This Day in Goodlove History, February 19
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Jeff Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), and Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clarke, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,and ancestors Andrew Jackson, and William Henry Harrison.
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), and Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clarke, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,and ancestors Andrew Jackson, and William Henry Harrison.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
Anniversary: Mary Allison and Lawrence Harrison Jr. 225
Birthday: Elsie McKee Bayes 98, Cynthia L. Meyers 60
February 19, 842: The Medieval Iconoclastic Controversy ended, when a Council in Constantinople formally reinstated the veneration of images (icons) in the churches. This debate over icons is often considered the last event which led to the Great Schism between the Eastern and Western Churches. This split continues to this day between the Roman Catholics and the Eastern Orthodox. As those studying in Cedar Rapids now know, many of the things done to the Jews by Christians were by-products of these various squabbles between various Christian sects.[1]
843: The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (German:Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation listen▶ (LatinSacrum Romanum Imperium Nationis Germanicae, see names and designations of the empire) was a political conglomeration of lands in Central Europe in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. Emerging from the eastern part of the Frankish realm after its division in the Treaty of Verdun (843), it lasted almost a millennium until its dissolution in 1806.[2]
845: Sahl Al-Tabari
Also called Rabban al-Tabari, meaning the Rabbi of Tabaristan. Flourished about the beginning of the ninth century. Jewish astronomer and physician. The first translator of the Almagest into Arabic.H. Suter: Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber (l0, 1900); M. Steinschneider: Die arabische Literatur der Juden (23-34, Frankfurt, 1902).
Ahmed Al-Nahawandi
Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Nahawandi. Flourished at Jundishapur at the time of Yahva ibn Khalid ibn Barmak, who died in 802-3; he himself died c. 835 to 845. Muslim astronomer. He made astronomical observations at Jundishapur and compiled tables called the comprehensive (Mushtamil).
H. Suter: Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber (l0, 1900) [3]
846:Attacks on Islamic doctrine could not stop the growth of the Islamic state. During the ninth century Arab armies conquered Crete and Sicily, and even sacked Rome in 846; the Arabs established colonies along the Mediterranean coast of modern day Italy.[4]
850: There is nothing to report in this time on either Latin or Chinese medicine, and that my account of Byzantine medicine is restricted to a reference to Leon of Thessalonica. Practically all the medical work of this period was due either to Japanese or to Arabic-speaking physicians. To consider the latter first, I said advisedly "Arabic speaking" and not "Muslim," because out of the eight physicians whom G. Sarton mentioned as the most important, six were Christians, most probably Nistorians. Of the two remaining, one was a true Arab, the other a Persian. A great part of the activity of these men was devoted to translating Greek medical texts, especially those of Hippocrates and Galen, into Syriac and into Arabic. All of these translators were Christians, the most prominent being Ya'hya ibn Batriq, Ibn Sahda, Salmawaih ibn Bunan, Ibn Masawaih, and Ayyub al-Ruhawi.
Jibril ibn Bakhtyashu' collected Greek manuscripts and patronized the translators, but he also wrote some medical works. Salmawaih ibn Bunanshowed that the use of aphrodisiacs, always so popular in the East, was dangerous. The greatest of all these physicians was the Christian Ibn Masawaih (Mesue Major). He dissected apes and composed various anatomical and medical writings, notably the earliest ophthalmological treatise extant in Arabic and a collection of aphorisms. The philosopher al-Kindi wrote medical works also, the most important being one wherein he tried to establish posology on a mathematical basis. The Persian 'Ai al-Tabari completed, in 850, a medical encyclopaedia entitled Paradise of Wisdom.[5]
Jibril ibn Bakhtyashu' collected Greek manuscripts and patronized the translators, but he also wrote some medical works. Salmawaih ibn Bunanshowed that the use of aphrodisiacs, always so popular in the East, was dangerous. The greatest of all these physicians was the Christian Ibn Masawaih (Mesue Major). He dissected apes and composed various anatomical and medical writings, notably the earliest ophthalmological treatise extant in Arabic and a collection of aphorisms. The philosopher al-Kindi wrote medical works also, the most important being one wherein he tried to establish posology on a mathematical basis. The Persian 'Ai al-Tabari completed, in 850, a medical encyclopaedia entitled Paradise of Wisdom.[5]
c. 850: ABU KAMIL
Abu Kamil Shuja ibn Aslam ibn Mohammed ibn Shuja al-hasib al-Misri, i. e., the Egyptian calculator. He originated from Egypt and flourished after al-Khwarizmi, he died c. 850, and before al-Imrani, who died 955. We place him tentatively about the beginning of the tenth century. Mathematician. He perfected al-Khawarizimi's work on algebra. Determination and construction of both roots of quadratic equations. Multiplication and division of algebraic quantities. Addition and subtraction of radicals (corresponding to our formula
Abu Kamil Shuja ibn Aslam ibn Mohammed ibn Shuja al-hasib al-Misri, i. e., the Egyptian calculator. He originated from Egypt and flourished after al-Khwarizmi, he died c. 850, and before al-Imrani, who died 955. We place him tentatively about the beginning of the tenth century. Mathematician. He perfected al-Khawarizimi's work on algebra. Determination and construction of both roots of quadratic equations. Multiplication and division of algebraic quantities. Addition and subtraction of radicals (corresponding to our formula
(a) + (b) = [ a + b + (2ab) ] ).
Study of the pentagon and decagon (algebraic treatment). His work was largely used by al-Kakhi and Leonardo de Pisa.H. Suter: Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber (43, 1900; Nachtrage, 164, 1902[6]
In 850 AD, a mountainside on the Washington side of the Columbia River Gorge collapsed in a massive landslide near modern-day Cascade Locks. The slide temporarily dammed the Columbia River and may be the source of the Native American "Bridge of the Gods" legend.
Landslides are common in Oregon, and geologists have mapped thousands of them, ranging from a few acres to a truly gigantic offshore landslide covering over 2,000 square miles. The slide off the southern Oregon coast is one of the largest known in the world and probably produced a massive tsunami when it occurred tens of thousands of years ago. Over thousands of years the combination of steep terrain, heavy rainfall, and periodic great earthquakes has produced landslides in all parts of the state.
Most are inactive . . . for now.[7]
Most are inactive . . . for now.[7]
850-1200 A.D.
851: Al-Ma'mun ordered geodetic measurements, to determine the size of the earth, and the drawing of a large map of the world. The mathematician al-Khwarizmi wrote a geographical treatise, entitled the Face of the Earth, which was essentially revised edition of Ptolemy's geography; it included maps. Sulaiman the Merchant traveled to the coast-lands of the Indian Ocean and to China; an account of his journeys was published in 851.
Some idea of Muslim views on minerals may be obtained in the so called "Lapidary" of Aristotle. That compilation is probably of Syriac and Persian origin, and one may tentatively place the Arabic version in the first half of the ninth century. 'Utarid's lapidary, the earliest work of its kind in Arabic, dates probably from the same time. [15]
Some idea of Muslim views on minerals may be obtained in the so called "Lapidary" of Aristotle. That compilation is probably of Syriac and Persian origin, and one may tentatively place the Arabic version in the first half of the ninth century. 'Utarid's lapidary, the earliest work of its kind in Arabic, dates probably from the same time. [15]
Large map of the world
(which Al-Ma'mun ordered to be drawn)
855: Italy, Jews expelled.[16]Pope Leo III outlawed Judaism and in 855 Jews were exiled from Italy.[17]
857: Ibn Masawaih
Latin name: Mesue, or, more specifically, Mesue Major; Mesue the Elder. Abu Zakariya Yuhanna ibn Masawaih (or Msuya). Son of a pharmacist in Jundishapur; came to Baghdad and studied under Jibrll ibn Bakhtyashu'; died in Samarra in 857. Christian physician writing in Syriac and Arabic. Teacher of Hunain ibn Ishaq. His own medical writings were in Arabic, but he translated various Greek medical works into Syriac. Apes were supplied to him for dissection by the caliph al-Mu'tasim c. 836. Many anatomical and medical writings are credited to him, notably the "Disorder of the Eye" ("Daghal al-ain"), which is the earliest Systematic treatise on ophthalmology extant in Arabic and the Aphorisms, the Latin translation of which was very popular in the Middle Ages.
Text and Translation Aphorismi Johannis Damnseeni (Bologna, 1489. Translation of the al-nawadir al-tibbiya). Many other editions. In the early editions of this and other works, Joannes [Janus] Damascenu is named as the author. [18]
858 and 862: Kenneth, son of Alpin, King of the Picts, died A.D. 858; that Donald, son of Alpin, King of the Picts, died A.D. 862;[19]
860: Saint Cyril, a missionary from Constantinople who arrived in Khazaria in 860, reports that he made little headway convincing the Khazarians he encountered practicing a kind of crude Judaism to convert to Christianity. [20]
864: Mexico: Mayan ball court was celestial 'marker'
By MARK STEVENSON | Associated Press – 8 mins ago
MEXICO CITY (AP) — Mexican archaeologists say they have determined that the ancient Mayas built watchtower-style structures atop the ceremonial ball court at the temples of Chichen Itzato observe the equinoxes and solstices, and they said Friday that the discovery adds to understanding of the many layers of ritual significance that the ball game had for the culture.
The structures sit atop the low walls of the court, where the Mayas played a game that consisted, as far as experts can tell, of knocking a heavy, latex ball with their elbows, knees or hips, through a stone ring set in the walls.
The bases of the structures — essentially, look-out boxes set atop the walls, each one with a small slit running through it —had been detected before, but archaeologist hadn't been sure what they were used for. Since the ball court was built around 864 A.D., the boxes and the stairs leading to them had crumbled.
The government's National Institute of Anthropology and History announced Thursday that the boxes had been 90-percent reconstructed, based on the stone footings that remained. Late last year and early this year, a team led by archaeologist Jose Huchim confirmed that the sun shone through the slit-like openings when the setting sun touches the horizon at the winter solstice.
The sun's rays also formed a diagonal pattern at the equinox in the slit-like openings, which are about tall enough to stand up in.
Huchim said he knew of no similar structures at other Mayan ball courts. "This is the place where we're finding this type of pasaje (structure)," Huchim said. He said a stone structure atop a ball court at the nearby ruin site of Uxmal appeared to have been used as a sort of spectators' stand for elite audiences.
Huchim said the slits may have been used to determine when ball matches were played, given that the ball itself, as it was knocked through the air by the players, may have been seen as imitating the sun's arc as it passed through the sky.
It may have also been used "like a calendar, to mark important periods for agriculture," like planting the core crop of corn.
Finally, Huchim noted that old descriptions of the ball courts sometimes depicted people atop the walls, and that they may have been acting as umpires in the game.
Huchim said Thursday that stairways to the structures are being restored so visitors can observe the phenomenon.
Boston University archaeologist Francisco Estrada-Belli, who was not involved in the project, said the solar sighting lines were part of "part of Maya architecture and cosmology."
"The fact that the sun rise can be observed behind a structure should be understood in that sense, as reverence to the sun or other star, not necessarily as an observatory in the technical sense," Estrada-Belli said. The orientation of the structures "emphasized the sacrality of the ritual space."[21]
866: The Vikings took aim at the British Kingdom of Northumbreah. This time they were not just interested in loot. They wanted land. They came to shore with several thousand warriors. It was the largest group of Vikings ever assembled. It came to be known as the “great heathen army.” The leader was named “Ivar the Boneless.” He had in mind the towereing city of York. York fell to Ivar and his great heathen army. Ivar then concentrated on the rest of Brittania. [22].
AD 867 - Patriarch Photius denounces Roman Catholic promotion of Sabbath fast
“Using fraud and artifice, they have tried to turn these people from the pure faith of Christianity, ….” “They have required them to observe the Sabbath fast, contrary to the canons of the church.
In his famous Encyclical Letter of invitation to the Eastern patriarchs, he charged the whole Western church with heresy and schism for interfering with the jurisdiction over the Bulgarians, for fasting on Saturday, for abridging the time of Lent by a week, for taking milk-food (milk, cheese, and butter) during the quadragesimal fast, for enforcing clerical celibacy, and despising priests who lived in virtuous matrimony, and, most of all, for corrupting the Nicene Creed by the insertion of the Filioque, and thereby introducing two principles into the Holy Trinity.[22] [23]
870: When Bernard the Wise from Brittany, visited Palestin in 870, he found Charles the Great’s establishments still in working order, but empty and beginning to decay. Bernard had only been able to make the journey by obtaining a passport from the Moslem authorities then governing Bari, in southern Italy; and even this passport did not enable him to land at Alexandria.[24]
“Using fraud and artifice, they have tried to turn these people from the pure faith of Christianity, ….” “They have required them to observe the Sabbath fast, contrary to the canons of the church.
In his famous Encyclical Letter of invitation to the Eastern patriarchs, he charged the whole Western church with heresy and schism for interfering with the jurisdiction over the Bulgarians, for fasting on Saturday, for abridging the time of Lent by a week, for taking milk-food (milk, cheese, and butter) during the quadragesimal fast, for enforcing clerical celibacy, and despising priests who lived in virtuous matrimony, and, most of all, for corrupting the Nicene Creed by the insertion of the Filioque, and thereby introducing two principles into the Holy Trinity.[22] [23]
870: When Bernard the Wise from Brittany, visited Palestin in 870, he found Charles the Great’s establishments still in working order, but empty and beginning to decay. Bernard had only been able to make the journey by obtaining a passport from the Moslem authorities then governing Bari, in southern Italy; and even this passport did not enable him to land at Alexandria.[24]
February 19, 1090: In Speyer, Germany, Emperor Henry IV renewed to Rabbi Judah ben Kalonymus, the poet David ben Meshullam, and Rabbi Moses ben Yekuthiel the pledges granted six years earlier by Bishop Ruediger. In addition the emperor guaranteed the Jews freedom of trade in his empire as well as his protection. Within six years Speyer became one of the first communities on the Rhine to be attacked. After the attacks Rabbi Moses took it upon himself to care for and protect the orphans created by this violence.[26]
1091: In 1091 the Byzantine emperor asked Rome for assistance against the Turks. [27] Norman armies finally conquer Sicily, Tornado in London England, Treaty of Caen between William II and Robert of Normandy (brothers), eclipse of the moon noted in Italy by Walcher of Malvern, Wm II stops invasion from Malcom III Scots. [28]
1092: Alexius Comnenus managed to stir up trouble between Kilij Arslan and his son in law, who was murdered at a banquet in Nicaea in 1092. His son, the younger Chaka, was too busy trying to hold his inheritance together to venture on further aggression.[29] William II conquers Cumberland, death of Vratislav II of Bohemia, Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah dies and capital moved from Iconium to Smyrna, Building of Carlisle Castle begins,– Seljuk empire at zenith, Cistercian monks founded, Carlisle and Cumberland captured from Scots, - Seljuk sultanate disintegrates, Cistercian monks - outgrowth of Benedictines - organized, end of 3rd Crusade. [30]Chinese Water Clock.[31]
February 19, 1229: During the Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor signed “a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the Pope Gregory IX.” The Sixth Crusade is remembered as one that did not result in the massive slaughter of Jews in Europe or Palestine. Gregory is remembered as the Pope who created the dreaded institution known as the Inquisition. During his reign, Frederick“decided to combine the manufacturing of silk and the dying trades and to give them over to a number of Jewish families. For many years both of these industries were “almost the exclusive activities of Jews in Sicily, Naples, and other parts of Italy” which were part of the Holy Roman Empire.[32]
February 19, 1473: Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus
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May 24, 1543 (aged 70)Frombork (Frauenburg), Prince-Bishopric of Warmia, Royal Prussia, Kingdom of Poland
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Nicolaus Copernicus (German: Nikolaus Kopernikus; Italian: Nicolò Copernico; Polish:
Copernicus' epochal book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), published just before his death in 1543, is often regarded as the starting point of modern astronomy and the defining epiphany that began the scientific revolution. His heliocentric model, with the Sun at the center of the universe, demonstrated that the observed motions of celestial objects can be explained without putting Earth at rest in the center of the universe. His work stimulated further scientific investigations, becoming a landmark in the history of sciencethat is often referred to as the Copernican Revolution.[33]
February 19, 1539: The Jews of Tyrnau Hungary (then Trnava Czechoslovakia) were expelled. In case you had not noticed, there seems to be an expulsion somewhere on almost every day of the year.[34]
February 19, 1543: The Vatican established the House of Catechumens (Casa dei Catecumeni). The purpose of the house, supported by Jewish taxation was solely to convert Jews. Those sent there were subjected to 40 days of intense “instruction”. If after that time he still refused baptism he was allowed to return to his home – few did. Until it was abolished in 1810 around 2440 Jews were converted in Rome alone. Other houses were set up in various Italian cities. On this same day three Portuguese Marranos from Ferrara were burned in Rome's Campo dei Fiori.[35]
February 19, 1583: In Italy, Joseph Saralbo was burned at the stake at the command of Pope Gregory XIII. Saralbo was accused of returning to Judaism and of trying to convince other Marranos in Ferrara to join him. According to reports he proudly proclaimed that he had helped 800 Marranos return to Judaism. He asked the Jews of Rome not to mourn for him stating “I am on my way to meet immortality.”[36]
February 19, 1594: King Sigismund III ruler of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is crowned King of Sweden. Under King Sigismund’s rule, conditions for Polish and Lithuanian Jews continued to deteriorate. Such could not be said of his Swedish realm since there was no Jewish community in Sweden at this time.[37]
February 19, 1600: Volcano, Huaynaputina, Andes, Peru; Central Volcanic Zone, VEI 6; 30 cubic kilometres (7.2 cu mi) of tephra[14] [38]
Credit: © Giovanni Paccaloni.
Huaynaputina, Peru – 1600 VEI 6
This peak was the site of South America's largest volcanic eruption in recorded history. The explosion sent mudflows as far as the Pacific Ocean, 75 miles (120 km) away, and appears to have affected the global climate. The summers following the 1600 eruption were some of the coldest in 500 years. Ash from the explosion buried a 20-square-mile (50-square-km) area to the mountain's west, which remains blanketed to this day.
Although Huaynaputina is a lofty 16,000 feet (4,850 meters), it's somewhat sneaky as volcanoes go. It stands along the edge of a deep canyon, and its peak doesn't have the dramatic silhouette often associated with volcanoes.
The 1600 cataclysm damaged the nearby cities of Arequipa and Moquengua, which only fully recovered more than a century later.[39]
February 19, 1674: England and the Netherlands sign the Peace of Westminster, ending the Third Anglo-Dutch War. A provision of the agreement transfers the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam to England, which renamed it New York.[40]
Tuesday, February 19, 1754:
Lt. Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia proclaims 200,000 acres of Ohio territory set aside "For Encouraging Men to enlist", to protect and help expand Virginia's boundaries. This land would be divided after the land was firmly in the hands of the Virginia Colony. [41]
Lieutenant-Governor Robert Dinwiddie also referred to the present-day location of Pittsburgh as
the ―fork of Monongahela‖. His February 19, 1754 proclamation states:
Whereas it is determined that a fort be immediately built on the river Ohio, at the fork of
Monongahela, to oppose any further encroachments or hostile attempts of the French
February 19, 1754
A Proclamation
For encouraging Men to enlist in His Majesty’s Service for the Defence and Security of this Colony.
Whereas it is determined that a Fort be immediately built on the River Ohio, at the Fork of the Monongahela, to oppose any further Encroachments, or hostile Attempts of the French and the Indians in their interest, and for the Security and Protection of his Majesty’s Subjects in this Colony; and as it is absolutely necessary that a sufficient Force should be raised to erect and support the same. For an encouragement to all who shall voluntarily enter into the said Service, I do hereby notify nd promise, by and with the Advice and Consent of his Majest’s Council of this Colony, that over and above their Pay, Two Hundred Thousand Acres of his Majest’s the King of Great Britain’s Lands, on the EAST Side of the River Ohio, within this Dominion, One Hundred Thousand Acres of his Majesty’s th King of Great Britain’s Lands, on the East Side of the River Oio, within this Dominion, One Hudred Thousand Acres wheref to be contiguous to the said Fort, and the other Hundred Thousand Acres to be on, or near the River (Ohio) shall be laid off and granted to such Persons, who by their voluntary Engagement, and behavior in the said Service shall deserve the same. And I further promise, that the said lands shl be divided amongst them immediately after the Performance of the said Servidce in a proportion due theirf respective merit, as shall be represented to me by heir Officers, and held and enjoyed by them without paying any rights, and also free from the payments of Quit Rents, for the term of Fifteen Years. And I do appoint this Proclamation to be read and published at the Court-Houses, Churches and Chapels in each Couny within this Colony, and that the Sheriffs take care the same shall be done accordingly.
Given at the COUNCIL Chamber in Williamsburg on the 19th day of Febrary, n the 27thYear of his Majesty’s Reign, Annoque Domini 1754.
Robert Dinwiddie
The Late War is the French and Indian War which ended c1763. This is the form of the fort begun c1759 and the foundations and a surviving blockhouse can be seen today at Point State Park in Pittsburgh. Brown shows a sequence of plans dating from a manuscript sketch of Fort Duquesne in 1754 up to the 'Plan of the New Fort at Pittsburgh', November 1759, which is almost identical to this image. The history of the forts at Pittsburgh is complex. The first fort was a rudimentary one built by Virginians in 1754 and called Fort Prince George. It was destroyed the same year by the French who built Fort Duquesne (see 1761). On December 1, 1758, the ruins of Fort Duquesne were officially renamed and from then on the Forks of the Ohio was called Pittsburgh. A temporary fort was built c1758-59 near the Monongahela River to house troops under the command of Colonel Hugh Mercer, and was called Mercer's Fort, see Brown, No. 35. This was followed by Fort Pitt begun c1759, which took several years to build. It was abandoned by the British in 1772, taken over by Virginians in 1774 and renamed Fort Dunmore. It was again abandoned when the new Fort Fayette was constructed in 1791-92. This newer fort was used by General Anthony Wayne during the Indian wars in the Northwest Territory.[44]
February 19, 1755: Braddock. Major General Edward Braddock. (1695-1755). Born in Perthshire, Scotland (some say he was Irish). Forty-five years in the Army. In London in late 1754 he was directed to go to North America (Virginia) and move northwest to Wills Creek on the Potomac River and lead his forces in the removal of the French from the forks of the Ohio River, then take the French forts at Venango on the Allegheny (Fort Machault), LeBoeuf on French Creek, and Presqu’isle on Lake Erie. After that, he was to move up Lake Erie and take Fort Niagara before moving across New York and taking the French fort at the southern end of Lake Champlain. Then, because summer would probably be almost upon him he should move over and take the fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island. He was assured that all thirteen governors would supply him with men and materiel as needed. He was to take two regiments of infantry with him to North America.
On arriving at Hampton Roads, VA on February 19, 1755, he found colonial leaders to not be in agreement on his route through Virginia, nor of the objective of taking Fort Duquesne first. Some told him he should start with Fort Niagara. Others said he definitely should move his troops across PA rather than VA. While at Wills Creek, several Indian leaders came to consul with him and, by all accounts, were brushed aside rudely. When the Lenni Lenape (Delaware) war chief, Shingas, asked Braddockabout possession of western land, Braddock is reported to have told him, “No savage should inherit the land.” This action resulted in Braddock’s2,400-man force having no more than seven to twelve Native Americans to help them. Scarrooyady and his son were two Indians of note in the group. (See Scarrooyady.)
Braddock Expedition. US 11 south of Shippensburg in Franklin County towards Chambersburg. [45]Photo by compiler with Joyce Chandler.Enlarged photo.
"Braddock Expedition. In 1755 supplies for Braddock's army were stored here in Edward Shippen's strong stone house "at the back Run." James Burd, the son-in-law of Shippen, opened a road to carry these supplies to the west. After Braddock's defeat, remaining supplies were given to sufferers from Indian attacks.
"Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission."
Braddock followed his orders and moved up to Wills Creek on the Potomac River and then over nearly the same trail Washington had followed the two previous years (variously called Nemacolin Trail, Braddock's Road—and more recently US Highway 40). Because the original trail was no more than six to eight feet wide, Braddock’sforces lost considerable time widening it to 12-feet in order to accommodate their heavier equipment. After passing the Great Meadows and down Chestnut Ridge to within perhaps eight miles of Fort Duquesne, his army met head-on a force of Indians and French Canadian marines and militia (at present-day Braddock, PA). Upon meeting the French and Indians, Braddock’s force maintained its rank-and-file formation, while the opposing Indians quickly followed the same encircling maneuver they used in hunting deer, elk, bear or whatever. Half circled to the right—half to the left, until they had Braddock’sforce in a cross-fire with only a muddled retreat possible. In spite of several actions of exemplary bravery, the attackers suffered one of the worst defeats in the history of the British Army on July 9, 1755.
Braddock’s force was split into an advance group (“flying column”) and a rear group led by Colonel Dunbar with the slow wagons. It was the “flying column” that met the French and Indians in the Battle of the Monongahela.
The French and Indians lost maybe a couple dozen men from a force numbering 600-900. The actual number is disputed—some believe around 50 killed and/or wounded severely. The British suffered 456 killed and another 421 wounded. Braddock expected the French to stay in the fort until fired on and then to come out European style—face to face in an open field. Braddock was shot in the lungs and died four days later.
The French had determined Fort Duquesne was defenseless against an enemy with cannons and decided a preferred tactic would be to meet Braddock in a wooded area to take advantage of firing from heavy cover without presenting a visible target for their enemy.
Braddock is to have said after the fight, “who would have thought it?” On the evening of July 13, 1755 on the evening of his death, his last words were, “We shall better know how to deal with them another time.”
Braddock remains. Braddock Park (see location below). Photo by compiler with Joyce Chandler. Enlarged photo..
"Here lieth the remains of Major General Edward Braddock who in command of the 44th and 48th regiments of English regulars was mortally wounded in an engagement with the French and Indians under the command of Captain M. de Beaujeu at the Battle of the Monongahela within ten miles of Fort Duquesne, now Pittsburg, July 9, 1755. He was borne back with the retreating army to the old orchard camp about one fourth of a mile west of this park where he died July 13, 1755. Lieutenant Colonel George Washington read the burial service at the grave."
He was buried in the middle of the road and wagons run over the site as additional concealment. They feared the Indians would exhume the body and desecrate it. George Washington, who participated in the expedition as a volunteer aide, read the funeral service by torchlight. The burial site was about one mile west of Fort Necessity (a monument stands at the site today). Braddock's remains were uncovered by a road maintenance crew in 1804.
Braddock is often maligned in history books as being haughty, prejudiced, conceited—and in general, not a very good listener. But it might be remembered that in London he was told he could move men and supplies up the Potomac to near a portage into the Youghiogheny. This was not possible. He was told the colonial governors would supply him with all necessary men and materiel. This did not happen. The Quakers in the PA Assembly voted against any money going to a military venture. Benjamin Franklin came to Braddock’s assistance in the procurement of wagons after the good doctor threatened locals that if they did not offer wagons for hire—they would be taken by force by the British. Franklin also said of the General, "...too much self-confidence; too high an opinion of the validity of regular trrops; too mean a one of both Americans and Indians...." As to the Indians, Braddock said, "...these savages may be formidable enemy to your raw American militia, but upon the king's regular and disciplined troops,..it is impossible they would make any impression...."
When Braddock approached Fort Duquesne, he sent the highly respected Christopher Gist and Indian scouts to reconnoiter the trail leading to the fort (some historians believe it was George Croghan and Scarrooyady that were sent ahead). They made the trip and reported the absence of any opposition (which was accurate, as the French and Indians did not come out of the fort until nearly the last minute). A career military man might have assumed a defending force would take advantage of their stronger position against an attacking force—conventional tactics. The French left the protection of the fort to meet the attacking force in small fields and woods.Braddock was not prepared for this, and insisted his forces maintain strict ranks and fire volleys into the woods against an unseen enemy. Their only victims were the colonists who had broken ranks and headed towards the woods to take the fight to the French and Indians. Unforunately for Braddock, he had brought cannons with him— two six-pounders , four howitzers, and four 12-pounders. These would be lost to the French and used against British forces later on.
When the front ranks retreated, they rushed back into a mass of troops and small wagons creating a target of such density that the defenders couldn’t miss.
Several Indian chiefs are written to have participated in this battle on the French side—either as a plus or minus to their reputation. Most of the Indians were those from the Great Lakes region and Canada. This would include Wyandots (Hurons), Ottawa, Mississauga, Potawatomi, Miami, and others. Among those on the French side were Pontiac (?), Langlade, and Captain Jacobs. After the defeat of Braddock, several other tribes joined the anti-British alliance. George Washington and others were disappointed when finding many of their Indian “friends” to have been opposition participants.
The wounded who were able to make their way back with the retreating troops received rudimentary medical care. In making surgical incisions to remove the balls from the musket and rifle fire, the medics came to the sorry conclusion that most of the balls were the larger British caliber and not French. Also, many of the wounds to the colonial troops were in the soldier’s rear side—indicating being fired on from behind. It was perhaps a nearly classic example of disaster through friendly fire.
Braddock might be criticized for not conducting an ideal campaign, but all his luck was bad. In the words of the old song—“his bucket had a hole in it.” If it’s any consolation to Braddockand his British officers, George Washington is reported to have been nothing but complementary toward the General and his staff, and—the road Braddockwidened became the main artery for the influx of settlers from Maryland and Virginia into western PA.
(See Beaujeu, Daniel Boone—above, Contrecoeur, Dumas,Benjamin Franklin, Hugh Mercer, Orme,Sir John St. Clair, and Scarrooyady.)
Braddock’s Crossing. Point on the Monongahela River where Braddock made his second crossing during his march to Fort Duquesne. Located near the present day Kennywood amusement park. Rte 837.
Braddock's Crossing. PA 837 at Hoffman Street (Kennywood Park) in Allegheny County. Photo by compiler with Joyce Chandler. Enlarged photo.
"Below this hill, about midday on July 9, 1755, a British army of 1300 made its second crossing of the river and advanced to drive the French from Fort Duquesne. A few hours later, with General Braddock mortally wounded and his army routed, survivors recrossed, pursued by the French and Indians.
"Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission."
Braddock’s Grave. A stone marker with commemorative inscriptions can be visited on US 40 ten miles east of Uniontown, PA. A bit of the trail has been cleared and the viewer can gain an appreciation of its narrow width. Following the trail west through the woods leads to “Dunbar’s Camp” and passes close to Jumonville Glen. One mile to the east (Hwy 40) leads past the reconstructed Fort Necessity and the accompanying center developed by the National Park Service.
Braddock Monument. US 40 2.5 miles NW of Farmington (east of Uniontown) at Braddock Park in Fayette County. Photos by compiler with Joyce Chandler. Enlarged monument photoand Enlarged photo of plaque
"This Monument was erected and dedicated to the memory of Major General Edward Braddock by the Braddock Memorial Park Association of Fayette County, Penna. October 15, 1913."
General Braddock's 5th Camp (also called "Shade Run Camp"). SW of Grantsville, MD on US 40. "General Braddock's 5th Camp. On the march to Fort Duquesne June 19th, 1755. By Washington's advice, Braddock pushed forward from Little Meadows to this camp with 1200 chosen men and officers leaving the heavy artillery and baggage behind to follow by easy stages under Colonel Dunbar. Maryland Historical Trust, Maryland State Highway Administration."Enlarged 5th Camp photo.
Bear Camp (Braddock's 6th Camp). US 40 in MD, one-half mile east of the PA state line. "Bear Camp. General Braddock's 6th camp on the march to Fort Duquesne Saturday and Sunday June 20thand 21st, 1755. Washington was forced to remain behind with a guard on account of 'violent fevers' until cured by 'Dr. James's Powders (one of the most excellent medicines in the world),' he wrote his brother Augustine.MD State Roads Commission.. Enlarged Bear Camp photo.
Twelve Springs Camp. US 40 3.5 miles east of Farmington, Fayette County. "Braddock Road, Twelve Springs Camp. General Braddock's eighth camp, June 24, 1755, on the march to Fort Duquesne, was about half a mile SW. Chestnut Ridge, seen on the horizon to the west, was the last mt. range to be crossed. Axemen widened an Indian path for passage of supply wagons and artillery over it. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission." Enlarged Twelve Springs Camp photo.
Rock Fort Camp. US 40 at Summit (6 miles east of Uniontown, Fayette County). "Braddock Road, Rock Fort Camp. General Braddock's tenth camp, June 26, 1755, on the march to Fort Duquesne, was at the Half King's Rock, one mile NE of here. The Rock was named for Washington's friend, Tanacharisson, the Iroquois viceroy (half king) of the Ohio Indians. Washington met him here in 1754. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission." Enlarged Rock Fort Camp photo.
Braddock's Trail. US 40 At Braddock Park 1.5 miles west of the entrance to Fort Necessity, Fayette County. A "trace" of the original trail can be viewed at the park. From this point, the trail leads through the woods to near Jumonville Glen and onward to Dunbar's Camp. Braddock's Trail photo.
The above photos are by the compiler with Joyce Chandler.
February 19, 1776: The Seventh Regiment alone of the first nine regiments maintained its separate existence, not being combined with any other. It was renumbered the Fifth Regiment under the following commands. Colonel William Dangerfleld, February 19, 1776 - August 13, 1776, resigned. Colonel William Crawford, August 14, 1776 - March 4, 1777, resigned. Colonel Alexander McClenhan, October 7, 1776 - May 13, 1778, resigned. Thirteenth Regiment 1776-1778. This was the fourth of the six regiments of October 1776. It was raised in West Augusta District, largely through the efforts of Colonel William Crawford of the Seventh Regiment. It formed part of Muhlenberg’s Brigade in September 1778, it was renumbered the Ninth Regiment.[47]\
February 19, 1799: The Borough of Greensburg was incorporated third on February 19, 1799. Each of these municipalities have now become cities, with their many departments and multiple laws. [48]
February 19, 1799
After the beginning of orderly legal procedure in southwestern Pennsylvania, the simple form of the township municipality prevailed from 1771 to 1794. The town of Pittsburgh was the first one incorporated by Act of the Pennsylvania Assembly on April 22, 1794. This was followed on April 4, 1796, by the incorporation of Uniontown as a borough. The Borough of Greensburg was incorporated third on February 19, 1799. Each of these municipalities have now become cities, with their many departments and multiple laws.
The justices of Westmoreland County, as they sat in court on that spring morning of April 6, 1773, were quite familiar with the landmarks of the rivers and the military roads, but their abortive description of the new Menallen Township, their omission of a substantial corner of old Armstrong Township up on the Allegheny Mountain towards Cherry Tree; and their slight confusion in distinguishing the Laurel Hill from the Chestnut Ridge to the southeastward showed some degree of uncertainty as to lines. Many of these lines, however, remain fixed down to the present time, in spite of the clash with Virginia over the matter of jurisdiction in the days of the Revolution.[3][49]
February 19, 1809– James Vann, leader of the anti-treaty faction in the Nation, mentor to younger Cherokee Charles R. Hicks and The Ridge, and richest man in the Nation (east of the Mississippi River, in fact), was killed by a single shot while drinking at Buffington's Tavern, on the Federal Road northwest of Frogtown. Due to numerous persons having witnessed or been the victims of Vann's capricious fits of temper and drunken rages, possible suspects were nearly infinite.[51]
February 19, 1811: On this date in 1811, the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia was formed in Washington D.C.[52]
February 19, 1864:
Map of Louisiana [53]
Fri. February 19, 1864
Clear and pleasant went to regiment 8 miles on cars[54]then crossed lake pontchartrain- arrived at 6 pm n L.A.[55]
February 19, 1865
Sergeant Hoag was upset with the sermons given by the minister of the Independent Presbyterian Church. The man was a good speaker and preached orthodox doctrine, but they did not pray for the Union. Rigby was also displeased, saying that the prayers were so carefully worded that the subject of patriotism was left very ambiguous. Both soldiers preferred Reverend M. French, Union Army Chaplain, who delivered a splendid sermon on the state of the country and on the “African race.”[56]
February 19, 1872: In January 1871, George Jackson Mivart's On the Genesis of Species listed detailed arguments against natural selection, and claimed it included false metaphysics.[60] Darwin made extensive revisions to the sixth edition of the Origin (this was the first edition in which he used the word "evolution"[61]), and added a new chapter VII, Miscellaneous objections, to address Mivart's arguments.[62] The sixth edition was published by Murray on February 19, 1872 with "On" dropped from the title. Darwin had told Murray of working men in Lancashire clubbing together to buy the 5th edition at fifteen shillings and wanted it made more widely available; the price was halved to 7s 6d by printing in a smaller font. It includes a glossary compiled by W.S. Dallas. Book sales increased from 60 to 250 per month.[62] [57]
February 19, 1879: Clara Gottlieb, born Horneburg, February 19, 1879 in Kiel. Resided Hamburg. Deportation: from Hamburg, November 8, 1941. Minsk. Missing. Killed at Tuchinka? [58]
February 1935: The Versailles Treaty that ended World War I prohibited military aviation in Germany, but a German civilian airline--Lufthansa--was founded in 1926 and provided flight training for the men who would later become Luftwaffe pilots. After coming to power in 1933, Nazi leader Adolf Hitler began to secretly develop a state-of-the-art military air force and appointed Goering as German air minister. (During World War I, Goering commanded the celebrated air squadron in which the great German ace Manfred von Richthofen--"The Red Baron"--served.) In February 1935, Hitler formally organized the Luftwaffe as a major step in his program of German rearmament.[59]
October 1877-February 1936
Charles S Goodlove
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February 19, 1936: On August 17, 1942 Convoy 20 left Drancy, France for Auschwitz with 581 children. On board was Paulette Gotlib born in Paris (12) February 19, 1936, age 6. Her brother Simone born June 18, 1939, age 4, was also on board. Their home was 35, r Francois Arago, Montreuil, France. Prior to deportation to Auschwitz they were held at Camp Pithiviers[60]. Pithiviers is of global historical interest as one of the locally infamous World War II concentration camps where children were separated from their parents while the adults were processed and deported to camps farther away, usually Auschwitz. [61] Also on board was Rachla Gotlib born March 22, 1908 from Chanciny, Poland. On board from Vienne Austria was Gertrude Gottlieb born July 6, 1901 and Michel Gottlieb born November 27, 1897.[62]
February 1939: Both Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Greenglass were raised in poor, Jewish families in New York City. Active in labor rights and radical politics, the two met at a dance in 1936 that was sponsored by a union. In February 1939, about the time that he became a member of the Communist Party, Julius graduated from the City College of New York with a degree in electrical engineering. Julius and Ethel married on June 18 of that year. In 1942, Julius obtained a position in the U.S. Army Signal Corps. as a civilian engineer. In 1945, however, he lost his job due to allegations of communist activities. The Rosenbergs had two sons, Michael and Robert. [63]
February 1939
The Congress of the United States rejects the Wagner-Rogers Bill, an effort to admit 20,000 Jewish refugee children under the age of 14 from Nazi Germany.[64]
February 1939
Thousands of Nazi sympathizers have gathered in Madison Square Garden and there are reports of Nazi spies operating on American soil. [65]
February 1941: Back in the summer of 1940 and again in February 1941, al-Husseini submitted to the German government a draft declaration of German-Arab cooperation, containing a clause:
Germany and Italy recognize the right of the Arab countries to solve the question of the Jewish elements, which exist in Palestine and in the other Arab countries, as required by the national and ethnic (völkisch) interests of the Arabs, and as the Jewish question was solved in Germany and Italy.[123][66]
February 19, 1941: The Nazis raided Koco Amsterdam and seized 425 young Jews who were sent to Beuchenwald. Koco was described as an isolated Jewish section in Amsterdam. This roundup was part of a week of violence aimed against the 70,000 Jews of this Dutch city. On February 9, Dutch Nazis sparked the first anti-Jewish riots in Amsterdam. Although there was considerable damage and destruction, the Jews along with many of the Dutch countrymen fought back. After the arrests on the 20th, tens of thousands of Dutch men and women went on strike in protest. The stunned Nazi occupiers struck back brutally and crushed the strike. However, this would not be the last time that the embattled people of Holland worked to protect their Jewish fellow countrymen.[67]
February 1942: The United States conducts its first bombing raid over a German target at Wilhelmshaven, losing three bombers.[68] Of 64 planes participating in the raid, 53 reached their target and managed to shoot down 22 German planes. The 8th Air Force was activated in February 1942 as a heavy bomber force based in England. Its B-17 Flying Fortresses, capable of sustaining heavy damage while continuing to fly, and its B-24 Liberators, long-range bombers, became famous for precision bombing raids, the premier example being the raid on Wilhelmshaven. Commanded at the time by Brig. Gen. Newton Longfellow, the 8th Air Force was amazingly effective and accurate in bombing warehouses and factories in this first air attack against the Axis power.[69]
February 19, 1942: : Jews at the Dvinsk concentration camp are forced to witness the execution of a Jewish woman who exchanged a piece of cloth with a non-Jewish inmate for a box of flour. [70]
February 1943: ‘Deportations began in early February 1943. A large number, about 150, of guards suddenly appeared. They were assigned to the blocks of huts in which were penned internees from other camps, especially for the one of Nexon. The deportation was to include all men of German, Polish, Austrian and Czech nationality up to the age of sixty five. At that time I was sixty four years , nine and a half months old; but fortuanately I was able, on the strength of my birth certificate, to pass myself off as a Hungarian, and in the general confusion the details were never checked out.‘Among the deportees were a large number of Poles and Czechs who had fought in the French army or in the Foreign Legion. These too were handed over to the Germans. The fellow in the bed next to mine, a Germnan rabbi, Dr. Rosenwasser, was to be sixty five in six days, but he was deported just the same.
‘The deportation went on for two days. Two guards came after each of the ‘called’ and forced him to pack in five minutes, so impossible a task that many possessions were left behind.
‘ The internees destined for deportation were taken under heavgy guard to Block E, each carrying his belongings. Those who were allowed to remain in the hell of Gurs were invied by the deportees as the luckiest of men. All through the night you could hear women weeping in despair, for many had not time even to say good-bye to their sons and husbands. Several could not find outr whether their husbands had been deported. My wife did not sleep a wink for two nights for fear that I had been deported. On the day after the deportation the women were allowed to visit our block, and their sobs and cries whenb they saw their husbands’ beds empty were dreadful to hear.”[71]
February 1944: Throughout World War II, al-Husseini worked for the Axis Powers as a broadcaster in propaganda targeting Arab public opinion. The Mufti was paid “an absolute fortune” of 50,000 marks a month (when a German field marshal was making 25,000 marks a year).[143] Walter Winchell called him 'the Arabian Lord Haw-Haw.'[144]
He recruited Muslim volunteers for the German armed forces operating in the Balkans. Beginning in 1941, al-Husseini visited Bosnia, and convinced Muslim leaders that a Muslim S.S. division would be in the interest of Islam. In spite of these and other propaganda efforts, "only half of the expected 20,000 to 25,000 Muslims volunteered'.[145] Al-Husseini was involved in the organization and recruitment of Bosnian Muslims into several divisions of the Waffen SS and other units. The largest was the 13th Handschar division of 21,065 men, which conducted operations against Communist partisans in the Balkans from February 1944.[146][72]
February 19, 1945: Battle of Iwo Jima begins. “Sam Bernstein chuckles when he remembers the Tootsie Rolls he put in his cartridge belt. I chose Tootsie Rolls because they wouldn't melt and they were just the size of a bullet. At the same time, I strapped on three or four bandoliers full of ammunition. Still, if the officers had known what I was doing, they probably would have shot me instead of the Japanese! He does not chuckle when he remembers the two men who were killed in his foxhole. Or the day he helped the Jewish chaplain bury some Marines.” The Jewish Chaplain was Rabbi Roland B. Gittelsohn, assigned to the Fifth Marine Division who was the first Jewish chaplain the Marine Corps ever appointed. Rabbi Gittelsohn was in the thick of the fray, ministering to Marines of all faiths in the combat zone. His tireless efforts to comfort the wounded and encourage the fearful won him three service ribbons. When the fighting was over, Rabbi Gittelsohn was asked to deliver the memorial sermon at a combined religious service dedicating the Marine Cemetery. Unfortunately, racial and religious prejudice led to problems with the ceremony. What happened next immortalized Rabbi Gittelsohn and his sermon forever. It was Division Chaplain Warren Cuthriell, a Protestant minister, who originally asked Rabbi Gittelsohn to deliver the memorial sermon. Cuthriel wanted all the fallen Marines (black and white, Protestant, Catholic and Jewish) honored in a single, nondenominational ceremony. However, according to Rabbi Gittelsohn's autobiography, the majority of Christian chaplains objected to having a rabbi preach over predominantly Christian graves The Catholic chaplains, in keeping with church doctrine opposed any form of joint religious service. To his credit, Cuthriell refused to alter his plans. Gittelsohn, on the other hand, wanted to save his friend Cuthriell further embarrassment and so decided it was best not to deliver his sermon. Instead, three separate religious services were held. At the Jewish service, to a congregation of 70 or so who attended, Rabbi Gittelsohn delivered the powerful eulogy he originally wrote for the combined service:
"Here lie men who loved America because their ancestors’ generations ago helped in her founding. And other men who loved her with equal passion because they themselves or their own fathers escaped from oppression to her blessed shores. Here lie officers and men, Negroes and Whites, rich men and poor, together. Here are Protestants, Catholics, and Jews together. Here no man prefers another because of his faith or despises him because of his color. Here there are no quotas of how many from each group are admitted or allowed.
"Among these men there is no discrimination. No prejudices. No hatred. Theirs is the highest and purest democracy! Whosoever of us lifts his hand in hate against a brother, or who thinks himself superior to those who happen to be in the minority, makes of this ceremony and the bloody sacrifice it commemorates, an empty, hollow mockery. To this then, as our solemn sacred duty, do we the living now dedicate ourselves: To the right of Protestants, Catholics, and Jews, of White men and Negroes alike, to enjoy the democracy for which all of them have here paid the price.
"We here solemnly swear this shall not be in vain. Out of this and from the suffering and sorrow of those who mourn this, will come, we promise, the birth of a new freedom for the sons of men everywhere."
Among Gittelsohn's listeners were three Protestant chaplains so incensed by the prejudice voiced by their colleagues that they boycotted their own service to attend Gittelsohn's. One of them borrowed the manuscript and, unknown to Gittelsohn, circulated several thousand copies to his regiment. Some Marines enclosed the copies in letters to their families. An avalanche of coverage resulted. Time magazine published excerpts, which wire services spread even further. The entire sermon was inserted into the Congressional Record, the Army released the eulogy for short-wave broadcast to American troops throughout the world and radio commentator Robert St. John read it on his program and on many succeeding Memorial Days. In 1995, in his last major public appearance before his death, Gittelsohn reread a portion of the eulogy at the 50th commemoration ceremony at the Iwo Jima statue in Washington, D.C. In his autobiography, Gittelsohn reflected, I have often wondered whether anyone would ever have heard of my Iwo Jima sermon had it not been for the bigoted attempt to ban it.[73]
"Here lie men who loved America because their ancestors’ generations ago helped in her founding. And other men who loved her with equal passion because they themselves or their own fathers escaped from oppression to her blessed shores. Here lie officers and men, Negroes and Whites, rich men and poor, together. Here are Protestants, Catholics, and Jews together. Here no man prefers another because of his faith or despises him because of his color. Here there are no quotas of how many from each group are admitted or allowed.
"Among these men there is no discrimination. No prejudices. No hatred. Theirs is the highest and purest democracy! Whosoever of us lifts his hand in hate against a brother, or who thinks himself superior to those who happen to be in the minority, makes of this ceremony and the bloody sacrifice it commemorates, an empty, hollow mockery. To this then, as our solemn sacred duty, do we the living now dedicate ourselves: To the right of Protestants, Catholics, and Jews, of White men and Negroes alike, to enjoy the democracy for which all of them have here paid the price.
"We here solemnly swear this shall not be in vain. Out of this and from the suffering and sorrow of those who mourn this, will come, we promise, the birth of a new freedom for the sons of men everywhere."
Among Gittelsohn's listeners were three Protestant chaplains so incensed by the prejudice voiced by their colleagues that they boycotted their own service to attend Gittelsohn's. One of them borrowed the manuscript and, unknown to Gittelsohn, circulated several thousand copies to his regiment. Some Marines enclosed the copies in letters to their families. An avalanche of coverage resulted. Time magazine published excerpts, which wire services spread even further. The entire sermon was inserted into the Congressional Record, the Army released the eulogy for short-wave broadcast to American troops throughout the world and radio commentator Robert St. John read it on his program and on many succeeding Memorial Days. In 1995, in his last major public appearance before his death, Gittelsohn reread a portion of the eulogy at the 50th commemoration ceremony at the Iwo Jima statue in Washington, D.C. In his autobiography, Gittelsohn reflected, I have often wondered whether anyone would ever have heard of my Iwo Jima sermon had it not been for the bigoted attempt to ban it.[73]
February 1963: Scamp returned to San Diego and local operations until February 1963 when she entered Mare Island Naval Shipyard for interim drydocking. [74]
February 1968: Cora Alice Goodlove (November 1, 1876-December 14, 1960) marriedThomas Wilkinson, April 4, 1907, at the home of the bride’s parents. Thomas died February 1968. Both are buried at Jordan’s Grove. They had three daughters, Nelevene Illini, Kathryn, Dorothy, and one son, Thomas E. "Wendell", who farmed south of Springville for several years.
February 19, 1978: Street battles lasting over twelve hours erupted in Tabriz; six were killed and 125 injured.[75]
August 13, 1946 – February 1989
February 1989: Harold D Goodlove
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In February 1990, in a speech delivered at the Sapienza University of Rome,[144] Cardinal Ratzinger(later to become Pope Benedict XVI) cited some current views on the Galileo affair as forming what he called "a symptomatic case that permits us to see how deep the self-doubt of the modern age, of science and technology goes today".[145] Some of the views he cited were those of the philosopher Paul Feyerabend, whom he quoted as saying "The Church at the time of Galileo kept much more closely to reason than did Galileo himself, and she took into consideration the ethical and social consequences of Galileo's teaching too. Her verdict against Galileo was rational and just and the revision of this verdict can be justified only on the grounds of what is politically opportune."[145] The Cardinal did not clearly indicate whether he agreed or disagreed with Feyerabend's assertions. He did, however, say "It would be foolish to construct an impulsive apologetic on the basis of such views."[145]
On October 31, 1992, Pope John Paul II expressed regret for how the Galileo affair was handled, and issued a declaration acknowledging the errors committed by the Catholic Church tribunal that judged the scientific positions of Galileo Galilei, as the result of a study conducted by the Pontifical Council for Culture.[146][147] In March 2008 the head of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Nicola Cabibbo, announced a plan to honour Galileo by erecting a statue of him inside the Vatican walls.[148] In December of the same year, during events to mark the 400th anniversary of Galileo's earliest telescopic observations, Pope Benedict XVI praised his contributions to astronomy.[149] A month later, however, the head of the Pontifical Council for Culture, Gianfranco Ravasi, revealed that the plan to erect a statue of Galileo in the grounds of the Vatican had been suspended.[150] [77]
February 1998: “The Hinkle Family”, a manuscript prepared by Linda Friend Adams, February 1998.
February1998: Bantu.—Samples were collected (February 1998) from paternally unrelated males of various chieftainships in the Pretoria area of South Africa who spoke a Bantu language. The subjects included two men born in Senegal who spoke Wolof (a non-Bantu language) as their first tongue. There is concern over the use of the word “Bantu” (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994, p. 185). We follow Cavalli Sforza et al. in noting that, although “Bantu” was originally a linguistic term, its use to define population groups can be justified on the assumption that a geographic expansion spread both the Bantu language and a group of related people. [78]
February 19, 2004:
Joseph Black "Black's Fort" 1774 Abingdon Virginia
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Date: February 19, 2004 at 15:09:53
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1774: Daniel Boone camped in 1760 in Abingdon Virginia he was on a hunting trip with Nathanial Gist while camped wolves emerged from a cave and attacked their dogs. Boone then gave Abingdon it's first name "Wolf Hills" . Abingdon carried the name until 1774 when Joseph Black erected a fort in the area, and gave it the name "Blacks Fort". Does anyone know the wife and children of Joseph Black? I need the parent of Mary Mercer Black,who in 1781 married Ebenezer Fain. They lived Washington Co Tenn, Buncombe Co. NC, Habersham Co. Georgia, also Fannin, Union and Gilmer Cos of Georgia. Jeanette.[79]
Date: July 08, 2004 at 12:55:53
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Back in 1982 I received a letter with the following information which came from an Inez Burns, a historian for Blount County:
John Black's will in Frederick Co. VA Will Book I p. 157 (1747)shows he married Elizabeth Colville. Children of John Black and Elizabeth Colville are Joseph Black who married Jane ? before 1769, Jane Black (my ancestor) who was born Feb 4, 1741 and married John Vance, also Christian Black (daughter), Martha Black, Elizabeth Black (born after her father's will) who married Lt. William Blackburn.
Also information from David Evans of Houston, Texas was:
Joseph Colville (1691-1757) m. 1720 to Elizabeth ?. Their children:
Joseph II 1721-1816,married 1743 to Mary Poe & 1765 to Martha Colville (a cousin)
William Colville 1723-1746
Martha Colville 1725- ? married 1745 to Robert Colville (a cousin)
Sarah Colville 1727 - ?. Married William Vance
Elizabeth Colville 1729 to 1756 married John Black and then Samuel Newell (1723-1778)
Capt. Andrew Colville 1731-1797 m. 1760 to Mary Craig
Samuel Colville 1733-1807 m 1756 Agnes Colville.
Joseph Colville came to Virginia via Philadelphia from Ireland about 1735. He had cousins James, John and George who arrived inAugusta Co. VA about 1738-40. James and Joseph moved to Frederick Co. His son, Joseph II, migrated to Washington Co VA and James III, son of Joseph II moved to Knox County Ohio.
According to the information in the letter the family Bible record is given in Kentucky Historical Register, vol 27, p 650.
I have never verified any of this. Hope it helps you, though. If you find out Joseph Black's birth, death and marriage dates and what his wife's last name is, I'd certainly be interested.[80]
February 19, 2012
February 19, 2012
Discovering a pair of Sand Hill Cranes was one of the highlights of this trip to Glacier Park.
We started a fire without matches by using a flint made magnesium. We did not burn down the platform, fortunately.
[1]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[2]http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~bonsteinandgilpin/germany.htm
[3]http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam13.html
[4]Introducing Islam, by Dr. Shams Inati, page 98.
[5]http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam13.html
[6]http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam15.html
[7]http://www.oregongeology.org/sub/publications/ims/ims-028/unit19.htm
[8]The Grand Canyon, Septembewr 5
[9]The Grand Canyon, September 5
[10]The Grand Canyon, September 5, 2011
[11]The Grand Canyon, September 5, 2011
[12]The Grand Canyon, September 5, 2011
[13]The Grand Canyon, September 5, 2011
[14]The Grand Canyon, September 5, 2011
[15]http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam13.html
[16]http://christianparty.net/jewsexpelled.htm
[17]The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism, from Ancient times to the Present Day, by Walter Laqueur, page 50.
[18]http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam13.html
[19]M E M O I R S OF C LAN F I N G O N BY REV. DONALD D. MACKINNON, M.A. Circa 1888
[20]Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People, by Jon Entine, page .
[21]http://news.yahoo.com/mexico-mayan-ball-court-celestial-marker-155035359.html
[22]The Dark Ages, HISTI, 3/4/2007
[23]Encyclica ad Patriarchas Orientales in the original Greek in Photius, Opera II. 722-742 (ed. Migne), also in Gieseler II. 216 sq. Baronius (ad ann. 863 no. 34 sq.),, M. L’Abbe Jager, Histoire de Photius, Patriarche de Constantinople, (Louvain: Chez C. J. Fonteyn, Libraire-Editeur, 1845), p.141. (Translation ours.) http://www.freewebs.com/bubadutep75/
[24]The First Crusade by Steven Runciman, page 24.
[25]http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~bonsteinandgilpin/germany.htm
[26]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[27]Introducing Islam, by Dr. Shams Inati, page 99.
[29]The First Crusade by Steven Runciman, page 45.
[31]What The Ancients Knew, The Chinese, 3/28/2005
[32]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[33]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus
[34]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[35]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[36]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/2011
[37]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com
[38]Timetable of worldwide volcanic activity, Wikipedia.
[39]http://www.ouramazingplanet.com/1436-volcanoes-biggest-history.html
[40]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[41]Http://www.nps.gov/archive/fone/1754.htm
[42]In Search of Turkey Foot Road, page 90.
[43]From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford by Grace U. Emahiser page 53-54.
[44]Unknown source.
[45]Chambersburg. Franklin County. Settled as Chambers Town in 1734 by Benjamin Chambers (c1708-1788). Benjamin Chambers emigrated from County Antrim, Ireland with his brothers James, Robert, and Joseph in c1726-30. When Benjamin Chambers came to area where Conococheague and Falling Creeks meet, the land had not yet been purchased from the Indians (not until October 1736—some say 1734). The PA Proprietary did not discourage him in that they wanted PA-connected settlers to move into the region and keep the Marylanders out. Chambers was known to have friendly relations with the Indians and his enterprise resulted in the construction of both a flour-mill and sawmill on the creek. He assisted General Forbes in supply and intelligence during the build-up to the taking of Fort Duquesne in 1758. He was made a colonel in the PA militia and built his own small fort.
Chambersburg. US 11 leading into town from the north. Franklin County. Photo by compiler with Joyce Chandler. Enlarged photo
"Settled 1734 by Benjamin Chambers, who laid out "Chambers Town" in 1764. Seat of Franklin County since 1784. Scene of Civil War events: Raided by 'Jeb' Stuart, 1862; occupied by Confederates in 1863; and burned by them in 1864.
"Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission."
Chambersburgwas laid out as a town in 1764. George Washington stayed at Morrow’s Tavern (William Morrow) on October 12, 1794 when travelling to Bedford to review troops heading west to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion. In the early days, the settler community was largely persons from northern Ireland. After the Revolutionary War the population became centered on Germans moving west.
Chambersburg First Lutheran Church. Log church built in 1780 used by both Lutheran and Reformed congregations until 1808. Property owned by Benjamin Chambers.
Chambersburg Falling Spring Church. Founded in 1734 by Presbyterians as one of the early Scotch-Irish settlements west of the Susquehanna River. Property and the cemetery were given for public use by Colonel Chambers who was a member of the local Presbyterian congregation.
Falling Spring Church. US 11 when entering Chambersburg from the north—just past Rhodes Drive. Franklin County. Photos by compiler with Joyce Chandler.Enlarged marker and church and Enlarged plaque.
Marker. "Falling Spring Church. Founded 1734, main part of present church built 1803. One of the Presbyterian churches marking the first great settlement of Scotch-Irish pioneers west of the Susquehanna.
"Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission."
Plaque. "The Presbyterian Church of the Falling Spring. Organized 1734. Log church erected 1737 on this site . Second church erected 1767. Present church erected 1803. Ground donated by Col. Benjamin Chambers. Erected by congregation 1934."
http://www.thelittlelist.net/cadtocle.htm
[46]http://www.thelittlelist.net/boatobye.htm
[47]The Brothers Crawford
[48]Annals of Southwestern Pennsylvania by Lewis Clark Walkinshaw, A. M. Volume II 1939. pgs 10-15.
[49][3] Annals of Southwestern Pennsylvania by Lewis Clark Walkinshaw, A. M. Volume II 1939. pgs 10-15.
[50]On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[51]Timeline of Cherokee Removal.
[52]http://www.bessel.org/datemas.htm
[53]History of the Nineteenth Army Corp by Richard B. Irwin by 1892 page 16.
[54]…New Orleans via the Pontchartrain Railroad, the captain complained: “I think that piece of Railroad between Lakeport & the city is worse than anything else of the kind in the U.S. The locomotives on it are old fashioned asthmatic things. The cars are not over 12 ft long are with out brakes starting & stopping is effected by a succession of jerks that is apt to uset one if he is not on his guard.”
Letter William T. Rigby to brother February 27, 1864
http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/spec-coll/bai/winschel.htm
William T. Rigby;
Born in Red Oak Grove, Iowa, on November 3, 1841. He was appointed 2d Lieutenant in Company B, 24th Iowa Infantry on September 18, 1862 and was promoted to captain on October 2, 1863. He was mustered out as a captain on July 17, 1865. After the war he entered Cornell College (Iowa). He was a farmer for a number of years and in 1895 was appointed Secretary of the Vicksburg National Military Park Commission on March 1 1899 and was subsequently elected Chairman on April 15, 1902. Rigby served in that capacity as the 1stresident commissioner of Vicksburg National Military Park until his death in Vicksburg on May 10, 1929. Captain Rigby and his wife are intererred in the Vicksburg National Cemetery.
(Photo Album: First Commissioners, Vicksburg NMP.) http://www.nps.gov/vick/scenic/h people/pa 3comm.htm
[55]William Harrison Goodlove Diary annotated by Jeff Goodlove
[56]Hoag Diary, February 19, 1865.
(History of the 24th Iowa Infantry by Harvey H Kimball, August 1974, page 195.)
[57]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species
[58][1] Gedenkbuch, Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945. 2., wesentlich erweiterte Auflage, Band II G-K, Bearbeitet und herausgegben vom Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, 2006, pg. 1033-1035,.
Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1768.
[59]http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hitler-organizes-luftwaffe
[60]“Memorial des enfants deportes de France” de Serge Klarsfeld
[61]Wikipedia.org
[62]Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page unknown.
[63]http://library.thinkquest.org/10826/rosenber.htm
[64]www.wikipedia.org
[65]Decisions that shook the World, FDR and WWII. 10/26/2004
[66]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haj_Amin_al-Husseini#World_War_I
[67]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[68]On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[69]http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/americans-bomb-germans-for-first-time
[70]http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Chronology_1942.html
[71]Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 392-394.
[72]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haj_Amin_al-Husseini
[73]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
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[75]Jimmy Carter, The Liberal Left and World Chaos by Mike Evans, page 500.
[76]http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Goodlove&GSbyrel=in&GSdyrel=in&GSob=n&GRid=6679306&
[77]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_galilei
[78]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1288118/
[79]http://genforum.com/black/messages/7214.html
[80]http://genforum.com/black/messages/7362.html
[81]Glacier Park, McHenry County, IL February 19, 2012.
[82]Glacier Park, McHenry County, IL February 19, 2012.
[83]Glacier Park, McHenry County, IL February 19, 2012.
[84]Glacial Park, McHenry County, IL February, 19, 2012.
[85]Glacial Park, McHenry, IL February 19, 2012.
[86]Glacier Park, Mchenry County, IL February 19, 2012
[87]Glacier Park, Mchenry County, IL February 19, 2012
[88]Glacier Park, Mchenry County, IL February 19, 2012
[89]Glacier Park, Mchenry County, IL February 19, 2012
[90]Glacier Park, McHenry County, IL February 19, 2012
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