This Day in Goodlove History, February 17
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Jeff Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), and Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clarke, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,and ancestors Andrew Jackson, and William Henry Harrison.
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), and Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clarke, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,and ancestors Andrew Jackson, and William Henry Harrison.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
February 17, 1751: According to Gist‘s journal, on February 17, 1751, Andrew Montour delivered the following message from the Wyendott and Delaware Indians to the Twightwees:
Brothers the Twightwees, this comes by our Brothers the English who are coming with
good News to You; We hope You will take Care of Them, and all our Brothers the English
who are trading among You: You made a Road for our Brothers the English to come and
trade among You, but it is now very foul, great Loggs are fallen across it, and We would
have you be strong like Men, and have one Heart with US, and make the Road clear, that
our Brothers the English may have free course and Recourse between You and Us…
At the time he made this February 17, 1751 journal entry mentioning the Twightwee Road, Gist
Sunday, February 17, 1754
Captain Trent of the Virginia Regiment begins construction of Fort Prince George at the Forks of the Ohio. [3]
Many secondary sources state that William Trent began building a British fort at the Forks of the
Ohio on February 17, 1754. The Ohio Company was working on the project in advance of Trent.
An Ohio Company resolution influenced Wallace’s conclusion
A second item that influenced Wallace‘s conclusion is found in Mulkearn‘s 1954 book ―George Mercer papers relating to the Ohio Company of Virginia‖. It is a previously quoted 1751 passage from the ―Orders and Resolutions of the Ohio Company‖ that Wallace himself quotes: Resolved that it is necessary to have a Road cleared from the mouth of Wills Creek to thethree forks of the Youghogane and that Colo Cresap be empowered to agree with anyperson or persons willing to undertake the same so that the expense thereof does not
exceed twenty-five pounds Virginia currency.
Regardless of what might have led Wallace to conclude that the Ohio Company built the Turkey
Foot Road, he only cites the Mercer map and Ohio Company resolution. Nevertheless, one
glance through his Indian paths book proves that he was a scholarly individual who had
immersed himself in the subject of early American history. There were probably other, unstated influences that led him to believe that the Ohio Company cut the Turkey Foot Road in 1751, and
Darlington‘s book was likely one of them. If Darlington‘s book did not influence Wallace
Many secondary sources state that William Trent began building the British fort at the Forks of
the Ohio on February 17, 1754. William Trent‘s January 1754 appointment reads as follows:
Rob‘t Dinwiddie Esq‘r His Majesty‘s L‘t Gov‘r Comd‘r in Chief and Vice Admiral of his
Colony and Don‘n of Virg‘a—
To WM, TRENT, ESQ‘R:
Whereas certain Persons pretending to be Subjects of his most X‘n Majesty of the King of
France, and that they act by his Como, have in a hostile Manner invaded the Territories
of our Sovereign His M‘y King George the 2d, King of Great B. &c. and have comitted
divers Outrages and Violence on the Persons and Goods of His M‘y‘s Subjects, in direct
violation and infract‘n of the Treaties at present subsisting between the two Crowns, and
Whereas these Acts of hostility and depredations have been perpetrated in that Part of
His Majesty‘s Dom‘s w‘ch are under my Gov‘t; In order therefore to the Preservation of
the Peace and Good understanding between the two Crowns and the Preservation of our
Sovereign‘s undoubted rights and the Protection of his Subjects as much as in me lies, I
have thought fit to appoint and by Virtue of the Power and Authority to me given as
Com‘d‘r in Chief of this Colony, I do hereby constitute and appoint You Wm. Trent Esq‘r
to be Com‘d‘r of such and so many of His M‘y‘s Subjects not exceeding 100 Men as You
can immediately raise and enlist, and with the s‘d Comp‘a and the Assistance of our good
and faithful Friends and Allies the Ind‘s of the Six Nat‘s and such others as are in Amity
with them and Us, to keep Possession of His M‘y‘s Lands on the Ohio and the Waters
thereof and to dislodge and drive away, and in case of refusal and resistance to kill and
destroy or take Prisoners all and every Person and Persons not Subjects of the King of G.
B. who now are or shall hereafter come to settle and take Possess‘n of any Lands on said
River Ohio, or on any of the Branches or Waters thereof. And I do hereby require the s‘d
Men who shall so enlist themselves and every of them to obey You as their Com‘d‘r and
Capt‘n& c. and You are to constitute such and so many Officers under You as the Service
shall require, not exceeding 1 Capt. and 1 Lieut‘t.
Given under my Hand and the Seal of the Colony at W‘msburg the — Day of Jan‘y in the
February 1760: Because of the smallpox epidemic in Frederick County, the county court was moved, by order of the governor July 3, 1759, to Stephensburg, “during the time the small pox rageth in the town of Winchester.” Stephensburg (later Newton , later Stephens City ), founded by Lewis Stephens in 1758, was competing with Winchester to become the seat for Frederick County
February 1763
1763 A NEW MAP OF NORTH AMERICA FROM THE LATEST DISCOVERIES, published for the February 1763 issue of London Magazine, for R. Baldwin[7]
February 1766: After the campaign, Bouquetwent to Philadelphia where he was greeted as a conquering hero. London promoted him from colonel to brigadier general. He was reassigned to Florida where he contracted yellow fever and died (Pensacola—February 1766). A military“what-if” question of some interest is—what if Bouquet had stayed in the British military, lived, and have led British forces during the Revolutionary War—would the outcome have changed? Many thought Bouquet was the best field commander in North America. Before arriving in North America Bouquethad fought a guerilla war in the alpine region of northern Italy. He floated the idea of importing English bloodhounds to hunt-down Indian raiders of farms and villages. With his "outside-the-box" thinking the Revolutionary War might have turned-out differently.
Bouquet's Breastworks. The final base used by General Forbes in his advance on the French-held Fort Duquesne.
Bouquet's Breastworks. SR 2066 (Old Frankstown Road) at Boyce Park Administration building. One mile from green sign on Trestle (Center) Road. Photo by compiler with Joyce Chandler. Enlarged photo.
"Forbes Road - Bouquet's Breastworks. The last base of General Forbes' army. After crossing nearly 'two hundred miles of wild and unknown country,' the army entered Fort Duquesne on Nov. 25, 1758. Site is a mile north.
"Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission."
February 17: 1772: First partition of Poland by Russia, Prussia and Austria. The multi-parted partition of Poland would mean the demise of the Polish nation until after World War I. Much to the disappointment of the Russians, they acquired a large Jewish population as a result of the partition; a Jewish population that the Russians did not want.[8]
1772
In the last 23 years of his rule until 1786, Frederick II, who understood himself as the "first servant of the state", promoted the development and further settling of Prussian areas, such as the Oderbruch. At the same time he built up Prussia 's military power and participated in the First Partition of Poland with Austria and Russia (1772), an act which finally connected the Brandenburg territories with those of Prussia Prussia 's borders to immigrants fleeing from religious persecution in other parts of Europe , such as the Huguenots. Prussia became a safe haven in much the same way that the United States welcomed immigrants seeking freedom in the 19th century.[9]
1772
During the First Polish Republic (1569-1795), this area was known as Cracow Poland was partitioned between the three neighboring European Empires: Russia ,Prussia and Austria Poland Austria was given the name of Galicia Russia obtained one half on the remaining territory of Poland , while Prussia took the province of Poznan
The third and final partition occurred in 1795, as the remnants of Poland were divided amongst Russia , Austria , and Prussia Poland Europe for over 100 years, not to reappear until after World War I. In the third partition, Austria Austria named this area New or West Galicia; the area that had been taken in 1772 was renamed East Galicia . West Galicia and East Galicia were merged into the single province of Galicia
1772: the anti-Russian movement "Confederation of Bar" is crushed by Russia that partitions one fourth of Poland with Prussia and Austria (Galicia , Krakow )[11]
The map of
| |
Between 1772 and 1795 the entire territoryof the
February 1774: Rev. Ege's also claimed that John Dodson landed in Annapolis Maryland in 1771 but provided no documentation to support the claim. Several searches of the transport records of the time have not yielded any documentation to support the claim. Several searches of the transport records of the time have not yielded any documentation for this claim. However, a John Dodson was found leaving England in February 1774 as the result of a "Sentence of Transport" from London.[14]
To THOMAS LEWIS[15]
Mount Vernon
Sir: Whilst I was in Williamsburg Oyer Court Col
Your Brothers letter to you, and to myself (both enclos’d) will inform you of his reasons for returning my warrants. I am satisfied with the propriety of his conduct therein. Tho’ I am concer’d at the delay; because I propose presently to inform you of the motive which induced me to wish for my Certificates with as much expedition as possible: for this purpose I now enclose you a warrant for 5o,ooo acres of Land, as also the Surveys which Capt. Crawford has made for me in that Country: these I intended, if the new Colony had taken place on the Ohio, to have patented in that Governm’t, if I could not obtain them under the Proclamation of 1763; for this reason it was, I had them survey’d. If therefore Sir, you will do me the favour to Grant a certificate (by which I can apply for and obtain a Patent for the Tract of 2913 acres, which may, as I am content, be call’d 3,000)1 shall acknowledge myself exceedingly obliged to you, and you may rest assured, I would not ask you to do this, if I thought there was any impropriety, or that there coul be any imposition in the matter. The other survey of 515 acre I am at a loss what to do about it; the quantity is too small t locate a iooo acres upon, and yet, rather than lose it, I must d so: permit me to ask then, if the matter can be so manage upon your Entry book, as to secure this tract against the at tempts of any other, upon condition of my surrendering on thousand acres of my claim for it, in case of any other appliction, but yet for me to have the privilege, of redeeming it as i were, by purchasing up sundry small claims to the amour of the Tract, and locating of them upon that spot. If this can b done, I should much prefer it, as I must otherwise lose nea 500 acres of Land, or obtain it of mountain: but as I said befon rather than not secure this tract of 515 acres, I wish to do it the expence of 1000 acres of my claim, as there has been a unjustifiable attempt made to take it from me.
I shall upon getting Patents for these Lands (on your Ccrtificates) pay you the same Fees, as if actually surveyed by your self, or Deputy; and the reason which makes me so anxious t have them returned into the office (as hinted before) is honestly this. Mr. Wood who went into the Government of West Florida last summer, was commanded by me among others I saw little prospect at that time of obtaining a Grant for Land under the royal Proclamation) to locate my quantity there; bI he was inform’d by Govr. Chester[16](who had left England not long before) it was Lord Hilsborough’s opinion, that Provincial officers were not comprehended in that Proclamation This, aitho’ it is not the only proof of his Lordships’ malignar disposition towards Americans, may yet, if known to one Governor; though it ought not to be any rule for his conduct, as he has never been so instructed, set on foot an enquiry by which the proceedings here may be suspended. This,believe me Sir, as I conceive the services of a Provincial Officer as worthy of reward as those of a regular one, and can only be withheld from him with injustice, is the only reason of my wishing to hasten my certificates into the office, for otherwise the disadvantage of doing it, is apparent, on account of the short time allow’d for cultivation and improvement. I am, Sir, etc.[17]
February 1775: Lord Dunmore visited Pittsburgh and “Fort Dunmore” for the last time in February 1775. Despite his presiding as a justice in the Pennsylvania court at Hannastown, Crawford was all the while in touch with Dunmore, up until at least the April term, 1774, when Connolly appeared at Hannastown. [18]
Alexander Cowan to George Washington, February 17, 1775
SIR)
Mr Valentine Crawford got Credit for Some Goods from Capt. William Mc.Gachen Some time ago on your Accot:: and promised to pay for them in a Short time after he Reed. them but a twelvemonth has now ailmost elaps’d and have never heard from him--at Capt. Mc. Gachens departure for England he left me his Attorney, and beg’d I would request the favour of you to endeavour to get the Money for him, as he told me he was a manager for you in the Back woods, I hope it will not be a difficult Mater for You to procure payment from him, Inclosed you have his Accot.t and Shall take it as a Singular favour if you will drop me a few Lines to let me know whither you will be able to effect it or not, as I am realy in great want of money at this present time. ... And Am
[Note 1: 1 BALTO. March the 12th 1774 (March 12)
Mr. Valentine Crawford
Bot of William Mo.
To Sundrys per. bill furnish’d---~22 ..9 .. 9 1/3
To Tnt. on the above Accot. from the 12th. Augt. 1774 till paid at 6 per Ct.---1
Sir
Your Most obt. hume. servt.
ALEXR. COWAN[19]
February 1777
The law regarding marriage in Maryland in 1778 is set forth in "An Act Concerning Marriages[20], February 1777 which provides in part:
lll. And be it enacted, that the rites of marriage between any white persons, subject or inhabitants of this state, shall not be celebrated by any persons within this state unless by ministers of the Church of England, Minister differing from that church, or Romish Priests, appointed or ordained by the rites and ceremonies of their respective church. If any perform contrary to the true intent (of this stature), he shall forfeit and pay for every offence 500 pounds current money.
V. And be it remembered that no person within this state shall marry withou such license as by this actr directed, or before the names of the parties intending to be married shall thrice be published in some parish or chapel, meeting house or Romish parish chapel or other house of religious worship in the county where the woman shall have her usual residence.
lX. And be it enacted that if any minister shall join in marrieage any male under the age of twenty-one years, or any female under the age of sixteen years, and not before married, without the consent of the parent of guardian, he shall forfeit and pay five hundred pounds current money.
Xll. And be it enacted that all licenses for marrieage shall be issued by the clerk of the court of that county where the woman shall have her usual residence."[21]
February 17, 1778
The marriage license to John and Eleanor was issued on February 17, 1778.[22]John Dodson voluntarily enlisted on February 5, 1778. The marriage license to John and Eleanor was
issued on February 17, 1778. John passed muster on February 27, 1778. John Dodson, the first child
of Eleanor and John was bom on December 25. 1778(65). Thus, Eleanor was about three months
pregnant and probably the reason for John's discharge on June 11, 1778.
But why would Eleanor have used the surname Howard rather than McKinnon when obtaining the
marriage license?
issued on February 17, 1778. John passed muster on February 27, 1778. John Dodson, the first child
of Eleanor and John was bom on December 25. 1778(65). Thus, Eleanor was about three months
pregnant and probably the reason for John's discharge on June 11, 1778.
But why would Eleanor have used the surname Howard rather than McKinnon when obtaining the
marriage license?
February 17, 1792: An addendum to treaty was signed by Henry Knox, Secretary of War, representing the United States and representatives of the Cherokee on February 17, 1792, and proclaimed on the same day, which increased the annuities paid by the United States to the Cherokee leaders.[23]
February 17, 1801: An electoral tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr is resolved when Jefferson is elected President of the United States and Burr Vice President by the United States House of Representatives. Thomas Jefferson was the first President to appoint a Jew to a Federal post. In 1801 he named Reuben Etting of Baltimore as U.S. Marshall for Maryland. More importantly from a Jewish perspective was the fact that Jefferson was a strong defender of the concept of separation of church and state.[24] Thomas Jefferson is elected the third president of the United States. The election constitutes the first peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another in the United States.
By 1800, when he decided to run for president, Thomas Jefferson possessed impressive political credentials and was well-suited to the presidency. In addition to drafting the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson had served in two Continental Congresses, as minister to France, as secretary of state under George Washington and as John Adams' vice president.
Vicious partisan warfare characterized the campaign of 1800 between Democratic-Republicans Jefferson and Aaron Burr and Federalists John Adams, Charles C. Pinckney and John Jay. The election highlighted the ongoing battle between Democratic-Republican supporters of the French, who were embroiled in their own bloody revolution, and the pro-British Federalists who wanted to implement English-style policies in American government. The Federalists abhorred the French revolutionaries' overzealous use of the guillotine and as a result were less forgiving in their foreign policy toward the French. They advocated a strong centralized government, a standing military and financial support of emerging industries. In contrast, Jefferson's Republicans preferred limited government, unadulterated states' rights and a primarily agrarian economy. They feared that Federalists would abandon revolutionary ideals and revert to the English monarchical tradition. As secretary of state under Washington, Jefferson opposed Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton's proposal to increase military expenditures and resigned when Washington supported the leading Federalist's plan for a national bank.
After a bloodless but ugly campaign in which candidates and influential supporters on both sides used the press, often anonymously, as a forum to fire slanderous volleys at each other, the then-laborious and confusing process of voting began in April 1800. Individual states scheduled elections at different times and although Jefferson and Burr ran on the same ticket, as president and vice president respectively, the Constitution still demanded votes for each individual to be counted separately. As a result, by the end of January 1801, Jefferson and Burr emerged tied at 73 electoral votes apiece. Adams came in third at 65 votes.
This unintended result sent the final vote to the House of Representatives. Sticklers in the Federalist-controlled House of Representatives insisted on following the Constitution's flawed rules and refused to elect Jefferson and Burr together on the same ticket. The highly influential Federalist Alexander Hamilton, who mistrusted Jefferson but hated Burr more, persuaded the House to vote against Burr, whom he called the most unfit manfor the office of president. (This accusation and others led Burr to challenge Hamilton to a duel in 1804 that resulted in Hamilton's death.) Two weeks before the scheduled inauguration, Jefferson emerged victorious and Burr was confirmed as his vice president.
A contingent of sword-bearing soldiers escorted the new president to his inauguration on March 4, 1801, illustrating the contentious nature of the election and the victors' fear of reprisal. In his inaugural address, Jefferson sought to heal political differences by graciously declaring We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.
As president, Jefferson made some concessions to his opponents, including taking Hamilton's advice to strengthen the American Navy. In 1801, Jefferson sent naval squadrons and Marines to suppress Barbary piracy against American shipping. He reduced the national debt by one-third, acquired the Louisiana Territory, and his sponsorship of the Lewis and Clark expedition opened the west to exploration and settlement. Jefferson's first term ended in relative stability and prosperity, and in 1804 he was overwhelmingly elected to a second term.
The flawed voting system that was so problematic in the election of 1800 was later improved by the 12th Amendment, which was ratified in 1804.[25]
February 17, 1815: The Treaty of Ghent, signed and sealed on December 24, 1814 a full two weeks before the Battle of New Orleans officially ended the War of 1812. [26] In the Age of Sail, the treaty wasn’t fully ratified until February 17, 1815.[27]
Treaty of Ghent
Signing of the Treaty of Ghent. Admiral of the Fleet James Gambier is shaking hands with United States Ambassador to Russia John Quincy Adams; British Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies Henry Goulburn is carrying a red folder.
Plaquette at the building in the Veldstraat, Ghent where the treaty was negotiated. Located at the retail 'Esprit' store on VeldStraat.
Cornplanter. Indian name Garyan-wah-gah. Iroquois Chief—Seneca. (Captain O’Bail). Born in Conewaugus on the Genesee River (near present day Rochester, NY) c1735. Died on the Cornplanter plot February 17, 1836. Although fighting on the British side during the Revolutionary War, he argued for a peaceful settlement between the Iroquois and the thirteen colonies. He allied with Joseph Brant and Sayenqueragta against General John Sullivan in 1779 during Sullivan’s march into Iroquoia. With Sir John Johnson, Brant, and others he assisted in the looting and burning in 1780 of the Schoharie and Mohawk valleys. After the Fort Stanwix Treaty of 1784, he was seen as a traitor by many Iroquois—a peacemaker by others. Joseph Brant was especially critical of Cornplanter—both were ambitious and competed for Iroquois supremacy.
Cornplanter. Six-foot bronze by Clair Victor Curll. Creekside Park, Oil City, Venango County. Photo by compiler. Enlarged Photo.
In the late 1780s and 1790s when PA or federal officials had a problem with Indians in western PA, Cornplanterwas the one brought into the conversation. Both sides recognized that fighting between settlers and Indians was not something that was going away during the early 1790s. The practice of "covering the grave" with a going-rate of $200 per Indian—or settler, served as a sort of unspoken agreement. Cover the Grave. An Indian practice aimed at reducing, or eliminating "revenge murders." When a member of one tribe kills a member of a second tribe, an immediate reaction might be to "avenge the murder" by killing the perpetrator. This killing might set-off a chain-reaction of further killings. Recognizing that the killing of the second person will not bring the first person back to life, an accomodation would be made by forcing the guilty party to cover the grave of the deceased with gifts of value. The efficacy of this practice depends on the power and influence of the chiefs and sachems of the involved tribes. When a third-party (the colonists) became involved, the practice was put to the test. The insistance on a murder trial by settlers could cause a major conflict.
Cornplanter's father was Dutch and his mother Seneca (she was Guyasutha's sister). Father was Indian trader (John O’Bail). His half-brother, Handsome Lake, was an important Seneca mystic and religious leader. Cornplanter developed his grant as a model community with help from Quakers. He built schools, roads, houses and a strong agricultural infrastructure. However, after a string of questionable dealings with white men, he became embittered and destroyed his relationships—including a gift from George Washington.
Cornplanter’s Grant. Cornplanterkept the Senecas neutral during the post Revolutionary War period and in appreciation, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania gave him (personally) three plots of land along the Allegheny River near the New York state line (Resolution of the Pennsylvania General Assembly on March 24, 1789). He sold a six-hundred acre plot ("Richland") near West Hickory to General John Wilkins, Jr.. A second plot of three-hundred acres at Oil Creek ("The Gift") was sold to William Kinnear and William Connelly in 1818 for $2,121 with a $250 downpayment. Connelly paid-off his debt the same year; Kinnear never did and Cornplanter was unsuccessful in collecting. The third plot he held (779 acres in Cold Spring Township in Warren County) and developed along with several noteworthy Seneca including his uncle Guyasutha and his half-brother, the prophet Handsome Lake. The land stayed with the Seneca until 1965 when it went under water as part of a flood control project—the Kinzua Dam.
A second factor concerning the transaction is that Cornplanter met President Washington and the Secretary of War, Henry Knox, in Philadelphia in April 1791. Cornplanterwanted some territorial agreements made in prior treaties to be recinded, but Washington and Knox would not agree. However, Washington did address a question concerning the land then held by Cornplanter and his Seneca. Washington assured Cornplanter that "...no state nor person can purchase your lands, unless at some public treaty held under the Authority of the United States. The general Government will never consent to your being defrauded. But it will protect you in all your just rights...You possess the right to sell, and the right of refusing to sell your lands..." This was a major coup for an Indian. No state could take his land—like had happened to the Iroquois in NY. Finally, an Indian had the assurance of the President of the United States that his land was his and could not be taken away.[28]
Map of Louisiana[29]
Wed. February 17[30], 1864
Port Hudson[31] many plantations – land level
Map of Louisiana [32]
Plackamin[35]plantations thick on both sides
Orleans[36] at 9 pm 15 miles long
February 17, 1943: Dutch churches protested against Seyss-Inquart’s persecution of Jews. The Austrian born Seyss-Inquart became Reich Commissioner of the Netherlands in May, 1940.The Dutch churches were protesting against "the forced sterilization of Jewish partners in mixed-marriages. For once, the Germans relented and ended this one form of inhumanity. At the end of the war Seyss-Inquart was arrested and charged with war crimes in Nuremberg. At his trial it was pointed out that of the 140,000 Dutch Jews, only 8,000 survived in hiding and only 5,450 came home from camps in Poland and Czechoslovakia. Seyss-Inquart was found guilty and hanged on 16th October, 1946.[38]
February 17, 1945: Nicholas George Winton, the Englishman who organized “the rescue of 669 mostly Jewish children from German-occupied Czechoslovakia on the eve of World War II in an operation later known as the Czech Kindertransport” “was promoted to war substantive flying officer” in the RAF. Winton, who was later knighted, was not Jewish. He was a decent human being who, unlike so many others, did the right thing during “the long, dark European Night.”[39]
[6] George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741-1799: The Diaries of George Washington. The Diaries of George Washington. Vol. 1. 1748-65. Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, eds. Charlottesville : University Press of Virginia
[7] . Only the Pennsylvania region is shown. The entire map shows the eastern US and southern Canada west to the Mississippi with southern Florida cut off. Many Indian tribes are named and offshore fishing banks are indicated. Pennsylvania extends to the 43rd parallel and includes Delaware as a county. This map is interesting because of the several Pennsylvania towns identified. Many of the maps in London Magazine were by Thomas Kitchin and this resembles one from 1755 reproduced on page 187 of Fite & Freeman and also listed on page 580 of Phillips. It also resembles the map shown below for 1764. Longitude is west from London. Blank verso. Scale:1"=225 miles. Size 13 x 16.5 inches.
http://www.mapsofpa.com/antiquemaps26.htm
[14] (The Complete Book of Immigrants in Bondage 1664-1775, Peter Wilson, Genealogical Publishing Co. Baltimore MD 1988, Page 234. (http://washburnhill.freehomepage.com/custom3.html)
[17] The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources 1745-1799, John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor, Volume 3.
[19] The George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741-1799
Letters to Washington and Accompanying Papers. Published by the Society of the Colonial Dames of America. Edited by Stanislaus Murray Hamilton.--vol. 05
[30]Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley, Lieutenant George E. Dixon, CSA, destroyed U.S.S. Housatonic, Captain Charles W. Pickering, off Charleston, and became the first submarine to sink an enemy ship in combat. After Hunley sank the preceding fall for the second time, she was raised, a new volunteer crew trained, and for months under the cover of darkness moved out into the harbor where she awaited favorable conditions and a target. This night, the small cylindrical shaped craft with a spar torpedo mounted on the bow found the heavy steam sloop of war Housatonic anchored outside the bar. Just before 9 o’clock in the evening, Acting Master John K. Crosby, Housatonic’s officer of the deck, sighted an object in the water about 100 yards off but making directly for the ship. “It had the appearance of a plank moving in the water.”Nevertheless Housatonic slipped her cable and began backing full; all hands were called to quarters. It was too late. Within two minutes of her first sighting, H. L. Hunley rammed her torpedo into Housatonic’s starboard side, forward of the mizzenmast. The big warship was shattered by the ensuing explosion and “sank immediately.”
Dixon and his daring associates periched with H. L. Hunley in the attack. The exact cause of her loss was never determined, but as Confederate Engineer James H. Tomb later observed:” She was very slow in turning, but would sink at a moment’s notice and at times without it.” But in ginving their lives the gallant crew of H. L. Hunley wrote a fateful patge in history, for their deed foretold the huge contributions submarines would make in later years in other wars. (Civil War Naval Chronology, 1861-1865, Compiled by Naval History Division, Navy Department, Washington: 1971.)
[31]Control of the Mississippi River was important to both sides during the American Civil War. The North wanted to control the river and split the Confederacy in two. The South wanted to maintain control and ensure the flow of supplies back and forth across the river.
When New Orleans fell to Federal troops in late April 1862, Confederate control of the Mississippi was in jeopardy. The confederate army had already fortified the river fluffs at Vicksburg, Mississippi, but it needed another series of river batteries below the mouth of the Red River. The Red River was the primary route for the shipment of supplies from Texas to the heartland of the Confederacy.
The bluffs near the small town of Port Hudson represented a perfect site for the river batteries. These bluffs were the first high ground upstream from Baton Rouge and overlooked a severe bend in the river. This bend presented an additional obstacle for Union warships. Following their defeat at the Battle of Baton Rouge on August 5, 1862, Confederate soldiers marched to Port Hudson and occupied the area on August 15, 1862. They constructed a series of river batteries along the bluffs and, in the monthes that followed, erected a 4 ½ mile line of earthworks to protect the land approach to the river batteries.
The siege of Port Hudson began on May 23, 1863. Roughly 30,000 Union troops, under the command of Major General Nathaniel P. Banks, were pitted against 6800 Confederates, under the command of Major Franklin Gardner.
On the morning of May 27, and again on June 14, the Union amy launched ferocious assaults against the 4 ½ mile-long string of earthworks protecting Port Hudson. Thise actions constituted some of the bloodiest and most severe fighting in the entire Civil War.
As the siege continued, the Confederates nearly exhausted their ammunition and were reduced to eating mules, horses and rats. When word reachd Garnder that Vicksburg had surrendered, he realized that his situation was hopeless and nothing could be gained by continuing the defense of Port Hudson. Surrender terms were negotiated, and on July 9, 1863, after 48 days and thousands of casualties, the Union army entered Port Hudson. The siege became the longest in American military history.
http://www.lastateparks.com/porthud/pthudson.htm
[33]In 1864, Baton Rouge estimated the town’s losses since secession at more than $10 million in freed slaves, burned buildings, destroyed crops, looted property, and confiscated horses and mules. It took more than a decade for the town and its citizens to begin to recover, especially since New Orleans had again become the state capital.
[34]…arrived at New Orleans at ten o’clock this evening. (Rollins Diary) http://ipserv2.aea14.k12.ia.us/iacivilwar/Resources/rollinsdiary.htm
[35]Plaquemine, town south of Baton Rouge. (See map of Louisiana)
[36] As a principal port New Orleans had a leading role in the slave trade, while at the same time having North America’s largest community of free persons of color. Early in the American Civil War it was captured by the Union without a battle, and hence was spared the destruction suffered by many other cities of the American South. It was the first captured city in the American South. (New Orleans, Louisiana-Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewOrleans, Louisiana
[37]Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1764.
[38] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
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