February 11: 1147 (24 Adar): The Jews of Wurzburg were attacked without warning by a band of Crusaders. “More than twenty among them met a martyrs death including Rabbi Isaac ben Eliakim…The humane Bishop of Wurzburg assigned a burial place in his own private garden for the bodies of the martyrs and sent the survivors to a castle near Wurzburg.”[1]
February 11, 1201: In Worms, the Jews took up arms to fight alongside the city's non-Jewish residents against an attack by Otto. At that time, Jews were still permitted to bear arms in various cities in Germany, although this privilege was soon to be abolished.[2]
February 11, 1349: Jews of Uberlingen, Switzerland were massacred.[3]
February 11, 1482: By a Papal order, seven new Inquisitors were nominated, among them Tomas de Torquemada who led the Spanish Inquisition that brought an end to the fabled Spanish Jewish community.[4]
1483: The Spanish Inquisition began to operate in 1483, and during the succeding decade and using torture to conduct its investigations, convicted hundreds of New Christians of heresy and delivered them to the civil autorities for execution by burning. Many more were obliged to recant their heresies in humiliating public spectacles and to forfeit their property.[5] Ashikaga Yoshimasa completes building Silver Pavilion Temple at Kyoto, Japan, death of Edward IV of England, Edward V reigns and he and his brother disappear – probably murdered by uncle Richard of Gloucester who claims the throne as Richard III, Death of Louis XI of France – Charles VIII reigns, Russians begin to explore Siberia, Dante’s tomb created at Ravenna, John II of Portugal refuses to finance Columbus’ voyage, Birth of Martin Luther, Tomas de Torquemada leads Spanish Inquisition, Theophrastus’ work on botany published, Edward IV of ENG dies and Edward V deposed by uncle as he and brother murdered in Tower of London – uncle Richard becomes Richard III and War of Roses continues – see 1485, Deaths of Edward IV of England and Louis XI of France, Charles VIII King of France to 1498, Death of Louis XI of France, Charles VIII leads France, End reign of Louis XI of France, Edward IV dies, Edward V new king May 4 - Uncle Richard regent until Jun 22 (Coronation) June - Edward and Richard declared illegitimate because father betroved to one and married another, parliament decided Richard of Glouster should become king, Two princes disappear from tower of London never to be seen again, Richard III king, Duke of Buckingham appointed Constable of England, Rebellion crushes, College of Arms founded, "Golden Legend" (History of Saints) Written, Henry Tudor (Lancashire) agrees to marry Elisabeth of York, Martin Luther born, Columbus petitions Portugal for backing - refused, Birth of Martin Luther, Death of Louis XI of Bourbon dynasty, son Charles VIII rules, Ashikaga Yoshimasa completes building Silver Pavilion Temple at Kyoto, Japan, death of Edward IV of England, Edward V reigns and is deposed, Richard III reigns. [6]
February 11, 1490: In Spain it was declared that no Jew or convert would ever be allowed to rule over any Muslims. This was part of Spanish/Muslim negotiations leading up to the eventual surrender of Granada, the last Muslim territory in Iberia.[7]
February 11, 1673: WINCH, SAMUEL, m. Hannah Gibbs, February 11, 1673 (1672?); and had, 1. JOHN, b. 1674, d. young; 2. SAMUEL, b. March 27, 1677; [8]
February 11, 1673: In England, according to the Conventicle Act of 1664, any prayer meeting of more than five persons not held according to the Book of Common Prayer would be considered seditious. The act had been originally designed as a device against the Puritans but soon Jews were prosecuted as well. The Jews requested that the King to either allow freedom of worship or that they be allowed to leave the country with their possessions. Charles II ordered the Attorney General to desist from prosecuting the “offenders”.[9]
February 11, 1714
"... and later (Essex W. & D. 14, 1711-16, p. 181) this same Elizabeth, now Elizabeth Harrison, wife of "Andrew2 the younger," appoints Mr. John Battaile her Att'y, Feb. 11th, 1714." This John Battaile was her brother. [10]
1714
In 1714, Andrew2 Harrison, Jr. became a Constable for Essex County.[11]
“McKinnon Castle” at the Isle of Skye. Photo by Kelly Goodlove who visited Scotland with Cindy, her sister, in 2000.
Lord Michael McKinnon born about 1714, Isle of Skye, Inverness-Shire, Scotland.[12]
February 11, 1713/1714: Essex County, Virginia, Wills and Deeds, 1711-1714, p. 180. Lease and Release. February 8 and 9, 1713/14. Andrew2 Harrison, Junr., of St. Marys Par., sells Nathaniel Vickers of same Par., 100 acres being part of a patent granted John Prosser, dec'd., on Golden Vale Creek, adj. the land of Richard Long, etc. Signed Andrew2 Harrison. Wit: Robert Jones, Robert Parker. Rec. February 11, 1713/14. Elizabeth harrison, wife of Andrew2 harrison, by John Battaile her attorney, relinq. he dower rights. Signed Elizabeth x Harrison. Wit: jno Row, Michael Lawless. Rec. February 12 1713/14. [13]
February 11, 1731/2
The Washington family Bible records:
“George Washington Son to Augustine & Mary his Wife was born February 11, 1731/2 about 10 in the Morning.” The old style calendar entry of February 11, 1731/32 became obsolete in 1752 when the British corrected their calendar by adding eleven days making Washington’s birthdate under the new style February 22, 1732 His birthday was celebrated on both days during his lifetime.[14]
February 11, 1760: Daniel McKinnon is next noted as moving to Queen Anne's County, MD (across the Chesapeake Bay on what is called the Eastern Shore) where he was master of Queen Anne's County School from February 11, 1760 to July 28, 1762(49). [15]
February 11, 1760
Daniel McKinnon is next noted as moving to Queen Anne's County, MD (across the Chesapeake Bay on what is called the Eastern Shore) where he was master of Queen Anne's County School from February 11 1760 to July 28, 1762.[16]
----------
February 11, 1766: The county court of Northampton, Virginia, declares the Stamp Act unconstitutional.[17]
February 11: 1773: . (George Washington) At home all day. Mr. Thos. Rutherford came here to dinner & Mr. Resin Bell in the afternn.[18]
February 11, 1780
The colonel has learned that often in the companies, and especially in the huts, where the soldier wives sell all types of liquors, non-commissioned officers and privates have been playing all sorts of card and dice games and even tempting passing soldiers from other regiments with drinks, even taking their money. Therefore the colonel with the strictest and most urgent orders, orders that it is forbidden for anyone to play, so the company officers and patrols are to inspect the huts frequently in order to prevent the resulting excesses. The colonel especially advises the company commanders that the inspection be exactly carried out and if a noncommissioned officer should be apprehended, he is to be placed in the stocks according to the regulations and a private is to be arrested at once and reported to the staff….[19]
February 11, 1811: President Madison orders trade with England ceased.[20]
February 11, 1820: ARMENIA D. CRAWFORD, b. February 11, 1820; m. JOHN N. MOBERLY, January 21, 1856, Estill County, Kentucky. [21]
February 11, 1933” President Hoover establishes the Death Valley National Monument in California and Nevada.[22]
February 11, 1849: Daniel W. MCKINNON
16 Jul 1822 - 16 Mar 1864
· BIRTH: 16 Jul 1822, Clark Co.,Oh.,USA
· DEATH: 16 Mar 1864, Logan Co.,Oh.,USA
Father: William Harrison MCKINNON
Mother: Kittie FOLEY
Family 1 : Phoebe Ann HOGGE
· MARRIAGE: 11 Feb 1849
1. +Emma MCKINNON
2. +John W. MC_KINNON
3. Henry MC_KINNON
4. +Kittie MC_KINNON
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
_________________________
|
_Daniel MC_KINNON ___|
| (1767 - 1837) m 1798|
| |_________________________
|
_William Harrison MCKINNON _|
| (1789 - 1861) m 1815 |
| | _William HARRISON _______+
| | | (1740 - 1782) m 1765
| |_Nancy HARRISON _____|
| (1772 - 1856) m 1798|
| |_Sarah (Sally) CRAWFORD _+
| (1748 - 1838) m 1765
|
|--Daniel W. MCKINNON
| (1822 - 1864)
| _________________________
| |
| _____________________|
| | |
| | |_________________________
| |
|_Kittie FOLEY ______________|
(1794 - 1855) m 1815 |
| _________________________
| |
|_____________________|
|
|_________________________
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INDEX
[3675] !Mrs. Forrest Garnett, Morgan Hill, Ca.95037
!DAR App. Natl. #137409 (Mary Graham Pearce)
!Letter from Hattie P. Hamer to Mary Adelia Graham Pearce dated 16 Apr.,
1917: "...(your mother's father)..."
! Compiled by JoAnn Naugle, 4100 W St. NW #513, Washington, Dc. 20007
! 1850 Census Washington Twp., Logan Co., Oh., p. 93, gives age as 27
! Kennedy's Biographical Record, pulbl. 1903, pp 475-6
! DAR records filed by graddaughter of Emma McKInnon & Richard Graham
(no # given) [23]
March 10, 1849: The Missouri Legislature rules that the right to prohibit slavery in any territory belongs to the people.[24]
February 11, 1861: President-elect Abraham Lincoln leaves home in Springfield, Illinois, as he embarks on his journey to Washington.
On a cold, rainy morning, Lincoln boarded a two-car private train loaded with his family's belongings, which he himself had packed and bound. Mary Lincoln was in St. Louis on a shopping trip, and she joined him later in Indiana. It was a somber occasion. Lincoln was leaving his home and heading into the maw of national crisis. Since he had been elected, seven states of the lower South had seceded from the Union. Lincoln knew that his actions upon entering office would likely lead to civil war. He spoke to the crowd before departing: "Here I have lived a quarter of a century, and have passed from a young man to an old man. Here my children have been born, and one is buried. I now leave, not knowing when, or whether ever, I may return, with a task before me greater than that which rested upon Washington. Without the assistance of that Divine Being... I cannot succeed. With that assistance, I cannot fail... To His care commending you, as I hope in your prayers you will commend me, I bid you an affectionate farewell."
A bystander reported that the president-elect's "breast heaved with emotion and he could scarcely command his feelings." Indeed, Lincoln's words were prophetic—a funeral train carried him back to Springfield just over four years later.[25]
Thurs. February 11, 1864
At soldiers home[26] very pleasant
Saw General McArthurs[27]
Soil red clay some sand don’t wash[28]
February 11, 1865
Everyone… seemed to enjoy the promenade concert at5 Forsyth Square. Abrass band played to General Gropver and his staff. Most of the aristocracy of Savannah also attended along with many fair maidens. But the maidens were not ver sociable. Even Rigby, who returned to camp early for a good supper which was of more interest to him than “rebel women,” enjoyed the good music.[29]
February 11, 1890: President Harrison issues a proclamation throwing open 11 million acres of the Great Sioux Reservation for settlement.[30]
Mary Agnes STEPHENSON. Born on June 12, 1839 in Missouri. Mary Agnes died in Howard County, Missouri on February 11, 1896; she was 56. Buried in Bethel Cemetery, Keytsville, Howard County, Missouri.
On September 26, 1867 when Mary Agnes was 28, she married Daniel SHARP, in Howard County, Missouri. Born on December 18, 1837 in Kentucky. Daniel died on May 24, 1872; he was 34.
They had the following children:
22 i. Francis “Fannie” (1868-1949)
ii. Laura. Born in 1870. Laura died in 1873; she was 3.
18. Charles Marcus STEPHENSON. Born on February 4, 1842 in Howard County, Missouri. Charles Marcus died in Mendon, Chariton County, Missouri on December 2, 1927; he was 85.
On October 22, 1882 when Charles Marcus was 40, he married Maggie HOLMES, in St. Charles, Missouri. Born on December 11, 1858 in Saline County, Missouri. Maggie died in Chariton County, Missouri on August 7, 1942; she was 83. Was on the census for 52 Years Old in 1910.
They had the following children:
i. William C. Born in 1887.
ii. S. E. Born in 1890.
iii. Charles B. Born in 1896.
iv. Laura E. [31]
February 11, 1942
On orders issued by German authorities, Jews in the Occupied Zone of France are forbgidden to change residences and are made subject to an 8 P.M. to 6 A.M. cuirfew.[32]
February 11, 1942: The Allied counterattack on Singapore is driven off by the Japanese after heavy losses.[33]
February 11, 1943: When they arrived in Auschwitz on February 11, 77 men were selected for work and given numbers 101043 through 101119. Ninety two women were selected and given numbers 34969 through 35059. The others were immediately gassed.
There were 22 survivors in 1945, including seven women. [34]
February 11, 1988: On this date in 1988, a group of masonic leaders met with President Ronald Reagan; the Grand Master of DC presented him with a certificate, and the Scottish Rite and Shrine made him an honorary member of those bodies.[35]
•February 11, 2000: Performing your original search, lemba and mhani clan, in PMC will retrieve 1 records.
Am J Hum Genet. 2000 February; 66(2): 674–686.
Published online 2000 February 11.
PMCID: PMC1288118
Y Chromosomes Traveling South: The Cohen Modal Haplotype and the Origins of the Lemba—the “Black Jews of Southern Africa”
Mark G. Thomas,1 Tudor Parfitt,3 Deborah A. Weiss,4 Karl Skorecki,5 James F. Wilson,2 Magdel le Roux,6 Neil Bradman,7 and David B. Goldstein2
1The Center for Genetic Anthropology, Departments of Biology and Anthropology, and 2Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, and 3School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, London; 4Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis; 5Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion and Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; 6Department of Old Testament, University of South Africa, Pretoria; and 7Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford
Address for correspondence and reprints: Prof. David B. Goldstein, Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE. E-mail: d.goldstein@ucl.ac.uk
Author information ► Article notes ► Copyright and License information ►
Received May 25, 1999; Accepted November 23, 1999.
Copyright © 2000 by The American Society of Human Genetics. All rights reserved.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
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Summary
The Lemba are a traditionally endogamous group speaking a variety of Bantu languages who live in a number of locations in southern Africa. They claim descent from Jews who came to Africa from “Sena.” “Sena” is variously identified by them as Sanaa in Yemen, Judea, Egypt, or Ethiopia. A previous study using Y-chromosome markers suggested both a Bantu and a Semitic contribution to the Lemba gene pool, a suggestion that is not inconsistent with Lemba oral tradition. To provide a more detailed picture of the Lemba paternal genetic heritage, we analyzed 399 Y chromosomes for six microsatellites and six biallelic markers in six populations (Lemba, Bantu, Yemeni-Hadramaut, Yemeni-Sena, Sephardic Jews, and Ashkenazic Jews). The high resolution afforded by the markers shows that Lemba Y chromosomes are clearly divided into Semitic and Bantu clades. Interestingly, one of the Lemba clans carries, at a very high frequency, a particular Y-chromosome type termed the “Cohen modal haplotype,” which is known to be characteristic of the paternally inherited Jewish priesthood and is thought, more generally, to be a potential signature haplotype of Judaic origin. The Bantu Y-chromosome samples are predominantly (>80%) YAP+ and include a modal haplotype at high frequency. Assuming a rapid expansion of the eastern Bantu, we used variation in microsatellite alleles in YAP+ sY81-G Bantu Y chromosomes to calculate a rough date, 3,000–5,000 years before the present, for the start of their expansion.
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Introduction
The Lemba, once referred to as “Kruger’s Jews” (because President Paul Kruger, President of Transvaal during 1883–1900, was thought to have discovered them), are commonly referred to as the “black Jews” of South Africa. Their claim of Jewish origin is based on slim evidence: a persistent oral tradition of uncertain antiquity and a number of suggestive customs, from circumcision to food taboos, which appear to be “Judaic” but could be Muslim or, indeed, in the case of circumcision, African (Mandivenga 1983). Lemba tradition holds that the tribe came from “Sena in the north by boat.” The original group is said to have been entirely male, with half of their number having been lost at sea; the remainder made their way to the coasts of Africa. Once there, they rebuilt their city of Sena, later leaving it to build a second city of the same name. “Sena” is variously identified by the Lemba as Sanaa in Yemen, Judea, Egypt, or Ethiopia (Ruwitah 1997; Parfitt 1997). The first clear and unambiguous reference to the Lemba as a separate tribe and perhaps polity is from a Dutch report from 1721 (Liesenbang 1977). Today the religious life of the Lemba is highly syncretistic. Many of them belong to various Christian churches (e.g., the Zion Christian Church and Pentecostal groups), whereas some in Zimbabwe are Muslims. Others, however, claim to be Lemba by religious practice as well as by ethnic identification. The religious practices of these Lemba do not have much in common with Judaism as it is practiced elsewhere. There are thought to be ~50,000 Lemba spread over South Africa and Zimbabwe, with some closely connected groups in Malawi (Parfitt 1997). At some time in the past they became scattered among the more powerful neighboring tribes, where they served particularly as “medicine men,” iron and copper workers, traders, and officials with ritual responsibilities. They traded throughout southern Africa.
The Lemba have >12 clans, some of which appear to correlate with place names in the Hadramaut (Parfitt 1997). The Buba clan is recognized as being the senior clan, both the oldest and, for some ritual purposes, the most important. Parfitt (1997) has claimed to have discovered the original Sena of the Lemba in the eastern Hadramaut in the Yemen.
Y-Chromosome Markers
The paternally inherited nonrecombining portion of the Y chromosome includes polymorphisms that mutate relatively frequently (microsatellites) and biallelic polymorphisms (the YAP Alu insert and single-nucleotide substitutions) that are unlikely to have arisen more than once in human evolution. For this reason, the latter group has been called “unique event polymorphisms” (UEP [Thomas et al. 1998]), and it can usually be assumed to partition Y chromosomes into distinct genealogical groups. The ability to identify high-resolution haplotypes comprising linked markers mutating at different rates makes the Y chromosome a powerful instrument for investigation of relationships between geographically distant populations that may have been obscured through extensive admixture with their neighbors (Thomas et al. 1998).
A previous study compared the frequency of RFLP polymorphisms p12F2, p49a, and pDP31 and the YAP insert in the Lemba and a number of other populations (Spurdle and Jenkins 1996). The distribution of haplotypes identified was considered to be consistent with Lemba oral tradition but could not distinguish a Jewish from a more general Semitic contribution to the Lemba gene pool. Markers used in this study comprise six microsatellites (DYS19, DYS388, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, and DYS393) and six UEP (YAP, SRY4064, sY81, SRY+465, 92R7, and Tat). The 12 polymorphisms listed above were characterized in multiple Jewish populations and identified a single haplotype (Cohen modal haplotype [CMH]) that is dominant (frequency ~.50) in the Jewish priesthood and that may be more generally characteristic of Hebraic ancestry. Although the frequency is moderate (~.12) in lay Jews, the CMH is absent or at low frequency in Yakut, Mongolians, Nepalese, Armenians, Greeks, and Cypriots (authors' unpublished data) and, interestingly, in Palestinian Arabs (A. Nebel, D. Filon, M. Faerman, A. Oppenheim, personal communication). The combination of the presence of the CMH at high frequency in the Lemba and its absence in neighboring Bantu populations would be supportive of Lemba claims of a paternal Judaic ancestry, especially if its frequency is relatively low in other Semitic groups.
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Subjects And Methods
Study Populations
Lemba.—Samples were collected from paternally unrelated but otherwise random males, identified as Lemba by the subjects themselves, on two separate occasions, in the Louis Trichardt area of Northern Province (January 1997; 90 samples) and in Sekhukuneland in Mpumalanga (October 1997; 46 samples), South Africa. Clan affiliations of 108 (.794) of the subjects were recorded.
Bantu.—Samples were collected (February 1998) from paternally unrelated males of various chieftainships in the Pretoria area of South Africa who spoke a Bantu language. The subjects included two men born in Senegal who spoke Wolof (a non-Bantu language) as their first tongue. There is concern over the use of the word “Bantu” (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994, p. 185). We follow Cavalli Sforza et al. in noting that, although “Bantu” was originally a linguistic term, its use to define population groups can be justified on the assumption that a geographic expansion spread both the Bantu language and a group of related people.
Yemeni.—Collections were made (May 1997) at two locations in the Hadramaut, Yemen, from paternally unrelated but otherwise randomly selected males. Specific locations were the Seiyun Teachers Training College in Seiyun in the Hadramaut and Sena, a small (population ~3,000) isolated town located ~60 km east of Terim and ~40 km from the coast. The college draws its membership from a local but dispersed area and forms part of the new University of the Hadramaut. The present-day residents of Sena suggest that their ancestors may have moved to the area relatively recently (<300 years ago).
The Hadramaut population is known to have a prolonged history of seafaring and trading with eastern Africa and other overseas areas, including Southeast Asia, and has a considerable diaspora in Indonesia, eastern Africa, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt. The people are Arab Muslims, although Jews are thought to have lived in the region during former times (Parfitt 1997).
Ashkenazic Israelites and Sephardic Israelites.—Samples were collected from self-designated, paternally unrelated but otherwise randomly selected males in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Israel. In all cases, appropriate informed consent was obtained before samples were collected.
Today, Jewish males can be divided into three castes: Cohanim (the paternally inherited priesthood), Leviim (non-Cohen members of the paternally defined priestly tribe of Levi), and Israelites (all non-Cohen and non-Levite Jews). Significant differences in Y-chromosome frequencies among these groups were recently reported by Thomas et al. (1998). As a consequence, frequencies of Y-chromosome haplotypes of Jewish populations are expected to vary, in part because of differences in the proportion of Cohanim, Leviim, and Israelites sampled. Since ~90% of the Jewish population are Israelites (Bradman et al., in press), it was decided, for the purpose of the current study, that, in terms of the data already available, Jewish populations are best represented by males of the Israelite caste. Data on some of the Ashkenazic- and Sephardic-Israelite samples have been the subject of publication elsewhere (Skorecki et al. 1997; Thomas et al. 1998).
Population Designations
Ashkenazic.—These Jews follow the Ashkenazic rite associated with the Jewish communities of northern Europe.
Sephardic.—These Jews follow a Sephardic rite associated with the Jewish communities of northern Africa and Asia. The two communities have, to a great extent, been isolated from each other for 500 years.
Semitic.—Unless otherwise noted, “Semitic” here will refer to the Jewish, Yemeni, and Sena populations together.
Yemeni and Sena.—Samples collected at the Seiyun Teachers Training College are referred to here as “Yemeni,” samples collected at Sena as “Sena.”
Sample Collection and Extraction of DNA
In sample collection from Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews, the subject lightly scraped the inside of the cheek with a wooden spatula, swished saline solution around the mouth for ~30 s, and expelled the solution into a collection tube. Sample collection from all other groups was by buccal swabs wiped over the inside of the cheek and returned to collection tubes to which 0.05 M EDTA/0.5% SDS was added. DNA was extracted by use of a standard phenol procedure.
Typing
Two multiplex kits (one for the six microsatellites and the other for the six UEP) were developed for use with an ABI-310 genetic analyzer (Thomas et al. 1998). Five percent of the samples were retyped for microsatellite repeats on an ABI-377 genetic analyzer in a separate laboratory. Only 1/120 typings were different (DYS392; a difference of two “steps”).
Genetic Distances, Haplotypes, and Genealogical Trees
Genetic distances for haplotypes were calculated with use of the computer program MICROSAT, to infer genealogical trees that were drawn with the program PHYLIP (Felsenstein 1993). Genetic similarities of populations were calculated by use of Nei’s (1987) genetic identity. Microsatellite haplotypes present at a frequency .1 in any of the six populations were included in a table of frequently encountered haplotypes.
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Results
UEP Groups
Table 1 classifies the Y chromosomes of the six sample populations into four groups (for a cladogram illustrating the evolutionary relationships of the four UEP groups, see fig. 1). The distribution of the four UEP groups among the populations is apparently consistent with earlier suggestions that the Lemba have a mixed Bantu-Semitic origin. The frequency of the YAP+ chromosomes in the Lemba is intermediate between that of the Bantu group and that of the Semitic group. However, the distribution between the two YAP+ groups is significantly different. Only two Bantu, four Lemba, and three Yemeni Y chromosomes are included in UEP group 3 (YAP+ sY81-A), whereas all of the YAP+ Israelites fall into this group. YAP+ sY81-A Y chromosomes have been identified in many widely separated populations in Asia, Africa, and Europe. It is more widespread than the derived YAP+sY81-G haplotype (UEP group 4), which appears to be substantially confined to Africa (Hammer et al. 1997). Given the significant difference between the distribution of the two YAP+ UEP groups in the Semitic and Bantu populations, interpreting the total frequency of YAP+ Y chromosomes as an indicator of admixture in the Lemba could be misleading. Distinguishing the frequencies of the YAP+ sY81-A and YAP+ sY81-G Y chromosomes, however, seems to provide a more appropriate level of resolution.
Table 1
Distribution of Y Chromosomes from Six Populations into Four UEP Groups, and Nei's Genetic Identity[Note]
Figure 1
Cladogram of UEP, distinguishing UEP groups. Explanations of abbreviations are as in table 1.
All members of the Sena population fall within UEP group 1, the most common UEP group (YAP− 92R7-C) in the Semitic populations. The relatively greater homogeneity of the Sena population may result from the town’s isolation and from its catchment area being more limited than those for the other Hadramaut samples. Although the Ashkenazic Israelites, Sephardic Israelites, and Yemeni are not significantly different from each other in the distribution of Y chromosomes across UEP groups, all other populations are both significantly different from one another and from the Ashkenazic Israelites, Sephardic Israelites, and Yemeni (P<.01 in all cases).
Genetic Identity
Nei’s genetic identity I, calculated on the basis of distributions of haplotypes at the UEP level, shows the Lemba to be closer to the four Semitic populations than to the Bantu.
Haplotypes
Table 2Table 22 lists the Y-chromosome haplotypes of all samples, classified by UEP group and microsatellites, identifying those Y chromosome haplotypes that are observed in more than one population. Only 2 (.014) of the 142 microsatellite haplotypes are duplicated across UEP groups, which provides some confidence that the six microsatellites used in this study are sufficient to prevent high levels of homoplasy, at least at fairly deep genealogical levels. Evolutionary convergence of the microsatellite haplotypes within UEP haplogroups will, of course, not be detected.
Table 2
Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplotypes, across Six Populations[Note]
Table 2
Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplotypes, across Six Populations
Table 2 Continued
Table 2 Continued
[Note]
To evaluate sharing of Y chromosomes between populations, we considered both the total number of Y chromosomes observed (table 3, top) and a data set in which each Y-chromosome haplotype was counted only once (table 3, bottom). The degree of sharing of Y chromosomes between Ashkenazic and Sephardic Israelites has been reported elsewhere (Bradman et al., in press). Haplotype 34 (CMH) is present in varying frequencies in Ashkenazic Israelites, Sephardic Israelites, Yemeni, and Lemba but is absent from both the Bantu population and the Sena population. The CMH represents .088 of all Lemba Y chromosomes and .135 of Lemba UEP group 1 Y chromosomes; equivalent population (UEP group 1) proportions for Ashkenazic Israelites, Sephardic Israelites, and Yemeni are, respectively, .150 (.231), .100 (.161), and .020 (.027). The CMH is an important component in the sharing of Ashkenazic- and Sephardic-Israelite Y chromosomes. It is also the major component of Ashkenazic- and Sephardic-Israelite Y-chromosome sharing with the Lemba. The Yemeni-Hadramaut samples only have one such chromosome among them. Two striking features are the large proportion of haplotypes found in the Bantu that are also present in the Lemba (.448; table 3, bottom) and the even higher proportion of Y chromosomes (.740; table 3, top).
Table 3
Proportions of Y Chromosomes and Y-Chromosome Haplotypes Shared by Pairs of Populations[Note]
Gene Diversity
Table 4 gives gene diversity (Nei 1987) for all six populations, at the UEP-group level and at the 12-marker-haplotype level; the gene diversity is calculated separately for each UEP group, for all populations having 10 Y chromosomes within that group. Geographic isolation may be the reason why the Sena population is the most homogeneous at the all-haplotypes level.
Table 4
Gene Diversity at the UEP and 12-Marker Haplotype Levels[Note]
Among the other five populations, the homogeneity of the Bantu is striking, particularly at the UEP-group level. Haplotype 117 and its one-step microsatellite neighbors comprise almost half the Bantu Y chromosomes and could be a candidate signature haplotype of the eastern Bantu expansion. It will be interesting to see whether the haplotype cluster is represented in other eastern Bantu, as well as in western Bantu and Cameroon Bantu populations. The two Wolof individuals shared the same haplotype (haplotype 128, a one-step neighbor of the Bantu modal haplotype) with each other and with two Pedi individuals, one Swazi individual, and one Ndebele individual.
The Bantu modal haplotype was not significantly associated (P=.773) with any single tribal group (Raymond and Rousset 1995). Furthermore, no particular association of tribe and haplotype was immediately apparent. Approximately 78% (60/77) of Y chromosomes were shared across tribes, whereas ~45% (13/29) of Y-chromosome haplotypes were similarly shared. The Lemba have no single dominant haplotype, but haplotypes 14, 30, 34, and 39 together represent more than one-third (~40% [n=54]) of the Lemba total; furthermore, since they are all in UEP group 1, they represent >60% of that group.
Microsatellite Variability
As reported by Thomas et al. (1998), the distribution of alleles across UEP groups suggests that microsatellite DYS388 does not mutate in a consistent stepwise manner over its entire range of repeat counts. The distribution of DYS388 alleles in UEP group 1 is strikingly different from that in other UEP groups. UEP group 1 has a two-peak distribution in which most alleles are either 12 or 15, whereas in other UEP groups in this study its repeat length is never >13. It is possible that low- and high-repeat-number subgroups within UEP group 1 are genealogically distinct, but, with current data, it is not possible to exclude the possibility that frequent large deletions occur in high-repeat-number alleles, as has been observed in artificially constructed systems (Wierdl et al. 1997).
Kayser et al. (1997), analyzing European samples, reported a lack of variation at DYS388, with all samples typed having a low-repeat-number allele. All Bantu samples in the present study also had low-repeat-number DYS388 alleles, whereas Semitic populations have a majority of Y chromosomes with high-repeat-number DYS388 alleles. The typing of additional populations may reveal whether high-repeat-number DYS388 alleles common in Near Eastern populations are found at high frequency elsewhere. For now, high-repeat-number DYS388 alleles appear to be diagnostic of the Near East. The distributions of alleles of the other five microsatellites are similar to the distributions reported by Kayser et al. (1997).
Frequently Encountered Haplotypes
Nine haplotypes are represented by Y chromosomes present at a frequency 10% in one or more of the six populations. Figure 2 shows the populations in which they are found. The figure clearly illustrates the relationships uncovered in tables tables11 and and3—namely,3—namely, the apparent contributions of Bantu and Jews to the Lemba Y chromosomes, as well as the connection between the Yemeni and the Sena populations. It also highlights haplotype 39, which is private to the Lemba and constitutes >11% of the total Lemba Y chromosomes and 18% of the Lemba Y chromosomes in UEP group 1.
Figure 2
Frequently encountered haplotypes (frequency >10% in any population), in AI (red), SI (blue), Y (green), S (pink), L (yellow), and B (black); the colors indicate the population with the most chromosomes of the given haplotype. Numbers within the ...
The Origins of Lemba Y Chromosomes
To explore with greater resolution the possible origins of Lemba Y chromosomes, genealogical trees were drawn that were based on microsatellite variation. These were used to assess, in the case of each Lemba haplotype, whether each has a close genealogical relationship with one or more haplotypes present in any of the other five populations.
Separate genealogical trees of the individual haplotypes were drawn for each UEP group by use of two distance measures: average squared distance (ASD) and proportion of shared alleles (Slatkin 1995; Goldstein and Pollock 1997). ASD trees for UEP group 1 haplotypes were drawn, with and without DYS388. As expected, given the high- versus low-repeat-number allele distribution, inclusion of DYS388 increased the internal structure of the UEP group 1 tree, with haplotypes containing high-repeat-number DYS388 alleles grouping within one part of the tree and with haplotypes with low-repeat-number DYS388 alleles grouping within the other part of the tree (fig. 3). The tree also shows the populations in which each haplotype is represented. As would be anticipated with a large sample of similar haplotypes, bootstrap values were usually low, with only 3/77 nodes recording values >60% after 500 resamplings.
Figure 3
UEP group 1 genealogical tree of Y-chromosome haplotypes. The neighbor-joining tree was drawn by use of NEIGHBOR (part of the PHYLIP package), with the distance measure ASD calculated by use of the program MICROSAT. Colors next to the haplotype index ...
Classification into UEP group and position in genealogical trees differentiated Semitic and Bantu haplotypes. The data in table 3 demonstrate that there is very little sharing of Bantu and Semitic Y chromosomes. The highest level, at 9%, is due to a single Bantu haplotype shared with the Yemeni population. Consistent with a deep genealogical division between the two groups, most Semitic and Bantu haplotypes could be clearly differentiated either by their membership in a UEP group associated with Semitic or Bantu haplotypes or by their positions in a microsatellite-based tree restricted to a single UEP group. In UEP group 1, for example, the Bantu Y chromosomes clustered within their own clade. Lemba Y chromosomes, on the other hand, were frequently closely associated with either Bantu or Semitic Y chromosomes but only very rarely with both of them simultaneously. Given that differences can be observed between Semitic and Bantu Y chromosomes, it is possible to suggest a Semitic or Bantu origin for Lemba Y chromosomes, on the basis of their genealogical proximity to Bantu and Semitic types.
In UEP group 1, the two Lemba Y chromosomes (haplotypes 52 and 85) that are members of an otherwise exclusively Bantu clade are classified as Bantu. Haplotype 57 Y chromosomes are classified as Semitic, since they are one-step neighbors of a Sephardic Israelite and a Yemeni, whereas the nearest member of the Bantu clade has an ASD distance six times greater. All other Lemba Y chromosomes in this haplogroup are classified as Semitic, since they are included within Semitic clades in the genealogical tree. Since all other Y chromosomes in UEP group 2 are from Semitic samples, the two Lemba Y chromosomes are classified as Semitic. The four Lemba Y chromosomes in UEP group 3 belong to a haplotype shared with three Israelites and are, therefore, classified as Semitic. Only 2/105 Y chromosomes in UEP group 4 are Semitic; both are Yemeni, and 1 of these 2 is shared with the Lemba and Bantu. Of the Bantu Y chromosomes not included within the Bantu clade in the UEP group 1 tree, 96.9% are included in UEP group 4. For these reasons, the Lemba Y chromosomes in UEP group 4 have been assigned a Bantu origin. The consequence of the above assignments is to designate 92 (67.6%) Lemba Y chromosomes as having a Semitic origin and to designate the other 44 (32.4%) of them as having a Bantu origin.
The Lemba Clans
For 108 of the 136 Lemba males sampled, clan affiliation was ascertained by self-identification. More than 10 samples per clan were collected from members of six clans (Buba, Hajji, Hamisi, Mhani, Sadiki, and Thouhakale). All six clans were represented in both the Northern Province and Sekhukuneland collections. Only the Mhani clan showed a significantly different distribution (P<.02) between the two locations, being more prevalent in the Northern Province collection. All six clans contained both UEP group 1 and UEP group 4 Y chromosomes, but none displayed UEP group 3 Y chromosomes. The Y-chromosome distribution among UEP groups was not significantly different (P>.34) between the two collection places.
Of particular interest is the Buba clan, since membership of this clan and possession of the CMH are significantly associated (P<.0001). Seven of the 11 clan-designated Lemba CMH Y chromosomes came from members of this clan, whereas 7 (Northern Province, 4/4; and Sekhukuneland, 3/9) of the 13 Buba have the CMH. F. C. Raulinga Hamisi, a Lemba elder, in a speech at the burial of Maanda William Mawela Ratshilingana Mhani, in July 1996 (before the current research was undertaken), said that “the Senas left Judea under the leadership of Buba and settled in Yemen where they built their city of Sena, hence Senas,” reflecting the belief of at least one elder that Buba led the Lemba out of Judea. On the other hand, the Encyclopedia Judaica (1972) makes no mention of a Buba in Jewish history. In a book published privately in 1992, another Lemba elder wrote that “the Bhuba lineage came down from Judea as the leading lineage of the Basena when they left Judea in their early migration to the Yemen where they settled and built the city of Sena. They ruled over all the lineages in good manner” (Mathivha 1992, p. 23).
The Bantu Expansion
Bantu Y chromosomes are found in UEP group 1, UEP group 3, and, most frequently, in UEP group 4. The proportion of YAP− Bantu Y chromosomes found in this study is consistent with the results of other investigators, who report a significant YAP− element in the eastern Bantu (Hammer et al. 1998). The seven Bantu haplotypes, one of which is represented in the Lemba, and the Lemba haplotype 85 formed a distinct clade in trees based on use of both ASD and allele sharing as distance measures. Bootstrap support (45% in 500 resamplings of the ASD-based tree) is moderately good, given the large number of haplotypes in the tree and their generally close inferred genealogical relationships. It may be that the eight Y-chromosome haplotypes in this clade are representatives of a YAP− genealogy present, in the eastern Bantu, alongside the dominant YAP+ Y chromosomes. It will be interesting to see whether these or similar haplotypes are represented in other Bantu populations.
There is considerable archaeological and linguistic evidence to support an expansion of Bantu-speaking people throughout subequatorial Africa (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994). It is therefore interesting to see what dates are suggested by the level of microsatellite variance among the dominant, UEP group 4 Bantu Y chromosomes typed in this study. When there is good reason to believe that the correct ancestral Y chromosome can be identified—for example, by its presence at a high frequency (both alone and together with its one-step neighbors)—it is possible to use the method of Thomas et al. (1998), in which the time to coalescence to an ancestral Y chromosome is ASD=μt. A single-step mutation model is assumed, with μ being the average microsatellite mutation rate (per generation) and with t being the time (in generations). Haplotype 117, which is present across the Bantu tribes and in the Lemba, was selected as the ancestral Y chromosome. Alone it represents 25.8% of UEP group 4 Bantu-sample Y chromosomes, 58% together with its one-step neighbors. When the ASD for microsatellites DYS19, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, and DYS393 is calculated and μ=.0021 (Heyer et al. 1997) and 25 years/generation are used, the time to coalescence is 4,839 years. We also used the same approach as did Kittles et al. (Slatkin 1995; Kittles et al. 1998), to calculate an approximate time for the start of rapid population growth. In this method, V=μt, where V is the average variance of microsatellite-repeat counts. Using the same microsatellites, mutation rate, and generation time as used in the ASD=μt calculation above produced a time of 3,310 years. Both times accord with estimates of the agricultural and Bantu expansions in subequatorial Africa (i.e., 3,000–5,000 years before the present [Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994]). It should be appreciated that these dates carry very large confidence intervals, because of variability and uncertainty associated with (1) the evolutionary process and (2) the mutation rate and process. Since the estimates of confidence intervals depend on assumptions about demographic history (Goldstein et al. 1999), we have not attempted to estimate them here.
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Discussion
Because of convergent evolution in microsatellites, care must be exercised in the interpretation of haplotype frequencies across populations. When two or more populations share haplotypes at high frequency, however, it is unlikely that convergence and matching drift is the correct explanation. The presence of Y-chromosome haplotypes in more than one population, and their absence from other populations, is suggestive of either common origin or male-mediated gene flow.
Genealogical trees of Y-chromosome microsatellite haplotypes included within the same UEP group classified by population can be very helpful in the identification of clades more associated with one population than with another—for example, the Bantu/Lemba clade in figure 3. When such population-associated clades are identified, it is possible that a search for UEP polymorphisms that distinguish between members of the identified clade and other members of the UEP group would yield biallelic markers useful in the study of relationships between particular population groups.
Sampling strategy in Y-chromosome population studies has not generally been given sufficient attention. Whether the collected samples truly reflect the structure of a population is difficult to assess. Since many populations may be both very heterogeneous and highly structured geographically, researchers must be careful when extrapolating conclusions based on an analysis of samples from a restricted area. Care must also be exercised in the interpretation of data from samples that are of unknown provenance and for which only a broad description of origin is available.
The results reported above suggest a genetic history of the Lemba that is not incompatible with their oral tradition. Clearly, there has been a Semitic genetic contribution, including, quite probably, one from Arabs, given the Lembas' presence on the eastern coast of Africa, where Arabs have settled for centuries (Mathew 1963). Both Ashkenazic and Sephardic Israelites are geographically far removed from the Lemba, and, were it not for the Y-chromosome sharing between the Yemeni and Jewish populations, the occurrence of Jewish haplotypes in the Lemba population would be highly suggestive of gene flow between the two groups. However, given the extent of Y-chromosome sharing between the Yemeni and Jewish groups, the presence of such haplotypes because of gene flow from Arab sources cannot be discounted. Support for a Jewish contribution to the Lemba gene pool is, nevertheless, found in the presence, at high frequency in the Lemba, of the CMH (.088 of the entire population and .135 of UEP group 1); the CMH is also observed at moderate frequency in Ashkenazic Israelites (.150 and .231) and Sephardic Israelites (.100 and .161), but it was observed in only a single Yemeni (.020 and .028). Furthermore, in an unpublished study of Palestinian Arabs (A. Nebel, D. Filon, M. Faerman, A. Oppenheim, personal communication), the CMH was present at only very low frequency (<.025). The CMH has been suggested as a signature haplotype for the ancient Hebrew population, and it may be performing that function in this study (Thomas et al. 1998). Further support for Lemba oral history comes from the Buba/CMH association. However, it is possible that the Lemba CMH Y chromosomes are a consequence of a relatively recent event that, in Lemba oral tradition, has acquired a patina of antiquity.
The genetic evidence revealed in this study is consistent with both a Lemba history involving an origin in a Jewish population outside Africa and male-mediated gene flow from other Semitic immigrants (both of these populations could have formed founding groups for at least some of the Lemba clans) and with admixture with Bantu neighbors; all three groups are likely to have been contributors to the Lemba gene pool, and there is no need to present an Arab versus a Judaic contribution to that gene pool, since contributions from both are likely to have occurred. The CMH present in the Lemba could, however, have an exclusively Judaic origin.
The female contribution to the Lemba gene pool may be very different from the paternal, although still consistent with Lemba oral tradition. Soodyall (1993), analyzing mtDNA, found no evidence of Semitic admixture. Significantly, more than one-quarter of the Lemba sampled by Soodyall et al. (1996) had the African intergenic COII/tRNALys 9-bp deletion. Our study provides no evidence of a specific contribution from the ancestors of the present-day residents of Sena.
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References
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Cavalli-Sforza LL, Menozzi P, Piazza A (1994) The history and geography of human genes. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Encyclopedia Judaica (1972) Keter Publishing House, Jerusalem .
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Goldstein DB, Reich DE, Bradman N, Usher S, Seligsohn U, Peretz H (1999) Age estimates of two common mutations causing factor XI deficiency: recent genetic drift is not necessary for elevated disease incidence among Ashkenazi Jews. Am J Hum Genet 64:1071–1075. [PMC free article][PubMed]
Hammer MF, Karafet T, Rasanayagam A, Wood ET, Altheide K, Jenkins T, Griffiths RC, et al (1998) Out of Africa and back again: nested cladistic analysis of human Y chromosome variation. Mol Biol Evol 15:427–441. [PubMed]
Hammer MF, Spurdle AB, Karafet T, Bonner MR, Wood ET, Novelletto A, Malaspina P (1997) The geographical distribution of human Y chromosome variation. Genetics 145:787–805. [PMC free article][PubMed]
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Mathew G (1963) The east African coast until the coming of the Portuguese. In: Mathew RO, Mathew G (eds) The history of east Africa. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 94–127.
Mathivha MER (1992) The Basena/Vamwenya/Balemba. Published privately. Available from the author: P. O. B. 399, Shayandima, Thohoyandou, 0945, Republic of South Africa.
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Parfitt T (1997) Journey to the vanished city. Phoenix, London.
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Ruwitah A (1997) Lost tribe, lost language? the invention of a false Remba identity. Zimbabwea 5:53–71.
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Slatkin M (1995) A measure of population subdivision based on microsatellite allele frequencies. Genetics 139:457–462. [PMC free article][PubMed]
Soodyall H (1993) Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in southern African populations. PhD thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
Soodyall H, Vigilant L, Hill AV, Stoneking M, Jenkins T (1996) mtDNA control-region sequence variation suggests multiple independent origins of an “Asian-specific” 9-bp deletion in sub-Saharan Africans. Am J Hum Genet 58:595–608. [PMC free article][PubMed]
Spurdle AB, Jenkins T (1996) The origins of the Lemba “black Jews” of southern Africa: evidence from p12F2 and other Y-chromosome markers. Am J Hum Genet 59: 1126–1133. [PMC free article][PubMed]
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•Summary
•Introduction
•Subjects And Methods
•Results
•Discussion
•References
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Articles from American Journal of Human Genetics are provided here courtesy of American Society of Human Genetics
February 11, 2012
[37]
[38]
My father, who’s 79th birthday was yesterday tell me that Andrew Jackson, my first cousin 9 times removed and Sam Houston were good friends.
[39]
[40]
[41]
[42]
Andrew Jackson Harrison (1809-1836)
Tennessee; Texas
HARRISON, ANDREW JACKSON (1809-1836). Andrew Jackson Harrison, Alamo defender, was born in Tennessee in 1809. On October 26, 1860, Commissioner of Claims W. S. Hotchkiss rejected a land bounty claim of Harrison's heirs, claiming that there was "no law for giving donation for dying in service." They later received 320 acres of land for Harrison's "service until 6 March 1836 and having fallen at the Alamo."
BIBLIOGRAPHY: Daughters of the American Revolution, The Alamo Heroes and Their Revolutionary Ancestors (San Antonio, 1976). Bill Groneman, Alamo Defenders (Austin: Eakin, 1990). Thomas L. Miller, "Mexican-Texans at the Alamo," Journal of Mexican-American History 2 (Fall 1971).
Bill Groneman
Extracted from: Handbook of Texas ONLINE
Son of George and Catherine HARRISON
HARRISON, GEORGE (?-?). George Harrison, one of Stephen F. Austin's Old Three Hundred colonists, received title to a sitio of land in the western part of what is now Brazoria County on August 16, 1824; there he established a plantation. In October 1824 he signed a petition for appointment of a surveyor in the San Jacinto area. He was living in the Cedar Lake section in October 1825, when he asked Austin to come there to treat with the Karankawa Indians. The census of 1826 classified Harrison as a farmer and stock raiser, aged between twenty-five and forty. He had a wife, Catherine, and two sons, one of whom, Andrew Jackson Harrison, was killed in the battle of the Alamo.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: Eugene C. Barker, ed., The Austin Papers (3 vols., Washington: GPO, 1924-28). Lester G. Bugbee, "The Old Three Hundred: A List of Settlers in Austin's First Colony," Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association 1 (October 1897). James A. Creighton, A Narrative History of Brazoria County (Angleton, Texas: Brazoria County Historical Commission, 1975). Bill Groneman, Alamo Defenders (Austin: Eakin, 1990).
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The Harrison Genealogy Repository http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~harrisonrep/[43]
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[1] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[2] ht This day in Jewish History
tp://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[3] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[4] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[5] A time for Planting, The First Migration 1654-1823 by Eli Faber 1992 pg.6.
[6] mike@abcomputers.com
[7] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[8]http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/_glc_/3256/3256_442.html?Welcome=1041148847
[9] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[10] [Genealogies of Virginia Families, From the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1981),
1: 41.] Chronological Listing of Events In the Lives of Andrew Harrison, Sr. of Essex County, Virginia, Andrew Harrison, Jr. of Essex and Orange Counties, Virginia, Lawrence Harrison, Sr. of Virginia and Pennsylvania Compiled from Secondary Sources Covering the time period of 1640 through 1772 by Daniel Robert Harrison, Milford, Ohio, November, 1998.
[11] . [James Edward Harrison, A comment of the family of ANDREW HARRISON who died in ESSEX COUNTY, VIRGINIA in 1718 Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: privately printed, no date), 51.] Chronological Listing of Events In the Lives of Andrew Harrison, Sr. of Essex County, Virginia, Andrew Harrison, Jr. of Essex and Orange Counties, Virginia, Lawrence Harrison, Sr. of Virginia and Pennsylvania Compiled from Secondary Sources Covering the time period of 1640 through 1772 by Daniel Robert Harrison, Milford, Ohio, November, 1998.
[12]http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/m/y/e/Dale-E-Myers/COL.1-0013.html
[13] [Beverley Fleet, Virginia Colonial Abstracts, The Original 34 Volumes Reprinted in 3, (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1988) 2: 25.] Chronological Listing of Events In the Lives of Andrew Harrison, Sr. of Essex County, Virginia, Andrew Harrison, Jr. of Essex and Orange Counties, Virginia, Lawrence Harrison, Sr. of Virginia and Pennsylvania Compiled from Secondary Sources Covering the time period of 1640 through 1772 by Daniel Robert Harrison, Milford, Ohio, November, 1998.
[14] America’s First President, George Washington, Famous American Series by Peter R. Henriques, PH. D. pg. 2
[15] http://washburnhill.freehomepage.com/custom3.html
[16] Queen Anne County, Maryland, It's History and Development. Frederic Emory, The Queen Anne's County Historical Society, Queen Anne Press, Queenstown, MD, 1981, Page 253.
[17] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[18] Rutherford is probably Robert Rutherford’s brother Thomas, of Berkeley (later Jefferson) County (see GREENE [3], 375--82). Rezin Beall (1723--1809), whose name is variously spelled, was a descendant of Thomas Beall the immigrant and lived on Little Paint Branch, one mile north of Beltsville in northern Prince George’s County, Md. (BEALL, 112--13). From 16 Aug. to 1 Dec. 1776 Beall served as a brigadier general with Maryland troops in the campaign in the Jerseys
(1-LEhMAN [1], 79; BERG, 42, 67, 108).
Beau had brought a note from Jonathan Boucher recommending him for the job Valentine Crawford had just accepted from GW (see 27 Jan. 1774). On 15 Feb., GW explained to Boucher: ‘Before Mr. Beall deliverd me your Letter of the 10th. . . (under a supposition of his willingness to undertake my business on the Ohio) I had conditionally agreed with Mr. Vale. Crawford for this purpose; who you must know, had Imbark’d in a Courting Scheme (in this neighbourhood) and, as I conceiv’d the task of pleasing a Master & Mistress, equal to that of two Masters, I made a point of his settling this business somehow or other with the Lady before he undertook mine; and this he did unfavourably to his wishes, the very day Mr. Beall came here & was at liberty for me” (NN; see main entry for 27 Jan. 1774).
[19] Enemy Views, by Bruce E. Burgoyne (The Order Book of the Von Mirbach Regiment.)
[20] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[21] http://penningtons.tripod.com/jepthagenealogy.htm
[22] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[23] http://jonathanpaul.org/silvey/graham/d0001/g0000115.html
[24] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[25] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/lincoln-leaves-springfield
[26] …had orders to go at the soldiers house and remain there until further orders the house is full of soldiers for their Regiments. (Rollins Diary) http://ipserv2.aea14.k12.ia.us/iacivilwar/Resources/rollins diary.htm
[27]1st Lt. Arthur MacArthur Jr., was born in 1845 and as an 18 year old adjutant of the 24th Wisconsin and future father of Gen. Douglas MacArthur grabbed his regiment’s national flag on the ridge’s slope when the color bearer fell exhausted. Captain Howard Green of Company B and 1st Lt. Robert J. Chivas of Company I lay dead, with both officers of Company A wounded. Shouting “On, Wisconsin!” to his momentarily stunned comrades, the beardless youth carried the flag to the crest. “I had the honor of planting the colors of the 24th Wisconsin immediately in front of Bragg’s old headquarters,” he wrote the next day. I showed the old flag to General Sheridan immediately upon his arrival on top of the ridge While I was carrying the flag a whole dose of canister went through it, tearing it in a frightful manner. I only received one scratch and that through the rim of my hat.”
[28] William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary by Jeff Goodlove
[29] Rigby Journal, Febrary 11, 1865
(History of the 24th Iowa Infantry by Harvey H Kimball, August 1974, page 195.)
[30] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[31] www.frontierfolk.net/ramsha_research/families/Stephenson.rtf
[32] French Children of the Holocaust, A Memorial, by Serge Klarsfeld, page 28.
[33] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[34] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 360-361.
[35] http://www.bessel.org/datemas.htm
[36] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1288118/
[37] Art Museum, Austin, TX. February 11, 2012
[38] Art Museum, Austin, TX. February 11, 2012
[39] LBJ Presidential Library, Austin TX. February 11, 2012
[40] State Capital Memorial, Austin, TX. February 11, 2012.
[41] State Capital Memorial, Austin, TX. February 11, 2012.
[42] State Capital Memorial, Austin, TX. February 11, 2012.
[43] http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~harrisonrep/harrbios/AndrewJacksonHarrison_Alamo.html
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