This Day in Goodlove History, February 25
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Jeff Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), and Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clarke, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,and ancestors Andrew Jackson, and William Henry Harrison.
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), and Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clarke, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,and ancestors Andrew Jackson, and William Henry Harrison.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
Anniversary: Catherine Dadmun and William Butler, Ema Godlove and Milton Reiff 128
Birthday: Thankful Gibbs Winch 275
February 25, 138: The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor. For Jews Hadrian stands out as one of the cruelest of the Roman emperors. He is the one who defeated Bar Kochba. It is said that Hadrain was more evil than Titus because he did not just make war against the Jewish people. He made war against Judaism by banning its practice. In one of those many ironic twists of fates, Antionious Pious, his hand-picked successor reversed the decrees of Hadrain. He allowed the Torah to be studied and is laws obeyed. He reinstituted the ban on imperial statues in synagogues and he allowed the Jews to practice the rite of circumcision.[1]
140 USHA (Eretz Israel)
After the disaster of the Bar Kochba revolt, the Lower Galilee replaced Yabneh as the center of talmudic learning and the Rabbinical Court (Sanhedrin) in Eretz Israel. Among the Tannaim studying there were Rabbi Meir, Rabbi Simeon b. Gamaliel, Rabbi Judah HaNasi and Rabbi Judah b. Ilai. One of their important contributions was Takanot Usha (Ordinances of Usha), which included the following laws:
1. A father must support his daughter until marriage and his son at least until the age of 12.
2. Limiting the amount of charity one can order given away upon his death to a fifth. [2]
1. A father must support his daughter until marriage and his son at least until the age of 12.
2. Limiting the amount of charity one can order given away upon his death to a fifth. [2]
February 25, 1308: Coronation of King Edward II. One of this uniquely incompetent monarch’s claim to fame is that he was the first King of England to reign over a realm without any Jews since the Norman conquest in 1066. Edward’s father, Edward I, had expelled the Jews in 1290.[3]
1309: Shortly after the death of Boniface, the French Pope Clement V transferred the papal court from Rome to Avignon in France in 1309, where it remained for seventy years. Known as the“Babylonian Captivity,” a metaphorical reference to the seventy-year Babylonian Captivity of the Jews, it was a time when the papacy continued its slide into spiritual and moral bankruptcy.[4]Doge’s palace in Venice built on site of earlier palaces, Marchettus of Padua pleads for introduction of counterpoint into musical composition, founding of Orleans U, Giotto de Bondone finishes painting frescoes, Gaveston returns from France, Douglasses join with Bruce in Scotland to fight English, Knights of St John capture Rhodes. [5]
February 25, 1336: Alfonso X of Castile was persuaded by the apostate Alfonso of Valladolid to ban the prayer Aleinu. Alfonso alleged that the prayer was anti-Christian. As a result, many Jewish communities excised a sentence from the prayer which has only been printed in recent years in only some prayer books. The offending line which was taken out comes just before the time when everybody bows and recites “Va-ananchnu Kor’im – But we bend our knees…” The line that was taken out reads “For they bow to vanity and emptiness and pray to a god which helps not.” If you read the entire prayer and insert this line, the following line makes a lot more sense. According to several commentators the offending line had nothing to do with the Christians but had been placed there to refer to all heretics and that its origins were found in Isaiah (30:7 and 45:20). Further evidence refuting the claim that it was anti-Christian can be found in the fact that it was composed in the third century by Rav Abba Arucha head of the Academy of Sura (Persia) which was not a Christian country. Ashkenazi prayer books dropped the line but Sephardic prayer books i.e. those in the land of Islam, retained the line. Today it can be found in some Ashkenazi prayer books including those in the Artscroll Series.[6]
February 25, 1451: The Pope banned all social contact between Jews and Christians. This was because of the fear of Christians being attracted to Judaism. A Christian who converted to Judaism and the Jews who helped him were usually subject to the death penalty in most Catholic and Eastern Orthodox countries. It is amazing that with the Church's attitude towards Judaism, and with the contempt that Jews in which Jews were held, that there should be such a fear of "Jewish missionizing".[7]
February 25, 1570: Pope Pious V excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I. This was one of the steps on the road to loosening the stranglehold that doctrinal Christianity had on Western Europe. As the Church’s grip on Europe weakened it opened up the way to a religious toleration that was highly beneficial to the Jewish people.[8]
February 25, 1593: Pope Clement VIII confirms the Papal bull of Paul III that expels Jews from Papal states except ghettos in Rome and Ancona and issues Caeca et obdurata (“Blind Obstinacy”): “All the world suffers from the usury of the Jews, their monopolies and deceit. …Then as now Jews have to be reminded intermittently anew that they were enjoying rights in any country since they left Palestine and the Arabian desert, and subsequently their ethical and moral doctrines as well as their deeds rightly deserve tp be exposed to criticism in whatever country they happen to live.” [2][9]
February 25, 1606
February 25, 1606, the said Lauchlane appears before the Privy Council and obliges himself to appear personally before them whenever he shall be charged, upon sixty days' warning, under the penalty of 1O,OOO merks. [10]
February 25, 1754: Fry was charged with building a fort at the Forks of Monongahela
Joshua Fry was charged with having a fort built at the present-day site of Pittsburgh, to keep the
French out of the region, using force if necessary. Fry‘s February 25, 1754 military commission
reads as follows:
Robert Dinwiddie, Esqr.: His Majesty‘s Lieutenant-Governor & Commander-in-Chief of
the Colony and Dominion of Virginia.
To Joshua fry, Esq.:
His Majesty having by His royal Instructions commanded me to send a proper Number of
Forces to erect and maintain a Fort at the Fork of Monongahela, a Branch of the River
Ohio. And having a good opinion of your Loyalty, Conduct and Ability, do hereby
constitute, appoint and commission you, the said Joshua Fry, to be Colonel &
Commander in-Chief of the Forces now raising and to be called the Virginia Regiment,
are with all possible Dispatch to proceed to the said Forks of Monongahela and there act
according to Your Instructions.—And I hereby direct and require all Officers, Soldiers,
and others to obey Your Orders and Commands, for which this shall be yours and their
warrant.
Given under my Hand & the Seal of the Colony at Williamsburg the 25th Day of
February, in the 27th year of His Majesty‘s Reign, Annoque Domine 1754.
The commission makes it clear that Fry was charged with constructing a fort at the present-day
location of Pittsburgh. In the commission, Robert Dinwiddie used ―Fork of Monongahela‖ and ―said Forks of Monongahela‖, showing the phrases to be interchangeable. Whether it was ―Fork‖ or ―Forks‖ of the Monongahela, it refers to the same place. Fry‘s orders were:
Sir: The Forces under Y‘r Com‘d are rais‘d to protect our frontier Settlements from the
incursions of the French and the Ind‘s in F‘dship with them. I therefore desire You will
with all possible Expedition repair to Alexandria on the Head of the Poto. River, and
there take upon You the com‘d of the Forces accordingly; w‘ch I Expect will be at that
Town the Middle of next Mo. You are to march them to will‘s Creek, above the Falls of
Poto. from thence with the Great Guns, Amunit‘n and Provisions. You are to proceed to
Monongahela, when ariv‘d there, You are to make Choice of the best Place to erect a
Fort for mounting y‘r Cannon and ascertain‘g His M‘y the King of G. B‘s undoubt‘d
right to those Lands. My Orders to You is to be on the Defensive and if any foreign Force
sh‘d come to annoy You or interrupt Y‘r quiet Settlem‘t, and building the Fort as
afores‘d, You are in that Case to represent to them the Powers and Orders You have fromme, and I desire they w‘d imediately retire and not to prevent You in the discharge of your Duty. If they sh‘d continue to be obstinate after your desire to retire, you are then torepell Force by Force.
His orders were clear. Although the record seems murky, Fry apparently died at, or on a journey
to or from the Wills Creek location of what was soon to become Fort Mount Pleasant, and would
later become Fort Cumberland. Upon Fry‘s death, his command and responsibilities devolved to
his subordinate George Washington. Under the color of these orders, after the French expelled
the British from their fort construction site at the present-day location of Pittsburgh,
Washington‘s attack on Jumonville was not only justified, it was in fact specifically ordered.
Washington’s marching orders
Washington‘s own orders from Lieutenant-Governor Dinwiddie commanded him as follows:
Instruct‘s to be observd by Maj‘r Geo. Washington, on the Expedit‘n to the Ohio.
MAJ‘R GEO. WASHINGTON: You are forthwith to repair to the Co‘ty of Frederick and
there to take under Y‘r Com‘d 50 Men of the Militia who will be deliver‘d to You by the
Comd‘r of the s‘d Co‘ty pursuant to my Orders. You are to send Y‘r Lieut, at the same
Time to the Co‘ty of Augusta, to receive 50 Men from the Comd‘r of that Co‘ty as I haveorder‘d, and with them he is to join You at Alexandria, to which Place You are to
proceed as soon as You have rec‘d the Men in Frederick. Having rec‘d the Detachm‘t,
You are to train and discipline them in the best Manner You can, and for all Necessaries
You are to apply Y‘rself to Mr. Jno. Carlisle at Alex‘a who has my Orders to supply You.
Having all Things in readiness You are to use all Expedition in proceeding to the Fork of
Ohio with the Men under Com‘d and there you are to finish and compleat in the best
Manner and as soon as You possibly can, the Fort w‘ch I expect is there already begun
by the Ohio Comp‘a. You are to act on the Defensive, but in Case any Attempts are made to obstruct the Works or interrupt our Settlem‘ts by any Persons whatsoever You are to restrain all such Offenders, and in Case of resistance to make Prisoners of or kill and
destroy them. For the rest You are to conduct Y‘rself as the Circumst‘s of the Service
shall require and to act as You shall find best for the Furtherance of His M‘y‘s Service
February 25, 1754: The packers and their horses were presumably on an Ohio Company fort building mission, because Joshua Fry‘s February 25, 1754 military commission, which charges him with building afort, had not yet been issued. (On January 6, the government had not yet received Washington‘s trip report concerning the French response to the message Washington had delivered.) The 17 horses indicate that Washington and Gist were on a road or packer‘s trail of some sort.
Washington‘s map (Figures 0432, 0437) from the journey indicates that he and Gist traveled the
Ohio Company road between Gist‘s Plantation and Wills Creek. Therefore Gist‘s journal shows
that men involved in what was an Ohio Company fort building attempt traveled to the
construction site via the Ohio Company road. Since the road on Mercer‘s map is subtly angled to
point directly at the proposed Chartiers Creek Fort, which is not far from Trent‘s actual fort site,
what basis is there to assume that it is not the well documented Ohio Company road that went to
that locale?
Upon his return, Washington received his orders from Lieutenant-Governor Dinwiddie, which
have been quoted in their entirety above. An excerpt from those orders confirms that the 17 horse
loads of fort supplies were for an Ohio Company fort:
Having all Things in readiness You are to use all Expedition in proceeding to the Fork of
Ohio with the Men under Com‘d and there you are to finish and compleat in the best
Manner and as soon as You possibly can, the Fort w‘ch I expect is there already begun
February 25, 1774:. At home all day. Mr. Fairfax & Doctr. Craik went away after Breakfast. Hancock Lee[14] came to Dinr. & went away after it. [15]
February 25, 1778: Col, William Crawford, Virginia
To Treasurer
1778, February 25
For a warrant in favor of Simon Campbell for arms sold to said Crawford for the res’d. of the 13th Virginia Regiment as per his order
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 1778
The delegates of Pensylvania laid before Congress a letter signed Thomas Wharton Junr., president, dated in Council, Lancaster, February 23, 1778, requesting to be furnished with the following papers, viz.[17] "The instructions of the Board of War to their superintendents of provisions; the plan laid down by the superintendents for the purchase, &c. of provisions; the instructions for the millers, dated the 11 January last; a letter from the superintendents to the Board of War, dated 11 February instant; a letter dated 12 February, instant signed Robert Lettis Hooper, deputy quarter master general, to the purchasers under the superintendents:"
Ordered, That the Board of War furnish the delegates of Pensylvania with copies of the above papers, or such of them as are in the office of the Board of War and Ordnance.
A letter, of the 24 January, from S. A. Otis, at Boston, was read.[18]
The committee to whom were referred the letter of the 8 instant, from General Washington, and sundry other letters which passed between him and General Howe, relative to the exchange of prisoners and other matters, brought in a report, which was read.
The committee to whom were referred the letters and papers from the committee of Congress at camp, brought in a report, which was taken into consideration, and, after some time spent thereon, the farther consideration thereof was postponed to the afternoon.
The Committee on the Treasury brought in a report; Whereupon, Ordered, That a warrant issue on the treasurer in favour of Captain Pesky, for twenty-six thousand dollars, in discharge of William Palfrey, Esqr., pay master general, his order, for that sum, on the president of Congress, dated camp, the February 23 instant in favour of Colonel E. H. Lutterlogh, deputy quarter master general, and endorsed by him to the said Pesky: the pay master general to be accountable:[19]
The commissioners of accounts at the treasury report,
That there is due to the administrators of Samuel Allen, deceased, for hire of his waggon and team from the 4 September to the 4 December, 1776, is 92 days, at 22/3 dollars, 245 30/90 dollars; and for the four horses, waggon, geers and cloth, which by certificates, appear to have been detained in the service after his decease, and never returned to his heirs, &c. appraised at 408 dollars, which last sum is to be charged to the account of the quarter master general; also for expences incurred on York Island, as by account and certificate, 7 62/90 dollars, amounting in the whole to 661 2/90 dollars:
That there is due to John Campbell, the sum of 1,243 30/90 dollars, for Colonel George Morgan's order on the President of Congress, in favour of Colonel William Crawford, being for provisions stored at Fort Pitt, which order is assigned over to said Campbell; the said Colonel George Morgan to be accountable:
That there is due to Simon and Campbell, the sum of 302 dollars, for arms sold to Colonel William,Crawford, for the use of the 13 Virginia regiment, as per Colonel Crawford's order on the Treasury Board: the said Colonel Crawford to be accountable:[20]
Ordered, That the said accounts be paid.
Three o'Clock, p. m
A letter of the 7th, and one of the 14 [21], from Major General Heath, at Boston, were read, the former enclosing copies of sundry letters that passed between him and Lieutenant General Burgoyne, and a letter from Lord Napier and Lieutenant Colonel Anstruther:1
Ordered, That they be referred to a committee of three:
The members chosen, Mr. [Oliver] Wolcott, Mr. [James] Lovell, and Mr. [Elbridge] Gerry.
Congress resumed the consideration of the report of the committee on the letters and papers from the committee at camp; and, after debate,
Ordered, That the farther consideration thereof be postponed till to morrow.
Adjourned to 10 o'Clock to Morrow.[22]
February 25, 1799: Napoleon defeat the army led by Al Jazzar as he made his way from Khan Younis to Gaza.[23] Joseph Lefevre was said to be in Napoleon’s Body Guard unit.
February 25, 1799: Napoleon captured Gaza. (Yes, the same place in the news today). This was his first encounter with "Palestinian" Jews.” It is said that he offered “the reestablishment of ancient Jerusalem” as a Jewish homeland in return for Jewish loyalty.[24]
February 25, 1805
Stephenson, Jas., will 2-25-1805
Dev.: Mary, wife; James, Wm., Benj., sons:
Marg. Sterrit, Sarah kennedy, Isabella Boyd, Maria Boyd, daus:
In 1805 Joseph Vance moved to Urbana with his father, who laid out the town that year, and two years later married Miss Mary Lemen of Urbana. After his fathers death in 1809 he took possession of the family farm, which became his home for the rest of his life. [26]
February 25, 1824: Mary Ann Godlove, born February 25, 1824. She married Wesley Orndorff. [27]
February 25, 1831: After ceding nearly 11,000,000 acres (45,000 km2), the Choctaw emigrated in three stages: the first in the fall of 1831, the second in 1832 and the last in 1833.[9] The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek was ratified by the U.S. Senate on February 25, 1831, and the President was anxious to make it a model of removal.[9] The chief George W. Harkins wrote a letter to the American people before the removals began.
“
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It is with considerable diffidence that I attempt to address the American people, knowing and feeling sensibly my incompetency; and believing that your highly and well improved minds would not be well entertained by the address of a Choctaw. But having determined to emigrate west of the Mississippi river this fall, I have thought proper in bidding you farewell to make a few remarks expressive of my views, and the feelings that actuate me on the subject of our removal ... We as Choctaws rather chose to suffer and be free, than live under the degrading influence of laws, which our voice could not be heard in their formation ... Much as the state of Mississippi has wronged us, I cannot find in my heart any other sentiment than an ardent wish for her prosperity and happiness.
|
”
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Around 15,000 Choctaws left the old Choctaw Nation for the Indian Territory – much of the state of Oklahoma today.[11] The Choctaw word Oklahoma means "red people".
Late twentieth-century estimates are that between 5,000–6,000 Choctaws remained in Mississippi in 1831 after the first removal.[7][11] For the next ten years they were objects of increasing legal conflict, harassment, and intimidation. The Choctaw describe their situation in 1849,
we have had our habitations torn down and burned, our fences destroyed, cattle turned into our fields and we ourselves have been scourged, manacled, fettered and otherwise personally abused, until by such treatment some of our best men have died.[11]
Joseph B. Cobb, a settler who moved to Mississippi from Georgia, described the Choctaw as having
no nobility or virtue at all, and in some respect he found blacks, especially native Africans, more interesting and admirable, the red man's superior in every way. The Choctaw and Chickasaw], the tribes he knew best, were beneath contempt, that is, even worse than black slaves.[12]
The removals continued well into the early 20th century. In 1903, three hundred Mississippi Choctaws were persuaded to move to the Nation in Oklahoma. The Choctaw did not gain a delegate on the floor of the U.S. House of Representative. Greenwood LeFlore, a Choctaw leader, stayed in Mississippi, where he was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives and Senate.
The Choctaw Nation continued to thrive until Oklahoma was created as a state. Their government was dismantled under the Curtis Act, along with those of other Native American nations in Indian Territory, in order to permit the admission of Oklahoma as a state. Their communal lands were divided and allotted to individual households under the Dawes Act to increase assimilation as European-American style farmers. The US declared communal land remaining after allotment to be surplus and sold it to European-American settlers. In the twentieth century, the Choctaw reorganized and were recognized by the government as the Choctaw Nation.
The descendants of the Choctaw who stayed in Mississippi re-organized themselves as the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians in 1945 and gained federal recognition.[28]
February 25, 1835
February 25, 1841: Mercy Greathouse, born March 19, 1768; Died February 25, 1841 Harmon Greathouse, born June 30, 1762; Died July 5, 1849.”[30]
Thurs. February 25, 1864:
Came off gard at 9 oclock took diarea at 1 – very bad at night took some medicine stopped it about midnight[32]
February 25, 1871: JEPTHA DUDLY CRAWFORD, b. 1851, Jackson County, Missouri; m. SARAH C. DEALY, February 25, 1875, Jackson county, Missouri.
Notes for JEPTHA DUDLY CRAWFORD: Probably changed his name from Dudley Crawford to Jeptha Dudley after his father's murder.[33]
February 25, 1883: Ruzena Gottliebova, born February 25, 1883. AAy- July 28, 1942. OSVOBOZENI SE DOZILI.[34]
February 25, 1887: Child of ROBERT SELVEY and MARTHA HALL is: i. ETHEL SUSIE11 SELVEY, b. February 25, 1887, Lamar, Barton County, Missouri; d. March 09, 1981, Lamar, Barton County, Missouri; m. ESTELL JOYCE, February 03, 1909, Jasper, Jasper County, Missouri. [35][36]
February 25, 1896: Pence, A. D. "Donnie" + Quantrill Survived war
Went to KY with Quantrill. Surrendered there by Capt. Henry Porter
to Capt. Young, US Army, at Samuel's Depot, Nelson County, KY, on
July 26, 1865. Became sheriff of Nelson County in 1871. Operated a
50-acre farm near's Samuel's Depot. Frank James had saved Pence's
life during a battle at Beulahville in Meade County during the
War. Pence died of typhoid pneumonia on February 25, 1896, and was
buried at Stoner's Chapel burial grounds. Frank James was there.
In 1969 the Ellis Hotel in Samuel's Depot was torn down, and
Donnie Pence's house was razed by its present owner, Charles S.
Hayden, to make room for a larger and more modern home.
February 25, 1909
W. H. Goodlove of Pleasant Valley was in Central City, Saturday, on business and while here made a call at the News-Letter office.
February 25, 1944: Big Week ends on February 25, 1944. Over the 6 days more than 2,000 American airmen fail to return. [39]
February 25, 1953: Francis Crick on possibly the greatest scientific discovery of all time, the structure of DNA.[40] February 25, On this day in 1953, Cambridge University scientists James D. Watson and Frances H.C. Crick announce that they have determined the double-helix structure of DNA, the molecule containing human genes.
Though DNA--short for deoxyribonucleic acid--was discovered in 1869, its crucial role in determining genetic inheritance wasn't demonstrated until 1943. In the early 1950s, Watson and Crick were only two of many scientists working on figuring out the structure of DNA. California chemist Linus Pauling suggested an incorrect model at the beginning of 1953, prompting Watson and Crick to try and beat Pauling at his own game. On the morning of February 28, they determined that the structure of DNA was a double-helix polymer, or a spiral of two DNA strands, each containing a long chain of monomer nucleotides, wound around each other. According to their findings, DNA replicated itself by separating into individual strands, each of which became the template for a new double helix. In his best-selling book, The Double Helix (1968), Watson later claimed that Crick announced the discovery by walking into the nearby Eagle Pub and blurting out that "we had found the secret of life." The truth wasn’t that far off, as Watson and Crick had solved a fundamental mystery of science--how it was possible for genetic instructions to be held inside organisms and passed from generation to generation.
Watson and Crick's solution was formally announced on April 25, 1953, following its publication in that month’s issue of Nature magazine. The article revolutionized the study of biology and medicine. Among the developments that followed directly from it were pre-natal screening for disease genes; genetically engineered foods; the ability to identify human remains; the rational design of treatments for diseases such as AIDS; and the accurate testing of physical evidence in order to convict or exonerate criminals.
Crick and Watson later had a falling-out over Watson's book, which Crick felt misrepresented their collaboration and betrayed their friendship. A larger controversy arose over the use Watson and Crick made of research done by another DNA researcher, Rosalind Franklin, whose colleague Maurice Wilkins showed her X-ray photographic work to Watson just before he and Crick made their famous discovery. When Crick and Watson won the Nobel Prize in 1962, they shared it with Wilkins. Franklin, who died in 1958 of ovarian cancer and was thus ineligible for the award, never learned of the role her photos played in the historic scientific breakthrough. [41]
February 25, 2011: From 1925, when it graduated its first class, until it was closed in 1959, 345 students graduated from the Buck Creek high school, an average of just under ten per year. [42] My mother, Mary Winch Goodlove, a graduate of Buck Creek High School told me today (February 25, 2011) that Buck Creek School was being torn down.
[1] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[2] http://www.jewishhistory.org.il/history.php?startyear=130&endyear=139
[3] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[4]Trial by Fire, by Harold Rawlings, page 36-37.
[6] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[7] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[9][2]www.wikipedia.org
[10] M E M O I R S OF C LAN F I N G O N BY REV. DONALD D. MACKINNON, M.A. Circa 1888
[11] Cannon. A heavy cylinder housed in a substantial holding device used for propelling projectiles at enemy fortifications, equipment, and/or troops. The powder used as an explosive charge to “shoot” the projectile could be forced down the barrel in loose form or inside a cloth bag (often linen). The projectile is rammed down the barrel until contacting the powder. The top of the cannon at the rear would have a small hole immediately above the location of the powder charge. A small tube filled with a primer charge is pushed down the hole and into the main powder charge. The tube may be an empty bird feather or porcupine quill and prepared in advance. When flame touches the top of the small tube, the primer burns down into the main charge—causing it to explode and propel the projectile. The angle and length of the barrel determine its flight path. After the firing, a member of the crew immediately rams a dampened cloth ball into and out of the barrel—to moisten any possible lingering ember. The process is then repeated.
Cannons at Fort Ligonier. Junction of US 30 and PA 711 (South Market Street) at Ligonier, Westmoreland County. The museum and grounds present paintings, artifacts, reconstructed fort and buildings, and many period exhibits. Photo by compiler with Joyce Chandler. Enlarged photo.
Several of the cannons on the grounds have an "L" embossed on the barrel in honor of Sir John Ligonier. The visitor will also find the French "Fleur de Lis" signifying that the weapon was of French origin.
The cannonsused by the French, English, and Americans were nearly identical. Cannonsabandoned by General Braddock in the Battle of the Monongahela were later used by the French in battles at Fort Niagara, on the St. Lawrence, and off Lake Champlain. Measurements of cannons are given by barrel diameter or in the weight of the projectile—a three-inch cannon, a six-pounder, et cetera. The maker of the cannon would normally inscribe his name and date of manufacture—and possibly a dedication emblem. The artillerymen often gave each cannon a familiar name—Bloody Mary, Annabel, or whatever.
Artilleryman sometimes were organized as a separate force as contrasted to the normal infantrymen. They may be mercenaries hired for a particular battle, or perhaps men brought inland from their normal duty station on a naval vessel. A common cannonmight weigh 1200-1600 pounds and be mounted on a frame with two wheels pulled by a single file of horses in order to traverse narrow roads. The barrel may have rifling and technically be classed as a “rifle.”
The mathematics of calculating the aiming procedure of the gun, howitzer, or whatever—is a discipline called “gunnery,” and is not learned overnight. The artillerymen were often ten years older than the average soldier and were able to decipher the complex drum, flag, and other signals necessary in their smoke-filled environment.
Although the firing of cannons is serious business, being the one to light the primer was considered an honor by many on the scene. Indians would sometimes ask to be given the honor—and seemed to enjoy being the one to make such a great noise. During the siege of Fortress Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island in the summer of 1758, the wife of Governour Drucour made a daily trip to her husband’s artillery batteries where she would “fire” three rounds—much to the glee of the artillerymen.
When an army retreated from a position, they were not always able to take their cannonswith them. When the French vacated Fort Duquesne in 1758, they are believed to have thrown one or more cannons in the Ohio River. Another way to deprive the advancing enemy of the defensive cannon is to "spike" the weapon. As mentioned above, a cannon has a small hole in the top for inserting a tube with primer to ignite the main charge. A large nail, or "spike" can be driven down into the hole and then struck horizontally, breaking off the top and blocking the hole. The advancing army, when taking the weapon, is forced to drill a new hole for inserting the primer—this is not an easy task to perform in the field with limited tools.
http://www.thelittlelist.net/cadtocle.htm
[12]In Search of Turkey Foot Road, page 70-71.
[13]In Search of Turkey Foot Road, page 91.
[14] Hancock Lee (1740--I 819), of Greenview, Fauquier County , did much exploring and surveying in the Ohio Valley and later settled in Kentucky (LEE [1], 268, 355--56; WEAKS, 420, 436). Lee, newly commissioned as a surveyor, was preparing to accompany Capt. William Crawford on a surveying trip down the Ohio River (MASON [2], 1:448).
[15] The Diaries of George Washington. Vol University Press of Virginia
[16]The Brothers Crawford, Scholl, 1995, pg.21
[21] [Note 1: 1 The letter of the 7th is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 57, folio 145. That of the 11th is on folio 215.]
[22]Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789
[23] http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[25] . VA. Estate Settlements, Library of Congress #76-53168, International Std. Book #8063-0755-2 (Rosella Ward Wegner)
[26]The Ohio Historical Society, S. Winifred Smith, ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/ohgovernment….
[27]http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/d/i/d/Jan-C-Didawick-Berkeley-Springs/GENE2-0004.html
1. [28]^ Remini, Robert. ""Brothers, Listen ... You Must Submit"". Andrew Jackson. History Book Club. p. 272. ISBN 0965063107.
2. ^ Green, Len (October 1978). "Choctaw Treaties". Bishinik. Archived from the original on December 15, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071215033006/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~mboucher/mikebouchweb/choctaw/chotreat.htm. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
4. ^ a b c Remini, Robert. ""Brothers, Listen ... You Must Submit"". Andrew Jackson. History Book Club. ISBN 0965063107.
5. ^ Ferguson, Bob (2001). "Treaties". Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. http://www.choctaw.org/history/treaties.htm. Retrieved February 6, 2008.[dead link]
6. ^ Kappler, Charles (1904). "INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties". Government Printing Office. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cho0310.htm#mn15. Retrieved April 16, 2008.
7. ^ a b Baird, David (1973). "The Choctaws Meet the Americans, 1783 to 1843". The Choctaw People. United States: Indian Tribal Series. p. 36. Library of Congress 73-80708.
8. ^ a b Kappler, Charles (1904). "INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties". Government Printing Office. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cho0310.htm. Retrieved May 18, 2009.
9. ^ a b Remini, Robert. ""Brothers, Listen ... You Must Submit"". Andrew Jackson. History Book Club. p. 273.
10. ^ Harkins, George (1831). "1831 – December – George W. Harkins to the American People". http://anpa.ualr.edu/trailOfTears/letters/1831DecemberGeorgeWHarkinstotheAmericanPeople.htm. Retrieved 08-02-13.
11. ^ a b c Satz, Ronald (1986). "The Mississippi Choctaw: From the Removal Treaty to the Federal Agency". In Samuel J. Wells and Roseanna Tubby. After Removal, The Choctaw in Mississippi. Jackson and London: University Press of Mississippi. p. 7.
12. ^ Hudson, Charles (1971). "The Ante-Bellum Elite". Red, White, and Black; Symposium on Indians in the Old South. University of Georgia Press. p. 80. SBN 820303089.
[29]A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875
Bills and Resolutions, House of Representatives, 23rd Congress, 2nd Session
Bills and Resolutions, House of Representatives, 23rd Congress, 2nd Session
[30] http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/r/e/n/Betty-D-Renick/FILE/0029page.html
[31]http://thisdayinjewishhistory.blogspot.com/
[32]William Harrison Goodlove Civil War Diary by Jeff goodlove
[33] http://penningtons.tripod.com/jepthagenealogy.htm
[34] Terezinska Pametni Kniha, Zidovske Obeti Nacistickych Deportaci Z Cech A Moravy 1941-1945 Dil Druhy
[35] http://penningtons.tripod.com/jepthagenealogy.htm
[36] http://penningtons.tripod.com/jepthagenealogy.htm
[37] http://penningtons.tripod.com/roster.htm
[38]Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, Editor, page 1764.
[39]WWII in HD: The Air War, 11/10/2010.
[40] Genome, The Autobiography of a species in 23 Chapters by Matt Ridley, page 49.
[41]http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history
[42]Goes the Neighborhood, Rural School Consolidation at the Grass Roots in Twentieth Century Iowa, by David R. Reynolds, page 282.
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