1131: By 1131 the Crusader kingdom comprised the greater part of Palestine and the coast of Syria. The European invaders, who over time became known generically as Franks, concentrated in the important coastal cities of Latakia, Tortosa, Tripoli, Beirut, Tyre, Acre, Haifa, Caesarea, Jaffa, and Ascalon, as well as the inland cities of Edessa, Antioch, Tiberias, and, most important, Jerusalem itself.
1131: Welsh Tintern Abbey founded for Cistercian Order.[2]
1132: St. Denis Abbey – first gothic church – built by Abbot Suger in Paris, Henry I of France grants charters of corporate towns protecting commerce and industry, Persian poet Omar Kayyam dies. [3]
1133: Lothat III crowned emperor by Pope Innocent II, Diocese of Carlisle founded, St. Bartholomew’s Fair at Smithfield London (722 years). [4]
1134: Emperor Lothar III invests Albert the Bear with the Nordmark, Western façade of Chartres Cathedral built, Robert I of Normandy dies in English prison, Robert, Duke of Normandy dies in England's prison. [5]
1135: Death of Henry I of England, nephew Stephen of Boulogne assumes throne, invoking civil war between Stephen and Plantagenets, death of Emperor Hai-tsung, death of Boleslav III Duke of Poland, King Conrad, Frederick of Swabia, the King of Denmark and the Duke of Poland submit to Lothar III, Foundation of Italian line of the House of Este (until 1803), Henry I of England dies from food poisoning (Lampreys) Daughter Matilda willed to rule but nephew Stephen of Blois (Boulogne) takes Crown – civil war ensues, Henry I's daughter Mathilda to rule, Husband Geoffrey d' Anjou not popular, so son Stephen takes control, Henry I dies - food poisoning, Stephen of Flanders usurps throne, Henry I of England dies wanting daughter Mathilda to rule, husband Geoffrey of Anjou who was unpopular, her son Stephen claimed crown. [6]
February 13, 1195: This day marked the Speyer (German) ritual-murder libel. Although there was no proof of any wrongdoing, the Rabbi's daughter was dismembered and her body was hung in the market place for a few days. The rabbi, along with many others, was killed and their houses burned.[7]
February 1349: The work of Master Gutleben in the southwest of the Reich area did not remain unnoticed among historians of medicine and researchers of Judaism. These writers repeatedly saw themselves confronted with the question of whether the Strassburg Jewish physician was identical with the professional colleagues of the same name in Basel and Colmar and in Freiburg [in Breisgau]. In examing this problem, which has so far not been satisfactorily solved, a basic knowledge in the area of Jewish names is essential. Thus the best scholar of the Jewish history, of Alsace in his time, Moses Ginsburger, has already pointed out that during the first half of the century, with the name Gutleben we are dealing with a variant of the German translation of the Hebraic name Chajjim, corresponding to the commonly used “Vivelin” or “Vivus” in use in medieval French speaking Switzerland. To reinforce this point let us mention here a Jew named Gottlieb who lived before the February 1349 pogrom, the medieval sources do not allow a strong differention from Gutleben, who was also named “Koge” and whose sons are listed in the sources as Chajjim and Vivelin, whereas Gottlieb’s father apparently was called David “Walch” among the Christians because of his French origin. Recently these considerations have also led the above mentioned Strassburg researcher Robert Weyl to the conclusion to evaluate the news about the Jew “Vivelin” as evidence of the residency of the Jewish physician Gutleben at Colmar as well. [8]
1349: All the promises proved to be illusory when on Europe the terrible plague of the Black Death fell down. Strasbourg had not been reached yeat by the epidemic at the beginning of the year 1349. But the new parvenus on all sides created a climate of panic among the population of the city. One showed the Jews to have poisoned the wells, and the people required their expulsion or their extermination. [9]
February 13, 1349: Jews were expelled from Burgsordf, Switzerland.[10]
February 13, 1349: During the Black Plague, the newly chosen Town Council of Strasbourg, gave orders to arrest all the Jews in the city so that they could be put to death.[11]
1349: All the promises proved to be illusory when on Europe the terrible plague of the Black Death fell down. Strasbourg had not been reached yet by the epidemic at the beginning of the year 1349. But the new parvenus on all sides created a climate of panic among the population of the city. One showed the Jews to have poisoned the wells, and the people required their expulsion or their extermination.
February 13, 1481: The second auto-de-fe took place in Tablada. This featured Diego de Susan, the leader of the brief Seville resistance, who had been personally tried and tortured into a confession by Alfonso de Oheda. But de Susan was tough, and he maintained both his defiance and evben his good hiumor to the end. With the noose dangling from his neck and dressed in his yellow gown, he turned to one of his executioners on the scaffold and suggested that they exchange togas as an act of friendship. The reports of his demise varied. One said, “it seems that he died as a Christian,” while another announced wistfully, “he was a great rabbi.”
At de Susan’s Act of Faith, there was one notable absence: Friar Alfonso de Ojeda. To many in the crowd, this must have appeared strange, for de Susan’s fate was the personal triumph of the Dominican. He had dealt with the converso personally in the interrogation chamber, in the dungon of Triana, and in the torture chamber.
But after his rousing sermon on Febrary 6, Oheda had fallen ill. It is not clear whether his affliction was pneumonic or bubonic, whether he had become infected by the ubiquitous rat flea or by some airb orne bacteria. It is not recorded whether his symptoms were spitting blood through the mouth and nose, accompanied by horrible fevers, or whether he had developed bubos, the size of apples, in the groin of armpit. If his plague was pheumonic, he died with seventy-two hours. If it was bubonic, he might have lasted a day or two longer. In either case, his death was gruesome.[12]
Scenes from the Inquisition, Library of Congress
February 13, 1131: Pope Honorius II dies February 13, Pope Innocent II appointed February 14 (Lorenzo Papareschi, Pueblo peoples at Pueblo Bonito, NM[1]
February 13th 1510 - Charles of Gelre conquerors Oldenzaal[13]
February 13, 1633: On this day in 1633, Italian philosopher, astronomer and mathematician Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome to face charges of heresy for advocating Copernican theory, which holds that the Earth revolves around the Sun. Galileo officially faced the Roman Inquisition in April of that same year and agreed to plead guilty in exchange for a lighter sentence. Put under house arrest indefinitely by Pope Urban VIII, Galileo spent the rest of his days at his villa in Arcetri, near Florence, before dying on January 8, 1642.
Galileo, the son of a musician, was born February 15, 1564, in Pisa, Italy. He entered the University of Pisa planning to study medicine, but shifted his focus to philosophy and mathematics. In 1589, he became a professor at Pisa for several years, during which time he demonstrated that the speed of a falling object is not proportional to its weight, as Aristotle had believed. According to some reports, Galileo conducted his research by dropping objects of different weights from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. From 1592 to 1630, Galileo was a math professor at the University of Padua, where he developed a telescope that enabled him to observe lunar mountains and craters, the four largest satellites of Jupiter and the phases of Jupiter. He also discovered that the Milky Way was made up of stars. Following the publication of his research in 1610, Galileo gained acclaim and was appointed court mathematician at Florence.
Galileo's research led him to become an advocate of the work of the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1573). However, the Copernican theory of a sun-centered solar system conflicted with the teachings of the powerful Roman Catholic Church, which essentially ruled Italy at the time. Church teachings contended that Earth, not the sun, was at the center of the universe. In 1633, Galileo was brought before the Roman Inquisition, a judicial system established by the papacy in 1542 to regulate church doctrine. This included the banning of books that conflicted with church teachings. The Roman Inquisition had its roots in the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, the purpose of which was to seek out and prosecute heretics, considered enemies of the state.
Today, Galileo is recognized for making important contributions to the study of motion and astronomy. His work influenced later scientists such as the English mathematician and physicist Sir Isaac Newton, who developed the law of universal gravitation. In 1992, the Vatican formally acknowledged its mistake in condemning Galileo.[14]
February 13, 1689: William and Mary of Orange are proclaimed King and Queen of England after the forced deposition of James II, concluding the Glorious Revolution.[15] Following Britain's bloodless Glorious Revolution, Mary, the daughter of the deposed king, and William of Orange, her husband, are proclaimed joint sovereigns of Great Britain under Britain's new Bill of Rights.
William, a Dutch prince, married Mary, the daughter of the future King James II, in 1677. After James' succession to the English throne in 1685, the Protestant William kept in close contact with the opposition to the Catholic king. After the birth of an heir to James in 1688, seven high-ranking members of Parliament invited William and Mary to England. William landed at Torbay in Devonshire with an army of 15,000 men and advanced to London, meeting no opposition from James' army, which had deserted the king. James himself was allowed to escape to France, and in February 1689 Parliament offered the crown jointly to William and Mary, provided they accept the Bill of Rights.
The Bill of Rights, which greatly limited royal power and broadened constitutional law, granted Parliament control of finances and the army and prescribed the future line of royal succession, declaring that no Roman Catholic would ever be sovereign of England. The document also stated that Englishmen possessed certain inviolable civil and political rights, a political concept that was a major influence in the composition of the U.S. Bill of Rights, composed almost exactly a century later.
The Glorious Revolution, the ascension of William and Mary, and the acceptance of the Bill of Rights were decisive victories for Parliament in its long struggle against the crown.[16]
February 13, 1774
War. Lund Washington
[17]
FROM MR. JAMES CLEVELAND.[18]
February 13—1775
SIR)
I arrive’d home on Saturday. Night ye 11th of the Said instant but with much Difficulty being taken very ill with the Slow Fever ye 7 of the Month and am worse since I came home and may Probably not be able to come to you for Some time when I got over I found nothing purchas’d and I found it hard to get the commoditys on any terms I roed twelve or thirteen Days before I bought one individual and in this time I got intiligence of some I bougt the Corn and Bacon that you directed at least near the quantity but the greater Part of the Corn at 5 S (per) bushell the Bacon at 8 d per also 3 and 1/2 1/8 bushels salt at 17 S 6 d per bushel one Pair of Hand Mill Stones at 20 S Casks agreed for to put the Corn and Salt in and Part of them Deliver’d I laid all in at Gilber Simpsons[19] Concerning Mr Vauld Crofford the nails and tools that you gave me an accompt of that is there I could not get mov’d the going being so bad that nobody would engage to do it at that time Major Crofford is to have it done without fail one Coat two westcoats and 3 Pair of stockings not to be found Major Crofford has under taken to prepare the other things by the time they will be wanting without fail; Craft enough to carry the war[e]s having several ready made by him ten axes and four Mattocks and Irons for the Hand Mill W Crofford having a plenty of Iron in Store is very glad to serve you the two Servants he is willing to give up Mr Vaulentine Crofford chuses to keep his. Major M. Culluks Bond I have taken up and delivered as directed [20]
I am your Hble. Servt
JAMES CLEVELAND
February 13, 1776: The wrapper gives a schedule of three officers promoted, seemingly at the same time.
Dangerfield’s Registration promoted. 28th July 1778 (July 28)
Lt. Col. Crawford to be Colonel, 5th, Batn.
Major J. Parkert Lt. Col.
Capt. Rich’d Parker Major.
On the reverse side of the wrapper
C 5th Batn VA
William Crawford, Lt. Colonel, 5th, Batn.
Commissioned: February 13th, 1776
Promoted: Made Colonel[21]
February 13, 1776
[22]
[23]
February 13. William Crawford[24] promoted from lieutenant-colonel to colonel 5th Battalion, Virginia Regiment. William Crawford and John Stephenson publicly deny charges brought against them in Virginia.[25]
February 13, 1776
When the English at Detroit kept the Indians stirred up along the frontiers to the westward, Washington created what he designated as the Western Department, with headquarters at Fort Pitt. There were two important groups in this department, due to their having enlisted under the banner of different colonies. Those west of the Monongahela River were in the Virginia regiments, and there is just a little confusion as to the number of these regiments, due to the assignments of Colonel William Crawford. He did not remain in the service long, for he was back at Heathtown and was in his place as a justice of the Yohogania court during the latter years of the Revolution, until he started up to Sandusky. He had first gone to the Virginia capital at Williamsburg, where he was commissioned as a lieutenant-colonel of the 5th Virginia Regiment on February 13, 1776, and served there until promoted as colonel of the 7th Regiment on August 14, 1776. He is credited with having raised this regiment largely in the district of West Augusta. It was attached to General Woodford’s brigade and was nearly cut to pieces at the battle of Brandywine. Colonel Crawford served with this regiment until March 4, 1777.
The 13th Virginia Regiment was sent east to become a part of General Muhlenberg’s brigade and in September, 1778, was renumbered as the 9th Virginia, being sent west of the Alleghenies for service in the spring of 1779. It reported John Gibson as colonel; Richard Campbell as lieutenant-colonel, and Richard Taylor as major, with five captains and 275 rank and file.[26]
February 13, 1776
Col. Crawfords Military Records, From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford by Grace U. Emahiser, 1969. pg. 135.
February 13, 1776
On February 13, 1776, William Crawford received the rating and commission of Colonel. As the condition with England became worse, he became more active in the cause for our independence.[27]
February 13, 1776: On this day in 1776, Patrick Henry becomes colonel of the First Virginia battalion in defense of the state's supply of gunpowder.
A Virginia lawyer, Henry gained fame as a member of the House of Burgesses with his passionate speeches against British rule and what he saw as their unfair taxation policy. First elected in 1765, he promptly proposed five resolutions opposing the Stamp Act that became models for other colonies. Henry's was the first, and often the loudest and most articulate, voice raised against taxation without representation.
Henry was elected to the First Continental Congress in 1774 and quickly became the group's most outspoken member. As a member of the Second Continental Congress, Henry attended the Second Virginia Convention to show solidarity with Bostonians suffering under British military occupation in March 1775. On March 23, 1775, at St. John's Church in Richmond, Virginia, Henry gave his most famous speech, in which he urged Virginians to ally themselves with besieged Boston with the words give me liberty or give me death!
Less than a month later, on April 20, Virginia's Royal Governor Lord Dunmore attempted to take the gunpowder from the Williamsburg magazine as part of his attempt to hold on to power in the colony. In response, Henry led the Patriot militia in a standoff with Dunmore's troops until fellow Virginian Patriot Carter Braxton negotiated a settlement. The incident is known as the Gunpowder Affair.
From 1776 to 1779, Henry served as the first governor of the state of Virginia. He held the post again from 1784 to 1786. After serving as governor, Henry continued to influence American politics. Among his most important work was his fight for the addition of the first 10 amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, to the U.S. Constitution, which guarantee basic freedoms, such as the freedoms of speech and religion, to American citizens.[28]
February 13, 1776: John Greathouse, probable son of Wilhelm Senior and Barbary Greathouse, was born February 13, 1756 received a pension for his Revolutionary War service. Information from the widow's file in the National Archives shows that John Greathouse enlisted in 1777 for 3 years service in Pennsylvania and was discharged March 14, 1780. His residence when he enlisted was in Bedford County, Pennsylvania. John was probably in Harrison County as early as 1787 when he appears on a tax list, and on May 22, 1792 the Harrison County Court charged John Greathouse with a breach of the Sabbath. A John Greathouse and family appear on the 1800 and 1810 federal censuses for Harrison County, Virginia. His Revolutionary War pension application was dated May 19, 1818 and his residence at the time of application was Harrison County, Virginia, and he was 60 years old. The only record of marriage we have is in Harrison County, Virginia when he was 37 years old. It is possible that he had a prior marriage but there is no documentation of a prior marriage. Hardesty’s History of Harrison County reports “The first permanent settlement is said to have been made at Quiet Dell in 1800. Among other noted early settlers of this district was Sotha Hickman, Abel and Richard Bond, Stephen Dicks, Major Haymond, Joseph Bell, John McCullough, Samuel Davis, Joseph Jenkins, James McPherson, John Radcliff, Thomas Nutter and John Greathouse.” [39]
February 13, 1778
Referring again to Rev. Ege's material, he reports John and Eleanor's date of Marriage as March 2, 1778 and fails to mention the officially recorded marriage license date of February 13, 1778. No substantiation could be found to support the claimed marriage date of March 2, 1778. The only record of Eleanor Howard and John Dodson's marriage that could be verified was the issuance in Anne Arundel County of a "Marriage License" on February 13, 1778.[29]
Referring again to Rev. Ege's material, he reports John and Eleanor's date of Marriage as March 2. 1778
and fails to mention the officially recorded marriage license date of February 13, 1778. No substantiation
could be found to support the claimed marriage date of March 2, 1778. The only record of Eleanor Howard
and John Dodson's marriage that could be verified was the issuance in Anne Arundel County of a
"Marriage License" on February 13, 1778(26).
THOMAS JEFFERSON TO CLARK, February 13, 1781.
[Clark MSS., Va. State Archives.]
IN COUNCIL Feb. 13, 1781.
SIR
Still having at heart the success of the expedition at the head of which you are placed, we have obtained leave from Baron Steuben for Col J. Gibson to attend you as next in command, and of course to succeed to your offices in the event of your deeth or capture which however disagreeable in contemplation yet as being possible it is our duty to provide against. I have further added my most pressing request to Col Broadhead that he permit Col Gibson’ regiment to be added to your force for the expedition, a request which I hope will be successful as coinciding with the spirit of Gen1 Washington’s recommendations. Col Gibson is to go by Baltimore to see the powder conveyed to Fort Pitt. The articles which were to be sent from this place to Frederic county were duly forwarded a few days after you left us.
I wish you laurels & health & am with esteem &respect Sir Your mo—ob. hble servt
TH. JEFFERSON[30]
February 13,1783
Deed:
George Cutlip - 13-Feb-1783
- Augusta Co., VA - 60 acres[31]
February 13, 1784 – The winter was [32]so cold over this area and a large part of the US that ice flows blocked the Mississippi River at New Orleans and then passed into the Gulf of Mexico.
February 13, 1793: Kalisz and the Kalisz region became part of Prussia.[33]
February 13, 1811: The worst earthquake at New Madrid, the fourth, on February 13, 1811, according to Allan Eckert’s narrative. It would have been the next August that Conrad Goodlove and William McKinnon would have entered the war; Conrad would have felt the earthquake tremors. [34]
February 13, 1818: George Rogers Clark died near Louisville, Kentucky, February 13, 1818
Sat. February 13, 1864[35]
At soldiers home all day
Saw big fire in vixburg
3 houses burned at 3 oclock at night
February 13, 1896
Oscar Goodlove and family are soon to occupy the Pignette property on 4th street just vacated by D. G. Mannahan.[36]
February 13, 1896: Sidonie Gottlieb, born February 13,1896 in Berlin, Schoneberg, Potsdamer Str. 131; 7. Resided Berlin. Deportation: from Berlin, November 27, 1941, Riga. Date of death: November 30, 1941, Riga.[37] The first transportation to come directly to Riga was also caught up in the clearance of the Riga ghetto on November 30. The passengers, approximately 730 Berlin Jews, who had had to leave their home city on November 27, died in the early morning of November 30, immediately before the arrival of their Latvian fellow sufferers. On November 30, known as Rigaer Blutsonntag or Riga Bloody Sunday, and on December 8/9, 26,500 Latvian Jews were murdered in the woods of Rumbula by members of the SS and the police as well as Latvian volunteers.[38]
February 13, 1897
I Get Email!
In a message dated 1/16/2011 5:03:09 P.M. Central Standard Time, jfunkhouser2@woh.rr.com writes:
http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84024441/1897-02-13/ed-1/seq-4/
Jeff,
See bottom of column 3 of The Evening Times. (Washington, D.C.) February 13, 1897
Jim Funkhouser
“This Was Belated Payment.
Dr. William Goodlove, the United States medical examiner of the Pension Bureau in Boston, twenty-seven years ago kept a drug store in Sioux Falls, S. D. One day there came into his place a man who asked to be given credit for some drugs to the amount $1.27. The doctor granted the request, and that was the last he heard of the matter until last week, when he received a letter inclosing the original bill and a check in payment. “
Jim, Thanks for this. I learn more about Dr. William McKinnon Goodlove every day. Jeff
February 13, 1941: The Joodse Raad (Jewish Council) meets for the first time in Amsterdam.[39]
February 13, 1942: : At the Minsk Ghetto, Nazis execute Jewish leaders deported from Hamburg, Germany, three months earlier. [40]
Convoy 48, February 13, 1943
On February 6, Rothke sent a telex to Berlin and the SiPo-SD in Metz (XXVc-203 and 204) to the effect that there would be a third convoy in February, on the 13th, that it would leave at 10:15 AM and carry 1,000 Jews. The deportation of French Jews imprisoned for offenses was scheduled as part of this convoy (see Convoys 46 and 47.
This convoy was composed exclusively of French Jews who had resided in the Paris region. In fact, the title is “list of a thousand French.” There were 466 males, 519 females, and 15 undetermined. Almost 300 were under 21: 150 were under 18. This list is in very poor condition. Perforations by the file container meant that some names had to be reconstructed. The list is divided into three sublists.
1. Drancy/Stairway 2—388 names. There were many families.
2. Drancy/Stairway 1—340 names.
3. Drancy Stairway 3—263 names.
On board Convoy 48 was Fernande Gottlieb born June 25, 1909 from Paris, France, Meyer Gottlieb born April 15, 1881 from Paris, France, and Rosa Gottlieb, born April 20, 1881, from Paris, France.
The routine telex to Eichmann and to Auschwitz was sent on February 13 by Rothke, informing its recipients that on the same day, at 10:10 AM, a convoy of 1,000 Jews left the station at Le Bourget/Drancy for Auschwitz, with Lieutenant Nowak at the helm of the escort. A note by Rothke dated February 16 (XXVc-207) indicated that the convoy had to leave with German forces, but that in spite of their hyesitations, the French police did cooperate in the end when the train was embarking.
There were eight successful escapes from this convoy before the border; and official reports were made on the subject (XXVc-206, 208, 219, 237, and 238. They were also the subject of studies by A. Rutkowski (“Le Mond Juif”: No. 73; January/March 1974; pp. 10-29; and La lute des Juifs en France: pp. 150-59).
Convoy 48 arrived in Auschwitz on February 15. One hundred forty four men were selected and received numbers 102350 through 102492. One hundred sixty seven women received numbers 35357 through 35523. The rest of the convoy was immediately gassed.
In 1945 there were 17 survivors from among the 311 selected. One was a woman.[41]
On February 13, 1943, about 11:10 PM, Lieutenant Colonel Winkler and Major Nussbaum, Chief of Staff of the Luftwaffe’s Third Division, were shot from behind while walking from their office to their hotel a short distance from the Louvre Bridge over the Seine, which they had just crossed. Winkler was wounded by three bullets; Nussbaum by two. They died the same night. Seven 7.65mm cartridges were found near the scene of the crime, and presumably came from the same gun. The whereabouts of the assassins is being investigated. The first reprisal will be the arrest and deportation of 2,000 Jews.
ACHENBACH
Reprinted here is a passage from the book “Wherever they may be (Partout ou ils seront; pp. 107-9) which shows that, contrary to what Achenbach pretended after the was, the reprisals for this attack were not a simple bluff, but rather an operation which brought two thousand Jews to extermination:
“On the day after that telegram, February 16, 1943, the chief of the Gestap’s Bureau for Jewish Affairs, SS-Obersturmfuhrer Heinz Rothke, wrote in a memorandum: ‘In a reprisal for the murder on February 13, 1943, of two German air force officers, 15,000 able bodied men had to be deported from France, and thousands of Jews had to make up that quota.’
“On February 23, 1943, SS-Obersturmbannfuhrer Kurt Lischka, commander of the Paris SD-Security Police, informed his Brussels counterpart that ‘the Paris Police Commissioner was notified through my intervention on February 14, 1943, that as a reprisal, 2,000 Jews between the ages of sixteen and sixty-five were to be arrested and shipped to the concentrationcamp for Jews at Drancy.’
“On February 24, Rothke reported to Lischka on a conversation with Sauts, the chief of staff of Police Commissionner Leguay, about ‘the solution of the Jewish problem in France, and the Italians’ attitude toward the Jewish problem.
‘Sauts replied to me that the arrest of 2,000 Jews by the French police in the zone formerly and presently occupied in order to effect the measures of reprisals ordered by threw Paris Commander [Lischka] was underway. Before February 23, more than 1,500 able bodied Jews between the ages of sixteen and sixty-five, in each precinct. They were found either at liberty (registered addresses or not) or in the reception centers of the Social Service for Foreigners, or even in orphanages such as Chateau de la Hille in Haute-Garonne. Two contingents of one hundred persons were sent from the Noe and Vernet Camps directly to Gurs…
‘From all corners of the old unoccupied zone persons arrested were sent as swiftly as possible to the camp at Gurs. The total number of newcomers was far from enough, and so a significant number of those already at Gurs had to be included.
‘First Deportation- The screening for the first deportation, on February 26, was more rapid than careful. Everyone, as his name was called, was earmarked for deportation right away, even the sick and infirm. The only nationalities exempted were Hungarians and Turks. For the first time [from Gurs] Belgians, Dutch, Luxenburgers, and Greeks were included. The first convoy consisted of 975 men.
‘Second Deportation- The second deportation took place on the night of March 23. It numbered 770. Naturally it included a sizable number of former army volunteers, men who had been wounded in action, and even some who had been decorated.
‘The number of deportees thus far was 1,745, but the required number was 1,850. Consequently, the quota had to be filled en route. According to some information I have not been able to verify, it appears that four hundred persons who had been rounded up at Nerxon were put on the train that left Oloron on March 3. At any rate, it appears that the number of 1,850 was considerably exceeded.
“Among the countless testimonies from Jews as to their personal sufferings, we found one from a Hungariran interned at Gurs that confirms the above report:
‘Deportations began in early February 1943. A large number, about 150, of guards suddenly appeared. They were assigned to the blocks of huts in which were penned internees from other camps, especially for the one of Nexon. The deportation was to include all men of German, Polish, Austrian and Czech nationality up to the age of sixty five. At that time I was sixty four years , nine and a half months old; but fortuanately I was able, on the strength of my birth certificate, to pass myself off as a Hungarian, and in the general confusion the details were never checked out. ‘Among the deportees were a large number of Poles and Czechs who had fought in the French army or in the Foreign Legion. These too were handed over to the Germans. The fellow in the bed next to mine, a Germnan rabbi, Dr. Rosenwasser, was to be sixty five in six days, but he was deported just the same.
‘The deportation went on for two days. Two guards came after each of the ‘called’ and forced him to pack in five minutes, so impossible a task that many possessions were left behind.
‘ The internees destined for deportation were taken under heavgy guard to Block E, each carrying his belongings. Those who were allowed to remain in the hell of Gurs were invied by the deportees as the luckiest of men. All through the night you could hear women weeping in despair, for many had not time even to say good-bye to their sons and husbands. Several could not find outr whether their husbands had been deported. My wife did not sleep a wink for two nights for fear that I had been deported. On the day after the deportation the women were allowed to visit our block, and their sobs and cries whenb they saw their husbands’ beds empty were dreadful to hear.”[42]
February 13, 2013: Discovered by the LaSagra observatory in southern Spain, the small asteroid 2012 DA14 will pass within about 3.5 Earth radii of the Earth's surface on February 15, 2013. Although its size is not well determined, this near-Earth asteroid is thought to be about 45 meters in diameter. Asteroid 2012 DA14 will pass inside the geosynchronous satellite ring, located about 35,800 km above the equator. Its orbit about the sun can bring it no closer to the Earth's surface than 3.2 Earth radii on February 15, 2013. On this date, the asteroid will travel rapidly from the southern evening sky into the northern morning sky with its closest Earth approach occurring about 19:26 UTC when it will achieve a magnitude of less than seven, which is somewhat fainter than naked eye visibility. About 4 minutes after its Earth close approach, there is a good chance it will pass into the Earth's shadow for about 18 minutes or so before reappearing from the eclipse. When traveling rapidly into the northern morning sky, 2012 DA14 will quickly fade in brightness. [43]
[44]
2025: A recent United Nations study shows that if current water usage continues, 2.7 billion people will face severe water shortages by 2025.[45]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] mike@abcomputers.com
[2] mike@abcomputers.com
[3] mike@abcomputers.com
[4] mike@abcomputers.com
[5] mike@abcomputers.com
[6] mike@abcomputers.com
[7] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[8] The Gutleben Family of Physicians in Medieval Times, by Gerd Mentgen, page 1.
[9] The Gutleben Family of Physicians in Medieval Times, by Gerd Mentgen, page 1.
[10] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[11] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[12] Dogs of God, Columbus, the Inquisition, and the Defeat of the Moors, by James Reston, Jr., pg.
[13] http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1506
[14] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
[15] On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[16] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/william-and-mary-proclaimed-joint-sovereigns-of-britain
[17] The Horn Papers, Early Westward Movement on the Monongahela and Upper Ohio 1765-1795 by W.F. Horn Published for a Committee of the Greene County Historical Society, Waynesburg, Pennsylvania by the Hagstrom Company, New York, N.Y. 1945
Ref. 33.95 Conrad and Caty by Gary Goodlove 2003
[18] I Employed by Washington as manager of his business on the Ohio, January so, 1775, and instructed to proceed with servants, necessary provisions, and tools, to settle a tract on the Great Kanawha of 10,990 acres. Owing to the illness of James Cleveland, the charge was in March intrusted to William Stevens, but was resumed by Cleveland in April of the same year.
[19] “If M’ Simpson has not already moved all the Tools, and necessarys which were carried out for me last spring, from Vale. Crawfords, let it be done as soon as you get out.” — Washington’s Instructions for Mr. James Cleveland.
[20] “As I am told that there are three of the servants which I sent out last spring still at Mr. Val°. Crawfords, and his Brother Captain Crawfords, ready to be employed in my service; you may direct them to stay where they are, and be ready again the 15th of March, or if Gilbert Simpson wants hands for my mill work, let them be employed (instead of.hir[e]lings) there till the 15th of March aforesaid.
“As the rest of the servants were sold, and the money by this time become due I have desired Mr Vale. Crawford if he has received it, to pay it to you,and if he has not to let you have the purchasers bonds, which give to Mr Simpson, and desire him to Collect the money and Apply it towards Payment of the mill Accounts.” — Instructions for Mr. James Cleveland.
[21] Diary of the American War, A Hessian Journal by Captain Johann Ewald
[22] Journals of the Continental Congress, Volume 4
[23] http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/image.php?rec=68&img=233
[24][24] William Crawford was born in Virginia in 1732. He was both a farmer and a surveyor for most of his life, although he is more commonly known for his military experiences. Crawford fought in the French and Indian War, participating in both General Edward Braddock's campaign in 1755 and the capture of FortDuquesne in 1758. He also served in Pontiac's Rebellion.
In 1766, Crawford and his family moved to western Pennsylvania. During the next several years he served as a land agent for George Washington and was also a local judge. Crawford participated in Lord Dunmore's War in 1774, destroying two native villages in Ohio. During the American Revolution, Crawford participated in a number of battles, including Trenton, Brandywine, and Germantown, before becoming involved in protecting the western frontier. He participated in Andrew Brodhead's attack on the Delaware Indians at Coshocton in 1781. The same year he resigned from the militia, choosing to retire from military service.
Crawford's retirement was short-lived. In 1782, Crawford led a combined force of Virginians and Pennsylvanians in an attack on Mingo Indians and Delaware Indians along the SanduskyRiver. David Williamson and a number of the men who had participated in the Gnadenhutten Massacre were among his troops. Crawford and his men fought off the natives and their British allies at the Battle of the Olentangy on June 6, 1782, but the following day the American forces were divided and Crawford and a number of his men were captured. In revenge for the Gnadenhutten Massacre, the natives tortured Crawford--branding his body, removing his scalp, and cutting off his nose and ears--before burning him at the stake. Another prisoner, Dr. John Knight, managed to escape and spread the news of Crawford's terrible death. According to Knight's account, Simon Girty had stood by and watched the torture, refusing to give in to Crawford's pleas for Girty to shoot him. Ironically, Williamson was not captured and returned to Pennsylvania unharmed. http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=68
[25] From: Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 20, page 189.
[26] Annals of Southwestern Pennsylvania, By Lewis Clark Walkinshaw, Volume II, pg.115.
[27] From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford by Grace U. Emahiser, 1969 pg. 140.
[28] http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/patrick-henry-named-colonel-of-first-virginia-battalion
[29] . (Maryland State Archives, Index of Marriages, Anne Arundel County Marriage Records 1777-1813.) (http://washburnhill.freehomepage.com/custom3.html)
[30] ‘Printed also in Thomas Jefferson, Writings (Ford ed.), II., 450; English, Conquest of the Northwest, ii., 709; and Cal. of Va. State Papers, i., 511.
George Rogers Clark Papers, Vol III, 1771-1781, James Alton James, Editor pg. 505
[31] http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~cutlip/deeds/deeds.html
[32] http://www.relivinghistoryinc.org/Timeline---Historic-Events.html
[33] Wikipedia.com
[34] Gerol “Gary” Goodlove Conrad and Caty, 2003
[35] William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary
[36] Winton Goodlove papers.
[37] [1] Gedenkbuch, Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945. 2., wesentlich erweiterte Auflage, Band II G-K, Bearbeitet und herausgegben vom Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, 2006, pg. 1033-1035,.
{2}Der judishchen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus
“Ihre Namen mogen nie vergessen werden!”
[38] The History of the Deportation of Jewish citizens to Riga in 1941/1942. Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Scheffler
[39] Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1764.
[40] http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Chronology_1942.html
[41] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 377.
[42] Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 392-394.
[43] Nasa, Near Earth website. March 25, 2012
[44] Chicago Botanical Garden, Photo by Jeff Goodlove
[45] Doomsday Preppers, NTGeo, 2/28/2012
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