeur with Dumas—maybe a couple months after the battle.
The “who” was in command after the battle becomes important to historians because of the torture and massacre conduct of the Indians after the British retreat. Accounts told by persons present at the fort paint an ugly picture of the treatment of prisoners.
Dead bodies from the Battle on the Monongahela remained unburied and identification of some was made in 1758 after Forbes occupied Fort Duquesne.
http://www.thelittlelist.net/coatocus.htm
Beaujeu. Capitaine Daniel Lienard de Beaujeu. (BOH-joh). Born August 9, 1711 in Montreal and killed at the Battle of the Monongahela July 9, 1755. French officer who persuaded Fort Duquesne commander Contrecoeur to allow him to lead a group of French and Canadian soldiers plus allied Indians out of the fort and up the Monongahela River to meet the force of British General Braddock. The Indians thought Beaujeu would be leading them against an invincible force and refused his request. But, after an impassioned plea by Beaujeu where he apparently shamed them, the Indians changed their minds and added around 637 warriors to his force of some 254 French/Canadian troupes de la marine and militia. Thus, Beaujeu was able to lead a force of approximately 900 to the battle
Beaujeu was killed by the third volley from the British and was replaced by Captain Jean-Daniel Dumas (see Dumas). Some accounts record that Beaujeu had been appointed commandant of Fort Duquesne—replacing Contrecoeur. Without Beaujeu’s persuading the Indians to fight, Fort Duquesne would certainly have fallen. After Beaujeu’s death and the defeat of Braddock, Contrecoeur was quick to claim credit for the victory.
Beaujeu had a younger brother—Louis Lienard (1716-1802) who was commandant at Fort Michilimackinac 1758-1760. After the August 1760 French surrender to the British in Canada, Beaujeu turned over command to Charles de Langlade so that Beaujeu would not be the one surrendering to the enemy. Perhaps Louis Lienard felt that surrendering to an enemy who had killed his brother would have resulted in a humiliation beyond the call of duty.
http://www.thelittlelist.net/bactoblu.htm
[42] http://www.nps.gov/archive/fone/1754.htm
[43] http://www.archive.org/stream/germanalliedtroo00eelkuoft/germanalliedtroo00eelkuoft_djvu.txt
[44] Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors in the War of the Revolution, 17 Vols. [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 1998. Original data: Secretary of the Commonwealth. Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors in the War of the Revolution. Vol. I-XVII. Boston, MA, USA: Wright and Potter Printing Co., 1896.
[45] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kemp%27s_Landing
[46] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[47] The Papers of Andrew Jackson, Volume V, 1821-1824
[48] http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/d/i/d/Jan-C-Didawick-Berkeley-Springs/PDFGENE3.pdf
[49] Wikipedia
[50] http://jonathanpaul.org/silvey/graham/d0001/g0000115.html
[51] Annotated by Jeff Goodlove
[52] (Historical Data Systems, comp,. American Civil War Soldiers [database on-line], Provo, UT, USA: The Generations Network, Inc., 1999.)
[53] (State Capital Memorial, Austin, TX, February 11, 2012.)
[54] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe
[55] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page1760.
[56] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe.
[57] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
• [58] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1768.
[59] Nazi Collaborators, MIL, Hitlers’ Executioner, 11/8/2011.
[60] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[61] Wikipedia
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