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Jeff Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), Jefferson, LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), Washington, Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clark, and including ancestors William Henry Harrison, Andrew Jackson, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, John Quincy Adams and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Martin Van Buren, Teddy Roosevelt, U.S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison “The Signer”, Benjamin Harrison, Jimmy Carter, Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, William Taft, John Tyler (10th President), James Polk (11th President)Zachary Taylor, and Abraham Lincoln.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! http://wwwfamilytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
• • Books written about our unique DNA include:
• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.
“Jacob’s Legacy, A Genetic View of Jewish History” by David B. Goldstein
Birthdays on March 15…
Benjamin Cornell (husband of the sister in law of the 3rd great granduncle)
Jonnie I. Garee (4th great grandnephew of the wife of the 3rd great granduncle)
Ronnie E. Garee (4th great grandnephew of the wife of the 3rd great granduncle)
Lee C. Gatewood (half 4th cousin 3x removed)
John H. Hannah (3rd cousin 2x removed)
Andrew Jackson (2nd cousin 8x removed)
Barbara H. LeClere Cotton (2nd cousin 2x removed)
Lloyd S. LeClere (1st cousin 2x removed)
Otto D. LeClere (granduncle)
Roy V. Newman (Brother in law of the great uncle)
John H. Taylor
Kenneth F. TESSENDORF
John D. Thomason (7th cousin 4x removed)
March 15, 44 BCE: Julius Caesar was assassinated in the Roman Senate. The Jews supported Caesar in his fight for power against Crassus and Pompey. Pompey had seized Jerusalem, violated the Holy of Holies and shipped thousands of Judeans off to the slave markets. Eight years later, Crassus came to Jerusalem and stole the Temple Treasury. As a reward for Jewish support, Caesar returned the port of Jaffa to Judean control. He instituted a more humane tax rate that took into account the Sabbatical Year. He allowed the walls of Jerusalem to be rebuilt and he allowed Jewish communities in the Italian peninsula, including Rome itself, to "organize and thrive."[1]
March 15, 351: Constantius II elevates his cousin Gallus to Caesar, and puts him in charge of the Eastern part of the Roman Empire. During his rule, Gallus had to deal with a Jewish rebellion in Judea/Palestine. The rebellion, possibly started before Gallus' elevation to Caesar, was crushed by Gallus' general, Ursicinus, who ordered all the rebels slain.[2]
March 15, 1145: Pope Lucius II dies March 15. (Bernardo Pignatelli Pisa). [3]
1146: Almoravids from W Sahara have taken over Morocco, Algeria and Spain, New Crusade preached against Turks, Nureddin Sultan of Syria rules, the “Antidotarium Niclai” a treatise on drugs written. [4]
1146: REGINALD2 CRAWFORD (18th great grandfather) (ALAN1) died 1146. He married DAUGHTER OF SWANE.
Notes for REGINALD CRAWFORD:
Reginald was the youngest son of Alan, the IV Earl of Richmond. He likely married a daughter of Swane. Reginald received in the 12th Century, extensive grants of land from David I of Scotland in Strath Cluyd of Clydesdale, where his immediate Descendants adopted the name of Crawford, then forming one of the
largest baronies Of Scotland."
All the genealogists agree that the following are direct ancestors of The Crawford family, but they do not agree with Clements that they are of The maternal line: Swain (Swane, called Succonus) was the son of Thor Longus, Lord of Tippermuir and superior Lord of the lands of Crawford in Upper Clydesdale, who settled in Scotland between 1069 - 1074. The grandfather Of Swain was Leofwine, born not later than
1000 and lived in Northumberland England.
Taken from Stephen's' Crawford Genealogy by Mrs. Lucinda Frances. Because in 1127 "Reginald beat back the enemies of King David I, of Scotland, at the ford of a stream in the old Roman road about three miles from Kilbirnie, the King bestowed upon him the name and title of Earl of Cruford. His son, Cauterus Cruford, who lived during the reign of King William, 1142-1214, succeeded him.
Children of REGINALD CRAWFORD and DAUGHTER SWANE are:
3. i. DOMINCUS3 CRAWFORD, d. Abt. 1202.
ii. CAUTERUSE CRAWFORD.
Notes for CAUTERUSE CRAWFORD:
Succeeded father as 2nd Earl of Cruford [5]
March 15, 1275: Daughter of Edward I and Eleanor of Castille:
Margaret
Probably
March 15, 1275
After
March 11, 1333
Married John II of Brabant in 1290, with whom she had one son.
[6] (20th great grandaunt)
March 15, 1391: “A Jew hating monk” is responsible for starting anti-Jewish riots in Seville, Spain. These riots marked the start of a wave of violence throughout Spain and Portugal which claimed 50,000 lives within less than a year. Many Jews escaped death by converting to Christianity. This marked the emergence of Marranos who were said to number 200,000.[7]
March 1513: The French King (Louis VII) (husband of the 24th great grandmother) had Prégent de Bidoux bring 6 galleys from the Mediterranean in the late autumn of 1512, and by the end of March 1513 a sizeable French fleet had been mobilized.[8]
March 1514: Admiral Edward Howard (brother in law of the 6th cousin 16x removed) led the attack on Bidoux's flagship in person. During the fighting he was forced over the side of the galley and drowned by the weight of his armour. Both his body and his silver whistle, the Lord Admiral's badge of office, were found three days later, and delivered to Bidoux at Le Conquet, who sent the armour as a trophy to Princess Claude, the French King's daughter, and the whistle to Queen Anne.[8]
Demoralised by Howard's death and short of supplies, the English fleet retreated to Plymouth, where Howard's brother Thomas took command. The French were unable to exploit Howard's death, and after successful English campaigns in Picardy and Scotland, a truce was agreed on in March 1514.[9][9]
March 1516: The identity of the other Godfather is unknown, and although Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk would take a great interest in Henry FitzRoy (8th cousin 14x removed) when he was older, in 1519 he was still the heir to the duchy of Norfolk, and was still called the earl of Surrey. If Henry chose the House of Howard, he would have chosen the elder Thomas Howard, who at the time was the 2nd Duke of Norfolk. This Thomas Howard had fought and defeated the Scots at the Battle of Flodden in 1513. Another suggestion for the second godfather could be Henry VIII himself. Henry had taken the role of godfather at the Christening of his own nephew Lord Henry Brandon in March 1516, and his daughter Princess Mary stood godfather to her half brother Prince Edward in 1537.[4] The godmother is also unknown, it would have been indecent to ask a lady of court as they would have had ties to the Queen. The godmother of little Henry FitzRoy was possibly a relation of his mother Elizabeth Blount.
Acknowledgement
The infant boy was given the name FitzRoy to make sure that all knew that the boy was son of the King, he was even given the name Henry after his royal father. Henry VIII who perhaps felt that his lack of male heir was a slur upon his manhood, abandoned all discretion and openly acknowledged the boy.[5] At one point Henry VIII proudly exhibited to the court his newborn son, his wife Catherine of Aragon attended at the manor house.[6] This could have taken place when the Queen of England threw a sumptuous banquet at her manor of Havering-atte-Bower, in honour of the French hostages in August of that year. Indeed Henry’s rivalry with Francis I, King of France may have required his pride to so, as in that year he had stood godfather to Francis's second son Prince Henry of France, who was named for Henry by Francis and he may have enjoyed that after ten years on the throne he finally had a son to show off. Alternatively the wires might be crossed and Henry might have showed his son off at a banquet in the recently refurbished manor of Newhall; this would accommodate the myth that Henry had been revamping it for the use of one of his mistresses.[10]
February/March 1526: In February/March 1526, Henry VIII (7th cousin 15x removed) began his pursuit of Anne. She resisted his attempts to seduce her, refusing to become his mistress as her sister Mary had. It soon became the one absorbing object of Henry's desires to annul his marriage to Queen Catherine so he would be free to marry Anne. When it became clear that Pope Clement VII would not annul the marriage, the breaking of the power of the Catholic Church in England began. In 1532, Henry granted her the Marquesate of Pembroke.[11]
March 15, 1530: The Duke (Thomas Howard) (husband of the 6th cousin 16x removed) died at Kenninghall on August 25, 1554 and was buried at St. Michael's Church at Framlingham in Suffolk. He was survived by two of the three children of his second marriage: his younger son, Thomas created Viscount Howard of Bindon in 1559, and his daughter Mary.[2] Although there is debate on the topic, it appears that Norfolk had another daughter Katherine, who was briefly married to Norfolk's ward, Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby, and died on March 15, 1530.[1] The Duke's property passed into the hands of the Crown during the minority of his grandson and heir, Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk.[2]
Fictional portrayals
Norfolk (Thomas Howard) has been portrayed several times in film. In the 1970 BBC miniseries The Six Wives of Henry VIII, the role was played by Patrick Troughton. In the 1973 film based on the miniseries, he was played by Michael Gough. In A Man for All Seasons (1966), he was played by Nigel Davenport. In Anne of the Thousand Days (1969), Peter Jeffrey took the role. He went on to reprise the role in a 1996 BBC adaptation of Mark Twain's 1881 novel The Prince and the Pauper. Sir Rex Harrison portrayed him in the 1978 adaptation of the same novel called Crossed Swords . Mark Strong portrayed Norfolk in the 2003 ITV feature Henry VIII. In the Showtime series The Tudors (2007), he was played by Henry Czerny. David Morrissey played the Duke in the film The Other Boleyn Girl.
D. L. Bogdan's novels Rivals in the Tudor Court and Secrets of the Tudor Court feature Norfolk as one of the central characters. Norfolk is also one of the characters in the Philippa Gregory novels The Other Boleyn Girl and The Boleyn Inheritance. He is an important character in The Man on a Donkey by H.F.M. Prescott and The Fifth Queen by Ford Madox Ford, and a minor character in Hilary Mantel's Wolf Hall.[12]
March 1534: Surrey's marriage to his second wife, Elizabeth Stafford (wife of the husband of the 6th cousin 16x removed), which had apparently been mutually affectionate at first, deteriorated in 1527 when he took a mistress, Elizabeth Holland (d. 1547/8), whom he installed in the Howard household. Elizabeth Howard formally separated from her husband in the 1530s. She claimed that in March 1534 the Duke ‘locked me up in a chamber, [and] took away my jewels and apparel', and then moved her to Redbourn, Hertfordshire, where she lived a virtual prisoner with a meagre annual allowance of only £200. She also claimed to have been physically maltreated by the Duke and by household servants.[7]
When the Pilgrimage of Grace broke out in Lincolnshire and the northern counties late in 1536, Norfolk shared command of the King's forces with the Earl of Shrewsbury, persuading the rebels to disperse by promising them a pardon and that Parliament would consider their grievances.[13]
Meanwhile, the House of Commons had forbidden all appeals to Rome and exacted the penalties of praemunire against all who introduced papal bulls into England. It was only then that Pope Clement at last took the step of announcing a provisional sentence of excommunication against the King and Cranmer. He condemned the marriage to Anne, and in March 1534, he declared the marriage to Catherine legal and again ordered Henry to return to her.[79] Henry now required his subjects to swear the oath attached to the First Succession Act, which effectively rejected papal authority in legal matters and recognised Anne Boleyn as queen. Those who refused, such as Sir Thomas More, who had resigned as Lord Chancellor, and John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, were then placed in the Tower of London. In late 1534 parliament declared Henry "the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England".[80][14]
March 1534: First Succession Act
Succession to the Crown Act 1533
Parliament of England
Chapter
25 Hen 8 c 22
Territorial extent
Kingdom of England
Dates
Royal Assent
March 1534
Repeal date
June 1536
Other legislation
Related legislation
Act Respecting the Oath to the Succession
Repealing legislation
Second Succession Act
Status: Repealed
Text of statute as originally enacted
Mary as a young woman
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The Lady Mary in 1544 (8th cousin 14x removed)
The First Succession Act of Henry VIII's reign was passed by the Parliament of England in March 1534. The Act was formally titled the Succession to the Crown Act 1533 (citation 25 Hen 8 c 22), or the Act of Succession 1533; it is often dated as 1534, as it was passed in that calendar year.[15]
March 1536: Anne gave birth to the future Queen Elizabeth I, whose gender disappointed Henry. However, he was not entirely discouraged, for he said that a son would surely follow and professed to love Elizabeth. Three miscarriages followed, however, and by March 1536, Henry was courting Jane Seymour.[16]
March 1539: The artist Hans Holbein the Younger was dispatched to paint portraits of Anne and her younger sister, Amalia, both of whom Henry was considering as his fourth wife. Henry required the artist to be as accurate as possible, not to flatter the sisters. The two versions of Holbein's portrait are in the Musée du Louvre in Paris and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Negotiations with Cleves were in full swing by March 1539.[17]
March 1541: Culpeper had close access and often came into contact with the Queen and her attendants.[7] Thomas Culpeper was first introduced into Catherine Howard’s personal life in March 1541, when King Henry VIII went on a trip to Dover and left Catherine behind at Greenwich. At this time Culpeper began asking favours of Catherine, who was his seventh cousin, once removed.[8] The private meetings between them are thought to have begun sometime around May of that same year. Catherine’s lady-in-waiting the Lady Rochford, arranged the meetings between Culpeper and Catherine. On these occasions only she and another lady-in-waiting, Katherine Tilney, were allowed entrance to the Queen’s chamber.[18]
March 1543: A popular legend, first recorded by John Knox, states that James V (8th cousin 14x removed), hearing on his deathbed that his wife had given birth to a daughter, ruefully exclaimed, "It came with a lass, it will pass with a lass!"[8] His House of Stewart had gained the throne of Scotland by the marriage of Marjorie Bruce, daughter of Robert the Bruce, to Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland. The Crown had come to his family through a woman, and would be lost from his family through a woman. This legendary statement came true much later—not through Mary, whose son by one of her Stewart cousins became king, but through his descendant Anne, Queen of Great Britain.[9]
Mary Queen of Scots (9th cousin 13x removed) was baptised at the nearby Church of St Michael shortly after she was born.[10] Rumours spread that she was weak and frail,[11] but an English diplomat, Ralph Sadler, saw the infant at Linlithgow Palace in March 1543, unwrapped by her nurse, and wrote, "it is as goodly a child as I have seen of her age, and as like to live."[12]
As Mary was an infant when she inherited the throne, Scotland was ruled by regents until she became an adult. From the outset, there were two different claims to the Regency: one from Catholic Cardinal Beaton, and the other from the Protestant Earl of Arran, who was next in line to the throne. Beaton's claim was based on a version of the late king's will that his opponents dismissed as a forgery.[13] Arran, with the support of his friends and relations, became the regent until 1554 when Mary's mother managed to remove and succeed him.[14]
Treaty of Greenwich
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Coin of 1553: obverse, coat of arms of Scotland; reverse, royal monogram
King Henry VIII of England took the opportunity of the regency to propose marriage between Mary and his own son, Prince Edward, hoping for a union of Scotland and England.[19]
March 15, 1545: Opening session of the Council of Trent. At the Council of Trent in the 16th century, the Roman Church stated as a theological principle that all men share the responsibility for the Passion—and that Christians bear a particular burden. "In this guilt [for the death of Jesus] are involved all those who fall frequently into sin..." read the catechism of the council.”This guilt seems more enormous in us than in the Jews since, if they had known it, they would never have crucified the Lord of glory; while we, on the contrary, professing to know him, yet denying him by our actions, seem in some sort to lay violent hands on him."[20]
March 1547: Thirteen out of the sixteen (the others being absent) agreed to his appointment as Protector, which they justified as their joint decision "by virtue of the authority" of Henry's will.[12] Seymour may have done a deal with some of the executors, who almost all received hand-outs.[13] He is known to have done so with William Paget, private secretary to Henry VIII,[14] and to have secured the support of Sir Anthony Browne of the Privy Chamber.[15]
Hertford's appointment was in keeping with historical precedent,[16] and his eligibility for the role was reinforced by his military successes in Scotland and France. In March 1547, he secured letters patent from King Edward granting him the almost monarchical right to appoint members to the Privy Council himself and to consult them only when he wished.[17] In the words of historian G. R. Elton, "from that moment his autocratic system was complete".[18] He proceeded to rule largely by proclamation, calling on the Privy Council to do little more than rubber-stamp his decisions.[19]
Somerset's takeover of power was smooth and efficient. The imperial ambassador, Francis Van der Delft, reported that he "governs everything absolutely", with Paget operating as his secretary, though he predicted trouble from John Dudley, Viscount Lisle, who had recently been raised to Earl of Warwick in the share-out of honours.[20] In fact, in the early weeks of his Protectorate, Somerset met opposition only from the Chancellor, Thomas Wriothesley, whom the Earldom of Southampton had evidently failed to buy off, and from his own brother.[21] Wriothesley, a religious conservative, objected to Somerset’s assumption of monarchical power over the Council. He then found himself abruptly dismissed from the chancellorship on charges of selling off some of his offices to delegates.[22]
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Thomas_Seymour%2C_Baron_Seymour_from_NPG.jpg/220px-Thomas_Seymour%2C_Baron_Seymour_from_NPG.jpg
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Thomas Seymour, Lord Admiral and brother of Edward Seymour (brother in law of the 7th cousin 15x reoved)
Somerset faced less manageable opposition from his younger brother Thomas, who has been described as a "worm in the bud".[23] As King Edward's uncle, Thomas Seymour demanded the governorship of the king’s person and a greater share of power.[24] Somerset tried to buy his brother off with a barony, an appointment to the Lord Admiralship, and a seat on the Privy Council—but Thomas was bent on scheming for power. He began smuggling pocket money to King Edward, telling him that Somerset held the purse strings too tight, making him a "beggarly king".[25] He also urged him to throw off the Protector within two years and "bear rule as other kings do"; but Edward, schooled to defer to the Council, failed to co-operate.[26][21]
March 1548: At age 35, Catherine Parr (wife of the 7th cousin 15x removed) became pregnant. This pregnancy was a surprise as Catherine had not conceived during her first three marriages. During this time, Seymour began to take an interest in Lady Elizabeth. Seymour had reputedly plotted to marry her before marrying Catherine, and it was reported later that Catherine discovered the two in an embrace. On a few occasions before the situation risked getting completely out of hand, according to the deposition or testimony of Kat Ashley, Catherine appears not only to have acquiesced in episodes of horseplay, but actually to have assisted her husband.[21][22] Katherine Parr was finally pregnant with her own child. All the years of caring for others' children, she was going to have one with the man she loved. In the midst of all the preparations for the baby and the exuding happiness, Katherine had no idea that her husband was meeting with Elizabeth clandestinely. Elizabeth's governess later testified in front of the Privy Council that the Admiral would enter Elizabeth's chamber some mornings, wearing nothing but a nightshirt. On occasion he would climb in with her and tickle her. Mrs. Ashley, her lady in waiting, was scandalized and resolved not to leave her alone with the Admiral. [23]
In 1553, when Henry's daughters Mary and Elizabeth rode into London with Mary as the new monarch, Anne was there to greet them.[7] She was also present at Mary I's coronation at Westminster.[7] That was her last public appearance. As the new Queen was a strict Catholic, Anne yet again converted her religion, now becoming a Roman Catholic.
A few months later, Anne wrote to Mary I to congratulate her on her marriage to Philip of Spain.[7] Nevertheless, Anne rarely visited the Court during Mary's reign and enjoyed managing her own estates.[7] Since her arrival as the King's bride, Anne never left England; both of her parents had died by the time her marriage was annulled and her brother, a strict Lutheran, did not approve of her adherence to Anglicanism.[7] Despite occasional feelings of homesickness, Anne was generally content in England.
Death
When Anne's health began to fail, Mary allowed her to live at Chelsea Old Manor, where Henry's last wife, Catherine Parr, had lived after her remarriage.[24]
March 15, 1554: – Wyatt’s trial for treason. [25]
March 1555: In Scotland, the power of the Protestant Lords of the Congregation was rising at the expense of Mary's mother, (Mary of Guise) (wife of the 8th cousin 14x removed) who maintained effective control only through the use of French troops.[53] The Protestant Lords invited English troops into Scotland in an attempt to secure Protestantism, and a Huguenot rising in France, called the Tumult of Amboise, in March 1560 made it impossible for the French to send further support.[54] Instead, the Guise brothers sent ambassadors to negotiate a settlement.[55][26]
Her mother, the Duchess of Suffolk, married her Master of the Horse and chamberlain, Adrian Stokes in March 1555 (not as often said, three weeks after the execution of the Duke of Suffolk).[32] She was fully pardoned by Mary and allowed to live at Court with her two surviving daughters. She died in 1559.
Legacy
Main article: Cultural depictions of Lady Jane Grey
"The traitor-heroine of the Reformation", as historian Albert Pollard called her,[33] was merely 16 or 17 years old at the time of her execution. During and in the aftermath of the Marian persecutions, Jane became viewed as a Protestant martyr for centuries, featuring prominently in the several editions of the Book of Martyrs by John Foxe. The tale of Lady Jane grew to legendary proportions in popular culture, producing a flood of romantic biographies, novels, plays, paintings, and films, one of which was the 1986 production Lady Jane, starring Helena Bonham Carter.[27]
March 1556: Reginald Pole, (7th cousin 15x removed) the son of Mary's executed governess, and once considered a suitor. He was ordained a priest and appointed Archbishop of Canterbury immediately after Cranmer's death in March 1556.[126][127]
Foreign policy
Furthering the Tudor conquest of Ireland, under Mary's reign English colonists were settled in the Irish Midlands to reduce the attacks on the Pale (the area around Dublin controlled by the English). Queen's and King's Counties (now Counties Laois and Offaly) were founded, and their plantation began.[128] Their principal towns were respectively named Maryborough (now Portlaoise) and Philipstown (now Daingean).
[28]
March 1556: Lord James Stuart (9th cousin 13x removed) reconciles himself to the Earl of Glencairn and Erskine of Dun, to invite Knox, the great reformer, to come into Scotland. [29]
March 1557: - Phillip II (husband of the 8th cousin 14x removed) returns to England and brings the English back into his war with France. [30]
March 1558: After Philip's visit in 1557, Mary I (8th cousin 14x removed) thought herself pregnant again with a baby due in March 1558.[144] She decreed in her will that her husband be the regent during the minority of her child.[145] However, no child was born, and Mary was forced to accept that Elizabeth I (8th cousin 14x removed) was her lawful successor.[146][31]
March 1559: the English parliament repeals the statutes passed in the
former reign in favour of the Catholic faith^ and re-establishes the reformed religion. [32]
March 15, 1560: Discovery of the conspiracy of Amboise, upset by the energy of the Duke of Guise. [33]
March 1561: Mary Queen of Scots went to Joinville, and there found
the Duke of Guise, who had retired thither. From thence she went to Nancy, to see the Duke of Lorraine. [34]
March 1561: Mary of Guise’ body was wrapped in lead and kept in Edinburgh castle for several months. In March 1561 it was secretly carried from the castle at midnight and shipped to France.[35]
March 1563:– Foxes ‘Actes and Monuments’ is first published in English (also known as the Book of Martyrs) which highlights Marys religious persecutions. [36]
March 1564. — In March, Randolph, ambassador from Elizabeth, urges Mary to give her hand to Lord Robert Dudley, afterwards created Earl of Leicester. [37]
March 1566: Darnley had entered into a secret conspiracy with Protestant lords, including the nobles who had rebelled against Mary in the Chaseabout Raid.[100][38]
March 1567: John Stewart, Lord Darnley and Prior of Coldingham, (c. 1531 – November 1563), son of Elizabeth Carmichael (1514-1550) who later married John Somerville of Cambusnethan.[61] He married Jean (or Jane) Hepburn, sister and heiress of James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, their son Francis Stewart became Earl of Bothwell and a daughter Christine Stewart was appointed to rock the cradle of Prince James in March 1567.[39]
March 1571: To Monsieur de La Mothe Fenelon. [40]
Without date [March 1571.]
Still I should think it the more strange, if it were true that Monsieur f[41] had revealed the proposal. It appears to me that the Queen of England would think, if such information had come to her from a quarter like that, that I might well despair of all assistance and favour from
the king and him ; I shall never believe it. I beg you will tell them this, so that they may be pleased to make such a declaration as the cause demands, since the Queen of England has so far told you of it. Besides, I am informed that the Earls of Leicester and Sussex and L.J[42] have instructed the mayor of Berwick to gain over Grange, the governor of Edinburgh Castle; and that a gentleman of the name of Harrington, who by order of the said Queen has been with Lennox, has made several overtures to him, among others that he should consent to the Earl of Sussex being Regent of Scotland. The Bishop of Ross, to whom I send the same * [43] ciphers which I have received, will communicate the other
particulars to you. You can consider what to say, and if there is deceit in the fine words which they have given us. It is said that upon the refusal of Grange, Lennox is confident of having troops from England, and is to attempt a certain design that he has in hand against the said Castle. The Earl of Morton expects to return as Regent to Scotland, and, in that event, has been promised the support of my adherents. I make no doubt that the said Morton is a sworn Englishman, and that the Queen of England, failing to establish there Sussex or any other of her own people, will depend upon Morton as a native Englishman entirely at her command. She has managed so well for herself by sending her deputies to me, as to have made it appear that she was willing to agree to a treaty, and restore me to my kingdom; that the dread of this is the reason why the said Morton, Marr, who has the care of my son, and others who feel themselves to be the most ungrateful, and to have most highly offended me, seek [to oppose it. I pray you] to mention all this to the King, that he may be pleased with all speed to supply Edinburgh Castle with money, ammunition, and provisions. For upon that presently depends the preservation or the loss of my kingdom. My Lord Fleming writes to me that Thomas Fleming has very ill discharged his duty in remitting to him at Dunbarton what he has received in France. I beg you will mention this in the proper quarter, that he may be called before the Council to give an account of it. [44]
March 1571: Instructions given by the Duke of Norfolk to Robert RiDOLFI, SENT TO THE PoPE, THE KiNG OF SpAIN, AND THE Duke of Alva. [45]
Without date. [March, 1571].
From the confidence which the Queen of Scotland and I, together with the other noblemen of this kingdom, our friends, have in you, we are unanimously resolved to commit to your diligence and integrity, the negotiation of a matter most important not only for our own individual safety, but for the majority of the people of these two kingdoms, and after them, all Christendom in general ; and for that purpose have determined to dispatch you with all possible speed to Rome, to our
Holy Father, and from thence to Spain, to the Catholic king, in order that you may declare to each of these princes the unhappy state of this island, and our own disposition, (as here more at length we orally signified to you), and the sure methods that there are of securing us from misery, and all Christendom from the many troubles that might follow ; and notwithstanding the Queen of Scotland has given you
particular instructions what to propose on her part, I shall, for my own interest, and in name of the majority of the peers of this kingdom, (of whom, with this, you have the individual names), forthwith unfold to you our plans ; beseeching God to guide and bring you back in good health and happy speed.
Particularly you shall acquaint both His Holiness and the Catholic King with the miserable state of this island, and the prospect that there is of it growing still worse, unless by the mercy of God there comes speedy relief, by putting it in the hearts of His Holiness and the Catholic King to deign to recrard the afflictions and cruelties which are exercised against the Queen of Scotland, and me, and in general, the whole Catholics of this kingdom, and to assist them in the just undertaking which they say they are able securely to execute whenever they shall be ready to grant them such assistance as they require to promote the title which pertains to the Queen of Scotland, with the re-establishment of the Catholic religion, and to put down those of the opposite faction, such as the Earls of Hertford and Huntingdon, and others, who, under various and empty pretentions, aspire to the succession of this crown, and in consequence of being Huguenots, are the favourites of the majority professing that religion ; but if either of them were to succeed to the same crown, the other could only hope for a continuance and increase of the miseries already inflicted not only on this island, but in all Christendom ; as by the designs of the said Huguenots are daily spread over the whole world. Also, you shall inform His Holiness and the Catholic king of the good and ready disposition of the Catholics of this kingdom, who are the most numerous and influential, and of the opportunity that presents itself to them of restoring all this island to the Catholic faith, and of embracing and
advancing the just title of the Queen of Scotland, by means of which many of the same Protestants, who for various reasons are inimical to the said Hertford and Huntingdon, will assist, although Huguenots, the question of the succession rather than that of religion inducing: them thereto. And whereas His Holiness and the Catholic king may have some doubts of me, from my not being declared, nay, rather from having
feigned myself a Protestant, you will explain that it was not from evil inclination that I have been adverse to the Holy See, but that I might be able when time and opportunity presented, as at this time there is, to do such important service to this island and Christendom generally, that the effect should be evident, if I were granted such assistance, as at present is desired, and of this I might have hitherto assured His Holiness and the Catholic king, that I did not so much seek to advance myself by marrying the Queen of Scotland, as to unite this whole island under a true prince, and réassume the ancient laws, and the true Christian and Catholic religion ; and because many of the Protestant
faction follow me, and are favourable to promoting the said title of the Queen of Scotland, His Holiness and the Catholic king need not wonder if I delay to declare myself to any one. Therefore kiss the feet of His Holiness in my name, and, thereafter, on behalf of all the Catholic nobility, and who will expose themselves in this undertaking, and then I bind myself always to observe whatever His Holiness, and the
Catholic king, and the Queen of Scotland shall command in this matter, and from the many Catholics of this kingdom His Holiness can ascertain how much I have ever been their defender, and that these my servants, and my more intimate and familiar friends, and the teachers of my children, are all Catholics, and for this reason are content to expose their lives and all my power, together with the other friends ; beseeching moreover His Holiness, that upon this my word, he will
dispose the Catholic king to concur in this undertaking, and command a person expressly, or give you letters of qualification, that may seek for such a work, to the end, that if through some other design of His Majesty he should wish to confer upon this point, and in order to delay, should reply that he required me in the first instance to declare myself entirely. His Holiness may certify him that he may rest
satisfied for the reasons alleged, and that in due time I shall not only not be adverse, but shall not fail to expose myself, with the rest, to every danger to promote the said Catholic religion and just claim of the Queen of Scotland, contenting him at present for the above reasons which I only by your medium declare myself to His Holiness and His Majesty to do hereafter more openly when the time arrives, and in so far it is necessary, in order that the enterprise should be
completed, it should be known to no others for the reasons aforesaid.
Thereafter you shall declare to the Catholic king the desire which I have in the first place to testify fully to His Majesty, how sincerely I have recourse with these other noblemen to him, and, in particular, through the great affection which I have always borne to him for the services which I have at other times received from him, and through
his grace and favour having been restored to such honours and wealth, as are sufficiently known,*[46] for which I shall ever be grateful, and although to His Majesty it may, perhaps, seem that sometimes for this cause of the Queen of Scotland, or on other occasions I have been inclined to the part of France, I desire that he may rest assured, as you can make him so, that I have never had reliance on that side, but that my inclination has ever naturally been towards the service of
His Majesty, as I trust in God, when opportunities offer, he will ascertain more correctly; and, therefore, I have recourse to him as my chief refuge, beseeching His Majesty to assist me in this undertaking to promote the claim of the Queen of Scotland, and of the Catholic religion, as so fine an opportunity offers for healing the wounds, not only of this island, but, perhaps, of a great portion of Christendom, as said is, during the pernicious practices and designs which are
here made by those around the Queen of England, both to appoint a royal successor to their mind in this island, and to promote the religion of the Huguenots, not only here but in all the dominions of His Majesty, and in Germany, and in France, which, if a speedy remedy is not applied, may produce no little destruction and inconvenience to the said dominions of His Majesty, especially if they are permitted
to follow out the design of the Queen of England, and her abettors, and
conclude a marriage with the Duke of Anjou, and unite this crown with that of France, which, if it pleases His Majesty to lend assistance, 1, with the other friends of this kingdom, offer to oppose, and by force prevent its having success, as already I have endeavoured to do by
diplomacy.
Also show to His Majesty the confidence with which I,together with the most part of the nobility of this kingdom, have recourse to him for assistance, which, through his means, I will thankfully receive; that His Majesty may approve what I have hitherto endured, not only for my own satisfaction, but that of the majority of the kingdom, towards
concluding the marriage with the Queen of Scotland, promising to His Majesty, that he shall have from me, with consent of our principal nobility, such settlement of a confederacy and league, as has ever been had with this crown of England and his dominions, and, moreover, all that can be conveniently granted to him ; and to secure it, moreover, that compensation and restitution shall be made to him for all offences, depredations, and arrests, since the time they happened, and according to whatever has been my intention, and that of the other noblemen of this kingdom, and as in effect until this moment would have been followed, if I had not been hindered by my dread, and that of the Queen of Scotland, so that His Majesty may assure himself of having
every reasonable satisfaction.
To promote the said enterprise, many of the nobility and the people volunteer to take arms under my guidance, and to risk all danger of war for obtaining the restitution of the Catholic religion and the Queen of Scotland ; and although I may promise myself enough of friends, not without considering that our forces are divided into separate bands, and that they need many things necessary for such an enterprise, — the readiness of the men themselves not being sufficient, — we have recourse to His Majesty, that with his usual kindness he may condescend to assist us quickly, as well with money as with such a number of men, arms and ammunition, as he may afterwards be told, and chiefly with a person skilful in conducting an army, to whom shall be so secured the descent upon this island, with a place for fortifying himself on the
seacoast for the retreat of his people, and for the preservation
of his ammunition and artillery, and the assistance of twenty thousand infantry and three thousand cavalry, besides those who afterwards takino; the field will declare themselves of our band, which will be a large number, holding already the word ; and the most convenient and secure place for landing may be deemed the port of Harwich in orfolk,*[47] where I, with many of the resident nobility of this band, will suddenly
appear in person with the said succours ; and if hereafter it should appear that the said descent would be more expeditious in Sussex, at Portsmouth, I shall be ready to assist at it with the like forces at the same place, not doubting but that I shall have so many and such people as shall be able to resist for some time all the troops of the Queen of England, the enterprise being secure by sea. Entreat His Holiness and His Majesty, in my name and that of all the rest, that
the assistance shall consist of six thousand musketeers, and four thousand muskets for arming our men like them, and two thousand corslets, and twenty-five fieldpieces of artillery, and such quantity of ammunition as for the said artillery and muskets may be requisite ; and it will also be necessary to send three thousand horses across the sea, if it can be done without disclosing the enterprise, as these will be sufficient, if ready to be sent after the six thousand musketeers have passed into England, to make certain of securing the country ; aud
moreover money is required for levying some people, and paying those who may come to our assistance : which arms, ammunition and money, should the enterprise by the aid of God and His Majesty be successful, — as I hope and feel certain that it will, — I shall be content, and I promise, with the Queen of Scotland and the other noblemen, to restore and to repay the money, and remain for ever obliged to His Holiness
and His Most Christian Majesty.
You can also mention that, for the greater security of the enterprise, I, together with the other friends, am of opinion that when the assistance can be increased to the number of ten thousand men in all, six thousand should be made to land in England, two thousand in Ireland, and other two thousand in Scotland, where it shall be appointed who shall assist them, and give them a place of retreat secure in any event ; and this expedient appears very safe, by reason that the Queen of England will require to divide the forces into several companies, in which she will be unable to send so many as were
intended, as was said, so that the strength of those present will not be always superior to ours. Also, declare the hope that the Queen of England, although she daily ajjpears willing to treat by agreement to restore the Queen of Scotland, yet considering the behaviour held to this hour, and the proceeding to which it has given rise, there is
no expectation that she will otherwise restore her, and especially since she is embarked in this new project of marrying the Duke of Anjou, which, if permitted to take place, will be very injurious, not so much for this kingdom, as perchance for all the rest of Christendom, considering how such a plan is conducted, and from the beginning has been the motive of the Protestants even of France, and not without a deep design. Therefore, although the Queen of Scots were restored in Scotland, we are resolved by every means to promote the cause of her claim and the Catholic religion in this kingdom, and for so much in every way will the assistance be necessary ; and if by means of the war w4th the Turk, or other impediments, it should not become convenient for His Holiness and His Majesty so readily to provide assistance,
but that it should be deferred for some short time, it being possible again to attempt the design ; and if still to give more favour to the cause, it should be thought a good expedient by His Holiness and the Catholic King, that I with the other principal people of this kingdom should retire to Flanders or Spain, to await a fitting time, and in the meanwhile with my party, and the favour of the many noblemen and people who may adhere to me, should keep the Queen of England engaged and in fear, I would be willing to go to His Majesty's dominions, or wherever he might command me at all times, if, in a word, His Holiness and His Majesty would provide for the stoppage of my means and of my friends ; and this I design until the Queen of Scotland, as said is, is restored to libert}^ to Scotland ; because if she shall not be set at liberty,
and if she shall remain in her present state of misery, it is
not agreeable that I should leave this so as to desert the said
Queen of Scotland, but I with the trooj)s of my friends shall say to His Holiness and His Majesty that I am resolved to try the chance of one battle, and endeavour to extricate her by force, and make myself master for some time of the person of the Queen of England, to assure myself of that of the Queen of Scots, which, if it shall please God to grant me the grace, will produce great good to all Christendom, should His Holiness and His Majesty not consider the inconveniences that must follow, resting upon the Queen of England and hex present councillors and their pernicious designs, from which the dominions of His Majesty can never be secure, but always, by reason of the plots which they are hatching, it will be necessary to keep a strong army in Flanders, if they wish that that country shall not again be subjected to the
bribery of the Queen of England ; and should it revolt, if my enterprise is favoured and attended with good success, as there is strong reason to hope it will, with the arrangements aforesaid. His Majesty may stand quite secure from every insurrection that might be raised in his said dominions ; and when there should be need, I pledge myself and all the nobility to his every will, as with all aifection we here offer to him.
And, therefore, notify to His Holiness and the Catholic King, that it appears to us that the enterprise ought to be put in execution as early as possible before the summer passes, and that our design should in no manner be discovered b}^ the French, or the Queen of England ; which French, assure the said princes upon our word, neither know, nor
shall know any thing of this undertaking ; and that by rupturing the marriage of the Duke of Anjou, nothing is more certain than to execute this enterprise, for which I and all the friends are always prepared, whenever His Holiness and His Majesty command ; and, therefore, intreat them on behalf of us all, that they may be pleased with more diligence and secrecy to apply themselves to expedite you hither with the
resolution to which they shall come, because the whole enterprise will be guided by this, whilst quite secret until your return, or that by letter you will inform me of the will of His Holiness and His Majesty ; wherefore, I desire that you will hasten your journey as far as possible, so as not to lose the opportunity of the season.
I give you letters of credit in my name, and in that of all the friends of His Holiness, and the Catholic King, and the Duke of Alva, which, if with the Bishop of Koss, you consider them likely to bring any danger to us or you, either in this country or abroad, by the vigilance which is felt and employed, and by the suspicions which surround us, I am
willing you should leave here in the hands of the Spanish ambassador, requesting him, on my part, that if I shall require to write to them again, he will be content to give you a copy of them for each of the said princes in his most secret cipher, and write to each that he retains the originals in his own possession, and the reason why you do not venture to carry them with you, as with such letters from the ambassador, it will be the same as if you carried with you our originals ;*[48] and if in the meanwhile I shall endeavour to speak in safety personally to the ambassador himself, and to confirm him how much is contained in this instruction, I will inform him if I do not them by my letter, that so much more ardently he may write to His Majesty, to whom, with all due reverence.
You will kiss hands in my name, showing to him as much as possible, the desire which I have to serve him, and maintain myself in his good favours : and in going before the Duke of Alva, you will commend me to him, offering me to him in all that may be agreeable to him, and confer with him upon this enterprise so far as shall appear to you necessary, and according as you may find him well disposed to favour this our just
enterprise, and to give you his letters of recommendation to His Holiness and His Majesty, and in whatever way he may determine, he will, as a prince of honour, endeavour that this design may remain very secret, and that we may as soon as possible learn the intentions of the king, his master, to each of whom through which it may happen, and so to His Holiness you will leave the copy of the cipher that is given to
him, because they may be able, in your absence, to communicate it to each other whatever may occur ; and after that the enterprise shall be executed, I shall not fail publicly to discharge with persons of distinction the debt which I owe to His Holiness, and the Catholic King. Also, because the King of Portugal is still much offended
with the Queen of England, and I think that as a very Catholic prince, he will not hesitate to favour this enterprise, as he has here no ambassador to make him acquainted with our wishes, and give you letters of credence ; request His Holiness and His Catholic Majesty, if they shall think it opportune, to give you their letters of credit and recommendation, because after they shall be sent from the Catholic
King, and have informed us by an express courier, of their decision, you may, likewise, the journey to the said King of Portugal being very near, be sent in our name to His Majesty, acquainting him of our wishes, and promising him, in our name, that if he pleases to assist us along with His Holiness and the Catholic King, he shall have every restitution and satisfaction suitable for the dissensions and disputes which have happened any time heretofore without our good will ;
and much by means of such a prince will be aided the support which I desire of two thousand men in Ireland, because by a stratagem, without being suspected, he could cause them to embark from liîs dominions, and land them in Ireland without any one knowing any thing about it, and by this means he would very much weaken the forces of the Queen of England, and, therefore, with more security the rest of the enterprise
could be executed in the manner designed. Therefore, consult with His Holiness and the Catholic King, resolving in this point, which shall by them be considered fit and expedient.
List*[49] of the names of the principal English Noblemen, annexed to the instructions given by the duke of Norfolk to Ridolfi. [50][51]
Propitii, Hostes, Neutri,
p. Hé N.
p. Duke of Norfolk n. Earl of Rutland
p. Marquess of Winchester h. Earl of Huntingdon
N. Marquess of Northampton N.fEarl of Sussex
p. Earl of Arundell p. Earl of Cumberland
p. Earl of Oxford n. Earl of Bath
p. Earl of Northumberland n. Earl of Bedford
p. Earl of "Westmoreland p. Earl of Pembroke
p. Earl of Shrewsbury p. Earl of Southampton
p. Earl of Derby h. Earl of Hertford
p. Earl of Worcester N.jEarlof Leicester [52]
N.fEarl of Leicester n.
N.fEarl of Warwick p.
H. Viscount Ferrers of Hereford h.
p. Viscount Montagu p.
N. Viscount Bindon n.
p. Lord Howard p.
p. Lord Abergavenny p.
p. Lord Audley p.
N.fLord de la Zouche p.
p. Lord Morley n.
p. Lord Cobham p.
p. Lord Clinton n.
p.N.Lord Grey of Wilton p.
p. Lord Dudley n.
N. Lord Montjoy n.
p. Lord Ogle n.
p. Lord Latimer n.
p. Lord Scrope p.
p. Lord Monteagle p.
p. Lord Sandys p.
p. Lord Vaux p.
p. Lord Windsor H.
p. Lord Saint-John
Lord Saint- John of Bletshoe
Lord Burgh
Lord Wentworth
Lord Mordaunt
, Lord Lucy
Lord Paget
Lord Warthon
Lord Rich
Lord Stafford
Lord North
Lord Dacre
Lord Darcy of Chiche
Lord Darcy of Theworth
jLord Willougby
|Lord Chandos
jLord Buckhurst
Lord Hunsdon
Lord Hastings
Lord Berkeley
Lord Cromwell
Lord Lumley
Lord Burghlei. [53]
March 1572: Lord Seaton, ambassador from Mary to the Duke of Alva, on his voyage from Flanders to Scotland, was wrecked on the coast of Suffolk. He contrived to get ashore ; but all his papers were seized in the ship, which could not be got oif in time. In these were found fresh indications of the expedition projected against England,and of the sums of money, arms, and stores, with which the Duke of Alva had supplied Lord Seaton, for the service of the Scottish Queen. [54]
March 1576: Beginning of March 1576: The Duke d'Alençon goes to Vichy, to jom the Prince of Conde, who had come from Germany with his army.
In the early part of the same month, Don Lonis de Requescens, governor of the Low Countries, dies at Brussels. Philip II appointed Don John of Austria as his successor.
[55]
March 1584: - Sir Walter Raleigh sets sail for Virginia to establish a colony. [56]
March 1586: Cherelles, who was about to return to Paris by command of the King,f[57] went to spend some days at Chartney, on pretence of taking charge of Mary's letters for France. He took advantage of his stay with the Scottish queen to obtain more new ciphers, which he in like manner communicated to Walsingham. [58]
March 15, 1672: Charles II of England issues the Royal Declaration of Indulgence. This declaration was part of the jockeying for power between Roman Catholics, Anglicans and non-Anglican Protestants. Religious rights for Jews were not a part of this measure. Oliver Cromwell, the Protestant civil ruler who temporarily replaced the Stuarts allowed the Jews to re-enter England. Charles II continued his policy and actually expanded the rights and protection for the growing Jewish population. Charles II’s, his successor King James II and the last Catholic King of England further expanded the royal protection of the Jews. Both monarchs appreciated the financial support they received from Jewish bankers. By the time William and Mary had replaced James on the English throne, Jews were too well established in England to ever again be candidates for expulsion and exile.[59]
March 15, 1764: Thomas Smith will in WB B Pages 374-375, Fairfax Co., VA., dated March 15, 1764, proven July 17, 1764, devises all land to son William, except for the land involved in the suit against Fielding Lewis, which land (in Spotsylvania Co., VA) is to be sold by William and the proceeds then given to son William, and Thomas' daughters, Susannah and Mary. It also devises 7 slaves, Lucy, Frank, Sally, young Nell, Lawrence, Charity and Robin to daughter Mary Smith. These slaves are later in the possession of Simon Hancock as shown in The 'Index to The Tithables of Loudoun County, Virginia and to Slaveholders and Slaves (1758-1786),' which lists the following slaves owned by Simon Hancock: Fan, Frank, Lawrence (Lall), Lucy, Robin (Bob), and Sarah (Sall). Frank, possibly Lall, Lucy, and Sall were still owned in said last tax year. Frank (a female) was sold to John Butcher by Deed from Simon and Mary in 1789, DB R P 237-238, Loudoun Co., VA., witnessed by Mary's brother, William Smith; and are likely the same people named in the Deed from Simon, dated 1806, DB 2 P 403, Henry Co., KY., which conveys slaves to his children. Said deed names 'negro slaves, Milly, Davy, Abraham, Grace, Lucy, Sall, Lett (illegible, also possibly Lell or Lall???), and Washington.
In Mason DB J P 43 dated April 16, 1806, William Hancock released his interest as to any possible claims he may have related to a suit brought by Thomas Smith, deceased, against Fielding Lewis. The document also refers to the land in Spotsylvania Co., VA which was to be divided among William, Susannah and Mary Smith; and also refers to "Mary Hancock who was Mary Smith," and to Deed of gift from Simon Hancock to Samuel Hancock, William Hancock, Elizabeth Samuel, and Susannah Hancock. [Note: (Col) Fielding Lewis was the husband of Betty Washington, George's sister: see http://www.kenmore.org/kenmore.html].[60]
March 15, 1767: Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) Seventh President of the United States. b. March 15, 1767 in Washaw settlement between North and South Carolina. He was admitted to the bar in Salisbury, N.C. in 1787, and, the following year, migrated westward to Nashville, Tenn. Here he became a U.S. congressman (1796-97); U.S. senator (1797-98); judge of the Tenn. Supreme Court (1798-1804); and major general of Tennessee militia (1802). He defeated the Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814, and was made major general of U.S. Army and assigned to defend New Orleans in the War of 1812. His defense of that city made him a national hero. He added to his fame by operations against the Seminole Indians in 1818, and involved the federal government by pursuing Indians into Spanish territory, and hanging two English troublemakers. He was governor of the Florida Territory in 1821, and again U.S. senator in 1823-25. His first presidential race in 1824 was unsuccessful, but he was elected in 1828, and reelected in 1832. Under his administration the spoils system was introduced, the national debt paid off, the United States Bank overthrown, and the Peggy O'Neale scandal broke up his cabinet. There is doubt as to when and where he received his degrees. An article in The Builder in 1925 states: "The claim of Greeneville Lodge No. 3 of Tenn. (formerly No. 43 of N.C.) seems to be the most weighty. An original transcript shows that he (Jackson) was a member at that time. [61]
March 15, 1767: Andrew Jackson was born to Presbyterian Scots-Irish immigrants, Andrew and Elizabeth Jackson in Waxhaw, North Carolina or Cureton’s Pond, South Carolina[62] on March 15, 1767, just weeks after his father's death on March 1, 1767. Both North Carolina and South Carolina have claimed Jackson as a "native son," because the community straddled the state line. Both of Jackson's parents were born in Ireland.[63]
Andrew Jackson's Early Life
Andrew Jackson was born on March 15, 1767, in the Waxhaws region on the border of North and South Carolina. The exact location of his birth is uncertain, and both states have claimed him as a native son; Jackson himself maintained he was from South Carolina. The son of Irish immigrants, Jackson received little formal schooling. The British invaded the Carolinas in 1780-1781, and Jackson's mother and two brothers died during the conflict, leaving him with a lifelong hostility toward Great Britain.
Jackson read law in his late teens and earned admission to the North Carolina bar in 1787. He soon moved west of the Appalachians to the region that would soon become the state of Tennessee, and began working as a prosecuting attorney in the settlement that became Nashville. He later set up his own private practice and met and married Rachel (Donelson) Robards, the daughter of a local colonel. Jackson grew prosperous enough to build a mansion, the Hermitage, near Nashville, and to buy slaves. In 1796, Jackson joined a convention charged with drafting the new Tennessee state constitution and became the first man to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee. Though he declined to seek reelection and returned home in March 1797, he was almost immediately elected to the U.S. Senate. Jackson resigned a year later and was elected judge of Tennessee's superior court. He was later chosen to head the state militia, a position he held when war broke out with Great Britain in 1812.
Andrew Jackson's Military Career
Andrew Jackson, who served as a major general in the War of 1812, commanded U.S. forces in a five-month campaign against the Creek Indians, allies of the British. After that campaign ended in a decisive American victory in the Battle of Tohopeka (or Horseshoe Bend) in Alabama in mid-1814, Jackson led American forces to victory over the British in the Battle of New Orleans (January 1815). The win, which occurred after the War of 1812 officially ended but before news of the Treaty of Ghent had reached Washington, elevated Jackson to the status of national war hero. In 1817, acting as commander of the army's southern district, Jackson ordered an invasion of Florida. After his forces captured Spanish posts at St. Mark's and Pensacola, he claimed the surrounding land for the United States. The Spanish government vehemently protested, and Jackson's actions sparked a heated debate in Washington. Though many argued for Jackson's censure, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams defended the general's actions, and in the end they helped speed the American acquisition of Florida in 1821.
Jackson's popularity led to suggestions that he run for president. At first he professed no interest in the office, but by 1824 his boosters had rallied enough support to get him a nomination as well as a seat in the U.S. Senate. In a five-way race, Jackson won the popular vote, but for the first time in history no candidate received a majority of electoral votes. The House of Representatives was charged with deciding between the three leading candidates: Jackson, Adams and Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford. Critically ill after a stroke, Crawford was essentially out, and Speaker of the House Henry Clay (who had finished fourth) threw his support behind Adams, who later made Clay his secretary of state. Jackson's supporters raged against what they called the "corrupt bargain" between Clay and Adams, and Jackson himself resigned from the Senate.
Andrew Jackson In the White House
Andrew Jackson won redemption four years later in an election that was characterized to an unusual degree by negative personal attacks. Jackson and his wife were accused of adultery on the basis that Rachel had not been legally divorced from her first husband when she married Jackson. Shortly after his victory in 1828, the shy and pious Rachel died at the Hermitage; Jackson apparently believed the negative attacks had hastened her death. The Jacksons did not have any children but were close to their nephews and nieces, and one niece, Emily Donelson, would serve as Jackson's hostess in the White House.
Jackson was the nation's first frontier president, and his election marked a turning point in American politics, as the center of political power shifted from East to West. "Old Hickory" was an undoubtedly strong personality, and his supporters and opponents would shape themselves into two emerging political parties: The pro-Jacksonites became the Democrats (formally Democrat-Republicans) and the anti-Jacksonites (led by Clay and Daniel Webster) were known as the Whig Party. Jackson made it clear that he was the absolute ruler of his administration's policy, and he did not defer to Congress or hesitate to use his presidential veto power. For their part, the Whigs claimed to be defending popular liberties against the autocratic Jackson, who was referred to in negative cartoons as "King Andrew I."
Bank of the United States and Crisis in South Carolina
A major battle between the two emerging political parties involved the Bank of the United States, the charter of which was due to expire in 1832. Andrew Jackson and his supporters opposed the bank, seeing it as a privileged institution and the enemy of the common people; meanwhile, Clay and Webster led the argument in Congress for its recharter. In July, Jackson vetoed the recharter, charging that the bank constituted the "prostration of our Government to the advancement of the few at the expense of the many." Despite the controversial veto, Jackson won reelection easily over Clay, with more than 56 percent of the popular vote and five times more electoral votes.
Though in principle Jackson supported states' rights, he confronted the issue head-on in his battle against the South Carolina legislature, led by the formidable Senator John C. Calhoun. In 1832, South Carolina adopted a resolution declaring federal tariffs passed in 1828 and 1832 null and void and prohibiting their enforcement within state boundaries. While urging Congress to lower the high tariffs, Jackson sought and obtained the authority to order federal armed forces to South Carolina to enforce federal laws. Violence seemed imminent, but South Carolina backed down, and Jackson earned credit for preserving the Union in its greatest moment of crisis to that date.
Andrew Jackson's Legacy
In contrast to his strong stand against South Carolina, Andrew Jackson took no action after Georgia claimed millions of acres of land that had been guaranteed to the Cherokee Indians under federal law, and he declined to enforce a U.S. Supreme Court ruling that Georgia had no authority over Native American tribal lands. In 1835, the Cherokees signed a treaty giving up their land in exchange for territory west of Arkansas, where in 1838 some 15,000 would head on foot along the so-called Trail of Tears. The relocation resulted in the deaths of thousands.
In the 1836 election, Jackson's chosen successor Martin Van Buren defeated Whig candidate William Henry Harrison, and Old Hickory left the White House even more popular than when he had entered it. Jackson's success seemed to have vindicated the still-new democratic experiment, and his supporters had built a well-organized Democratic Party that would become a formidable force in American politics. After leaving office, Jackson retired to the Hermitage, where he died in June 1845.[64]
March 15, 1772: No. 12.—CRAWFORD TO WASHINGTON
STEWART’S CROSSING, March 15, 1772.
SIR:—I received yours of the 6th of December. I should have had your land run out at the Great Meadows, but Mr. McLain is not come up from his father’s as yet, but is to be up in a few days, and I will have it done and send you a draft of the whole by the first opportunity. I would have had it done as soon as I came up, but he could not do it before he went to . As to Croghan’s claim to the land near Fort Pitt : he claims and is selling any land that any person will buy of him inside or outside of his line, and offers his bond to make a title for it and have no money till then, at ten pounds sterling per hundred acres. He has his surveyors running out land now constantly; and he has taken and run out land for himself ten miles clear of his line.
I saw his order to his surveyors, and they were to run out thirty thousand acres of land——one thousand in a tract and if the people will not purchase of him upon those terms, he will let them go to the first that will. People do not know what to do. Some, in order to prevent disputes, enter the lands with him; and then they have six pounds per tract to pay his surveyor, which occasions much trouble. When it will end I do not know.
There is no certainty yet of the charter government taking place as was proposed when you were at Fort Pitt, or Colonel Croghan’s grant being confirmed. Some dispute its being ever confirmed. I hear no talk of the traders having apy land on the Ohio. There is some talk of a government to be on the Ohio, at the mouth.
I shall do my endeavors to keep your land I took up for you; but I am afraid I shall be hard put to it. I have, however, built four good cabins on it, and cleared about an acre at each, fit for the plow, which I think will hold it till there is some way of securing it.
I have seen McMahon’s land he had to sell, but it was not such as it was recommended to me; and, besides, there is a dispute about part of it. A man has built a cabin on the best of it; but, if it had not been so, it would not have suited you: it is too hilly and not rich. There will not be a possibility of taking up such a quantity as you want near Fort Pitt, as there are such numbers of people out now looking for land, and one taking another’s land from him. As soon as a man’s back is turned another is on his land. The man that is strong and able to make others afraid of him seems to have the best chance as times go now. Probably I may fall in with such a body of land On some of the small creeks down the Ohio; if so, I will take it for you, and as soon as I can I will send you a draft and description of the place. I am, etc.[65]
1772 PLAN OF FORT PITT OR PITTSBOURG, from Mante’s History of the Late War, London 1772, reproduced in Winsor which is the image shown here; also reproduced in Egle. [66] [67]
March 15, 1777 Strength Estimates of American Forces : 3,870 effectives[68]
March 15, 1781: The British led by General Cornwallis defeat the Americans at the Battle of Guilford Courtr House, North Carolina.[69]
Turning Point at Guilford
Turning Point at Guilford
Guilford Courthouse, Greensboro, North Carolina
March 15, 1781
Counterattack of the American third line, Battle of Guilford Courthouse.
[70]
March 15, 1781:
General Lafayette
TO GENERAL WASHINGTON.
(ORIGINAL.)
York, March 15th, 1781.
My Dear General,--The number of small frigates and privateers that are
in the bay, made it impossible for me to carry the detachment farther
down than Annapolis, and I have requested the Governor of Maryland as
well as the principal officers of the detachment, to give out that we
are going to join General Greene; but the object of the expedition is
so perfectly well known every where, that our sole dependence to keep
Arnold must be upon the apprehension he has of a French fleet being
cruizing off the capes.
For my part, I came in a barge from Annapolis, and very luckily escaped
the dangers that were in the way. Colonel Harrison will have given to
your Excellency a minute detail of the reasons which have prompted me
to this measure. I have taken his advice on the matter, and have no
doubt but that your Excellency (considering the probability that no
frigate would have been sent) will approve of the step I have taken to
forward as much as possible both the advantage of the expedition and
the honor of the American arms.
On my arrival, (yesterday afternoon) I have found that Baron de Stuben
had been very active in making preparations, and agreeable to what he
tells me, we shall have five thousand militia ready to operate. This,
with the Continental detachment, is equal to the business, and we might
very well do without any land force from Newport.
By papers found in the baggage of a British officer, (taken in a boat)
it seems that General Gregory had a correspondence with the enemy. The
Baron has suspended him, but he is still with the troops.
Arnold is so well acquainted with the coming of the detachment, and his
object is so well known, that, as I said before, our only chance to
keep him must be the idea of a French fleet being off the capes; he is
fortifying at Portsmouth, and trying to get provisions. There has been
some trifling skirmishes with the militia.
To my great disappointment the French fleet have not yet appeared. If
the project has not been given up they must be expected every minute;
they had double the time which they wanted, and such winds as ought
have brought them in four days.
I wanted to hold up the idea of my going to the Southward; but the
Baron says that if the detachment is not announced, the militia will
desert. He wanted me to take the command immediately, but I thought it
more polite not to do it until the detachment arrives or operations are
begun.
In your first letter to the Baron, I wish my dear General, you will
write to him that I have been much satisfied with his preparations. I
want to please him, and harmony shall be my first object. As in all
cases, (even this of my going to the Southward and coming here to make
arrangements with the Baron) I would reconnoitre the enemies; I will
take an opportunity of doing it as soon as possible. They have not as
yet been reconnoitred by the Baron, and I think it therefore more
necessary for me to see with my own eyes.
As I have just arrived, my dear General, I cannot give you a very exact
account of matters.
This letter I send by duplicate, and have the honor to be with the
highest respect and most tender affection, yours, &c.[71]
March 15, 1781:[Letter Book of Thomas Jefferson, 1781, p. 10, Va. State Archives To COLO GEORGE ROGERS CLARKE,
….At Pittsburg we depend on orders to be given by you for the removal of Men and Stores to the Falls of Ohio by the 15 of March.(March 15)
The County Lieutenants of Fayette, Lincoln and Jefferson are ordered to rendezvous at the Falls of Ohio by the 15 March (March 15) 500 of their Militia, to be furnished between those Counties in proportion to their numbers, & to have ready at the same place and by the same day 50 Canoes each: Money is sent to pay for these. In those Counties you inform us you expect 100000 rations will be provided for you, you will of course order them to the falls of Ohio.
All the preceeding orders (except as to the numbers of Men from each County) are submitted to any alterations you may think necessary, and you are authorized to supply any deficiencies in them. The Staff Officers are submitted absolutely to you, and on removal of any of them by you or their death, resignation or declining to act you are to appoint others. The County Lieutenants are desired to keep up a constant correspondence with you, & the Staff Officers to inform you from time to time of their progress and to receive your orders. Thus you will perceive that we expect all to be in readiness at the Falls of Ohio by the 15 of March. (March 15)
What number of Men and whether of Regulars or Militia you shall leave to garrison the Posts at the falls & Mouth of the Ohio, is left to yourself. As the latter however is exposed to attack from an Enemy against whom this expedition will be no diversion of force, and as it is distant from succour, it is recommended to you to leave it surely garrisoned, and to take measures for its being supported from the Spanish side of the Missisipi should it be necessary.
You will then with such part of your force as you shall not leave in garrison proceed down the Ohio and up the Wabache or along such other route as you shall think best against Detroit. By the construction of a fort or forts for retreat at such place or places as you shall think best, and by such other cautions as you find necessary, you will provide for the ultimate safety of your men in case of a repulse. Should you succeed in the reduction of fort Detroit, and a hopeful prospect open to you of acquiring possession of Lake Erie, or should such prospect open during the investiture of the fort you are to pursue it. As soon as you shall have accomplished both Objects of the fort and Lake, or shall have accomplished the one and find the other impracticable; or as soon • as you shall find that neither is practicable you are to consider your expedition as ended, and to withdraw your whole force if you attain neither Object, or, if you acquire one or both of them, to retain for a Garrison at Detroit so many of the Illinois & Crochets battalions as you may think necessary and to send the rest back accross the Ohio; in the event indeed of declining to attempt the reduction of Detroit YOU are at liberty to consider whether some cnterprize against the hostile Nations of Indians may not he undertaken with your force, and if you think it can, and that it will be expedient for the public good and eligible on view of all circumstances you will undertake it and detain your force ‘till you shall have finished it. In every event, the Militia on their return are to be marched back to their
• Counties under their own Officers and there to be discharged.
Should you succeed in the reduction of the Post, you are to
• promise protection to the Persons and property of the French and American Inhabitants, or of such at least as shall not on tender refuse to take the Oath of fidelity to this Commonwealth. You are to permit them to continue under the laws and form of Goverment under which they at present live, only substituting the authority of this Commonwealth in all instances in lieu of that of his Britannic Majesty, and exercising yourself under that authority till further order those powers which the British Commandant of the post, or his Principal in Canada hath used regularly to exercise: To the Indian Neighbors you will hold out either fear or friendship as their disposition. and your actual situation may render most expedient.
Finally, our distance from the scene of action, the impossibility of foreseeing the many circumstances which may render proper a change of plan or direliction of object, and above all our full confidence in your bravery, discretion, and abilities induce us to submit the whole of our instructions to your own Judgment, to be altered or abandoned whenever any event shall turn up which may appear to you to render such alteration or abandonment necessary; remembering that we confide to you the persons of our Troops and Citizens which we think it a duty to risque as long as no longer than t.he object and prospect of attaining it may seem worthy of risque. If that Post be reduced we shall be quiet in future on our frontiers, and thereby immense Treasures of blood and Money be saved, we shall be at leisure to know our whole force to the rescue of our eastern Country from subjugation, we shall divert through our own Country a branch of commerce which the European States have thought worthy of the most important struggles and sacrifices, and in the event of peace on terms which have been contemplated by some powers we shall form to the American union a barrier against the dangerous extension of the British Province of Canada and add to the Empire of liberty an extensive and fertile Country, thereby converting dangerous Enemies into valuable Friends.
(Signed) T. J.[72]
Sunday, October 16, 2005March 15, 1788
The Horn Papers, Early Westward Movement on the Monongahela and Upper Ohio 1765-1795 by W.F. Horn Published for a Committee of the Greene County Historical Society, Waynesburg, Pennsylvania by the Hagstrom Company, New York, N.Y. 1945
Ref. 33.9 Conrad and Caty by Gary Goodlove 2003
March 15, 1810, John H. Taylor was born in Montgomery Co. OH (Father of Samuel H. Taylor who was married to Nancy Godlove).
March 15, 1823: Andrew Jackson declined formally the appointment as minister to Mexico. [73]
March 15, 1824: Andrew Jackson Hosted a birthday dinner in Washington. [74]
March 15, 1841: Harrison sent a number of nominations for office to the Senate for confirmation during his month in office. The new 27th Congress had convened an extraordinary session for the purpose of confirming Harrison's cabinet and other important nominees; since a number of them arrived after Congress' March 15 adjournment, however, John Tyler would ultimately be forced to renominate many of Harrison's selections.
Harrison took his pledge to reform executive appointments very seriously, visiting each of the six executive departments to observe its operations and issuing through Webster an order to all departments that electioneering by employees would henceforth be considered grounds for dismissal.[68] As he had with Clay, Harrison resisted pressure from other Whigs over partisan patronage.[75]
Tues. March 15[76], 1864
Laid in camp all day. The 19th army corps Passed on[77], passed lots of sugar and molasses
Had taffy. Stood gard at night.
William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary 24th Iowa Infantry[78]
March 15, 1867: Mrs. Godlove was born March 15, 1867, on a farm in southern Oregon.
Friday evening she attended the Medford high-Ashland high basketball game
at the high school and was in usual good health and spirits. She returned
to her home and there made plans for a social event to be held last
evening. When her husband, Sherman C. Godlove, veteran mail carrier, went
to call her Saturday morning she had passed away.
Mrs. Godlove is survived, besides her husband, by two daughters, Mrs. Etha
W. Wall of Medford and Mrs. Charles Harrison of Redmond, ore.; seven
grandchildren, and Wilbur Godlove, a nephew, Los Angeles, Cal.
Funeral arrangements are in charge of the Conger Funeral home, the time of
which awaits the arrival of relatives from out-of-town points.[79]
March 15, 1867: John Dedman Thomason (b. March 15, 1867).[80]
Marh 15, 1871: Leo Gottlieb, born March 15, 1871, Dr – November 15, 1943 Osvetim. OSVOBOZENI SE DOZILI.[81]
March 15, 1876:
Evelyn Mary Bowes-Lyon
1872
March 15, 1876
Not married
Died young
[82]
March 15, 1892: James Boyd Stephenson: Born on January 20, 1829 in Cross Creek, Pennsylvania. James Boyd died in Cross Creek, Pennsylvania on March 15, 1892; he was 63.[83]
March 15, 1939: German forces enter Prague; Aktion Gitter (Operation Bars) is launched in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, and Jews, German emigres, and Czech intellectuals are arrested.[84]
March 15, 1942: 1900 German Jews at Riga, Latvia are asked to volunteer for work at a fish canning factory. Its joke in reference to the “sardine packers”. The Jews are loaded into Arajs Commando trucks and taken to a nearby forest where they are shot. [85]
March 15, 1944: Soviet forces begin the liberation of Transistria, crossing the Bug River and readching the Dniester on March 20.[86]
March 15, 1944: in TG 36.1, USS Enterprise provided air cover and close support for the landings on Emirau Island.[87]
March 15, 1945: USS Enterprise Departing Ulithi on March 15, the carrier continued her night work in raids against Kyūshū, Honshū, and shipping in the Inland Sea of Japan.[88]
March 15, 1961 Cuba’s foreign minister tells the United Nations that the United
States is guilty of “illegal, perfidious and premeditated” aggressions. He accuses JFK by name of
encouraging “preparations for the invasion of Cuba,” an invasion, he says a few days later, that is
“imminent.” AQOC[89]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[2] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[3] mike@abcomputers.com
[4] mike@abcomputers.com
[5] http://penningtons.tripod.com/jeptha.htm
[6] Wikipedia
[7]
[8] Wikipedia
[9] Wikipedia
[10] Wikipedia
[11] Wikipedia
[12] Wikipedia
[13] Wikipedia
[14] Wikipedia
[15] Wikipedia
[16] Wikipedia
[17] Wikipedia
[18] Wikipedia
[19] Wikipedia
[20] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[21] wikipedia
[22] Wikipedia
[23] http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/katherineparr.htm
[24] Wikipedia
[25] http://www.tudor-history.com/about-tudors/tudor-timeline/
[26] Wikipedia
[27] Wikipedia
[28] Wikipedia
[29] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[30] http://www.tudor-history.com/about-tudors/tudor-timeline/
[31] Wikipedia
[32] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[33] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[34] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[35] Wikipedia
[36] http://www.tudor-history.com/about-tudors/tudor-timeline/
[37] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[38] Wikipedia
[39] Wikipedia
[40] [Original decipher. — State Paper Office, London, Mary Qmen of Scots, vol. viii.]
[41] I The Duke of Anjou.
[42] J Lord Burleigh.
[43] " A Defence of the Honour of Mary Queen of Scotland, with
a Declaration of her Right, Title, and Interest to the Crown of England," 1571, Liège, small 8vo.
[44] " A Defence of the Honour of Mary Queen of Scotland, with
a Declaration of her Right, Title, and Interest to the Crown of England," 1571, Liège, small 8vo.
[45] \Coiemporary deciplier, — Secret archives of the Vatican at Borne.]
[46] * In 1554, shortly after the marriage of Philip II with Queen
Mary of England.
[47] * On the Essex side.
[48] * The deciphers of these Instructions are contained, not only in
the archives of the Vatican, but in those of Simancas ; we must,
therefore, conclude that the originals were really deposited with the
Spanish ambassador at London, and that he apprised the parties
interested of the fact ; without that, the deciphered copies would
have had no weight with them, while we know by the correspon-
dence of the time that they were taken into great consideration by
Pope Pius V and Philip II. Further, it is certain that the Duke
of Alva, when he learned that the object of Ridolfi's mission was
discovered, wrote immediately to Don Gueraldo d'Espes to take
great care that the Instructions of Mary Stuart and the Duke of
Norfolk entrusted to him were not seized. (See " Memorias de
la Real Academia de la Historia," tom. vii. pp. 360-467.) Mary,
in her correspondences with the Dukes of Norfolk and Alva, often
alludes to these Instructions ; lastly, in the numerous interroga-
tories to which they were subjected in October 1571, the Bishop
of Ross and Barker entered at great length with regard to them.
Every thing, therefore, concurs to show that there is no room for
doubting the authenticity of these important documents. See also
Murdin, p. 25, and others.
[49] * Barker, the Duke of Norfolk's secretary, admitted, in his exa-
mination of the 1 9th and 22nd September 1571, that he had sent
to his master from Ridolfi a list of the names of the English lords,
and that afterwards he returned it to the latter by order of his
Grace. Barker even quoted from the memorandum some of the
names which it contained, and which are actually found in the
above list. See Murdin, pp. 99-103.
[50] \Cotewporary decipher, — Secret Archives of the Vatican at jRome.^
[51] f The letters p h. or n. before each name, are the initials of
the words propitii, hostes, and neutri, placed at the head of the list.
They serve to denote the disposition, more or less favourable, of
the peers, in respect to Mary and the Catholic cause. It appears
that the mark f expresses a doubt as to the neutrality indicated by
the letter n. The names before which it is found would seem to
warrant it.
[52] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[53] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[54] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[55] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[56] http://www.tudor-history.com/about-tudors/tudor-timeline/
[57] f In a letter of 21st March (March 21) 1586, the Archbishop of Glasgowwrites to Mary as follows: "It has been reported of him [Cherelles] to their Most Christian Majesties, that Walsingham had gained him over to the interests of the Queen of England, and given him a chain worth two hundred crowns, and on this account the said M. de Châteauneuf has been ordered to send him back in all haste hither." This letter is preserved in the State Paper Office at London, Mary Queen of ScoiSy vol. xvii.
[58] http://archive.org/stream/lettersofmarystu00mary/lettersofmarystu00mary_djvu.txt
[59] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[60] Proposed Descendants of William Smith
[61] http://www.ebay.com/itm/ANDREW-JACKSON-DOLLAR-COIN-WITH-MASONIC-STAMP-/151064439025?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item232c2468f1
[62] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[63] Andrew Jackson (Wikipedia)
Added by danlyntex on 16 Feb 2008
[64] http://www.history.com/topics/andrew-jackson
[65] The Washington-Crawford Letters, C. W. Butterfield, 1877
[66] The Late War is the French and Indian War which ended c1763. This is the form of the fort begun c1759 and the foundations and a surviving blockhouse can be seen today at Point State Park in Pittsburgh. Brown shows a sequence of plans dating from a manuscript sketch of Fort Duquesne in 1754 up to the 'Plan of the New Fort at Pittsburgh', November 1759, which is almost identical to this image. The history of the forts at Pittsburgh is complex. The first fort was a rudimentary one built by Virginians in 1754 and called Fort Prince George. It was destroyed the same year by the French who built Fort Duquesne (see 1761). On December 1, 1758, the ruins of Fort Duquesne were officially renamed and from then on the Forks of the Ohio was called Pittsburgh. A temporary fort was built c1758-59 near the Monongahela River to house troops under the command of Colonel Hugh Mercer, and was called Mercer's Fort, see Brown, No. 35. This was followed by Fort Pitt begun c1759, which took several years to build. It was abandoned by the British in 1772, taken over by Virginians in 1774 and renamed Fort Dunmore. It was again abandoned when the new Fort Fayette was constructed in 1791-92. This newer fort was used by General Anthony Wayne during the Indian wars in the Northwest Territory.
[67] http://www.mapsofpa.com/antiquemaps27.htm
[68] This is from a manuscript titled “Return of the American Forces in New Jersey, Return of Continental troops under the command of his Excellency General Washington at the different posts in the State of New Jersey.” The number of “rank and file fit for duty” was 2,543 men. Washington’s Crossing by David Hackett Fischer pg. 381
[69] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[70] http://www.militaryartprints.com/proddetail.asp?prod=Gallon%2D0006&cat=27
[71] Memoirs, Correspondence and Manuscripts of General Lafayette
Author: Lafayette
[72] Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library, Volume III, Virginia Series, Volume III George Rogers Clark Papers. 1771-1781. James Alton James, Editor. Pg. 485-490.
[73] The Papers of Andrew Jackson, Volume V, 1821-1824
[74] The Papers of Andrew Jackson, Volume V, 1821-1824
[75] Wikipedia
[76] Grant wrote to banks informing him that, whe rgarded “the successo of your present move as of great importance in reducing the number of troops necessary for protecting the navigation of the Mississippi he wanted him to “commence no move for the further acquisition of territory” beyond Shreveport, which, he emphasized, “should be taken as soon as possible,” so that, leaving Steele to hold what had been won, he himself could return with his command to New Orleans in time for the eastward movement Grand had in mind form him to undertake in conjunction with Sherman’s advance on Atlanta. Above all, Banks was told, if it appeared that Shreveport could not be taken before the end of April, he was to return Sherman’s 10,000 veterans by the middle of that month, “even if it leads to the abandonment of the main object of your expedition.”
The Civil War, Red River to Appomattox by Shelby Foote, 16.
[77] Almost a week was required for the roads to dry out sufficiently and it was March 15 when the column finally set out from the town of Franklin on the long march to the Red. (O. R., xxxxiv, Part ii, 426-427, 544-45; Com. Con. War, p. 28. Red River Campaign, by Ludwell H. Johnson p. 98.)
[78] Annotated by Jeffery Lee Goodlove
[79] http://files.usgwarchives.net/or/jackson/obits/g/godlove-laura-bell.txt
[80] Proposed Descendants of William Smythe
[81] Terezinska Pametni Kniha, Zidovske Obeti Nacistickych Deportaci Z Cech A Moravy 1941-1945 Dil Druhy
[82]Wikipedia
[83] www.frontierfolk.net/ramsha_research/families/Stephenson.rtf
[84] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page1761.
[85] Nazi Collaborators, MIL, Hitlers’ Executioner, 11/8/2011.
[86] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1778.
[87] Wikipedia
[88] Wikipedia
[89] http://www.assassinationresearch.com/v2n1/chrono1.pdf
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