This Day in Goodlove History, February 26
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Jeff Goodlove email address: Jefferygoodlove@aol.com
Surnames associated with the name Goodlove have been spelled the following different ways; Cutliff, Cutloaf, Cutlofe, Cutloff, Cutlove, Cutlow, Godlib, Godlof, Godlop, Godlove, Goodfriend, Goodlove, Gotleb, Gotlib, Gotlibowicz, Gotlibs, Gotlieb, Gotlob, Gotlobe, Gotloeb, Gotthilf, Gottlieb, Gottliebova, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlow, Gutfrajnd, Gutleben, Gutlove
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), and Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clarke, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,and ancestors Andrew Jackson, and William Henry Harrison.
The Chronology of the Goodlove, Godlove, Gottlob, Gottlober, Gottlieb (Germany, Russia, Czech etc.), and Allied Families of Battaile, (France), Crawford (Scotland), Harrison (England), Jackson (Ireland), LeClere (France), Lefevre (France), McKinnon (Scotland), Plantagenets (England), Smith (England), Stephenson (England?), Vance (Ireland from Normandy), and Winch (England, traditionally Wales), including correspondence with George Rogers Clarke, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,and ancestors Andrew Jackson, and William Henry Harrison.
The Goodlove Family History Website:
The Goodlove/Godlove/Gottlieb families and their connection to the Cohenim/Surname project:
• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
• New Address! http://www.familytreedna.com/public/goodlove/default.aspx
Birthday: David J. Goodlove 72, Mark T. Porch
Anniversary: Christine Glinn and Homer M Moreland, Jennie Maxwell and Oliver A Godlove
February 26, 11 BCE: According to some sources, the day on which Herod dedicates the renovated Holy Temple in Jerusalem. According to Heinrich Graetz, the building project began in 20 BCE, the 18th year of Herod’s reign. A year and half later, (18 BCE) the inner part of the Temple was finished. It took another eight years to build the outer walls, courts and galleries. The dedicatory celebration took place on “the very anniversary of the day when twenty years previously, Herod, with blood stained hands, had made himself master of Jerusalem.” Herod reportedly built this modernized version of the Second Temple because he loved to build things and because he was trying to show his Roman masters that he was the beloved ruler of his people. Regardless, in one sense, Herod sealed the doom of the Temple and the Jewish people because he placed it under the protection of Rome. What Rome protected Rome could destroy.[1]
10 BCE: Excavations in Jerusalem attest to many opulent homes with private reservoirs and mosaic floors. Though heavily taxed, farmers thrive on the relative peace during Herod’s rule.[2]
10 BCE: The Boethos family from Egypt gains prominence in the Jerusalem priesthood, loater rivaling the priestly dynasty of Hanan. The Temple priesthood is rife with nepotism and other political abuse.[3]
10 BCE: Herod formally opens his port of Caesarea, which includes a pagan temple.[4]
10 BCE
Decades just before Jesus
In Judea, word of the temple attracts thousands of pilgrims to Jerusalem. The Jewish reaction to the temple was enormously positive. They came from all over the country to be a part of the great pilgrimage festivals.[7]
“The souls of the just are in the hands of God, and the torments wrought by evil-doers can never touch them again.
It is true that they appeared to die-but only in the eyes of people who cannot see and who imagined that their passing away was a defeat, that their leaving us was an annihilation.
No, they are at peace.
If, as it seemed to us, they suffered punishment, their hope was rich with immortality; slight was their correction, great will their blessing be.
God was putting them to the test, and proved them worthy to be with him; he has tested them like gold in a crucible, and accepted them as a perfect holocaust.
In the hour of judgment they will shine in glory, and will sweep over the world like sparks through stubble.
They will judge nations, rule over peoples, and the Lord will be their king forever.
Those who trust in him will come to understand the truth, those who are faithful will live with him in love.
Only grace and mercy await them-all those whom God, in his compassion, has called to himself.”
Judaism was split between two groups of interpreters; the Sadducees and the Pharisees. The Sadducees were the more aristocratic of the two groups. They dominated the Sanhedrein, the Jewish high court in Jerusalem. The Sadducees refused to recognize anything not explicitly stated in the written law.[9]
The Sadducees appear to have descended from the Zadokites, family members and their allies who had controlled the priesthood from the time of a certain Zaddok, high priest in the time of King Solomon. Possibly the term “Sadducees” is a derivation from “Zaddokites.” [10]
10 BCE: Owing perhaps to their popularity and early support, the Pharisees gain influence under Herod. Herod respects Jewish law by prohibiting foreigners from the Temple but antagonizes many by installing a Roman eagle there and selecting his own high priests.[11]
When the Maccabees defeated the Syrians and took back Jerusalem, they evicted the Zaddokites from the priesthood and put their own men in charge. This Maccabean move greatly disturbed the Zaddokites, and a militant wing of the Sadducees, the Essenes, plotted a revolution in response.[12]
The Sadducees appear to have descended from the Zadokites, family members and their allies who had controlled the priesthood from the time of a certain Zaddok, high priest in the time of King Solomon. Possibly the term “Sadducees” is a derivation from “Zaddokites.” [13]
When the Maccabees defeated the Syrians and took back Jerusalem, they evicted the Zaddokites from the priesthood and put their own men in charge. This Maccabean move greatly disturbed the Zaddokites, and a militant wing of the Sadducees, the Essenes, plotted a revolution in response.[14]
The Essenes
A pure life of obedience to God’s will led the Essenes to withdraw from the Jewish community altogether. As an elect community of the pure, they establish themselves at Qumran in the desert along the Dead Sea, where they tried to fulfill the Law in spirit as well as form. The Qumran community’s library, the so-called Dead Sea Scrolls, was discovered in caves along the Dead Sea in the late 1940’s.[15]
Cylindrical Jar with lid. A number of dead sea scrolls had been stored within cylindrical pottery jars like this one. Several jars of this type were also found in the Khirbet Qumran settlement. [16]
Sherri visits the Oriental museum at the University of Chicago. We were the first visitors to ever use the new Ipod touring devices. [17]
The Caves of the Dead Sea Scrolls
Photos: History Channel, “Ancient Underground”
Photos: History Channel, “Ancient Underground”
The war scroll and the Damascus document.
The Sons of Light will attack the Sons of Darkness.
There shall be a battle and horrible carnage before the God of Israel,
And eternal annihilation for the forces of Darkness.
Then, there shall be a time of salvation for the People of God.[18]
Rules of the Essenes
• No one should sleep with a woman in the holy city so as not to defile it with impurity.
• On the Sabbath, do not say a useless or stupid word.
• On the Sabbath, you may not go beyond 1000 cubits from the city.
• Your latrines must be 2000 cubits from the city, and out of sight of the camp, so as not to pollute the camp. [19]
• Here they waited for the end of history following their leader “the teacher of righteousness”. Some scholars believe that this teacher was the prototype of the “Christ” figure.
Child of light
10 BC: (approximately) differentiation of localized Teutonic tribes (Alamanni, Hermunduri,Marcomanni,Quadi, Suebi) in area formerly occupied by Irminones.[32]
February 26, 364: Valentinian I is proclaimed Roman Emperor. He was the last Emperor to rule the Empire alone. A month later, he would appoint his brother Valens Emperor in the East, while he would rule over the Western portion of the Empire. Valentinian belonged to a minority sect called the Arians. In an attempt to keep peace in the Empire, in 371 he issued a proclamation allowing Christians and Arians to practice their religious belief without incurring any“political disadvantage. This toleration was extended to the Jews.”[33]
February 26, 1147: The Crusaders massacred the Jews of Wurtzburg; so much for all of those tales of knights and chivalry.[34]
February 26, 1418: Emperor Sigsmund “issued commands to all the German princes and magistrates, cities and subjects, to allow” the Jews the full enjoyment of the privileges and immunities given them by the Pope who had denounced attacks on the persons and property of the Jews and the practice of forced conversion.[35]
1419: Korea prospers under King Sejong, Rouen capitulates to Henry V – Henry allies with Philip II of Burgundy, War between Empire and Bohemian Hussites, Ex-king Wenceslas dies – Sigismund obtains Bohemia, Filippo Brunelleschi designs the Foundling Hospital in Florence Boccaccio publishes, Prince Henry the Navigator starts African explorations, Henry V of Portugal founds navigation school, John the Fearless - Duke of Burgundy murdered during peace conference with Armagnacs, Korea prospers under King Sejong.[36]
February 26, 1569: Pius V issued Hebraeorum gens, a papal bull, that accused the Jews of a variety of evil deeds including the practice of magic.[38]
February 26, 1569 Jews expelled from All Papal Territory except Rome and Ancona.[39] Pope Pius V ordered the eviction of all Jews from the Papal States (excluding Rome and Verona) who refuse to convert. Most of the approximately 1000 Jewish families decided to emigrate.[40]
February 26, 1773: The officials of the Province of Pennsylvania, seeing the
extent to which her territory west of the Alleghanies was filling
up with settlers chiefly from Virginia and Maryland, and not being
unadvised, perhaps, of the future intention of Virginia to extend
her jurisdiction over the valleys of the Monongahela and Ohio,
having been in correspondence with the Virginia officials upon the
subject from 1754, now came to the conclusion to pay more atten-
tion to her own rights in these valleys, and on February 26, 1773,
an act was passed by the provincial assembly creating the County
of Westmoreland out of the western part of Bedford County, and
extending westward to the boundary line of the province, still
undetermined. This new county thus included all of Allegheny
County east of the Allegheny River and south of the Monon-
gahela; all of Beaver south of the Monongahela; all of Indiana and
that part of Armstrong east of the Allegheny; all of Washington
and Greene, and all of Fayette, making a county of magnificent
proportions.
The first county seat of Westmoreland County was at Hannas-
town, a hamlet about three miles northeast of Greensburg, to which
it was subsequently removed. The first justices and officers of its
courts were commissioned in the name of His Majesty George III.,
the commissions purporting to have been granted by "Richard
Penn, Esq., Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief of the
Province of Pennsylvania and Counties of New Castle, Kent and
Sussex, on the Delaware."
Of the original townships of the new County of Westmoreland,
two were Pitt and Springhill, with limits somewhat if not wholly
the same as the limits of the townships of those names of Bedford
County. But, as these townships, in which were all the lands of
Pennsylvania west of the Monongahela River, were already so
well settled, it is not necessary to particularize here the persons
who took part in the business of .the courts of the county, either
as judges, officers, juries, attorneys, or suitors. Suffice it to state
that among the justices were, Capt. William Crawford, heretofore
mentioned; Arthur St. Clair, afterwards a major-general in the
American Revolution; Alexander McKee, of McKee's Rocks, after-
wards with Simon Girty a deserter to the British-Indians; George
Wilson, of George's Creek, now Fayette County; Robert Hanna, of Hannastown; James Caveat of near Pittsburgh, and sub-
sequently Van Swearingen, the first Sheriff of Washington County,
and Andrew McFarland and Oliver Miller, both of the Mingo Creek
settlement, Washington County; and Henry Taylor, occupying lands
just northeast of Washington, the great-grandfather of Hon J. F.
Taylor, one of the present Judges of Washington County, was
indicted for assault and battery, doubtless arising out of disputes
concerning his boundary lines.
The townships of Westmoreland County any part of which lay
west of the Monongahela River were Pitt and Springhill, with
boundaries the same as those two townships of Bedford County
created two years before. As already indicated, the division line
between them was a line due west by the mouth of Redstone Creek
(Brownsville) to the western boundary of the state, thus passing
rather centrally through our present townships of East Bethlehem
West Bethlehem, Amwell, Morris, East Finley and West Finley,
Washington County townships bordering on the present Greene
County. All of Washington County north of that line, was in Pitt
Township, and all south of that line, as well as all of Greene
County, was in Springhill Township, Westmoreland County.
The territory of Westmoreland County out of which Wash-
ington County was afterwards erected, must have been very much
of a wilderness in 1773, although at that date settlers had seated
themselves in many parts of it; for, at the October Term, 1773, of
the Court of Quarter Sessions of that County, "upon the Petition of Divers Inhabitants of the township of Pitt" viewers were appointed to lay out "a Public Road leading from the South-West ' side of the Monongahela River opposite the town of Pittsburg, by Dr. Edward Hand's land on the Chartiers, to the Settlement up said creek supposed to be at or near the western Boundary of the Province of Pennsylvania." There are reasons for believing that the settlement here referred to was the settlement in the neighborhood of the present Canonsburg[41], or on the East Branch of Chartiers.
At all events this was the first attempt to lay out by judicial
proceedings a public road in any part of what is now Washington
County. [42]
February 26, 1773
It must be remembered that of February 26, 1773, Westmoreland county had been erected, covering all the territory of southwestern Pennsylvania, and the seat of justice was placed at Hanna’s town, about four miles from the present Greensburg. The establishment of government and courts of justice over this territory necessitated increased taxation upon the lands of the pioneers; and, as the greater number of them had come over the mountains from Maryland and Virginia, by way of Braddock’s road, it was not a matter of great difficulty to equal the number of patriotic Pennsylvanians by the number of Virginian partisans from our own settlers. It may be noted that Captain William Crawford, he who was burned at the stake by the Indians at Sandusky in July, 1782, was a Pennsylvanian, being one of the justices of peace, and justices of Bedford, when first organized in 1771; but afterwards espoused the cause of Virginia in the boundary controversy, and in 1775, when presideing judge of the Westmoreland county court, his judicial office was taken from him, as he had then accepted the appointment of justice under Lord Dunmore.[43]
Then followed a series of arrests and counter-arrests, long continued, resulting in riots and broils of intense passion. Every one who, under color of an office held under the laws of Pennsylvania, attempted any official act, was likely to be arrested and jailed by persons claiming to hold office under the government of Virginia. Likwise were Virginia officials liable to arrest and imprisonment by Pennsylvania partisans.[44]
February 26, 1774; At home all day. Capt Crawford and Mr. Gist went away after breakfast.[45and arguing with increasing rancor for more than a decade. What were the legitimate rights of the king's subjects in America under the ancient British constitution? And what was the proper relation between the just powers of the popularly elected colonial assemblies and the political authority of Parliament? These were ultimately questions of life, liberty, and property, and as winter turned toward spring in 1775, they were no closer to mutually acceptable answers than when they first arose back in '64 and '65 in the debates about Parliament's right to tax the colonies. What was clear was that ideas about governance on both sides of the Atlantic were hardening into fixed resolves. The English Parliament asserted its absolute right to govern the colonies in all cases whatsoever, and the colonials in America insisted on their incontrovertible right as Englishmen not to be governed without their consent. With these fixed resolves came much saber rattling from the contending parties, and more than mere rattling it seemed to many thoughtful observers. In the aftermath of the dissolution of Massachusetts' General Assembly and in light of General Gage's increasingly aggressive military posture, Hannah Winthrop wrote in tears to Mercy Warren: "The dissolution of all Government gives a dreadful Prospect, the fortifying Boston Neck, the Huge Cannon now mounted there, the busy preparation, the agility of the Troops, give a Horrid prospect of an intended Battle. Kind Heaven avert the Storm!" Her husband, John, was not at all sure whether a Kind Heaven or the God of Battles would reign just now in the affairs of men. In a letter to John Adams (an active Whig politician who was doing his part and more to sow the storm), Winthrop thought the time was not far off when he "must beat [his] plowshares into Swords, and pruning Hooks into Spears."[47]
February 26, 1796: Pinckney's Treaty, also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid, was signed in San Lorenzo de El Escorial on October 27, 1795 and established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain. It also defined the boundaries of the United States with the Spanish colonies and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River. The treaty's full title is Treaty of Friendship, Limits, and Navigation Between Spain and the United States. Thomas Pinckney negotiated the treaty for the United States and Don Manuel de Godoy represented Spain. Among other things, it ended the first phase of the West Florida Controversy, a dispute between the two nations over the boundaries of the Spanish colony of West Florida.
The treaty was presented to the United States Senate on February 26, 1796 and after several weeks of debate was ratified on March 7, 1796. It was ratified by Spain on April 25, 1796 and ratifications were exchanged on that date. The treaty was proclaimed on August 3, 1796. [48]
February 26, 1808: Robert Thrap b: 1728 in Baltimore Co., MD. d: February 26, 1808 in Muskingum Co. OH.
. +Elizabeth Hilton b: August 9, 1743 in Baltimore Co. MD m: February 28, 1760 in Baltimore County, MD d: Unknown in Muskingum Co., OH.
. 2 John Thrap b: 1761 in MD d: Abt. 1844 in Perry Co. OH bur @ Holcomb Cem. in Bearfield Twp Perry Co., OH
.... +Elizabeth ? b: 1760 d: December 7, 1837 in buried in Holcomb Cem Portersville, OH (stone illegible).
.... 3 Nancy Anna Thrap b: September 9, 1783 in MD d: March 10, 1845 in Perry Co., OH buried Holcomb Cemetery
....... +John Godlove b: 1777 in VA m: May 19, 1805 in Muskingum Co., OH d: 1864 in ? buried at Riverside Cemetery Washington Co., IA
....... 4 Sarah A. Godlove
....... 4 Rebecca Godlove b: Abt. 1807 d: November 14, 1899 in Perry Co., OH
.......... +James Allen b: 1806 in VA m: October 23, 1827 in Perry Co., OH d: October 14, 1871 in Bearfield Township Perry Co., OH
.......... 5 Margaret Allen b: Abt. 1828 in OH
............. +Benedict House m: April 26, 1850 in Perry Co., OH
.......... 5 Jasper Allen b: March 30, 1830 in OH d: June 23, 1881
............. +Eliza Jane Jadwin m: December 30, 1851 in Hocking Co., OH
.......... 5 Rebecca J. Allen b: Abt. 1836
.......... 5 Priscilla Allen b: Abt. 1838
.......... 5 Jeremiah F. Allen b: 1840
.......... 5 John Wesley Allen b: April 30, 1842
.......... 5 James K. P. Allen b: Abt. 1844
.......... 5 George W. Allen b: Abt. 1848
.......... 5 Benedict R. Allen b: Abt. 1850
....... 4 Jeremiah Godlove b: June 11, 1816 in OH d: March 3, 1893
February 26, 1862: Nathan Gottlieb, born February 26, 1862 in Neuhof. Resided Frankfurt am Main. Deportation: from Frankfurt a. M., September 15, 1942, Theresienstadt. . Date of death: January 10, 1943, Theresienstadt. [50]
February 26, 1863:
HEADQUARTERS ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA,
His Excellency JEFFERSON DAVIS,
President of the Confederate States:
His Excellency JEFFERSON DAVIS,
President of the Confederate States:
General Imboden reports that Captains [John H.] McNeill and [George W.] Stump, of his cavalry, with 23 men, attacked a supply train of the enemy on the evening of the 16th, on the Northwestern turnpike, 5 miles west of Romney, guarded by 150 infantry and cavalry. After a brisk skirmish, the guard was driven off, 72 taken prisoners, 106 horses with harness, some saddles, bridles, pistols, and sabers captured. Though hotly pursued to the South Branch of the Potomac, Captain McNeill, by marching all night, succeeded in bringing his prisoners, &c., into Hardy, 12 miles south of Moorefield, where, for want of subsistence, he had to parole the former. No loss on his side is reported. These successes show the vigilance of the cavalry and do credit to their officers. The weather and condition of the country forbid any military operations. The last fall of snow was fully a foot deep. The rain of last night and today will add to the discomfort of the troops and the hardships of our horses. I had hoped that the latter would have been in good condition for the spring campaign. The prospect in the beginning of the winter was good, and continued so until recently. Now, when their labors are much increased, it is impossible to procure sufficient forage.
Fri. February 26[52], 1864
Felt weak was ordered to algeirs[53]
Started at 4 pm on Ratdale steam boat.
Got across the lake all night at boat landing
Slept under a shed over the lake[54]
February 26, 1880: Back in Jackson County Sim married Martha M. Hall on January 6, 1870. He joined the church of his parents in Lee’s Summit where he made his home. He and Martha had a daughter Mary who died in 1872 when she was about a year and a half old. Daughters Helen (born April 7, 1873) and Annie E. Whitsett followed. Martha died in 1878 and on February 26, 1880 Simeon remarried, to Margaret Angelina (Lena) Arnold in Cass County, Missouri. They had three children, Minnie, born in 1882, Mary, born in 1884 and John Lee, born in 1886. [55]
February 26, 1917: In a crucial step toward U.S. entry into World War I, President Woodrow Wilson learns of the so-called Zimmermann Telegram, a message from German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann to the German ambassador to Mexico proposing a Mexican-German alliance in the event of a war between the U.S. and Germany. [56]
February 26,1924: The trial against Hitler began in Munich. Hitler was on trial for his part in attempted coup that began in a Munich Beer Hall. The coup failed. Hitler was found guilty and sent to jail. While in jail, he wrote Mien Kampf. He was treated like a celebrity while in jail and came out stronger politically than when he went in.[57]
February 26, 1925: As a sign of the growing power of the Nazi Party, The Völkischer Beobachter the party’s official newspaper begins publishing again.[58]
February 26, 1929: Work on the channel stopped at once. They called the Hebrew University (then all of 3 years old!) and within a fortnight Eliezer Lippa Sukenik1 and Nahman Avigad had begun to excavate the site. Work began on January 9, 1929, and continued for 7 weeks, until February 26, despite heavy rains (610 mm instead of the usual 400 mm) that flooded the valley that year.
The mosaic they uncovered was almost complete, its astonishing preservation caused by a layer of plaster, thrown down from the ceiling by the earthquake that destroyed the building, that covered and protected the floor from the damage of falling stones. When it was completely exposed, the mosaic measured 28 meters long and 14 meters wide. It had an inscription at the doorway leading to three panels in the central apse: a rectangular panel, a square panel with a circle in the middle, and then another rectangle at the far end.
The middle square, the first to be uncovered, was the most spectacular. Figures of four women were at the four corners, with inscriptions (in Hebrew) identifying each as a season of the year. Inside the square was a wheel, 3.12 meters in diameter, with a smaller circle (1.2 m) in its center. The wheel was divided into 12 panels, each with a figure and a name identifying it as a sign of the zodiac. And in the center, a man was pictured driving a quadriga (four-horse chariot) through the moon and stars. Rays of the sun were coming out of his head; it was clear that he was Helios, god of the sun.
In the square panel of the Beth Alpha mosaic was a zodiac wheel with all 12 symbols and names of the zodiac, surrounded by four female figures at the corners, identifying the seasons of the year. Credit: Art Resource, NY
What had they found? Could this have been the temple of a Jewish community (it had to be Jewish; everything was written in Hebrew and Aramaic) turned pagan? Further digging dispelled that notion, for there, just above the central square of the mosaic, they found a mosaic panel of symbols instantly familiar to any Jew of that century (or this): the Ark of the Covenant (aron kodesh), eternal light (ner tamid), seven-branched candelabrum (menorah), palm frond (lulav), citron (etrog), and an incense shovel (mahta).2
Many of the symbols included in the uppermost mosaic panel reaffirmed the Jewish nature of the synagogue at Beth Alpha: the Ark of the Covenant at the center (aron kodesh), eternal light (ner tamid), two seven-branched candelabra (menorot; plural, menorah), palm frond (lulav), citron (etrog), and an incense shovel (mahta). From these items it takes the type name of a synagogue panel.
Then, in a third panel, closer to the front door, they uncovered a scene easily recognizable to anyone who knows the Bible. We are in Genesis 22, and Abraham is about to sacrifice Isaac. In case we might have forgotten our Bible class, the names of the principals—Abraham, Isaac and the ram—are spelled out in inscriptions above their heads, and the hand of God stopping the sacrifice is clearly marked with the words “do not put forth your hand [against the lad].”
In the lower rectangular panel, closer to the door, the familiar story of Genesis 22 is depicted on the mosaic. Abraham is preparing to sacrifice Isaac (at right) as the hand of God reaches from heaven to stop him. Nearby the ram is caught with its horns in a thicket, and a servant waits at far left with the donkey. This type of scene came to be known as a righteous ancestors panel and is found in several other synagogue mosaics.
So this was definitely a synagogue, a Jewish house of worship, in a basilica building that dates to about 520 C.E.3 The building was destroyed in an earthquake soon after it was built,4hence the near-perfect preservation of its mosaic floor; their misfortune became our good fortune. And because Beth Alpha is the best preserved of the seven synagogues we know, we use it here as the basis for our discussion.5
Now, of course, we have problems. We know that Jewish life moved to the Galilee after the total destruction of Jewish Jerusalem that followed the Bar-Kokhba Revolt of the 130s C.E. We are, therefore, not surprised to have found—and to keep finding—synagogues from the following centuries all over the Galilee and Golan. It isn’t the synagogues themselves that are the problem; it is the decorations in them. What in heaven’s name were they doing? How could they be making pictures, especially in the synagogue? Didn’t they know the second commandment?
You shall not make for yourself a graven image or any likeness of what is in the heavens above or on the earth below or in the waters under the earth. You shall not bow down to them or serve them” (Exodus 20:4–5)
That problem is not as formidable as it first appears. The second commandment can be read in several ways because the Hebrew original of this text is entirely without vowels and punctuation points. We, writing English, have put in a period after the word “earth.”6 But if the period weren’t there, the verse could be read as a long conditional clause: “make no graven images …which you worship.” In this case it’s not the making that is prohibited, but the worshiping. Historically, the Jewish community often understood that it was acceptable to make images as long as one doesn’t worship them. And there is, consequently, a long and varied history of Jewish art, beginning with the cherubim over the Ark in the desert (Exodus 25:18), recorded presumably not long after the giving of the Commandments, and without protest.
A second problem is less easily resolved. The zodiac is pagan religion. It is what we see in the horoscope in every weekend newspaper on earth, generally the stuff of amusement. We know this system; it is based on the (extraordinary) assumption that the stars control the earth and that what happens on earth is a result of influences from what happens in the sky. All we need in order to understand the earth (that is, about our destiny) is to understand the stars. If, according to this view, one knows the exact date and time of one’s birth, and can chart the exact position of the heavenly bodies at that moment, then forevermore one knows what is fortunate, unfortunate, worth doing, worth avoiding, wise, unwise, etc. Our universe, therefore, is fixed and determined. There are no values, no good, no evil and no repentance. We live in a great mechanical machine of a cosmos.
The conflict of interest is obvious, and we are not surprised to learn that Jews detested that idea. For if the cosmos is like that, why do we need God giving the Law to Moses on Mt. Sinai? The Christians also had their own very strong reservations. If the cosmos is like that, who needed God to sacrifice His son for the sins of the world? Who indeed? The early Church in fact absolutely prohibited the making of zodiacs, and there is not one zodiac mosaic in a church that dates before the Middle Ages, and very few even then. The zodiac/horoscope perception is the antithesis and enemy of monotheistic religion. An ancient and honorable enemy, to be sure, far older than Judaism and Christianity, but still the enemy.
It is true that one who goes through Jewish literature with a fine-tooth comb can find a citation here and there that seems to recognize the phenomenon of mosaic decoration, presumably zodiac, in synagogues. “In the days of Rabbi Abun they began depicting figures in mosaic and he did not protest against it.”7 More to the point, we find a line in Aramaic translation, “… you may place a mosaic pavement impressed with figures and images in the floors of synagogue; but not for bowing down to it.”8 There is even a Midrash that attempts to justify the zodiac phenomenon: “The Holy One, Blessed be He, said to him [Abraham]: just as the zodiac [mazalot] surrounds me, and my glory is in the center, so shall your descendants multiply and camp under many flags, with my shekhina in the center.”9
But this is surely grasping at straws. The odd line here and there accounts for nothing in view of the overwhelming opposition in rabbinic literature to anything related to the making of pictures of any sort, and doubly so the fierce opposition to anything suggesting idolatry and pagan worship. Indeed, one of the ways to say “pagan”in rabbinical Hebrew is by the abbreviation עכומ[ (ovedei kokhavim u-mazalot,"worshipers of stars and constellations"). The rabbis of the Talmud recognized the popularity of astrology and were even prepared to admit that there might be truth in its predictions, but opposed the whole endeavor on principle. Ein mazal le-Yisrael (literally, "Israel has no constellation") is perhaps the most commonly quoted opinion on the subject,10but it is only one of many.
All the more are we astonished by the figure of Helios, Sol Invictus, pagan god of the sun, riding his quadrigaright through the middle of the synagogue! This doesn't look like it belongs here. And we need to ask again, what was this all about?
To set our minds at rest (for the time being), we can say what all this wasn't. It could not have been astrology (predicting the future, etc.) and it could not have been scientific astronomy, because the seasons in the corners are in the wrong places. The upper right corner at Beth Alpha is marked טבת (Tevet), the winter month, and the upper left corner × ×™×¡×Ÿ (Nissan) the month of Passover in spring. But between them you have the zodiac sign of Cancer, the Crab, which falls in mid-summer, not early spring. The same thing with the sign for Libra, the Scales. The mosaic has placed it between the spring and summer seasons, whereas it belongs in the fall. Clumsy astronomy.
The conclusion is inescapable: whoever did this mosaic hadn't a clue about real astronomy or astrology, doubtless because he was a Jew and couldn't care less.11
For the same reason, this mosaic floor could not have been a calendar, an idea that has been suggested by several important scholars of the subject.12 The incorrect placement of the seasons would have made that completely impossible.
Then perhaps it's all just decoration, pretty pictures, the common designs of the era. That is the most common explanation, the one found in guide books. But it can't be true. In the first place, the designs were by no means common in the Byzantine era. The Church, as stated, absolutely banned their use. More important, these signs are too loaded with meaning. We might argue "pretty pictures" if Beth Alpha were a solitary, unique find. We could then, at best, say that we had found here a group of Jews who had become so Hellenized that they had slipped over into paganism. But Beth Alpha is not unique; we will visit half a dozen other synagogues before we're done. In addition, we have found hundredsof Jewish tombstones and catacombs from all over the Roman Empire. And despite the fact that there are countless millions of possible symbols, forms, designs, pictures, animals, etc. they could have used, the fact is that they all use the same 10-12 symbols.13 We are forced to conclude that these were more than pretty pictures.[59]
On February 26, 1935, Nazi leader Adolf Hitler signs a secret decree authorizing the founding of the Reich Luftwaffe as a third German military service to join the Reich army and navy. In the same decree, Hitler appointed Hermann Goering, a German air hero from World War I and high-ranking Nazi, as commander in chief of the new German air force.
The Versailles Treaty that ended World War I prohibited military aviation in Germany, but a German civilian airline--Lufthansa--was founded in 1926 and provided flight training for the men who would later become Luftwaffe pilots. After coming to power in 1933, Nazi leader Adolf Hitler began to secretly develop a state-of-the-art military air force and appointed Goering as German air minister. (During World War I, Goering commanded the celebrated air squadron in which the great German ace Manfred von Richthofen--"The Red Baron"--served.) In February 1935, Hitler formally organized the Luftwaffe as a major step in his program of German rearmament.
The Luftwaffe was to be uncamouflaged step-by-step so as not to alarm foreign governments, and the size and composition of Luftwaffe units were to remain secret as before. However, in March 1935, Britain announced it was strengthening its Royal Air Force (RAF), and Hitler, not to be outdone, revealed his Luftwaffe, which was rapidly growing into a formidable air force.
As German rearmament moved forward at an alarming rate, Britain and France protested but failed to keep up with German war production. The German air fleet grew dramatically, and the new German fighter--the Me-109--was far more sophisticated than its counterparts in Britain, France, or Russia. The Me-109 was bloodied during the Spanish Civil War; Luftwaffe pilots received combat training as they tried out new aerial attack formations on Spanish towns such as Guernica, which suffered more than 1,000 killed during a brutal bombing by the Luftwaffe in April 1937.
The Luftwaffe was configured to serve as a crucial part of the German blitzkrieg, or "lightning war"--the deadly military strategy developed by General Heinz Guderian. As German panzer divisions burst deep into enemy territory, lethal Luftwaffe dive-bombers would decimate the enemy's supply and communication lines and cause panic. By the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, the Luftwaffe had an operational force of 1,000 fighters and 1,050 bombers.
First Poland and then Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, and France fell to the blitzkrieg. After the surrender of France, Germany turned the Luftwaffe against Britain, hoping to destroy the RAF in preparation for a proposed German landing. However, in the epic air battle known as the Battle of Britain, the outnumbered RAF fliers successfully resisted the Luftwaffe, relying on radar technology, their new, highly maneuverable Spitfire aircraft, bravery, and luck. For every British plane shot down, two German warplanes were destroyed. In the face of British resistance, Hitler changed strategy in the Battle of Britain, abandoning his invasion plans and attempting to bomb London into submission. However, in this campaign, the Luftwaffe was hampered by its lack of strategic, long-range bombers, and in early 1941 the Battle of Britain ended in failure.
Britain had handed the Luftwaffe its first defeat. Later that year, Hitler ordered an invasion of the USSR, which after initial triumphs turned into an unqualified disaster. As Hitler stubbornly fought to overcome Russia's bitter resistance, the depleted Luftwaffe steadily lost air superiority over Europe in the face of increasing British and American air attacks. By the time of the D-Day invasion of Normandy in June 1944, the Luftwaffe air fleet was a skeleton of its former self.[60]
February 26, 1943The first transport of Gypsies reaches Auschwitz. They are placed in a special section of the camp called the Gypsy Camp.[61]
February 26, 1943: ‘First Deportation- The screening for the first deportation, on February 26, was more rapid than careful. Everyone, as his name was called, was earmarked for deportation right away, even the sick and infirm. The only nationalities exempted were Hungarians and Turks. For the first time [from Gurs] Belgians, Dutch, Luxenburgers, and Greeks were included. The first convoy consisted of 975 men. [62]
February 26, 2012
Deer Grove Forest Preserve, Palatine, IL.
[2]The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 54.
[3]The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 54.
[4]The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 54.
[9]Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 83
[10]Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 83.
[11]The Timetables of Jewish History, A Chronology of the most important People and Events in Jewish History, by Judah Gribetz, page 54.
[12]Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 84.
[13]Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 83.
[14]Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 84.
[15]Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 85.
Photo:History Channel 1/28/2008 “Ancient Underground
[23]Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 86.
[24] Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 86.
[25]Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 87.
[26]Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 87.
[27] Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 87.
[28]Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 87.
[29]Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 87.
[30]Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 87-88.
[31]Antiquity, From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the the Fall the Roman Empire, by Norman F. Cantor, page 88.
[41] Canonsburg. Early settlers were from Virginia. A member of the Virginia assembly, John Canon, operated a gristmill dating from 1781—Canonsburg Milling Company. Canon was a militia officer and laid-out the city of Canonsburg, on Chartiers Creek, in 1787. In 1785, Dr. John McMillan started the log school which became Jefferson College in 1794.
Log School. College Street and North Central Avenue, Canonsburg, Washington County. Photos by compiler with Joyce Chandler. Enlarged Photo—Log School and Enlarged Photo—Log School Sign
"John McMillan's Log School. This log structure was a frontier Latin school in the 1780s, located about a mile south of Canonsburg. It was moved to what had been the Jefferson College campus in 1898 as a symbol of Canonsburg's educational tradition."
Jefferson College. College Street and North Central Avenue, Canonsburg. Photo by compiler with Joyce Chandler. Enlarged Photo.
"Jefferson College Campus. In 1817 the college moved to this site originally John Canon's home. Jefferson and Washington Colleges merged in 1865 to form W&J, which in 1869 united on the Washington campus. Jefferson Academy and Canonsburg High School also located here."
http://www.thelittlelist.net/cadtocle.htm
[43](From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford by Grace U. Emahiser, 1969, pages 125-127-128.
[44]Crumrine, (From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford by Grace U. Emahiser, 1969, pages 128.)
[45]Washington writings. From River Clyde to Tymochtee and Col. William Crawford, by Grace U. Emahiser, 1969, page 121).
[46] Bayonet. A dagger-like steel weapon that can be attached to the muzzle of a musket or rifle. The dagger may be flat or triangular. The weapon can be fired with the bayonet attached. The dagger is joined to a cylindrical housing with a slot that is pushed down and across a metal nipple on the weapon’s barrel. It is easily attached and withdrawn from a musket—seldom from a rifle. Indians were known to fear“bayonet charges” much as the Euro-Americans were known to fear “hatchet charges.” Some writers associate bayonets with the expression “long knives.”
Remembrance: An old army adage states: “What is the worst command you can be given?” The answer: “Fix bayonets!”
[48] Further reading
- Grant, Ethan. "The Treaty Of San Lorenzo And Manifest Destiny" Gulf Coast Historical Review, 1997, Vol. 12 Issue 2, pp 44–57
- Young, Raymond A. "Pinckney's Treaty - A New Perspective," Hispanic American Historical Review, Nov 1963, Vol. 43 Issue 4, pp 526–535
Citations
2. ^ http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/sp1795.asp Avalon Project of Lillian Goldman Law Library at Yale University
3. ^ O'Brien, Greg. "Choctaw and Power". Choctaws in a Revolutionary Age, 1750–1830. University of Nebraska Press.
[50] [1] Gedenkbuch, Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der nationalsozialistischen Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland 1933-1945. 2., wesentlich erweiterte Auflage, Band II G-K, Bearbeitet und herausgegben vom Bundesarchiv, Koblenz, 2006, pg. 1033-1035,.
[2]Memorial Book: Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Oppression in Germany, 1933-1945
[52]February 26-27. Left Madisonville, Louisiana for Algiers, Louisiana, arriving February 27. (Supplement to the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Part II Record of Events Volume 20 Serial no. 32. Broadfoot Publishing Company Wilmington, NC 1995.)
[53]After the regiment made one trip to Algiers and back [26 Feb 1864], it was sent to Berwick bay to join Major General Banks for his second attempt to clear the Red River.
Home.comcast.net/~troygoss/millciv
[59]1E.L. Sukenik, The Ancient Synagogue of Beth-Alpha, (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1932)
2 The incense shovel was a universally recognized Jewish symbol in the Byzantine era. It disappeared from the Jewish iconographic lexicon because the Jews stopped using incense when the Christians started.
3 The Aramaic inscription at the front door was damaged. It says that the mosaic was made “during the … year of the reign of the emperor Justinus”. The exact year is missing. The reference is probably to the emperor Justin I (adopted uncle and immediate predecessor of Justinian the Great) who ruled from 518-527 C.E. and whose coins were found on the site. It is of course possible that the building was older than the mosaic floor.
4 The earliest possible “candidate”was a major quake that hit the country on July 9, 551. It was the earthquake that finally destroyed Petra. More likely was an earthquake of lesser magnitude but located closer to the site which did great damage to the Jordan Valley in 659/660.
5 We have not entered into a discussion of the artistic merits of this work of art. It is the writer’s opinion that this work, with its naive and primitive style, has a child-like immediacy and freshness that makes it one of the masterpieces of world art.
6 Thus the new JPS Tanakh. The King James translation puts a colon after the word “earth”, while the New American Bible (Catholic) and the Revised Standard Version (Protestant) translations both use a semi-colon instead of period at this point.
7 From a Geniza manuscript of JT Avoda Zarah
8 In the Pseudo-Jonathan Targum to Lev. 26:1
9 From a Geniza fragment of Midrash Deut. Rabba) These quotations are cited by Michael Klein, “Palestinian Targum and Synagogue Mosaics,” Jerusalem, Immanuel 11 (1980)
10 The matter is discussed in BT Shabbat, 156a
11 At Beth Alpha the signs and the seasons both progress counter-clockwise, although they are misaligned. The Hammat Tiberias zodiac shows both signs and seasons also rotating counter-clockwise, and in correct alignment with each other. At Na’aran the seasons run counter-clockwise, as above, but the signs go clockwise!
12 That position was argued by Prof. Avi-Yonah, among many others, and by the excavator of Hammat Tiberias. See Moshe Dothan, Hammath Tiberias, (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1983). Hammat Tiberias is the only mosaic we know where the signs and seasons are correctly aligned, which may have influenced the excavator’s judgment as to its purpose
13 The cataloging of all of these finds and the interpretation of what they might mean constitute the magnum opus of Erwin Goodenough (1893-1965), Professor of Religion at Yale and one of the greatest scholars of religion America ever produced. Goodenough’s 13 volume study, E.R. Goodenough, Jewish Symbols in the Greco-Roman Period, (New York: Pantheon, 1958), form the core text for the study of this subject, Everyone who has subsequently dealt with the subject is in his debt. The book has been re-issued in a 1-volume paperback, abridged and edited by Jacob Neusner (Princeton: Bollingen Series, 1988)
[67]Deer Grove Forest Preserve, Palatine, IL. February 26, 2012
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