This Day in Goodlove History, February 6

This Day in Goodlove History, February 6

Like us on Facebook!

https://www.facebook.com/ThisDayInGoodloveHistory

Jeff Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com

Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove

The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), and Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clarke, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,and ancestors Andrew Jackson, and William Henry Harrison.

The Goodlove Family History Website:

http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/g/o/o/Jeffery-Goodlove/index.html

The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:

• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx

• • Books written about our unique DNA include:

• “Abraham’s Children, Race, Identity, and the DNA of the Chosen People” by Jon Entine.
•
• “ DNA & Tradition, The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews” by Rabbi Yaakov Kleiman, 2004.

“Jacob’s Legacy, A Genetic View of Jewish History” by David B. Goldstein, 2008.


Birthdays: Lydia P Ehrsam McKee 115, Cecil G. Sargent 112, Silvia R. Sargent Moore 81, Edward C Schuessler 58, Adam R. Wermager 42.





February 6, 1190: Following an attack in Lynn[1], all the Jews of Norwich, England found in their houses were slaughtered, except a few who found refuge in the castle.[2]

February 6, 1481: The first auto-da-fe by the Spanish Inquisition took place in Seville, Spain. The term "auto-de-fe" means "act of faith." It was a ceremony that culminated in burning at the stake heretics discovered by the Inquisition. There heretics were Jews who had been forced to convert and were guilty of practicing their Judaism in secret.[3]

On February 6th, 1481, the first public ceremony or auto de fe of the Spanish Inquisition was held in Seville: six accused were burnt alive at the stake and numerous others sentenced to various punishments. It was a grim beginning to the career of one of the most feared institutions in the history of mankind. A modern defender of the Inquisition has conceded that the 1480s in Seville and Toledo were 'a period of imprisonment and trials whose like has perhaps never been equaled'. In the first eight years in Seville alone, according to a chronicler of the time, 'more than seven hundred persons were burnt and over five thousand punished'.

After a denunciation, the case was examined by the calificadores, who had to determine if there was heresy involved, followed by detention of the accused. In practice, however, many were detained in preventive custody, and many cases of lengthy incarcerations occurred--lasting up to two years--before the calificadores examined the case.

Detention of the accused entailed the preventive sequestration of his or her property by the Inquisition. The property of the prisoner was used to pay for procedural expenses and the accused's own maintenance and costs. Often the relatives of the defendant found themselves in outright misery. This situation was only remedied following instructions written in 1561.

The entire process was undertaken with the utmost secrecy, as much for the public as for the accused, who was not informed about the accusations that were levied against them. Months, or even years could pass without the accused being informed about why they were locked up. The prisoners remained isolated, and, during this time, the prisoner was not allowed to attend mass nor receive the sacraments.

In order to interrogate the criminals, the Inquisition made use of torture, but not in a systematic way. It was applied mainly against those suspected of Judaism and Protestantism, beginning in the 16th century. For example, Lea estimates that between 1575 and 1610 the court of Toledo tortured approximately a third of those processed for heresy. In other periods, the proportions varied remarkably. Torture was always a means to obtain the confession of the accused, not a punishment itself. It was applied without distinction of sex or age, including children and the aged.

The methods of torture most used by the Inquisition were garrucha, toca and the potro. The application of the garrucha, also known as the strappado, consisted of suspending the criminal from the ceiling by a pulley with weights tied to the ankles, with a series of lifts and drops, during which arms and legs suffered violent pulls and were sometimes dislocated.. The toca, also called tortura del agua, consisted of introducing a cloth into the mouth of the victim, and forcing them to ingest water spilled from a jar so that they had impression of drowning. The potro, the rack, was the instrument of torture used most frequently.

The assertion that "confession em esse veram, non factam vi tormentorum" (the confession was true and free) sometimes follows a description of how, presently after torture ended, the subject freely confessed to his offenses.

The “Spanish Chair,” a device used to hold the victim while the soles of their feet were roasted, was certainly in existence in Spain during the period of the Inquisition. It is uncertain, however, whether it was in fact used.

Once the process concluded, the inquisidores met with a representative of the bishop and with the consulters, experts in theology or canon law, which was called the consulta de fe. The case was voted and sentence pronounced, which had to be unanimous. In case of discrepancies, the Suprema had to be informed.[36] [4]

February 6, 1508: Maximilian I was crowned Holy Roman Emperor. In the first decade of his reign, Maximilian would put an end to the attempts by some German nobles to banish the Jews from their realms. Maximilian did this, not so much because he loved Jews, but because he saw these attempts at banishment as an encroachment on his imperial authority. Wherever they lived in the empire, the Jews were the subjects of the emperor and not of any local lord. Therefore only he could banish Jews. Maximilian feared that if he gave way on his control over the Jews, who knew what power the nobles might try and take from him next.[5]

1509 - Invention of wheel lock (rose lock).

The next major advance, the wheel lock, generates a spark mechanically. With no wick to keep lit, the wheel lock is easier to use, and more reliable than the matchlock. However, wheel locks are expensive to produce. Matchlocks, at half the cost, remain in common use. This is an early (ca. 1540) multi-shot, wheel-lock pistol, made for Emperor Charles V. In this weapon, two locks are combined in one mechanism, to give each barrel separate ignition.[6]

February 6, 1546

On Feb. 6th 1546, Ewin, the MacKinnon chief, as one of the special friends of Hector MacLean of Dowart, receives a respite of nineteen years for the treasonable assistance given by him to the Earl of Lennox and the English in 1545.[7]



On February 6, 1609, the said Lachlan is charged to appear on this day by virtue of his former obligation.[8]



February 6, 1664: Birthdate of Sultan Mustafa II. During his reign Ottoman forces conquered Belgrade again in 1690 and Jews were allowed to return to the city.[9]



February 6, 1685

The Duke of York, proprietor of New York, becomes King James II of England.[10] James II of England and VII of Scotland becomes King upon the death of his brother Charles II. For once, a change in monarchs turned out to be a “win-win” situation for the Jewish people. While still in the Netherlands, prior to regaining the throne, the Anglican “Charles had assured Amsterdam Jews that their coreligionists had no reason to fear his reemergence in England.” How much of this was promise was due to personal beliefs and how much was the product of the substantial financial support the soon to be crowned monarch received from Dutch Jews is immaterial. The fact is, he kept his word. A group of London merchants who wanted to limit their competition petitioned the king to keep the Jews out of the country to protect the religion and welfare of his subjects. “The targeted Jews” sought the King’s protection which he granted. In 1673, 13 years after Charles II’s coronation, “a grand jury…responded to anti-Semitic rabble rousing by indicting Jewish communal leaders for worshipping in public. When Jews threatened to leave England rather than endure loss of religious freedom, Charles had an order in council issued to halt the legal proceedings. And to make sure it did not happen again, King Charles gave orders “not to cause any more anxieties to Jews.” During the first year of his reign King James II put an end to the custom of requiring the Jews to pay “the mandatory tax imposed on those who failed to attend the established church.” The King declared that he did not want the Jews to be troubled about this ever again and only wanted them be able to “quietly enjoy the free exercise of their religion.” What makes this all the more remarkable is that it took place against a backdrop of religious wars fought between English Catholics, Anglicans and Protestants. While the Jews became victims of the religious wars on the Continent, in England they were able to survive and thrive. This may account for the affection which Jews came to hold England and its later iteration as Great Britain.[11]



February 6, 1693: Royal charter granted College of William & Mary, at Williamsburg VA.[12]



February 6, 1775: William St. Clair obtained warrant for 100 acre tract in Elk Lick (then Cumberland County84) April 12, 1769. He sold this tract to Peter Livengood in 1773. The site of the Livengood homestead, is between Salisbury and St. Paul, and nearby is the old Indian

Trail and packers path, known as the Turkeyfoot Road. St. Clair had six acres of the tract

cleared in 1772 according to record in tax assessment file. The Commonwealth land

office records show that Peter Livengood obtained warrant for said tract under date 6

February 6, 1775, the date of survey is 30 March 30, 1785, date of patent January 13, 1797, named―Liverpool,‖ area 156 acres.[13]



February 6, 1778: Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States – France)




The Treaty of Amity and Commerce Between the United States and France, along with its sister document the Treaty of Alliance, was one of two treaties signed on February 6, 1778 at the Hôtel de Crillon in Paris, France between the United States and France. The treaty established a commercial alliance between these two nations and was signed during the American Revolutionary War.


[14]

February 6, 1788: Massachusetts becomes the sixth state to ratify the Constitution.[15]

February 6, 1802

Congress empowers President Jefferson to arm United States ships in order to protect themselves against Tripolitan pirates.[16]

February 11, 1811: President Madison orders trade with England ceased.[17]

February 6, 1814: Dr. James Craik, a graduate of the University of Edinburgh, was born in Scotland, and settled in Virginia in the year 1753. He joined the

expedition to the Ohio in 1754, and was with Colonel Washington at

the battle of the Great Meadows and the surrender of " Fort Necessity," in July of that year. Dr. Craik was in the Braddock campaign of 1755, and remained attached to the Virginia troops until about 1763. He also served as a surgeon in the Revolutionary war. The friendship formed between "Washington and the doctor in 1754 lasted through their lives, and he was a frequent and most welcome guest at Mount Vernon. He attended the General in his last illness, and was remembered in his will as his " compatriot inarms and old and intimate friend." Dr. Craik died February 6,1814, at the age of eighty-two. [18]

February 6, 1826:

The Treaty of Prairie du Chien may refer to any of several treaties made and signed in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin between the United States, representatives from the Sioux, Sac and Fox, Menominee, Ioway, Winnebago and the Anishinaabeg (Chippewa, Ottawa and Potawatomi) Native American peoples.

Prairie du Chien Lines. Subsequent boundary modifications shown as dashed lines.

The first treaty of Prairie du Chien was signed by William Clark and Lewis Cass for the United States and representatives of the Sioux, Sac and Fox, Menominee, Ioway, Winnebago and the Anishinaabeg (Chippewa and the Council of Three Fires of Chippewa, Ottawa and Potawatomi) on August 19, 1825 and proclaimed on February 6, 1826.

Due to the overall tribal movements toward the western direction under pressure of encroaching settlers, the Sioux Nation resisted and came into conflict with other tribes moving west into their traditional territory. The United States negotiated the treaty to try to reduce inter-tribal warfare.

The treaty begins by establishing peace between the Sioux and their neighbors: Chippewa, Sac and Fox, and Ioway peoples. The treaty continues by demarcating formal boundaries among each of the tribal groups, often called the "Prairie du Chien Line." For peoples accustomed to ranging over a wide area, the Prairie du Chien Line served as a hindrance, as it provided that tribes were to hunt only within their acknowledged limits. Due to the vast scope of the Treaty of Prairie du Chien and the fact that not all of the necessary tribes had representatives at its signing, the treaty provided for additional councils to be held the following year in 1826 (see Treaty of Fond du Lac). Along with these additional councils, the Chippewa agreed to additional meetings.

The US used the series of Prairie du Chien Lines to serve as the land cession boundaries in later treaties.[19]

February 6, 1837: The House of Representatives rules that slaves do not have the right of petition that American citizens have under the Constitution.[20]

Sat. February 6, 1864

No towns but few farms 2 plantations heavy timber arrived at Memphis at 8 pm a nice large town – stayed on boat all night[21][22]


February 6, 1865

General Robert E. Lee becomes the commander of all Confederate armies.[23]

Emmy Gottlieb born April 17, 1914 from Altenhamberg, Germany, and Ida Gottlieb born February 6, 1880 from Hagenback, Germany, were on board Convoy 17.[24]

On August 10, SS Heinrichsohn composed the usual telex for the departure of each train. He addressed it to Eichmann in Berlin, the Inspectore of the KZ at Oranienburg, and the Commandant at Auschwitz. The telex was signed by SS Ahnert of the same anti-Jewish section of the Gestapo. He indicated to the recipients that on that day, at 8:55 AM, the convoy D 901/12 had left the station at Le Bourget-Drancy for Auschwitz, carrying 1,000 Jews under the supervision of Feldwebel Kruger.

This convoy was composed almost entirely (997 on the list by nationality) of German Jews. There were 525 women and 475 men, many of them in their 50’s: 290 women were between ages 46 and 60; 309 men were between ages 45 and 51. There were many couples.

The list is very difficult to read. The family name, first name, dat and place of birth, profession , and nationality are given.

This was the first convoy of Jews from the unoccupied zone who had been handed over by the Vichy authorities to the Nazis. The convoy came from the camp at Gurs, where numerous German Jews had been interned since 1940. It left Gurs for Drancy on August 6 with 1,000 Jews.

On the day the convoy was scheduled to depart, the German Military Command refused to lend further assistance or escorts to the deportation of Jews (XXVb-134). A second document relating to this convoy is XXVb-120 of August 7.

Upon their arrival in Auschwitz, 140 men were left alive and received numbers 58086 through 58225. The women received numbers 16637 through 16736. Seven hundred sixty people were immediately gassed.

To the best of our knowledge, one man, Herbert Fuchs, was the only survivor from this convoy in 1945.[25]

February 6, 1901: Anna Gottlieb, born February 6, 1901, By October 26, 1942 Auschwitz, Ba Transport - Prague
Terezin • August 10, 1942 .. 1287 perished, 165 liberated. , 8 destiny request failure[26]Listen

Read phonetically

Dictionary - View detailed dictionary

February 6, 1943: Upon arriving in “liberated” Algiers, Churchill discovered that the Vichy laws restricting the rights of the Jews of Algeria were still in force and insisted that they be repealed at once.[27]

February 6, 1943: Himmler received a report on the quantity of garments collected from Birkenau. The list included: 97,000 sets of men's clothing, 76,000 sets of women's clothing, 132,000 men's shirts, 155,000 women's coats and 3,000 kilograms of women's hair. The hair filled an entire railroad car. Children's items included 15,000 overcoats, 11,000 boys' jackets, 9,000 dresses and 22,000 pairs of shoes. The clothing filled 825 freight cars. Included in this inventory was also close to a half of million in American currency and $116,420 dollars in gold.[28]

February 6, 1943: Fifteen trains of deportees reached Birkenau from Holland, Drancy (Paris) and from Berlin. Five thousand on board were gassed.[29]

February 6, 1943: Rutka Laskier, a fourteen year old living in Bedzin, Poland writes in her diary: “Something has broken in Me. When I pass by a German, everything shrinks in me. I don't know whether it is out of fear or hatred. I would like to torture them, their women and children, who set their doggies on us, to beat and strangle them vigorously, more and more. When will this day arrive which Nica talked about ... that's one matter. And now another matter. I think my womanhood has awoken in me. That means, yesterday when I was taking a bath and the water stroked my body, I longed for someone's hands to stroke me ... I didn't know what it was, I have never had such sensations until now ...I met Micka today. I don't know with what these "dubious" lovers attract her, to the point that she refuses to get into a quarrel with them. They are so dazzled by her and think that every boy should be in love with her. Of course, I ascribe this to Janek, but Janek finds her disgusting (I don't know why). I think Janek likes me very much. But it doesn't matter to me, either way. Today, I recalled in detail the day of Aug. 12, 1942. I'll try to describe that day so that in a few years, of course if I'm not deported, I'll be able to remember it. We got up at 4 o'clock in the morning. We had a great breakfast (considering it was wartime): eggs, salad, real butter, coffee with milk. When we were ... ready, it was already half past 5, and then we left. There were thousands of people on the road. Every once in a while we had to stop, in order to let the crowd in front of us proceed. At half past 6, we were in place. We managed to get quite good seats on a bench. We were in a pretty good mood until 9 o'clock. Then I looked beyond the fence and I saw soldiers with machine guns aimed at the square in case someone tried to escape (how could you possibly escape from here?). People fainted, children cried. In short--Judgment Day. People were thirsty, and there was not a single drop of water around ... Then ... it started pouring. The rain didn't stop. At 3 o'clock Kuczynsky arrived and the selection started. "1" meant returning home, "1a" meant going to labor, which was even worse than deportation, "2" meant going for further inspection, and "3" meant deportation, in other words, death. Then I saw what disaster meant. We reported for selection at 4 o'clock. Mom, Dad and my little brother were sent to group 1, and I was sent to 1a. I walked as if I were stunned ... The weirdest thing was that we didn't cry at all, AT ALL ... Later on, I saw many more disasters. I can't put it in words. Little children were lying on the wet grass, the storm raging above our heads. The policemen beat them ferociously and also shot them. I sat there until 1 o'clock at night. Then I ran away. My heart pounded. I jumped out of a window from the first floor of a small building, and nothing happened to me. Only my lips were bitten so bad that they bled ... When I was already on the street, I ran into someone "in uniform," and I felt that I couldn't take it anymore. My head was spinning. I was pretty sure he was going to beat me ... but apparently he was drunk and didn't see the "yellow star," and he let me go.
Around me it was dark like in a closed cabin. From time to time flashes of lightning lightened the sky ... and it thundered. The journey that normally takes me half an hour I did in 10 minutes. Everybody was at home except Grandma, whom Dad released and brought home the next day ...
Oh, I forgot the most important thing. I saw how a soldier tore a baby, who was only a few months old, out of its mother's hands and bashed his head against an electric pylon. The baby's brain splashed on the wood. The mother went crazy. I am writing this as if nothing has happened. As if I were in an army experienced in cruelty. But I'm young, I'm 14, and I haven't seen much in my life, and I'm already so indifferent. Now I am terrified when I see "uniforms." I'm turning into an animal waiting to die ...Now to everyday matters: Janek came by this afternoon. We had to sit in the kitchen ... I told him that I had given away all my photographs. He got very upset. We were joking around; we spoke about "Nica and the gang." While we were talking he suddenly blurted out he'd like it very much if he could kiss me. I said "maybe" and continued the conversation. He was a bit confused; he thought I was Tusia or Hala Zelinger. I would have allowed [myself] to be kissed only by the person I loved, and I feel indifferent towards him. Then Dad sent me to deal with something. I had to leave. Janek accompanied me. While going downstairs I asked him, is kissing such a pleasant thing? And then I told him that I had already kissed before, what a taste it has (that's completely true). He burst out laughing. (He has a nice laugh, I must admit.) He said he was curious too. Maybe, but I won't let him kiss me. I'm afraid it would destroy something beautiful, pure ... I'm also afraid that I'll be very disappointed.” For more about a young Jewess who has been compared to Anne Frank, another diary writer see:
http://judicial-inc.biz/6_5_rutka_laskier.htm[30]

February 6, 1943: Wary of his growing antiwar attitude, Benito Mussolini removes Count Galeazzo Ciano, his son-in-law, as head of Italy's foreign ministry and takes over the duty himself.

Ciano had been loyal to the fascist cause since its inception, having taking part in the march on Rome in 1922, which marked the Black Shirts' rise to power in Italy. He graduated from the University of Rome with a degree in law, and then went to work as a journalist. Soon thereafter he began a career in Italy's diplomatic corps, working as consul general in China. He married Mussolini's daughter, Edda, in 1930; from there it was a swift climb up the political ladder: from chief of the press bureau to member of the Fascist Grand Council, Mussolini's inner circle of advisers.

Ciano flew a bombing raid against Ethiopia in 1935-36 and was made foreign minister upon his return to Rome. Both because of his experience in foreign affairs and personal relationship to the Duce, Ciano became Mussolini's right-hand man and likely successor. It was Ciano who promoted an Italian alliance with Germany, despite Mussolini's virtual contempt for Hitler. Ciano began to suspect the Fuhrer's loyalty to the "Pact of Steel"--a term Mussolini used to describe the alliance between Germany and Italy--when Germany invaded Poland without consulting its Axis partner, despite an agreement to the contrary Ciano made with his German counterpart, Joachim von Ribbentrop. Despite his concern about Germany's loyalty, he felt that Italy stood to profit nicely from an alliance with the "winning side," so when France fell to the Germans, Ciano advocated Italian participation in the war against the Allies.

After humiliating defeats in Greece and North Africa, Ciano began arguing for a peace agreement with the Allies. Mussolini considered this defeatist--and dismissed him as foreign minister, taking control of that office himself. Ciano became ambassador to the Vatican until he and other members of the Grand Council finally pushed Mussolini out of power in July 1943. Mussolini never forgave his son-in-law for what he later considered a betrayal. Ciano soon fled Rome for the north when the new provisional government began preparing charges of embezzlement against him. Ciano unwittingly fled into the arms of pro-fascist forces in northern Italy and was charged with treason. He was executed on January 11, 1944 on his father-in-law's orders--Mussolini was installed in a puppet government that had been set up by the Germans. Ciano's diaries, which contained brutally frank and sardonic commentaries on the personalities of the war era, are considered an invaluable part of the historical record.[31]

On February 6, Rothke sent a telex to Berlin and the SiPo-SD in Metz (XXVc-203 and 204) to the effect that there would be a third convoy in February, on the 13th, that it would leave at 10:15 AM and carry 1,000 Jews. The deportation of French Jews imprisoned for offenses was scheduled as part of this convoy (see Convoys 46 and 47.

This convoy was composed exclusively of French Jews who had resided in the Paris region. In fact, the title is “list of a thousand French.” There were 466 males, 519 females, and 15 undetermined. Almost 300 were under 21: 150 were under 18. This list is in very poor condition. Perforations by the file container meant that some names had to be reconstructed. The list is divided into three sublists.

1. Drancy/Stairway 2—388 names. There were many families.

2. Drancy/Stairway 1—340 names.

3. Drancy Stairway 3—263 names.

On board Convoy 48 was Fernande Gottlieb born June 25, 1909 from Paris, France, Meyer Gottlieb born April 15, 1881 from Paris, France, and Rosa Gottlieb, born April 20, 1881, from Paris, France.

The routine telex to Eichmann and to Auschwitz was sent on February 13 by Rothke, informing its recipients that on the same day, at 10:10 AM, a convoy of 1,000 Jews left the station at Le Bourget/Drancy for Auschwitz, with Lieutenant Nowak at the helm of the escort. A note by Rothke dated February 16 (XXVc-207) indicated that the convoy had to leave with German forces, but that in spite of their hyesitations, the French police did cooperate in the end when the train was embarking.

There were eight successful escapes from this convoy before the border; and official reports were made on the subject (XXVc-206, 208, 219, 237, and 238. They were also the subject of studies by A. Rutkowski (“Le Mond Juif”: No. 73; January/March 1974; pp. 10-29; and La lute des Juifs en France: pp. 150-59).

Convoy 48 arrived in Auschwitz on February 15. One hundred forty four men were selected and received numbers 102350 through 102492. One hundred sixty seven women received numbers 35357 through 35523. The rest of the convoy was immediately gassed.

In 1945 there were 17 survivors from among the 311 selected. One was a woman.[32]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


[1] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/


[2] www.wikipedia.org


[3] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/


[4] Article in Volume: 31 Issue: 2 The Historian as Philosopher - Herodotus and the Strength of Freedom, 500 Years of the Spanish Inquisition. http://www.historytoday.com/dt_main_allatonce.asp?gid=12342&aid=&tgid=&amid=12342&g12342=x&g9072=x&g30026=x&g20991=x&g21010=x&g19965=x&g19963=x,,spanish inquisition. (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved October 18, 2006, from Reference.com website: http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition
http://www.freewebs.com/bubadutep75/


[5] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/


[6] http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/technique/gun-timeline/


[7] M E M O I R S OF C LAN F I N G O N BY REV. DONALD D. MACKINNON, M.A. Circa 1888


[8] M E M O I R S OF C LAN F I N G O N BY REV. DONALD D. MACKINNON, M.A. Circa 1888


[9] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/


[10] On This Day in America by John Wagman.


[11] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/


[12] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/


[13] In Search of Turkey Foot Road, page 99.


[14] References

1. ^ a b "The United States Statutes at Large". Memory.loc.gov. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwsl.html. Retrieved January 27, 2012.

2. ^ The XYZ Affair and the Quasi-War with France, 1798–1800[dead link]

3. ^ "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875". Memory.loc.gov. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=008/llsl008.db&recNum=19. Retrieved January 27, 2012.

4. ^ Simms, Brendan. Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire. London, 2007. pp. 502–31

5. ^ Longmate, Norman. Island Fortress: The Defense of Great Britain, 1604–1945. Pimlico, 1991. pp. 183–85

6. ^ Model Treaty (1776)[dead link]

7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j French Alliance, French Assistance, and European diplomacy during the American Revolution, 1778–1782[dead link]

8. ^ Model Treaty (1776[dead link]

9. ^ a b c "Perspective On The French-American Alliance". Xenophongroup.com. http://www.xenophongroup.com/mcjoynt/alliance2.htm. Retrieved January 27, 2012.

10. ^ a b c d e f g h "Avalon Project: Treaty of Alliance Between The United States and France; February 6, 1778". Avalon.law.yale.edu. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fr1788-2.asp. Retrieved January 27, 2012.

11. ^ Edler 2001, pp. 163–166

12. ^ a b c d e "French-American Relations in the Age of Revolutions: From Hope to Disappointment (1776–1800)". Xenophongroup.com. http://www.xenophongroup.com/mcjoynt/ros6-2e.htm. Retrieved January 27, 2012.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_%281778%29


[15] On This Day in America by John Wagman.


[16] On This Day in America by John Wagman.


[17] On This Day in America by John Wagman.


[18] Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography


[19] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien


[20] On This Day in America by John Wagman.




[21] Weather cloudy and cold stoped twice today and got wood the boys got off the boat and had a big time and one boy fooling with a pistol shot himself and another boy through their hands. (Rollins Diary) http://ipserv2.aea14.k12.ia.us/iacivilwar/Resources/rollins diary.htm


[22] William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary annotated by Jeff Goodlove


[23] On This Day in America by John Wagman.


[24] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld. Page 142.


[25] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld. Page 140.


[26] • Terezín Memorial book, the Jewish victims of Nazi Deportations from Bohemia and Moravia 1941-1945 part of the second


[27] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/


[28] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/


[29] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/


[30] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/


[31] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mussolini-fires-his-son-in-law


[32] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 377.