This Day in Goodlove History, February 8
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Jeff Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), and Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clarke, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,and ancestors Andrew Jackson, and William Henry Harrison.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
• • Books written about our unique DNA include:
• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.
“Jacob’s Legacy, A Genetic View of Jewish History” by David B. Goldstein, 2008.\\
Anniversary: Abigail Brown and Nathan Winch 244
Benjamin Harrison 196, Margorie E. Jenkins Goodlove138, Jonathan Plum, 205
February 8, 1291: Birthdate of King Alfonso IV of Portugal who increased the taxes paid by the Jews, load to “reinstituted the dormant requirement that Jews wear an identifying yellow badge, and restricted their freedom to emigrate.”[1]
1291: Pope Nicholas IV in 1291 issued a bull entitled “Orat mater ecclesisa,” announcing that the church would not tolerate Christian injury to Jews.[2] Three Swiss cantons join together to begin struggle for independence from Hapsburgs, Death of Rucolf I, Everlasting League between Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden, Mamelukes conquer Acre ending Christian rule in the East, end of Crusades – Knights of St. John of Jerusalem settle in Cyprus, building of nave of York Minster, Saracen Muslims capture Acre from Christians – last Christian stronghold – end of crusade era, death of Rudolf I HRE, Scots acknowledge Edward I of England as suzerain and he arbitrates in succession dispute, Christians lose last possessions in Palestine, The city of Acre (Israel) falls to Muslims, Rudolf I (Hapsburg, Holy Roman Emperor) dies, Margaret dies. Edward I of England asked to pick successor, Crusaders expelled from Holy Land, Mamlukes capture Acre - fall of kingdom of Jerusalem, Acre, Christians have lost most possessions in East, Three Swiss cantons join together to begin struggle for independence from Hapsburgs. [3]
February 8, 1349: The municipality opened an investigationa dn asked for details various Alsatian and Swiss cities, about the consents” which would have made (under the negotiable instrument of torture) some imprisoned Jews. A meeting was convened in Benfeld, February 8, 1349, meeting the purpose of which was to decide fate of the Jews of Low-Alsace. Berthold von Bucheck was shown particularly violent in their connection; only, three Jews of Low-Alsace. Berthold von Bucheck was shown particularly violent in their connection; only, three delegated Municipality of Strasbourg, Conrad Kuntz von Winterthur, mayor of the city, Sturm judge and the ammeister Peter Chwarber, defended their cause by pointing out the guarantees of security that the city had granted to them realizing finances. The majority of deputy decided against them. A delegation of craftsmen went near the ammeister to require the judgement of the Jews. Schwarbger having refused, the craftsmen showed it to have let themselves buy, and ironically asked ihim to share with them the money that it had received some. The magistrate made imprison part of the delegation. At this point in time the revolt burst.[4]
February 8 1587, in front of 300 witnesses, Mary, Queen of Scots, was executed by beheading.[5] Her son, King James VI of Scotland, calmly accepted his mother's execution, and upon Queen Elizabeth's death in 1603 he became king of England, Scotland, and Ireland.[6] After 19 years of imprisonment, Mary Queen of Scots is beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle in England for her complicity in a plot to murder Queen Elizabeth I.
In 1542, while just six days old, Mary ascended to the Scottish throne upon the death of her father, King James V. Her mother sent her to be raised in the French court, and in 1558 she married the French dauphin, who became King Francis II of France in 1559 but died the following year. After Francis' death, Mary returned to Scotland to assume her designated role as the country's monarch.
In 1565, she married her English cousin Lord Darnley in order to reinforce her claim of succession to the English throne after Elizabeth's death. In 1567, Darnley was mysteriously killed in an explosion at Kirk o' Field, and Mary's lover, the Earl of Bothwell, was the key suspect. Although Bothwell was acquitted of the charge, his marriage to Mary in the same year enraged the nobility. Mary brought an army against the nobles, but was defeated and imprisoned at Lochleven, Scotland, and forced to abdicate in favor of her son by Darnley, James.
In 1568, Mary escaped from captivity and raised a substantial army but was defeated and fled to England. Queen Elizabeth initially welcomed Mary but was soon forced to put her friend under house arrest after Mary became the focus of various English Catholic and Spanish plots to overthrow Elizabeth. Nineteen years later, in 1586, a major plot to murder Elizabeth was reported, and Mary was brought to trial. She was convicted for complicity and sentenced to death.
On February 8, 1587, Mary Queen of Scots was beheaded for treason. Her son, King James VI of Scotland, calmly accepted his mother's execution, and upon Queen Elizabeth's death in 1603 he became king of England, Scotland, and Ireland.[7]
February 8, 1690
French and Indian forces attack Schenectady, New York, during King William’s War.[8]
February 8, 1693
The College of William & Mary is established in Virginia,[9] by King William III and Queen Mary II.[10]
February 8 & 9, 1713/14
Essex County, Virginia, Wills and Deeds, 1711-1714, p. 180. Lease and Release. February 8 and 9, 1713/14. Andrew2 Harrison, Junr., of St. Marys Par., sells Nathaniel Vickers of same Par., 100 acres being part of a patent granted John Prosser, dec'd., on Golden Vale Creek, adj. the land of Richard Long, etc. Signed Andrew2 Harrison. Wit: Robert Jones, Robert Parker. Rec. February 11, 1713/14. Elizabeth harrison, wife of Andrew2 harrison, by John Battaile her attorney, relinq. he dower rights. Signed Elizabeth x Harrison. Wit: jno Row, Michael Lawless. Rec. February 12 1713/14. [11]
Andrew and Elizabeth Harrisonare the compilers 7th great grandparents.
February 8, 1725: Peter The Great, Russian Czar, passed away at the age of 52. Peter’s determination to keep the Jews out of his realm and his treatment of Russian Jews was not the picture of “enlightenment.” From the point of Jewish history he certainly was not the “Great.”[12] Several DNA matches indicate their earliest known ancestors are from Russia.
February 8, 1749:
This is Francis Godlove. In his regiment was a world famous botanist. I hope to find some of his books someday. Today is Wangenheims birthday.
March 28 1777: 11 BM French 1/11 Schravendeel (Holland) 28 Mar 1777
Hesse Troops. Recruits and replacement officers. Unassigned
List of recruits for the Hessian 12,000-man corps
Endorsement only: “Muster roll of the Hessian recruits mustered at Schravendeel on board their transports 28 Mar 1777”; last page contains a small list of officers sent from Kassel to Nymegen (Holland) as replacemtns for vacancies in America; signed by Lieutenant Colonel Ferdinand Louis von Benning of the Hessian Guards and First Lieutenant Frederic Adam Jules von Wangenheim of the Chasseurs {also by Friedrich Adolph Becker, Ensign}
231. Gottlob, Franciscus R
462 Recruits listed.[13]
February 8, 1749: Friedrich Adam Julius von Wangenheim
Friedrich Adam Julius von Wangenheim (February 8, 1749 Sonneborn - March 25, 1800 Gumbinnen) was a German botanist specializing in forestry, and was the citing authority for a number of described eastern North American plant species. He was also a Hessian soldier, and during his service in the thirteen colonies devoted his leisure time to botanical studies of American forests. When he returned to Prussia, he wrote up his research and strongly advocated importing suitable American species of trees and shrubs for use in German forests.
Biography
He received his education at Waltershausen, and in 1766 entered the service of the Duke of Coburg as lieutenant. He later entered the Prussian army and attained the rank of captain. He came to the United States in 1777 in the Hessian contingent in the British service, commanded a squadron of light cavalry in New York and Pennsylvania 1778-1783, and won a reputation for his successful raids. He participated in the battles of Brandywine and Charleston. On his return to Germany he was given the cross of the Hessian military order, and later re-entered the Prussian service.
While in North America, he had studied the natural history of the country, especially the trees and shrubs. In 1785, he wrote a memoir to the Berlin Academy showing the immense advantages that would be derived from the naturalization of several species of American trees. On request of the academy, he was then sent to Gumbinnen as director general of the waters and forests of eastern Prussia, where he carried on experiments on a large scale and planted a great number of American trees.
The standard author abbreviation Wangenh. is used to indicate this individual as the author when citing a botanical name.[1]
Works
•Beschreibung einiger Arten von Bäumen die in Nordamerika wachsen, mit Bezug auf ihren Gebrauch in den deutschen Wäldern, nach den Beobachtungen in den nordamerikanischen Provinzen von 1778-1783 (Description of some species of trees that grow in North America with regard to their use in German forests, based on observations in the North American colonies 1778-1783; Göttingen, 1781)
•Supplement zur Wälder-Kultur-Wissenschaft, mit Anwendung auf die Umpflanzung der Baumarten die in Nordamerika wachsen (Addendum to forestry science with application to the transplantation of North American tree species; 1787)
•Beschreibung der verschiedenen Holzarten die in Nordamerika wachsen (Description of various species of trees that grow in North America; 1788)
•Betrachtungen über die Tannen von Preussisch-Litthauen (Observations on firs of Prussian Lithuania; 1789)
•Betrachtungen über die Weichhölzer die in Nordamerika wachsen (Observations on softwoods that grow in North America; 1795)
He also published several memoirs in the Transactions of the Berlin Academy of Sciences.
References
Wikispecies has information related to: Friedrich Adam Julius von Wangenheim
February 8th, 1780: The fleet received orders that no one should stray from his ship, and that we were to haul in the flatboats and to weigh anchor at the st cannon shot fired by the Roebuck.
In the forenoon of the 9th the fleet weighed anchor and set sail. Tord two o’clock in the afternoon the ships hove to off Trench Island25 to emble, and about four o’clock dropped anchor near this island. )n the morning of the 10th the fleet, consisting of some sixty sail, got ier way and set course NE along the coast. In the vicinity of the iary of the Port Royal River we found the warships Romulus and own cruising, since a number of American privateers and row galleys e stationed in this river. Toward evening anchor was cast near Hunt-Island. We were at latitude 31° 52’ north. [14]
February 8, 1776: George Washington. Washington received a letter from the Nova Scotians, in which they expressed their sympathy for the American cause, on February 8. They invited General Washington and the Continental Army to invade Nova Scotia at his earliest possible convenience.
Legge found himself in a precarious position. He had alienated many of his constituents through a zealous anti-corruption probe. Now he reported that Nova Scotia had spawned a nascent revolutionary movement. Some of those whom Legge accused of corruption in his drive to clean up colonial politics had allies in the imperial capitol who were insisting that he explain himself in person.
Fortunately for Legge, little notice was taken of his subjects' letter to Washington. The Continental Congress decided on February 16 to allow General Washington to investigate the expediency and practicability of an Expedition to Nova Scotia, but cautioned that Washington should by no means accept the plan proposed for the destruction of the Town of Halifax. After Benedict Arnold retreated in May 1776 from his six-month long siege of Quebec, which included the disastrous attack Quebec on December 31, 1775, the Continental Army gave up its hope that Canada would join the rebellion. Still, Governor Legge received orders to return to London in February 1776 and departed Halifax in May.
Although Canada ceased to be a direct military target, it continued to play an important role as a haven for Loyalists and slaves fleeing from Patriots less concerned with other peoples' liberties than their own. On December 18, 1778, a force of New Jersey and New York Loyalists, The King's Orange Rangers, traveled to Liverpool, Nova Scotia, to help in its defense against Patriot privateers, privately owned ships that used pirate tactics to disrupt British shipping. The Rangers remained until August 23, 1783. Nova Scotia ultimately attracted 30,000 American Loyalists, one-tenth of which were fleeing African slaves. Of the slaves, one third eventually resettled in Sierra Leone. White Loyalists moved to Canada to flee the abuse of Patriot neighbors, African slaves came to British Canada in order to gain freedom from their Patriot owners.[15]
February 8, 1781
George Rogers Clark Papers [microform] At the Virginia State Library and Archives Reel 6, #1000
February 8, 1782
Concerning the expedition to the “Moravian towns “—known in history as “Williamson’s expedition,” from Col. David,Williamson, the one who commanded it — and the investigation which followed, only a brief account in this connection can be given.
Early in 1782, war parties committed sundry depredations upon the border. The first was the killing of John Fink, a young man, near Buchanan fort. The particulars are as follow: “On the 8th of February, 1782, while Henry Fink and his son John were engaged in sledding rails on their farm in the Buchanan settlement, several guns were simultaneously discharged at them, and before John had time to reply to his father’s inquiry whether he was hurt, another gun was fired and he fell lifeless. Having unlinked the chain which fastened the horse to the sled, the old man galloped briskly away. He reached his home in safety, and immediately moved his family to the fort.”—.[16]
February 8, 1827:
WIDOW'S PETITION
State of Virginia, County of Pendleton, ss: On this 7th day of September 1838 personally appeared before me, Jesse Henkle, a Justice of the Peace in and for the County aforesaid, Nancy Vance, aged eighty-two years, who being first duly sworn according to law: doth on her oath make the following declaration in order to obtain the benefit of the provision made by the act of Congress passed July 4th 1836.
That she is the widow of John Vance who served as Sargeant Major, and marched from the county of (left blank) in the the state of Pennsylvania to Winchester, VA, and from there to Winchester, VA, and from there to Williamsburg and from thence into the state of Georgia in this tour he was under the command of Capt. John Stinson and Lt. Rice and Lt. Robt. Bell. Her memory will not permit her now to state the year that above tour was performed in, but she well recollects that in this tour he served twelve months. She further declares that her husband the aforesaid John Vance performed several tours of duty and she believes always went as Volenteer, that he was in the battle of Germantown and was there wounded. She is not now abhle to state how long he serveed in the other tour of duty, but she does well know that he was in the war nearly all the time from the beginning to the ending of it, and she believes he served as a Sargeant Major during the time he was in the service, and she refersw to proof now on file of her late husband John Vance, who was an Invalid Pensioner of the United States upon the Virginia agency.
She further declares that she was married to the said John Vance on the (left blank) day of October 1773. She was married by Col. William Crawford who was a magistrate of the county where she resided and who was an officer of the Revolutionary War and was afterwards taken a prisoner by the Indians and burnt. She has no record of her marriage, and does not know if any can be found, that her husband the aforesaid John Vance, died on 8th day of Feb (February 8) 1827, leaving her his widow and that she has remained his widow ever since that period.
Nancy Vance (her mark)
Sworn to and subscribed on the day and year written above before me, Jesse Henkle, J. P.
TESTIMONY OF JESSE HENKLE
I certify that was well-aquainted with John Vance during his lifetime and I am now well-aquainted with Nancy Vance, his widow. I know that John Vance was a pensioner of the United States upon the Virginia agency, that the said John Vance has been dead eleven or twelve years, leaving Nancey Vance his widow and that Nancy Vance still continues the widow of the above-mentioned John Vance. I further certify that I have been acquanited with JOHN VANCE AND NANCY VANCE HIS WIFE FOR THE PERIOD OF FORTY-TWO OR FORTY THREE years, and they havfe always lived together as man and wife, that I am fifty-six years of age and I am well-aaquainted with the children of John Vance and Nancy Vance, his wife, and I know they have three children older than myself. And believe that the above named Nancy Vance was married at the time which she states in the declaration given under my hand the day and year before written. The words the and tho interlined before signing.
Jesse Henkle[17]
February 8, 1831: Louis Philippe of France, successor to Charles X, ratified a motion putting Judaism on a par with
Christianity, granting State support to Synagogues and their Minister of Religion. This meant that France extended financial support to Jewish religious institutions on par with Christian institutions.[18]
FINAL PAYMENT RECORD
Date of death of Nancy Vance is given as February 8, 1845. Payment made to Law. Marx, Atty., February 5, 1846. Ricmond Roll. No other genealogical data of interest.[19]
February 8, 1862: On the second day, February 8, the Union soldiers advanced but were stopped by an artillery battery and accompanying infantry in the center of the island. Although the Confederates thought that their line was safely anchored in impenetrable swamps, they were flanked on both sides and their soldiers were driven back to refuge in the forts. The forts were taken in reverse. With no way for his men to escape, Col. Shaw surrendered to avoid pointless bloodshed.
The Union forces occupied the island for the remainder of the war, and classified the slaves living there as contraband. More came to the island from the mainland. The Army developed a contraband camp into the Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island, an important experiment set up to become self-sustaining. By 1864, more than 2200 freedmen lived there, even though 150 had joined the United States Colored Troops from North Carolina. The American Missionary Association recruited teachers from the North to help educate the freedmen in reading and writing, which both children and adults were eager to learn.[20]
February 8, 1845: John Vance, 1754. (or 1746 according to his pension application). He was married in October 1773, by his uncle Col. Wm. Crawford in southwestern PA, to Nancy ?. John served in the Rev. war as a sargeant major and was wounded at Germantown. Both John and his wife recieved pensions for his REV war service (W. 6338). [21]John died February 8, 1827. The place of his death is uncertain from the pension file. Nancy filed for her widow's pension from Pendelton Co, not WVA. She died February 8, 1845. [22]
Tuesday evening, February 8, 1853
My Dearest Harriet,
You can well imagine the pleasure I felt on the reception and perusal of yours by James McDowell. I had expected most confidently, a letter by the mail on Wednesday night, and when I failed to get it I can assure you that I flet exceedingly uneasy. Next norning however I learned that James was in town and the thought at once struck me that he had a letter for me, & so it turned out. So “alls well that ends well.” I was indeed gratified to learn that you were better and in a fair way to recover: but I was chiefly rejoiced at the promise your letter contained in regard to taking better care of yourself at parties of that kind in future. The manner in which you expressd it too was indeed pleasing to me-“for your sake at least”, you say you will be more careful. Indeed Harriet, my Harriet (since you acknowledge my claim upon you) I thank you for the sweet promise, and hope in regard to that matter , you may think of me when tempted to break it and refrain. This is but fair since you conjure me to think of you when tempted to break the promise I have mad you—
How are you spending your time now? AS I told you before when with you, you must really calculate on a long time intervening before I see you again. I am sorry to say this but am compelled to do it. My time My Dearest One, is getting to be of greater value to me than formerly, and it stands me in hand to improve it, tho alas! I do not do it. For though my business be neither very pressing nor important yet I am never away from home two days at a time but some serious call for my presence is made. Under these circumstances you will see the necessity of my self denial and I hope you will imitate. This is partivularly unpleasant to me at this time as I enjoyed so little of you compamy when last over, and you were so much vexed at my leaving when I did. Nevertheless I shall go to see you at all hazards about the middle of march and of course if an opportunity should bresent itself sooner I will not fail to improve it. Meanwhile I shall be course write regularly once a week as here to fore.
Jim McD—has gone hard study I believe as I can see nothing of him in the streets, day or night. Indeed I am a fearful (how much?he will study himself blind but I hope for the best—I have not seen the Burke-Buncombe Ladies since thay bot home which was on Wednesday night, last. I hear that miss lou is unwell but I hope nothing serous, Last evening I spent in paying a visit to the ladies at Rose Hill, Miss Harriet (a-hem!). and Miss Ada are quite well and seem to me extremely pleasant not withstani you thnk them stiff. Have you received the Feb. No of the university Magazine? I think it extremely poor exepte one article. That I wrote myself and so course H don’t thing it poor. I mean calico-its wonders and misteries. Read it to morrow I start down into Madison county and shall be absent two or three days, We have heard nothing from Dr Lester since he left your village-He is happy however, where ever he may be, and that I’ll ensure. Write again soon, and believe me my Dearest Hattie to by now as ever, your very sincesre and devoted
Zebulon
Mon. February 8, 1864
Passed many plantations, milligans bend, men plowing, foggy at night – cant anchor 90 miles above vixburg saw many negro camps [23]
RESOLUTIONS OF RESPECT
Passed Tuesday, February 8th, 1916 by Marvin Mills Post No. 212, G.A.R.
In Memory of a Deceased Comrade, Wm. H. Goodlove
Died January 17th, 1916
Member of Co. H, 24th Iowa Inft.
Whereas, Our heavenly Father, the Great Commander, has called from our ranks our late comrade and friend, Wm. H. Goodlove, a member of Co. H, 24th Iowa Infantry, and
Whereas, It is but just that his many virtues and sterling qualifications should be recognized, therefore
Resolved: By Marvin Mills Post No. 212, Central City, Iowa, that while we bow in humble submnission to the will of the Most High, we do none the less mourn the loss of our comrade and friend.
Resolved: That in the death of Wm. H. Goodlove this post laments the great loss of one who was ever ready to proffer the hand of aid and the voice of sympathy to the needy and distressed, and whose utmost endeavors were ever exerted in doing good to his comrades and fellowmen.
Resolved; That it is but a just tribute to the memory of the departed to say that in deeply regretting his removal from our midst, we sincerely mourn for one who was worthy of our kindest regard.
Resolved: That we tenderly condole with the family of our comrade in this their hour of trial and great sorrow, and commend them for consolation to our Heavenly Father.
Resolved: That our post charter be draped in mourining for a period of thirty days, that these resolutions be spread upon the records of Marvin Mills Post, that they be published in the Central City News-Letter, and also that a copy be sent to the members of the family of our deceased comrade.
Committee Willard Butters, W. F. Budd, Alex. McDonald.[24]
[25]
February 8, 1867: The Ausgleich results in the establishment of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The Ausgleich refers to the compromise document that changed the Austrian Empire into the dual monarchy that put Hungary on level playing field with the previously dominate Germanic (Austrian) element of the Hapsburg Empire. The reform came about as a result of Austria’s defeat at the hands of Prussia. (Yes this gets complicated; but if you want to understand the fate of the Jews of Europe you have to understand European history.) Following the Law of Unintended consequences, The Ausgleich had a profound effect on the Jews living under the rule of the Habsburgs. “With the “Ausgleich” between Austria and Hungary in 1867, Jews finally gained full citizen rights. Vienna was now the city in the Habsburg Empire with the largest Jewish community (40,000 or 6.6 percent). Most of the Viennese Jews were of Bohemian, Moravian and Hungarian origin, while others were from the poor area of Galicia. Jewish communities in other parts of the Empire developed, even in cities that have not had any Jews for a long time, such as Salzburg (part of Austria since 1816).” To[[day we seem to have forgotten the prominent role that Vienna played in European and Jewish culture.[26]
February 8, 1887 – The Dawes Act breaks up the tribal land base of the Indians in Indian Territory, and assigned it to separate households in individual allotments; the US government declared the remainder as "surplus" and sold it to European-American settlers.[27]
February 8, 1910: Chicago publisher William Boyce was lost in the fog when a Boy Scout came to his aid. After guiding Boyce to his destination, the boy refused a tip, explaining that as a Boy Scout he would not accept payment for doing a good deed. This anonymous gesture inspired Boyce to organize several regional U.S. youth organizations, specifically the Woodcraft Indians and the Sons of Daniel Boone, into the Boy Scouts of America. Incorporated on February 8, 1910, the movement soon spread throughout the country. In 1912, Juliette Gordon Low founded the Girl Scouts of America in Savannah, Georgia.
In 1916, Baden-Powell organized the Wolf Cubs, which caught on as the Cub Scouts in the United States, for boys under the age of 11. Four years later, the first international Boy Scout Jamboree was held in London, and Baden-Powell was acclaimed Chief Scout of the world. He died in 1941.[28] Robert Baden-Powell was a Freemason. The compiler was an Eagle Scout and is also a Freemason.
On February 8, 1915, D.W. Griffith's Birth of a Nation, a landmark film in the history of cinema, premieres at Clune's Auditorium in Los Angeles. The silent film was America's first feature-length motion picture and a box-office smash, and during its unprecedented three hours Griffith popularized countless filmmaking techniques that remain central to the art today. However, because of its explicit racism, Birth of a Nation is also regarded as one of the most offensive films ever made. Actually titled The Clansman for its first month of release, the film provides a highly subjective history of the Civil War, Reconstruction, and the rise of the Ku Klux Klan. Studied today as a masterpiece of political propaganda, Birth of a Nation caused riots in several cities and was banned in others but was seen by millions.
David Wark Griffith was born in La Grange, Kentucky, in 1875, the son of an ex-Confederate colonel. His father died when he was seven, and he later dropped out of high school to help support his family. After holding various jobs, he began a successful career as a theater actor. He wrote several plays and, on the advice of a colleague, sent some scenarios for one-reel films to the Edison Film Company and the Biograph Company. In 1908, he was hired as an actor and writer for the Biograph studio and soon was promoted to a position as director.
Between 1908 and 1913, Griffith made more than 400 short films for Biograph. With the assistance of his talented cinematographer, G W. "Billy" Bitzer, he invented or refined such important cinematic techniques as the close-up, the scenic long shot, the moving-camera shot, and the fade-in and fade-out. His contributions to the art of editing during this period include the flashback and parallel editing, in which two or more separate scenes are intermixed to give the impression that the separate actions are happening simultaneously. He also raised the standard on movie acting, initiating scene rehearsals before shooting and assembling a stock company of film professionals. Many of these actors, including Lillian and Dorothy Gish, Mary Pickford, Mae Marsh, and Lionel Barrymore, went on to become some of Hollywood's first movie stars.
Taking his cue from the longer spectacle films produced in Italy, in 1913 Griffith produced Judith of Bethulia, a biblical adaptation that, at four reels, was close to an hour long. It was his last Biograph film. Two years later, he released his epic 10-reel masterpiece, Birth of a Nation, for Mutual Films.
Birth of a Nation, based on Thomas Dixon's novel The Clansman, tells the turbulent story of American history in the 1860s, as it followed the fictional lives of two families from the North and the South. Throughout its three hours, African Americans are portrayed as brutish, lazy, morally degenerate, and dangerous. In the film's climax, the Ku Klux Klan rises up to save the South from the Reconstruction Era-prominence of African Americans in Southern public life.
Riots and protests broke out at screenings of Birth of a Nation in a number of Northern cities, and the recently formed National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) embarked on a major campaign to have the film banned. It eventually was censored in several cities, and Griffith agreed to change or cut out some of the film's especially offensive scenes.
Nevertheless, millions of people happily paid to witness the spectacle of Birth of a Nation, which featured a cast of more 10,000 people and a dramatic story line far more sophisticated than anything released to that date. For all the gross historical inaccuracies, certain scenes, such as meetings of Congress, Civil War battles, and the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, were meticulously recreated, lending the film an air of legitimacy that made it so effective as propaganda.
The Ku Klux Klan, suppressed by the federal government in the 1870s, was refounded in Georgia in December 1915 by William J. Simmons. In addition to being anti-black, the new Klan was anti-Catholic, anti-Semitic, and anti-immigrant, and by the early 1920s it had spread throughout the North as well as the South. At the peak of its strength in 1924, membership in the KKK is estimated to have been as high as three million. There is no doubt that Birth of a Nation played no small part in winning wide public acceptance for an organization that was originally founded as an anti-black and anti-federal terrorist group.
Of Griffith's later films, Intolerance (1916) is the most important. Hailed by many as the finest achievement of the silent-film era, it pursues four story lines simultaneously, which cumulatively act to prove humanity's propensity for persecution. Some regard it as an effort at atonement by Griffith for Birth of a Nation, while others believe he meant it as an answer to those who persecuted him for his political views. Intolerance was a commercial failure but had a significant influence on the development of film art.
Griffith went on to make 27 more films. In 1919, he founded United Artists with Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, and Charlie Chaplin.
Before D. W. Griffith's time, motion pictures were short, uninspiring, and poorly produced, acted, and edited. Under his guidance, filmmaking became an art form. Despite the harm his Birth of a Nation inflicted on African Americans, he will forever be regarded as the father of cinema.[29]
1915
[30]
[31]
February 8, 1917
Martin Nielson has gone to Chicago with a carload of cattle.[32]
February 8, 1917
Harold Goodlove returned home Saturday night after a weeks attendance at the short course at Ames.
February 8, 1940: The establishment of a ghetto in Lodz is ordered.[33]
February 8, 1942: Much to the disappointment of the Nazis only 359 Jews (137 women) from the Kovno ghetto arrived in Riga. The German Civil Administration in Lithuania had originally requested 1,000 male Jews.[34]
February 8, 1442: The first transport of Jews from Salonika is sent to Auschwitz. [35]
February 8, 1949: Joseph Cardinal Mindszenty, the highest Catholic official in Hungary, is convicted of treason and sentenced to life imprisonment by the Communist People's Court. Outraged observers in Western Europe and the United States condemned both the trial and Mindszenty's conviction as "perversions" and "lynchings."
Mindszenty was no stranger to political persecution. During World War II, Hungary's fascist government arrested him for his speeches denouncing the oppression of Jews in the nation. After the war, as a communist regime took power in Hungary, he continued his political work, decrying the political oppression and lack of religious freedom in his nation. In 1948, the Hungarian government arrested the cardinal. Mindszenty, several other Catholic Church officials, a journalist, a professor, and a member of the Hungarian royal family were all found guilty of various crimes during a brief trial before the Communist People's Court in Budapest. Most had been charged with treason, trying to overthrow the Hungarian government, and speculation in foreign currency (illegally sending money out of the country). All but Mindszenty received prison sentences ranging from a few years to life.
Mindszenty was the focus of the trial. During the proceedings, the prosecutors produced several documents implicating Mindszenty in antigovernment activities. The Cardinal admitted that he was "guilty in principle and in detail of most of the accusations made," but he vigorously denied that his activities were designed to overthrow the Hungarian government. Nevertheless, he was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment.
The reaction to Mindszenty's conviction was swift and indignant. British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin declared that the trial was an affront to Britain's understanding of liberty and justice. The Vatican issued a statement proclaiming that the Cardinal was "morally and civilly innocent." In the United States, Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn (Democrat-Texas) stated that the "Christian world cannot help but be shocked over the verdict." Protests were held in a number of
U.S. cities, but the protests did not change the verdict.
The case was significant in demonstrating the depth of the anticommunist movement in Hungary. In 1956, Mindszenty was released when a reformist government took power in Hungary. Shortly thereafter, Soviet troops entered Hungary to put down anticommunist protests. Mindszenty took refuge in the U.S. embassy in Budapest and stayed inside the embassy grounds until 1971. That year he was recalled by the Vatican and settled in Vienna, where he died in 1975.[36]
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[1] Thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com
[2] The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism From Ancient Times to the Present Day, Walter Laqueur page 56.
[3] mike@abcomputers.com
[4] History of the Jews of Strasboureg, Chief rabbi Max Warschawski
[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Babington%27s_plot
[6] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mary-queen-of-scots-beheaded
[7] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mary-queen-of-scots-beheaded
[8] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[9] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[10] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[11] [Beverley Fleet, Virginia Colonial Abstracts, The Original 34 Volumes Reprinted in 3, (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1988) 2: 25.] Chronological Listing of Events In the Lives of Andrew Harrison, Sr. of Essex County, Virginia, Andrew Harrison, Jr. of Essex and Orange Counties, Virginia, Lawrence Harrison, Sr. of Virginia and Pennsylvania Compiled from Secondary Sources Covering the time period of 1640 through 1772 by Daniel Robert Harrison, Milford, Ohio, November, 1998.
[12] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[13] MUSTER ROLLS AND PRISONER-OF-WAR LISTS IN AMERICAN ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS PERTAINING TO THE GERMAN MERCENARY TROOP WHO SERVED WITH THE BRITISH FORCES DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION by Clifford Neal Smith Part 1 of 3 parts, pg 16.
[14] Diary of the American War, A Hessian Journal by Captain Johann Ewald pgs.191-196.
[15] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/nova-scotia-governor-sends-word-of-potential-american-invasion
[16]Wither’s Border warfare, pp. 232, 233 Washington-Irvine Correspondence, Butterfield, 1882.
[17] Ancestors of Forrest Roger Garnett pp 910.10-910.11.
[18] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[19] Ancestors of Forrest Roger Garnett p. 910.12
[20] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Roanoke_Island
[21] Rev. War Pension File for John and Nancy Vance, W 6338
John Vance, served from VA W 6338. File received May 1980 from National Archives.
PETITION OF JOHN VANCE;To the Honourable the Speaker and Members of the Legislature of the State of Virginia,
Gentlemen, Your petitioner humbly sheweth that in the year seventy-six I turned out a Volunteer under Captain Stevenson as sargeant and Clerk to the Company and marched to Williamsburg, and then joined the eighth Virginia regiment commanded by Colonel Peter Milinsky and marched from there to Charles Town in South Carolina, and the Company I belonged to, with two more companys, was sent to assist at the Battle of Sulivans Island, from thence we marched to Sunsberry in Georgia under General Lee and remained there untill our time of service was out. I then returned to Fort Pit and then joined the 13th Virginia regiment commanded by Colonel Crawford in Captain Robert Bell's Company, and acted as Sargeant Major to the said regiment, and part of the said regiment was sent down to join the main army at Philadelphia under General Washington where I then acted as Agetant for said regiment for three months, was at the battle of Brandywine, and at the Battle of Germantown, wounded through the cheek with a bayonet, and sometime after the Battle General Milinsbuy gave me a very honorable discharge, which I took good care uf until my house was burned down by accident, and so lost it, and the wound I received in my leg still continues to run and so disables me to walk that I am not able to labour for my support, being now sixty-seven years of age, and as I served in our Revolutionary War for Liberty, I hope and trust that your honorable body will take my poor and distressed situation under your serious consideration, and grant me as a poor old soldier such relief as may support me in my old age. And you Petitioner as in duty bouned shall ever pray,
John Vance
[22] Ancestors of Forrest Roger Garnett p. 910.3
[23] William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary by Jeff Goodlove
[24] Linda Pedersen Papers
[25] Footnote.com
[26] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[27] Timetable of Cherokee Removal.
[28] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/boy-scouts-movement-begins
[29] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/birth-of-a-nation-opens
[30] The Grand Canyon, September 5, 2011
[31] The Grand Canyon, September 5, 2011
[32] Winton Goodlove papers.
[33] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1762.
[34] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[35] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1770.
[36] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/cardinal-mindszenty-of-hungary-sentenced
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