This Day in Goodlove History, February 24
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Jeff Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), and Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clarke, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,and ancestors Andrew Jackson, and William Henry Harrison.
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), and Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clarke, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,and ancestors Andrew Jackson, and William Henry Harrison.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
Mary Allison Harrison 244
February 24, 303: In 303, the last and greatest persecution of Christians by the Roman Empire began.
In the earlier part of Diocletian's reign, Galerius had been the instigator of such persecution. However, later Diocletian embraced the policy of persecution with unequivocal zeal, issuing his first "Edict against the Christians" (February 24, 303). First Christian soldiers had to leave the army, later the Church's property was confiscated and Christian books were destroyed. After two fires in Diocletian's palace, he took harder measures against Christians: they had either to apostatize or they were sentenced to death. This wave of persecution lasted intermittently until 313, with the issue of the Edict of Milan by Constantine I and Licinius.
The persecution made such an impression on Christians that the Alexandrian church used the start of Diocletian's reign (284) as the epoch for their Era of Martyrs.In the year 307 A.D. Emperor Diocletian, a sun worshipper, was involved in the dedication of a temple to Mithra and was responsible for the burning of scripture which made it possible for later emperors to formulate their own version of "Christianity." [12][1]
In the earlier part of Diocletian's reign, Galerius had been the instigator of such persecution. However, later Diocletian embraced the policy of persecution with unequivocal zeal, issuing his first "Edict against the Christians" (February 24, 303). First Christian soldiers had to leave the army, later the Church's property was confiscated and Christian books were destroyed. After two fires in Diocletian's palace, he took harder measures against Christians: they had either to apostatize or they were sentenced to death. This wave of persecution lasted intermittently until 313, with the issue of the Edict of Milan by Constantine I and Licinius.
The persecution made such an impression on Christians that the Alexandrian church used the start of Diocletian's reign (284) as the epoch for their Era of Martyrs.In the year 307 A.D. Emperor Diocletian, a sun worshipper, was involved in the dedication of a temple to Mithra and was responsible for the burning of scripture which made it possible for later emperors to formulate their own version of "Christianity." [12][1]
Severe persecutions of Christians occurred from 303 to 313 under Deocletian.[2] On February 24, 303: The first official Roman edict for the persecution of Christians was issued by Roman Emperor Galerius Valerius Maximianus. This was part a contest between Pagans and Christians for control of the Roman Empire. The Jews were not involved. But they would be the ultimate losers when Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire and the Church unleashed the power of the state on all religious groups that opposed it, including the Jews.[3]
304 A.D.
Catacomb MapCredit: Roma Sotterranea, 1869Early explorers struggled to map and document the catacombs in detail using handcrafted drawings. Today scientists are tackling the challenge with laser scanners and 3-D mapping. This mid 19th-century map includes part of the catacombs of St. Agnes, a teenager who was beheaded in A.D. 304 and is believed to be buried there. This image is also from the Roma Sotterranea, 1869.[4]
February 24, 1147: In Wurzburg, Germany, a rumor began that a Christian corpse was found in the river which could perform miracles. The Jews were accused to killing the person. In the ensuring riots, twenty two Jews were murdered including the rabbi, Isaac ben Elyukem. After the riot the survivors fled to a local Castle.[5]
February 24, 1221: Alice de Montmorency, wife of Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester passed away. In 1217, Alice ordered the arrest of all of the Jews living in Toulouse. They could either convert or be killed. Children under the age of six were taken from their parents, baptized and raised Christians. Her actions violated the promise her husband had made to the Jews of Toulouse guaranteeing them their freedom and right to practice their religion.[6]
February 24, 1401: William Sawtrey, a priest from Lynn in Norfolk, became the first martyr for Wycliffe’s doctrine. Among other charges, he had been guyily of saying,“Instead of adoring the cross on thish Christ suffered, I adore Christ who suffered on it.” On February 24th, 1401, he was conducted to St. Paul’s, where he was degraded from office, then handed ovber to the “mercy” of the state. In March Sawtrey was burned in Smithfield before a crowd of spectators. It was the first recorded burning of a heretic in England since that of a deacon convicted of converting to Judaism nearly two hundred years before.[8]
1402: Tamerlane, Mongol conqueror from central Asia defeats Ottomans at battle of Ankyra in Turkey, Robert III of Scotland hands government to Regent – Duke of Albany, Timur defeats Bajazet at Ankara and takes him prisoner, Seville Cathedral begun, Work begins on Brussels Town Hall, Venice imposes quarantines to stall Black Death, Tamerlane the Mongol overruns much of Ottoman Empire, Henry IV enters Wales in pursuit of Glendower, Death of Gian Galeazzo of Milan, Manuel II, Byzantine Emperor, visits England, Ottomans defeated by Timur at Ankara, Tartar hordes under Tamerlane enter Asia Minor, somewhat restoring Eastern Roman empire, Death of Gian Galeazzo, Duke of Milan, Tamerlane, Mongol conqueror from central Asia defeats Ottomans at battle of Ankyra in Turkey, Robert III of Scotland hands government to Regent รข€“ Duke of Albany. [9]
February 24, 1479: After four years of conflict and intrigue, Queen Isabella of Castile secured her throne. Isabella’s machinations to gain control of the kingdom show her as every bit as other female monarchs as Elizabeth of England or Catherine the Great of Russia. Later in the year, she would marry Ferdinand of Aragon, a move that would lead to the creation of the modern Spanish state. Contrary to popular misconception, she was the abler of the two monarchs. In fact, it was only because Ferdinand was a man in a male-dominated society that saved his reputation. Isabella’s accession to the throne was the first in a series of events that would end with the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492.[10]
1479: Spanish Inquisition introduced to uncover heresy among converted Jews, Ivan III names self Czar of Russia, Ludovico Sforza becomes regent of Milan, death of Jean Fouquet the French painter, Feonardo da Vinci invents the parachute, German magician Georg Faust born – prototype of the Faust legend, Aztec's Sun Stone calendar created, first use of plus and minus signs, Leonardo da Vinci begins inventingconceives the parachute, helicoptor and wheel-lock musket, Ivan III the Great ends allegiance to Tartars, Turks besiege Rhodes – held by Knights of St. John, Extinction of the house of Anjou, Giovanni Cabotto moves to England and convinces Henry VII to let them go to New World, Columbus begins asking for money, Columbus starts asking for money, Giovanni Cabotto (John Cabot) moves to England and convinces King Henry VII to let him cross, Russians led by Moscow stop paying tribute to "Golden Horde" and oust Mongols, Civil wars rage in N Mayan states, Spanish Inquisition introduced to uncover heresy. [11]
Early 1480: As Ferdinand and Isabella took up residence in Toledo and looked toward convening a historic Cortes in early 1480, the air was rife with hate and racist passion, directed against Jews and converted Jews alike. In the streets, children chanted songs about Jews as “brutal animals,” “bloodthirsty devils,” and in the unkindest cut of all, “leathery turtles.” Priests invoked Matthes 7:15, “Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep’s clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves.” [12] Spanish Inquisition introduced to uncover heresy among converted Jews, Ivan III names self Czar of Russia, Ludovico Sforza becomes regent of Milan, death of Jean Fouquet the French painter, Feonardo da Vinci invents the parachute, German magician Georg Faust born – prototype of the Faust legend, Aztec's Sun Stone calendar created, first use of plus and minus signs, Leonardo da Vinci begins inventingconceives the parachute, helicoptor and wheel-lock musket, Ivan III the Great ends allegiance to Tartars, Turks besiege Rhodes – held by Knights of St. John, Extinction of the house of Anjou, Giovanni Cabotto moves to England and convinces Henry VII to let them go to New World, Columbus begins asking for money, Columbus starts asking for money, Giovanni Cabotto (John Cabot) moves to England and convinces King Henry VII to let him cross, Russians led by Moscow stop paying tribute to "Golden Horde" and oust Mongols, Civil wars rage in N Mayan states, Spanish Inquisition introduced to uncover heresy. [13]
AD 1478 - Pope Sixtus IV authorizes Spanish Inquisition
The Spanish Inquisition was directed at ridding the country of the so-called Judaising Christians, not Jews but Christians that kept Biblical traditions that Jews kept. These were termed Marranos (or pigs). These Christians not only kept the Sabbath but they denied the Trinity, kept the Holy Days including Atonement and also kept the food laws. The Edict of the Faith shows the means by which the heretics could be identified. Jews and Muslims were also caught up in this persecution but the persecution was not directed at them but at the Church of God which they also called Sabbatati, Insabbatati or Insabathi. The edict of Alphonse king of Aragon etc., expelling the Waldensians or Insabbatati from Spain is given at page 20 of the paper General Distribution of the Sabbath-keeping Churches (No. 122).
Motives for instituting the Spanish Inquisition
1. To establish political and religious unity.
2. To weaken local political opposition to the Catholic Monarchs.
3. To do away with the powerful converso minority.
4. Economic support.
As one manifestation of the Counter-Reformation, the Spanish Inquisition worked actively to impede the diffusion of heretical ideas in Spain by producing "Indexes" of prohibited books. Such lists of prohibited books were common in Europe a decade before the Inquisition published its first. The first Index published in Spain in 1551 was, in reality, a reprinting of the Index published by the University of Louvain in 1550, with an appendix dedicated to Spanish texts. Subsequent Indexes were published in 1559, 1583, 1612, 1632, and 1640. The Indexes included an enormous number of books of all types, though special attention was dedicated to religious works, and, particularly, vernacular translations of the Bible.
Included in the Indexes, at one point or another, were many of the great works of Spanish literature. Also, a number of religious writers who are today considered Saints by the Catholic church saw their works appear in the Indexes.[35][14]
The Spanish Inquisition was directed at ridding the country of the so-called Judaising Christians, not Jews but Christians that kept Biblical traditions that Jews kept. These were termed Marranos (or pigs). These Christians not only kept the Sabbath but they denied the Trinity, kept the Holy Days including Atonement and also kept the food laws. The Edict of the Faith shows the means by which the heretics could be identified. Jews and Muslims were also caught up in this persecution but the persecution was not directed at them but at the Church of God which they also called Sabbatati, Insabbatati or Insabathi. The edict of Alphonse king of Aragon etc., expelling the Waldensians or Insabbatati from Spain is given at page 20 of the paper General Distribution of the Sabbath-keeping Churches (No. 122).
Motives for instituting the Spanish Inquisition
1. To establish political and religious unity.
2. To weaken local political opposition to the Catholic Monarchs.
3. To do away with the powerful converso minority.
4. Economic support.
As one manifestation of the Counter-Reformation, the Spanish Inquisition worked actively to impede the diffusion of heretical ideas in Spain by producing "Indexes" of prohibited books. Such lists of prohibited books were common in Europe a decade before the Inquisition published its first. The first Index published in Spain in 1551 was, in reality, a reprinting of the Index published by the University of Louvain in 1550, with an appendix dedicated to Spanish texts. Subsequent Indexes were published in 1559, 1583, 1612, 1632, and 1640. The Indexes included an enormous number of books of all types, though special attention was dedicated to religious works, and, particularly, vernacular translations of the Bible.
Included in the Indexes, at one point or another, were many of the great works of Spanish literature. Also, a number of religious writers who are today considered Saints by the Catholic church saw their works appear in the Indexes.[35][14]
AD 1480 – 1502 Novgorod-Moscow reform movement - includes Sabbath observance
Unlike the Western European Reformation, whose ground was prepared by the secular ideas of the Renaissance, the Russian Reformation was based more on Bible study and reflection. In Russia, the Bible was not kept from the people as it was in the Catholic countries. From the writings of Ivan Cherny (?-1505) and the brothers Ivan (1440s?-1504) and Feodor Kurizin (1440?-1504?)—the leading theologians of the Reformation movement—it is clear that the principles of faith, the
Unlike the Western European Reformation, whose ground was prepared by the secular ideas of the Renaissance, the Russian Reformation was based more on Bible study and reflection. In Russia, the Bible was not kept from the people as it was in the Catholic countries. From the writings of Ivan Cherny (?-1505) and the brothers Ivan (1440s?-1504) and Feodor Kurizin (1440?-1504?)—the leading theologians of the Reformation movement—it is clear that the principles of faith, the
lifestyle, and the teachings of the Sabbatarians within the Novgorod-Moscow were very much based on the Bible. This interest in the Scriptures flourished because the common people of Russia had easy access to the Bible. As far back as the 11th century, parts of the Bible had been translated into the common language of the people, and by 1581 Russians had a complete printed Bible.
The Russian Reform movement was widespread and affected every social class, including commoners, clergy, governmental workers, nobility, and even the household of the tzar.
The teachings:
1.The Holy Scriptures are the highest authority for the believer and they are above the traditions of the church. Sabbath keeping, observing the Lord’s Supper, and other similar beliefs are directly deduced from this paramount belief.
2.Monasticism, icons, holy relics, and other traditions not found in the Bible are priestly inventions and should not be followed or venerated.
3.The Bible is both a historical and a prophetic guide that ties together the past, present, and future.
4.The Christian should pray to God without any human mediators such as priests or saints. The Scriptures can be understood and explained without the help of the clergy.
5.Believers should keep all of God’s Law, the Decalogue, including the seventh-day Sabbath.
6.Christ’s death was an atoning sacrifice for the sins of humankind.
7.Human beings are monistic and not dualistic creatures. There is no such thing as a soul surviving the body; the soul is not immortal.
8.Every person is free to choose and practice what he or she believes. The freedom of conscience is crucial in religious faith and practice.
9.True religion and science are not antagonistic to each other.
By the end of the 15th century, the religious Reform ideas and practices within the Novgorod-Moscow movement had spread throughout Russia, and were observed in every social class. The fact that even some of the tzar’s family accepted the teachings really disturbed the Orthodox clergy. The official church saw clearly the threat to its power, and the need to act without delay to save itself.
On December 27, 1504, Moscow witnessed the first inquisitional burning stakes in Russia. Ivan Kurizin, Dimitry Konopliov, Ivan Maksimov, and others were burned in wooden cages. Old Ivan III, his son Tzar Vasily, Metropolitan Simon, other bishops, and all the church council had accused them of Judaizing and sentenced them to death.
In the same winter, Ivan Rukavov, the Archimandrite of the Yr’evsky monastery, Kassian and his brother Ivan, Gridia Kvashnia, Dimitry Pustoselov, and other less-known “heretics” were burned because of their beliefs. These people were for the inauguration of Dimitry as the rightful tzar and were present at Vasily’s trial; but now they were condemned as criminals because of their beliefs. Even though the Novgorod-Moscow movement suffered heavy losses among the upper classes, it remained very popular in the lower classes. By 1511, Tzar Vasily was under pressure to increase the persecution of the “heretics,” lest they destroy the Orthodox Church in Russia. Thus, the Reformers were swept out of the Kremlin.[34] [15]
The Russian Reform movement was widespread and affected every social class, including commoners, clergy, governmental workers, nobility, and even the household of the tzar.
The teachings:
1.The Holy Scriptures are the highest authority for the believer and they are above the traditions of the church. Sabbath keeping, observing the Lord’s Supper, and other similar beliefs are directly deduced from this paramount belief.
2.Monasticism, icons, holy relics, and other traditions not found in the Bible are priestly inventions and should not be followed or venerated.
3.The Bible is both a historical and a prophetic guide that ties together the past, present, and future.
4.The Christian should pray to God without any human mediators such as priests or saints. The Scriptures can be understood and explained without the help of the clergy.
5.Believers should keep all of God’s Law, the Decalogue, including the seventh-day Sabbath.
6.Christ’s death was an atoning sacrifice for the sins of humankind.
7.Human beings are monistic and not dualistic creatures. There is no such thing as a soul surviving the body; the soul is not immortal.
8.Every person is free to choose and practice what he or she believes. The freedom of conscience is crucial in religious faith and practice.
9.True religion and science are not antagonistic to each other.
By the end of the 15th century, the religious Reform ideas and practices within the Novgorod-Moscow movement had spread throughout Russia, and were observed in every social class. The fact that even some of the tzar’s family accepted the teachings really disturbed the Orthodox clergy. The official church saw clearly the threat to its power, and the need to act without delay to save itself.
On December 27, 1504, Moscow witnessed the first inquisitional burning stakes in Russia. Ivan Kurizin, Dimitry Konopliov, Ivan Maksimov, and others were burned in wooden cages. Old Ivan III, his son Tzar Vasily, Metropolitan Simon, other bishops, and all the church council had accused them of Judaizing and sentenced them to death.
In the same winter, Ivan Rukavov, the Archimandrite of the Yr’evsky monastery, Kassian and his brother Ivan, Gridia Kvashnia, Dimitry Pustoselov, and other less-known “heretics” were burned because of their beliefs. These people were for the inauguration of Dimitry as the rightful tzar and were present at Vasily’s trial; but now they were condemned as criminals because of their beliefs. Even though the Novgorod-Moscow movement suffered heavy losses among the upper classes, it remained very popular in the lower classes. By 1511, Tzar Vasily was under pressure to increase the persecution of the “heretics,” lest they destroy the Orthodox Church in Russia. Thus, the Reformers were swept out of the Kremlin.[34] [15]
February 24, 1510: Pope Julius II excommunicated the Republic of Venice. Many remember Julius II as the Pope who commissioned Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel. Julius II, like at least one of his predecessors, had a Jewish physician; in this case Samuel Sarfatti. From the Jewish point of view, Julius clashes such as the one that brought on the above mentioned excommunication and aesthetic projects meant that he did not have time to waste on persecuting his Jews. Out of sight out of mind or benign neglect placed Julius on the list of one of the “better Popes.”[16]
February 24, 1582: Pope Gregory XIII announced the Gregorian calendar. This replaced the Julian Calendar which explains why there is some confusion about various dates in history. Of course the Jews use their own calendar, but as a people who“live in time” it is useful to know when other parts of the Western world began changing the way they keep track of the years.[17]
February 24, 1751: Page 64 of Greve‘s book mentions a February 24, 1751 meeting that was attended by both French and English representatives. Christopher Gist‘s journal relates a statement by one of the French Indians:
...that their Father remembering his Children, had sent them two Caggs of Milk, and
some Tobacco, and that he now had made a clear Road for them, to come to see Him and
his Officers; and pressed them very much to come…
In the previous passage, ―Father‖is evidently the French Monarch, or his representative. Page
64 of Greve‘s book reports the immediate Twightwee reply:
The Twightwee king replied that it was true, that ―the road was clear, but He understood
it was made foul and bloody, and by Them—‖ and said that they had cleared a road for
the English, and that the French had taken some of the English prisoners, ―which We
look upon as done to Us, and he turned short about and went out of the Council‖.
Page 64 of Greve‘s book also reports the final Twightwee reply:
Two days later, the Twightwees delivered the final answer to the French Indians. ―The
spoke with a fierce Tone and very warlike Air—‗Brothers the Ottaways, You are always
differing with the French Yourselves, and yet you listen to what they say, but we will let
you know by these four strings of Wampum, that we will not hear any Thing they say to
Us, nor do any Thing they bid us.‘ Directing his speech to the French, he said, ‗we have
made a road as far as the Sea to the Sun-rising, and have been taken by the Hand by our Brothers the English, and the Six Nations, and the Delawares, Shannoahs and Wyendotts,
and We assure You it is the Road we shall go; and as You threaten Us with War in the
Spring, We tell You if You are angry we are ready to receive You, and resolve to die here
before we will go to You...‘In the previous passage, the word ―road‖ seems to have been used both literally and figuratively.
The passage clearly indicates that by February 24, 1751, the French had already threatened ―War in the Spring‖, and they were already using force to suppress English trade in the region. These scenes were the prelude to the French and Indian War.[19]
February 24, 1703-1704: Andrew Harrison and his association with Richard Long and Samuel Elliott. Essex County, Virginia, Records, Deeds and Wills #12, 1704-1707.abstracted and compiled by John Frederick Dorman, Washington, D.C. 1963.
(3)
page 409, February 24, 1703/4. Surveyed for Andrew Harrison, Richard Long and Samuel Elliott, 1149 acres 80 perches on the branches of Mattapony and the branches of Puminsend Creek, corner to a patent lately granted to Harrison, Long and Elliott . . . in the fork of a branch of Mattapony and in the line of a patent formerly granted unto Mr John Buckner, deceased,
Charles Smith, surveyer
Plat showing division of land to:
Samuell Ellit, 416 acres: adjoins . . . south side of a branch of Mattapony. . .
Richard Long, 316 acres: adjoins south side of a branch of Puminsend . . . north side of another branch of Puminsend
Mr. Andrew Harrison, 416 acres: adjoins Buckner's line corner to a patent of Harrison's . . . patent formerly granted unto said Buckner . . . branch of Mattapony. [20]
February 24, 1703/4. Surveyed for Andrew Harrison, Richard Long and Samuel Elliott, 1149 acres 80 perches on the branches of Mattapony and the branches of Puminsend Creek, corner to a patent lately granted to Harrison, Long and Elliott . . . in the fork of a branch of Mattapony and in the line of a patent formerly granted unto Mr John Buckner, deceased,
Charles Smith, surveyer
Plat showing division of land to:
Samuell Ellit, 416 acres: adjoins . . . south side of a branch of Mattapony. . .
Richard Long, 316 acres: adjoins south side of a branch of Puminsend . . . north side of another branch of Puminsend
Mr. Andrew Harrison, 416 acres: adjoins Buckner's line corner to a patent of Harrison's . . . patent formerly granted unto said Buckner . . . branch of Mattapony. [21]
Old State House in Boston.
1761
James Otis argues against the Writs of Assistance in a court trial at the Old State House, in Boston.[23] On February 24, 1761 James Otis voices opposition to Enhglish colonial rule in a speech before the Supreme Court of Massachusetts.[24]A boulder commemorates James Otis, whose 1761 speech against the writs of assistance was “the birth of the child Independence”. Otis was the patriot’s spiritual leader until he was clubbed over the head by a British officer in a barroom brawl. After a lead plate (not used today for obvious reasons including lead poisoning) was put in his head he rapidly lost his sanity and became more of an embarrassment (running through town naked)than a hero.[25]
James Otis, Granary Burial Ground, Boston
The Granary Burying Ground, Boston
1761-1783: Nicholas Noel Boutet. A famous French gunsmith known for his artistic decoration of firearms.[27]
February 24, 1774; Went a hunting in the morning and from thence to the Vestry. Mr. Adam going away. Upon my return found Dr. Craik, Val Crawford and Thos. Gist.[28]
February 24, 1775
At a Court Con’d and held for Augusta County
February 24, 1775: At a Court Con'd and held for Augusta County at Fort Dunmore Feby. 24th 1775,
Prest. John Campbell, Jno. Connolly, Thos. Smallman, John
Gibson, Dorsey Penticost.
Ord that Providence Mounce, Wm. Crawford, Paul Froman,
James Innis, or any three, being first sworn, Veiw the Most
Conv way for a road from Mounce' s Mill to Froomans Mill,
and make a report of the Conv and Inconv to the next Court.
P. Jno. Cannon.
Licence to keep an Ordinary is granted to Frederick Feree,
he hav'g Comp with the Law.
The same to Jacob Bousman, on the South side of the
Monongohale River oppisite the Town.
On the Motion of Samuel Sinclair, who lives on the forks of
the river Monongohale and Youghagano leave is granted him
to keep a ferry over Each of the Rivers, and that he keep boats.
Licence to keep an Ordinary is granted to Sam'l Sample, he
hav'g Comp with the Laws.
Wm Hawkins, Andrew Robertson, and Nicholas Hagerty,
took the Usual Oaths to his Majesty's Person and Governm, Sub
the Ab Oath and Test, and then took the Oaths of Constables.
Bertney Whitney took the Usual Oaths to his Majesties per-
son and Govern, Sub the Ab Oath and Test, and then took
the Oath of a Constable.
Ord that Peter Elrod John Whitacer, Andrew McMeans,
and Benja Davis, or any 3, they being first sworn, Veiw a
Road from Fromans Road to Sam'l Sinclairs, the nearest and
best way, and make a report of the Conv and Incon to the
next Court.
Ord that Silas Dexter, Gabriel Cox, Rich'd McMahon,
Benja Sweet, and Robt Henderson, or any 3, they being first
sworn, veiw the nearest and best way from Sam'l Sinclairs to
Fort Dunmore, and make a report of the Conven and Inconv
to the next Court.
Ord that Chas Bruce, Geo Aston, Abraham Slover, and
Josiah Osburn, or any 3 of them, being first sworn, Veiw the
nearest and best way from Fort Dunmore to Chas. Bruces on
Racoon Creek, and make a report of the conv and Inconv to
the next Court.
His Majesties Writ for adjoining this Court from Fort Dun-
more to the Town of Staunton being read, It is Ordered that
the s'd Court be Adjorned Accordingly. Jno Connolly
His Majesties Writ for Adjorning the County Court of Augusta
from Staunton to Fort Dunmore being read, this 16th May 1775,
Present Geo Croghan, Jno. Campbell, John Connolly, Thos.
Smallman, John Gibson, John Cannon.
Edward Ward and John McColloch took the Usual Oaths
to his Majesties -Person and Govern, Sub the Ab Oath and
Test, and then took the Oath of Justice of the peace, and of
Justice of the County Court in Chancery, and of a Justice of
Oyer and Terminer.
Henry Peyton took the Oath of an Atto and is admitted to
Practice as such in this Court.
Small vs Gray, Nordica Mordica Spbd.
Shilling vs Young, Geo Corn Spbd.
Cresap vs Swearingam, Michl Tygert Spbd.
At a Cald Court held for the Examination of Thos Glenn,
who stands Committed to the Goal of this County, charged
with the Murder of his Servt Man Peter Eglington,
Prest. Geo Croghan, Jno Campbell, John Connolly, Edward
Ward, Thos. Smallman, Jno. Gibson, Geo Vallandigham.
The above named Thos. Glenn was brought to the barr and
upon Examination denied the fact wherewith he stands charged ;
whereupon several Witnesses were Sworn and Examined, and
upon Consider at which the Court are of opinion that he is
Guilty of the fact wherewith he stands Charged, and that he
ought to be tried for the s'd Supposed fact at the General
Court in October next, at the 6th day thereof, and in Order
thereto he is remanded to the Goal of this County and thence
to be removed to the Pub Goal in the City of Wmsburg.
Be it Remembered John McCollock, Moses Williamson,
James Johnson, James Nowland, of this County, ackn'd them-
selves Indebted to our Sovereign Lord the King in the Sum of
^ioo Each, to be levied of their respective Goods and Chat-
(18) tels, Lands and Tenements, in Case they do not appear at the
Capitol, in the City of Wmsburg, on the 6th day of the next
General Court, and then and there give evidence ag'st Thos.
Glenn for the Murder of his Servt Peter Eglington, and not
depart without leave of the Court.
Then the Court did rise.
Spa. to Jos. Blackford,
for the Prisoner. Geo : Croghan,
Noble vs Chamberlain. Walter Briscoe Spbd.
Prest: Geo Croghan, John Connolly, Edward Ward, John
Cannon, John McCulloch, John Gibson ;
Michael Ginder and Geo Ginder Ack'd L & R to Nicholas
Mace and O R.
The same to Francis Mcbride and O R.
The Commission for the private Examin of Cath, the Wife
of Michl. Ginder, and Susanna, the wife of Geo Ginder, to a
tract of land sold by their Husbands to Nicholas Mace, being
ret. is OR.
The same to Fras. Mcbride and O R.
Susanna, the wife of Geo Ginder, came into Court, and relinq
her right of Dower to ioo acres on the branches of Brooks Creek,
formerly conveyed by her husband to Fra's Mcbride, and O Cd.
Benja Renoe, Geo Redman, and Thos. Redman, 3 of them,
persons appointed to Veiw a road from Fort Dunmore to
Frederick Dunfields and make a report, and made their report ;
It is Ord that the Road be Established, and that Geo Redman,
and Benja. Renoe be Surveyors thereof, and that the Tithables
within 3 Miles on Each side work thereon.
Wm. Crawford, one of the Gent in the Com of the Peace,
took the Usual Oaths to his Majesties Person and Govern, Sub
tfte Ab Oath and test, and then took the Oath of a Justice of
the Peace, and of a Justice of the County Court in Chancery,
and of a justice of Oyer and Terminer.
Pres, Wm. Crawford.
On the Petition of Maly Hayes, and others, It is Ord that
Peter Elrod, John Whitacre, Andrew McMeans, Benja Davis,
Silas Dexter, Gab'l Cox, Rich'd McMahon, Benja Sweet, and
Robt. Henderson, or any 6 of them, being first sworn, Veiw a
Road from Dorsey Penticost's, by Peter Barrackman's ferry, to
fort Dunmore, and make a report of the Conven and Inconven
to the next Court.
On the Motion Capt. Paul Froman, It is Ordered that John
Decker, John Muns, James Innes, and Thomas Edgington, or
any 3 of them, being first sworn, Veiw the most Conven Way
from Froman 's Mill on Shirtees Creek, to Fromans Mill on the
East side of the Monongohale, and make a report of the Con-
ven and Inconven to the next Court.
A Grandjury for the Inquest of the body of this County, to
wit : Geo McColloch, foreman, Oliver Miller, Abraham Tea-
garden, John Swann, Jesse Pigman, Bazil Brown, Rich'd Wal-
ler, Jacob Vanmetre, Wm. Colvin, Josiah Wallace, Moses Wil-
liamson, John Deckar, Rich'd McMahon, Rich'd McGlaughlin,
and Daniel Cannon, having received their charge retired.
(20) George Croghan Ackn'd a Barg and Sale and a receipt to
Benjamin Tate and O R.
The same to Jacob Bousman and O R.
Teagarden vs Hammon James Crawford Spbd.
Cresap vs Peterson Indian Erasimes Backys Spbd.
vs Cox John Wall Spbd.
Woods vs Gray Wm. Cuningham Spbd.
Samples vs Fernsley Walter Grymes Spbd.
Cresap vs Vaughan John Gab'l Jones Spbd
Elliott vs Martin- Jacob Bousman Spbd.
Boly vs Springer John Springer Spbd
Hawkins vs Wheat James McConnel Spbd.
Cook vs McConnel Conrad Wheat Spbd.
Ab Geo Croghan
Williamson vs Mills Wm. Hawkins Spbd
Swagler vs Mills Wm. Hawkins Spbd
Bell vs Finn. James Crawford Spbd.
Vallandigham vs Crinnell.
Colvin vs Frederick Geo Wilson Spbd.
Boly vs Ross.
Wilcox vs Craighead James Sulivan Spbd.
Cook vs Froman. ' James Chambers Spbd
Boley vs Springer in Debt Paul Froman Spbd.
Penticost vs Briscoe Pat McElroy Spbd
Kuykendal vs Allenthrop Paul Froman Spbd.
Bond vs Mordica
On the Complt of James O'Neel against his Master, Patrick
Fleming, for beating and abuseing him, It is Ord that his Mas-
ter be Sum'd to appear here the next Court, to Ans the Complt,
and that he in the mean time treat well and give Security for
(21) the same, himself in the sum of ^30, and 1 Secy in the Sum
of ,£15; and thereupon he with James Chambers his Secy
Ack'd himself Indeb to our Sovereign Lord the King in the
Sum of 30^, and Jas. Chambers, his Secy, also in the Sum of
,£15, to be levied of their respective Goods and Chattels,
Lands and Tenements, in Case he doth not use his servt, James
O'Neel, well til the next Court
On the Complt of John Connolly, Gent, ag'st Geo Wilson,
Gent, as a disturber of the peace, on hearing the parties the
Court are of Opinion that the Complt be dismissed,
Ord that Rich'd Heth (?), 15 Dav'd Steel, Thos Cook, Rich'd
Crooks, and Paul Froman, or any 3 of them, being first
[Sworn] , Veiw a road from Fort Dunmore to Paul Fromans
Mill on Shirtees Creek, and make a report of the Conv and
Inconv to the next Court.
Ord that the Court be adjorned until to Morrow Morning 10
o'clock. John Campbell.
15 Spelling doubtful ; illegible. — Editor. [30]
February 24, 1779: General Lafayette TO COUNT DE VERGENNES~[1]
Paris, 24th February, 1779.
SIR,--A desire to render an exact obedience to the orders of the king,
impels me to take the liberty of importuning you to let me know what is
my duty. The prohibition which the Marshal de Noailles has put upon me,
makes no exception as to one, whom I do not think, nevertheless, I
should be forbidden to visit. Dr. Franklin was to have met me at
Versailles this morning, if I had been there, to communicate to me some
affairs of importance, as he said. I have informed him of the cause
that detained me at Paris; but I did not think I ought to refuse an
interview, which might not be wholly useless to the king's interests.
He is coming to-morrow morning, and I trust you will add to your
kindnesses that of directing me how to conduct myself in this matter.
Suffer me, sir, to inform you that I have heard many persons speak of
an expedition, somewhat resembling the one proposed by congress. I
flatter myself I am too well known by you to have it suspected of me,
that any tie of kindred or friendship could make me forget the profound
secrecy which is due to affairs of state. I have added to nature some
acquired skill in this particular. My sole reason for mentioning the
subject, therefore, is to add, that the indiscretion of some of the
members of congress, and the number of officers returning from America,
will always spread rumours, which it will be impossible to suppress.
Truth cannot remain hidden but by being buried in a mass of false
reports. Hence, caution is necessary in order to preserve our secrets
from all the inconveniences to which they are subject in America, both
from the form of the government and from the character of some of those
at the head of affairs. I have the honour to be, with profound respect,
February 24, 1803: The Supreme Court rules an act of Congress null and void if it conflicts with the United States Constitution.[32]
February 24, 1831: Yankton Sioux and Santee Sioux agreed to abide by the 1830 Treaty of Prairie du Chien. The US government announced the treaty and its numerous adherents on February 24, 1831.
In this treaty, the tribes agreed to land cession of three large tracts of land: two strips of land 20 miles wide each on either side of the boundary established by the first (1825) Treaty of Prairie du Chien (roughly from La Crosse, Wisconsinto Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin), extending from the Mississippi River to the Des Moines River in what today is southeastern Minnesota and northeastern Iowa; and a large triangular tract of land in southeastern Nebraska and northwestern Missouri, western Iowa and southern Minnesota, from Kansas City, Missouri due north to the Des Moines River, to the area about Spirit Lake, Iowa to Worthington, Minnesota, down Rock River, down the Missouri River and back to Kansas City. Additional tribes later ceded the large triangular tract as the Platte Purchase in 1836.
The treaty also established the Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation, which provided land in southeastern Nebraska to the mixed-race descendants of European/American fur trappers and their Native American women companions from several involved tribes. Without this provision, the mixed-race descendants were often kept from being allocated land on newly established reservations, and were caught between cultures.[33]
February 24, 1831: Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
The approximate area that the treaty defined shaded in blue in relation to the future U.S. state of Mississippi.
February 24, 1831: The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek was a treaty signed on September 27, 1830 (and proclaimed on February 24, 1831) between the Choctaw (an American Indian tribe) and the United States Government. This was the first removal treaty carried into effect under the Indian Removal Act. The treaty ceded about 11 million acres (45,000 km2) of the Choctaw Nation (now Mississippi) in exchange for about 15 million acres (61,000 km2) in the Indian territory (now the state of Oklahoma). The principal Choctaw negotiators were Chief Greenwood LeFlore, Musholatubbee, and Nittucachee; the U.S. negotiators were Colonel John Coffee and Secretary of War John Eaton.
The site of the signing of this treaty is in the southwest corner of Noxubee County, Mississippi in the United States; the site was known to the Choctaw as Chukfi Ahihla Bogue (Dancing Rabbit Creek). The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek was the last major land cession treaty signed by the Choctaw.[citation needed] With ratification by the U.S. Congress in 1831, the treaty allowed those Choctaw who chose to remain in Mississippi to become the first major non-European ethnic group to gain recognition as U.S. citizens. [34]
February 24, 1831 – In the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, the Choctaw cede most of their land to the US. Those choosing to remain in Mississippi become citizens of the US and subject to state law. Their descendants in the 20th century organize as the federally recognized Mississippi Band of Choctaw.[35]
February 24, 1836: On this day in 1836, in San Antonio, Texas, Colonel William Travis issues a call for help on behalf of the Texan troops defending the Alamo, an old Spanish mission and fortress under attack by the Mexican army.
A native of Alabama, Travis moved to the Mexican state of Texas in 1831. He soon became a leader of the growing movement to overthrow the Mexican government and establish an independent Texan republic. When the Texas revolution began in 1835, Travis became a lieutenant-colonel in the revolutionary army and was given command of troops in the recently captured city of San Antonio de Bexar (now San Antonio). On February 23, 1836, a large Mexican force commanded by General Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana arrived suddenly in San Antonio. Travis and his troops took shelter in the Alamo, where they were soon joined by a volunteer force led by Colonel James Bowie.
Though Santa Ana's 5,000 troops heavily outnumbered the several hundred Texans, Travis and his men determined not to give up. On February 24, they answered Santa Ana's call for surrender with a bold shot from the Alamo's cannon. Furious, the Mexican general ordered his forces to launch a siege. Travis immediately recognized his disadvantage and sent out several messages via couriers asking for reinforcements. Addressing one of the pleas to "The People of Texas and All Americans in the World," Travis signed off with the now-famous phrase "Victory or Death."
Only 32 men from the nearby town of Gonzales responded to Travis' call for help, and beginning at 5:30 a.m. on March 6, Mexican forces stormed the Alamo through a gap in the fort's outer wall, killing Travis, Bowie and 190 of their men. Despite the loss of the fort, the Texan troops managed to inflict huge losses on their enemy, killing at least 600 of Santa Ana's men.
The brave defense of the Alamo became a powerful symbol for the Texas revolution, helping the rebels turn the tide in their favor. At the crucial Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 910 Texan soldiers commanded by Sam Houston defeated Santa Ana's army of 1,250 men, spurred on by cries of "Remember the Alamo!" The next day, after Texan forces captured Santa Ana himself, the general issued orders for all Mexican troops to pull back behind the Rio Grande River. On May 14, 1836, Texas officially became an independent republic. [36] Gary and Mary Goodlove discovered the name of a Harrison on the official plaque at the Alamo. It is not known if he is a relative. I bet that he is. The Harrison’s never miss a fight.
|
February 24, 1825: Ben Franklin Brittain, born February 24, 1825, Died September 22, 1847. (Died in defense of his country, a soldier in the Mexican War.)[37] The Compiler’s 3rd cousin, six times removed.
February 24, 1837: Weldon E. Brittain, born February 24, 1837, died May 27, 186? At Lynchburg, VA, A soldier of Confederate Army.[38]
The Compilers third cousin, six times removed.
Allen Turner Davidson was member of the Confederate Congress, later appointed a member of Commissary Supply Dept. to provide food and clothing for families of Confederate Soldiers., and was on Governor Vance’s Council.[39] The Compilers third cousin six times removed.[40]
February 24, 1845:
Wed. February 24, 1864
On patrol gard. Wrote a letter to Coombs V. Miles had sweet potatoes for dinner
Drilled some[42]
February 24, 1877: Selma Gottlieb: born Salomon, February 24, 1877 in Hilbringen. Resided Bosen. Deportation: 1942, Auschwitz. [43]
February 24, 1917
The British Secret Service intercepts the “Zimmerman telegram,” revealing German plans to lure Mexico into World War I with promises of American territory. [44]
On February 24, 1917, British authorities gave Walter Hines Page, the U.S. ambassador to Britain, a copy of the Zimmermann Telegram, a coded message from Zimmermann to Count Johann von Bernstorff, the German ambassador to Mexico. In the telegram, intercepted and deciphered by British intelligence in late January, Zimmermann instructed his ambassador, in the event of a German war with the United States, to offer significant financial aid to Mexico if it agreed to enter the conflict as a German ally. Germany also promised to restore to Mexico the lost territories of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona.
The State Department promptly sent a copy of the Zimmermann Telegram to President Wilson, who was shocked by the note's content and the next day proposed to Congress that the U.S. should start arming its ships against possible German attacks. Wilson also authorized the State Department to publish the telegram; it appeared on the front pages of American newspapers on March 1. Many Americans were horrified and declared the note a forgery; two days later, however, Zimmermann himself announced that it was genuine.
The Zimmermann Telegram helped turn the U.S. public, already angered by repeated German attacks on U.S. ships, firmly against Germany. On April 2, President Wilson, who had initially sought a peaceful resolution to World War I, urged immediate U.S. entrance into the war. Four days later, Congress formally declared war against Germany.[45]
February 24, 1918: Einstein wrote “to an academic correspondent who had rebuked him for his dislike of war, ‘Your ostentatious Teutonic muscle-flexing runs rather against my grain. I prefer to string along with my compatriot Jesus Christ, whose doctrines you and your kind consider to be obsolete. Suffering is indeed more acceptable to me than resort to violence.’”[46]
February 24, 1920: February 24, 1920: The Nazi party platform is written.[47] The Nazi party held it first major meeting in Munich, Germany.[48]
February 24, 1942: USS Enterprise at Wake Island. Uncle Howard Snell is on board.
February 24, 1942: The Struma was torpedoed and sunk by the Soviet submarine SC 213. Approximately 769 illegal Jewish immigrants aboard the Struma perished on their way to Palestine. The Struma was one of a series of ships filled with Jews that attempted to run the British blockade. The blockade was part of the British commitment to the Arabs to keep Jews out of Palestine in violation of the Balfour Declaration and the terms of the Mandate. The British slavishly enforced the blockade during and after World War II. The Struma traversed the Black Sea and attempted to stop at Istanbul. But the British told the Turks that the Jews would not be allowed to land in Palestine so they turned the ship back in the Black Sea. It was there that the ship was sunk, reportedly torpedoed by a Nazi submarine. Exodus by Leon Uris is based on another blockade running episode that took place in 1947.[49]
In the wake of the February 24 Struma sinking, the British War Cabinet reaffirms its decision not to allow “illegal” Jewish refugees admission to Palestine. [50]
February 24, 1943: Hitler sent Nazi members a message on the anniversary of the establishment of the Nazi Party, "The struggle will end . . . with the liquidation of Jewry in Europe."[51]
February 24, 1943: “On February 24, Rothke reported to Lischka on a conversation with Sauts, the chief of staff of Police Commissionner Leguay, about ‘the solution of the Jewish problem in France, and the Italians’ attitude toward the Jewish problem.
‘Sauts replied to me that the arrest of 2,000 Jews by the French police in the zone formerly and presently occupied in order to effect the measures of reprisals ordered by threw Paris Commander [Lischka] was underway [53]
February 24, 1944: At Birkenau, 200 of the 800 prisoners in the Sonderkommando were sent to Majdanek where they were shot.[54]
February 24, 1991: After five months of negotiations, sanctions and a military buildup by mainly U.S. forces in Saudi Arabia fail to dislodge Iraqi troops from Kuwait following a 1990 invasion, an aerial bombardment of Iraq led by the United States signals the start of the Persian Gulf War, January 16, 1991. Iraq mounts little defense against a ground offensive launched February 24; Kuwait is liberated and a cease fire is declared February 28. Peace terms require Iraq to rid itself of weapons of mass destruction, a failure to do so is cited as the reason for a U.S. led invasion in March 2003.[55]
February 24, 2012: "Genetic Hebrews of Southern Colorado." Forward (February 24, 2012). Excerpt:
"Genetic markers reveal Conversos of the American Southwest..." [56]
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian, http://www.perspectives.com/forums/forum70/23800.html http://www.freewebs.com/bubadutep75/
[3] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[4] http://www.livescience.com/16318-photos-early-christian-rome-catacombs-artifacts.html
[5]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[6]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[7]http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1296
[8]Trial by Fire, by Harold Rawlings, page 53-54.
[10]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[12]Dogs of God Columbus, the Inquisition and the Defeat of the Moors by James Reston. Jr.
[14] Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition http://www.freewebs.com/bubadutep75/
[15] I. Volozky, The Instructor (Moscow, 1994), pp. 44-45.,A popular place of assembly in a city—somewhat like the Greek city square—where citizens gathered to discuss important matters like war, peace, choosing a ruler or a bishop, and other questions.,Pskovskaia I Letopis’, 1468-1470 [The Chronicles of Pskov, I: Years 1468-1470].
http://www.freewebs.com/bubadutep75/
http://www.freewebs.com/bubadutep75/
[16]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[17]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/2011
[18] Captain (Indian). A war chief in the Delaware nation might be called “Captain.” In the U.S. Army, a captain is the highest "company-grade" officer. Officers above the rank of captainare "field-grade."
http://www.thelittlelist.net/cadtocle.htm
[19]In Search of Turkey Foot Road, page 33-34.
[20]http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~harrisonrep/Harrison/d0055/g0000087.html#I1018
[21]http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~harrisonrep/Harrison/d0055/g0000087.html#I1018
[22]Photo by Jeff Goodlove November 14, 2009
[23]The Complete Guide to Boston’s Freedom Trail by Charles Bahne, page 5.
[24]On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[25]The Complete Guide to Boston’s Freedom Trail by Charles Bahne, page 11.
[26]Photo by Jeff Goodlove, November 14, 2009
[27]http://www.talonsite.com/tlineframe.htm
[28]Washington writings. From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford, by Grace U. Emahiser, 1969, page 121).
[29]MINUTE BO0K OF THE VIRGINIA COURT HELD FORT DUNMORE (PITTSBURGH) FOR THE DISTRICT OF WEST AUGUSTA, 1775—1776. Richard W. Loveless 1970
[30]http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924017918735/cu31924017918735_djvu.txt
[31]The Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoirs, Correspondence and Manuscripts of
General Lafayette, by Lafayette
[32]On This Day in America by John Wagman.
[33]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien
1. [34]^ Remini, Robert. ""Brothers, Listen ... You Must Submit"". Andrew Jackson. History Book Club. p. 272. ISBN 0965063107.
2. ^ Green, Len (October 1978). "Choctaw Treaties". Bishinik. Archived from the original on December 15, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071215033006/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~mboucher/mikebouchweb/choctaw/chotreat.htm. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
4. ^ a b c Remini, Robert. ""Brothers, Listen ... You Must Submit"". Andrew Jackson. History Book Club. ISBN 0965063107.
5. ^ Ferguson, Bob (2001). "Treaties". Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. http://www.choctaw.org/history/treaties.htm. Retrieved February 6, 2008.[dead link]
6. ^ Kappler, Charles (1904). "INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties". Government Printing Office. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cho0310.htm#mn15. Retrieved April 16, 2008.
7. ^ a b Baird, David (1973). "The Choctaws Meet the Americans, 1783 to 1843". The Choctaw People. United States: Indian Tribal Series. p. 36. Library of Congress 73-80708.
8. ^ a b Kappler, Charles (1904). "INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties". Government Printing Office. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cho0310.htm. Retrieved May 18, 2009.
9. ^ a b Remini, Robert. ""Brothers, Listen ... You Must Submit"". Andrew Jackson. History Book Club. p. 273.
10. ^ Harkins, George (1831). "1831 – December – George W. Harkins to the American People". http://anpa.ualr.edu/trailOfTears/letters/1831DecemberGeorgeWHarkinstotheAmericanPeople.htm. Retrieved 08-02-13.
11. ^ a b c Satz, Ronald (1986). "The Mississippi Choctaw: From the Removal Treaty to the Federal Agency". In Samuel J. Wells and Roseanna Tubby. After Removal, The Choctaw in Mississippi. Jackson and London: University Press of Mississippi. p. 7.
12. ^ Hudson, Charles (1971). "The Ante-Bellum Elite". Red, White, and Black; Symposium on Indians in the Old South. University of Georgia Press. p. 80. SBN 820303089.
[35]Timetable of Cherokee Removal.
[36]http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
[37]Elizabeth Williamson Dixon, The Vance Family of Virginia, Pennsylvania, North Carolina and Tennessee, The Brank Family of North Carolina and Kentucky, 1958 , 134.
[38] Elizabeth Williamson Dixon, The Vance Family of Virginia, Pennsylvania, North Carolina and Tennessee, The Brank Family of North Carolina and Kentucky, 1958 , 135.
[39] Elizabeth Williamson Dixon, The Vance Family of Virginia, Pennsylvania, North Carolina and Tennessee, The Brank Family of North Carolina and Kentucky, 1958 , 141.
[40]William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary by Jeff Goodlove
[41]http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=de&to=en&a=http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/werneck_synagoge.htm
[42]William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary by Jeff Goodlove
[43] [1] Gedenkbuch, Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945. 2., wesentlich erweiterte Auflage, Band II G-K, Bearbeitet und herausgegben vom Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, 2006, pg. 1033-1035,.
[44]On This Day in America by John Wagman,.
[45]http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/president-wilson-learns-of-zimmermann-telegram
[46]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[47]Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor
[48]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[49]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[50]http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Chronology_1942.html
[51]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[52]Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1775
[53]Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944 by Serge Klarsfeld, page 392-394.
[54]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[55]Smithsonian, January 2011, page 12.
[56]http://www.khazaria.com/genetics/abstracts-nonjews.html
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